DOCSLIB.ORG

Lodges of Time and Space: the Stone Cairns of Red Wing by Michael

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lodges of Time and Space: the Stone Cairns of Red Wing by Michael Lodges of Time and Space: the Stone Cairns of Red Wing By Michael Paul Bergervoet Submitted to the graduate degree program in Geography and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________ Chairperson Jay T. Johnson ________________________________ Jack Hofman ________________________________ Stephen Egbert ________________________________ Edward Fleming ________________________________ Daniel Hirmas Date Defended: December 5th, 2017 The Dissertation Committee for Michael Paul Bergervoet certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Lodges of Time and Space: the Stone Cairns of Red Wing ________________________________ Chairperson Jay T. Johnson Date approved: December 5th, 2017 ii ABSTRACT The stone cairns of Red Wing, Minnesota, USA, have been cloaked in mystery for centuries. Small in number, densely concentrated and originally built upon high, untimbered hilltops, the identity of the builders remains unknown to both researchers and Native people alike. Local Dakota people do not claim authorship but refer to these monuments as “hekti”, a “lodge of time and space”, and recognize them as places “where holy works were done.” Unfortunately all of the stone cairns have been dismantled since Euro-Americans first encountered them and the significance of their hollow architecture was never culturally examined. These unique stone features are presumed to be mortuary features and are therefore protected by Minnesota Statute 307.08 from any further molestation. After collecting and generating both quantitative and qualitative information, and by utilizing a mixed-methods approach, it is contended the stone cairns of Red Wing were constructed by the Spring Creek Oneota between AD 1300 – 1400. Furthermore, the stone cairns are principal components of a larger ritual landscape and quite possibly demarcate a physical and spiritual sanctuary during a period of significant environmental and/or social change across the continent. Based upon current evidence, the construction of the stone cairns was most likely overseen by an elite class of ritual leaders blessed by Thunder. Moreover, both Thunderbird and Water Spirit clans exert increased socio-political influence in Siouan village life during the late pre-contact period. Archaeological evidence in close proximity to the stone cairns confirms their presence. From an ethnographic perspective, the stone cairns of Red Wing function as sacred altars/conduits between the Above and Below worlds. This assertion is based upon Siouan iii interpretations of their placement, architecture, and significance of materials used in their construction. These interpretations, in combination with the juxtaposition of their original architectural profile with contemporary Ioway cosmological belief, illumine the original purpose and function(s) of the stone cairns. These results suggest the stone cairns of Red Wing stand as witness to the cultural crescendo of the Oneota tradition in this locality and/or they are an initial expression of Ioway ethnicity and tribalism in southeastern Minnesota. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My research journey has been long, difficult, and completely worthwhile. There are many people to thank and I must tip my cap to those directly and indirectly involved in this process. First of all, I need to acknowledge my committee members: Jay Johnson, Ed Fleming, Steve Egbert, Dan Hirmas, Jack Hofman, and also Ron Schirmer for his auxiliary supervision and support. I sincerely appreciate the challenge, encouragement, and patience provided by each of you. As a whole, your deep and diverse expertise has made my work that much stronger. You will always have my respect. Furthermore, my gratitude is extended to the Department of Geography at the University of Kansas and especially Dr. Margaret Pearce for the opportunity to learn, teach, and grow as a researcher and person. My time in Kansas impacted my life in a very positive way and it will never be forgotten or taken for granted. To my parents, Jerome and Marvel: Thank you for your encouragement and steady support of my scholastic pursuits through the years and for always being there during my struggles, too. I’m very lucky to have parents that emphasized the importance of reading, learning and thinking critically. I love you both. Dad: you’ve always liked reading other books about Native topics so hopefully you like mine, too! My siblings Shelley, Jane, Joann and Phil have been a steady source of encouragement, too. Thanks to all of you and many other close friends and family members who have extended their support and kept me motivated as well. My deep gratitude is also offered to Bronco and Elaine LeBeau for making me a part of your circle, for opening my eyes to the Lakota frame of mind, and for introducing me to myself. Your lives have positively affected mine in such a way that no price tag could ever be placed on the insight and instruction you’ve provided me over the years. For that, you’re forever in my heart and v there’s no escape. As you’ve graciously expressed to me, the “River” will always be home for me, too. Pilamaya. I am also grateful to many other Native people for sharing your time, knowledge, life experience and perspectives with me, which have altered how I look at the world in a very good way. My work would not be possible without your cooperation and support. Namely, these people include past and present members of the Prairie Island Tribal Council (namely Audrey Bennett, Victoria Winfrey, Ron Johnson, Al Childs, Johnny Johnson, Shelley Buck, Lu Taylor, Ed Buck), Calvin Campbell, Mr. and Mrs. Frank Royal, Kevin Tacan, Leonard Wabasha, James “Bunny” Campbell, Tom Ross, Kyle Iron Lightning, Glen Drapeau, Richard Ross, Marlow LaBatte, Grace Goldtooth, Melissa Cerda, Jim Jones, Gwen Westerman, Yvonne Bird, Nick Western Boy, John Reynolds, Avery Jones and Arthur Lockwood. Pidamaya (and Miigwech to Jim). My deep gratitude is also extended to Lance Foster from the Iowa Tribe of Kansas/Nebraska for his support and involvement in this project. Hopefully you and the Ioway people feel this research honors your ancestors and their sacred places. Wenawinnake. My gratitude is also extended to the Goodhue County Historical Society, my co-workers in the Cultural Resources Unit at the Minnesota Department of Transportation, and the Minnesota Office of the State Archaeologist. Your encouragement and thoughtful critiques really meant a lot to me. I want to specifically extend my sincere appreciation to Bruce Koenen, Craig Johnson, Dave Tovar and Cory Nowak for their interest and assistance. For the sake of brevity there are many individuals who offered me encouragement yet remain unnamed. You are not forgotten and thank you very much for supporting me. Moreover, my gratitude is also extended to the private landowners for allowing me access to the cairn sites and for their support of this research. Hopefully this research deepens and strengthens your fondness of the cairns as well as vi your personal connection with the land, too. It’s a truly remarkable place and the opportunity to study it has changed my life. My sincere thanks goes to all of you. My deepest gratitude goes to the late Curtis Campbell, Sr. and the late Winfred Red Cloud. I recognized you both as authorities and your immediate acceptance of me will always be cherished and sets a fine example for me to follow. At first you both intimidated me but by the end of our time together I hoped to be just like you: wise, respectful, knowledgeable, balanced, eager to help, and humble. I’ll never forget your smiles and the importance of laughter when life gets too serious. You embodied the principle of Wico-we-chi-wazi – Relatedness through Sharing, and your teachings have taken root in my mind and heart. As you taught me, the old ones stressed the importance of learning from other perspectives, to pursue wisdom, and to bravely and humbly endure life’s obstacles along the way. The purpose of life in the Dakota/Lakota way is “be a good relative”, which is identical to my tradition that says “love thy neighbor.” Actions speak louder than words, and yours speak loudly and beautifully in the mind of this Dutch Catholic kid that simply wanted to glean some of your wisdom in his attempt to see the landscape from your point of view. Pidamaya for sharing your ancestors’ knowledge with me, which I carry with humility and a deep sense of duty “to keep it straight” to this day. Furthermore, in a small and indirect way, I feel my research experience parallels your description of the seventh Dakota ceremony from long ago: Nagi Kagapi – the making of a soul. As you instructed me, the sacred Red Road and the pursuit of the Creator is the most difficult path to walk but the pain, solitude and suffering leads to woksape, i.e. Wisdom – the greatest treasure of all. Regardless of status, you embodied the traits of an ikce wicasta, a common/humble man, and I hope to be just like you someday. I feel honored by the Creator to have known you both, to have learned from your example, and to have set new goals for myself vii as a man. You were certainly placed on my path for a reason. May you be blessed forever for all of the good you did for me, which continues to impact my life in a very meaningful way. Wopida Tanka. Wakan Tanka kici un. To Deksi Curtis: to this day I still reflect upon the Dakota prayer included in your memorial. A righteous man asks the Creator for strength not because he wishes to be superior to others, but in order to defeat his greatest enemy: himself. This prayer speaks directly to my mind and heart, as you did so many times during our visits.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cherokee Ethnogenesis in Southwestern North Carolina
    The following chapter is from: The Archaeology of North Carolina: Three Archaeological Symposia Charles R. Ewen – Co-Editor Thomas R. Whyte – Co-Editor R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. – Co-Editor North Carolina Archaeological Council Publication Number 30 2011 Available online at: http://www.rla.unc.edu/NCAC/Publications/NCAC30/index.html CHEROKEE ETHNOGENESIS IN SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA Christopher B. Rodning Dozens of Cherokee towns dotted the river valleys of the Appalachian Summit province in southwestern North Carolina during the eighteenth century (Figure 16-1; Dickens 1967, 1978, 1979; Perdue 1998; Persico 1979; Shumate et al. 2005; Smith 1979). What developments led to the formation of these Cherokee towns? Of course, native people had been living in the Appalachian Summit for thousands of years, through the Paleoindian, Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippi periods (Dickens 1976; Keel 1976; Purrington 1983; Ward and Davis 1999). What are the archaeological correlates of Cherokee culture, when are they visible archaeologically, and what can archaeology contribute to knowledge of the origins and development of Cherokee culture in southwestern North Carolina? Archaeologists, myself included, have often focused on the characteristics of pottery and other artifacts as clues about the development of Cherokee culture, which is a valid approach, but not the only approach (Dickens 1978, 1979, 1986; Hally 1986; Riggs and Rodning 2002; Rodning 2008; Schroedl 1986a; Wilson and Rodning 2002). In this paper (see also Rodning 2009a, 2010a, 2011b), I focus on the development of Cherokee towns and townhouses. Given the significance of towns and town affiliations to Cherokee identity and landscape during the 1700s (Boulware 2011; Chambers 2010; Smith 1979), I suggest that tracing the development of towns and townhouses helps us understand Cherokee ethnogenesis, more generally.
    [Show full text]
  • Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan Comparative and Contextual Perspectives
    Comparative and Global Perspectives on Japanese Archaeology Burial Mounds in Europe and Japan Comparative and Contextual Perspectives edited by Access Thomas Knopf, Werner Steinhaus and Shin’ya FUKUNAGAOpen Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78969 007 1 ISBN 978 1 78969 008 8 (e-Pdf) © Archaeopress and the authors 2018 © All image rights are secured by the authors (Figures edited by Werner Steinhaus) Access Cover illustrations: Mori-shōgunzuka mounded tomb located in Chikuma-shi in Nagano prefecture, Japan, by Werner Steinhaus (above) Magdalenenberg burial mound at Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany,Open by Thomas Knopf (below) The printing of this book wasArchaeopress financed by the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Contents List of Figures .................................................................................................................................................................................... iii List of authors .................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pottery Technology As a Revealer of Cultural And
    Pottery technology as a revealer of cultural and symbolic shifts: Funerary and ritual practices in the Sion ‘Petit-Chasseur’ megalithic necropolis (3100–1600 BC, Western Switzerland) Eve Derenne, Vincent Ard, Marie Besse To cite this version: Eve Derenne, Vincent Ard, Marie Besse. Pottery technology as a revealer of cultural and symbolic shifts: Funerary and ritual practices in the Sion ‘Petit-Chasseur’ megalithic necropolis (3100–1600 BC, Western Switzerland). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, Elsevier, 2020, 58, pp.101170. 10.1016/j.jaa.2020.101170. hal-03051558 HAL Id: hal-03051558 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03051558 Submitted on 10 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 58 (2020) 101170 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Anthropological Archaeology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaa Pottery technology as a revealer of cultural and symbolic shifts: Funerary and ritual practices in the Sion ‘Petit-Chasseur’ megalithic necropolis T (3100–1600 BC,
    [Show full text]
  • Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St
    LATE MISSISSIPPIAN CERAMIC PRODUCTION ON ST. CATHERINES ISLAND, GEORGIA Anna M. Semon A dissertation submitted to the faculty at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology. Chapel Hill 2019 Approved by: Vincas P. Steponaitis C. Margaret Scarry R. P. Stephen Davis Anna Agbe-Davis John Scarry © 2019 Anna M. Semon ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Anna M. Semon: Late Mississippian Ceramic Production on St. Catherines Island, Georgia (Under the direction of Vincas P. Steponaitis) This dissertation examines Late Mississippian pottery manufacturing on St. Catherines Island, Georgia. Data collected from five ceramic assemblages, three village and two mortuary sites, were used to characterize each ceramic assemblage and examine small-scale ceramic variations associated with learning and making pottery, which reflect pottery communities of practice. In addition, I examined pottery decorations to investigate social interactions at community and household levels. This dissertation is organized in six chapters. Chapter 1 provides the background, theoretical framework, and objectives of this research. Chapter 2 describes coastal Georgia’s culture history, with focus on the Mississippian period. Chapters 3 and 4 present the methods and results of this study. I use both ceramic typology and attribute analyses to explore ceramic variation. Chapter 3 provides details about the ceramic typology for each site. In addition, I examine the Mississippian surface treatments for each assemblage and identified ceramic changes between middle Irene (A.D. 1350–1450), late Irene (A.D. 1450–1580), and early Mission (A.D. 1580–1600) period.
    [Show full text]
  • I. a Consideration of Tine and Labor Expenditurein the Constrijction Process at the Teotihuacan Pyramid of the Sun and the Pover
    I. A CONSIDERATION OF TINE AND LABOR EXPENDITURE IN THE CONSTRIJCTION PROCESS AT THE TEOTIHUACAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN AND THE POVERTY POINT MOUND Stephen Aaberg and Jay Bonsignore 40 II. A CONSIDERATION OF TIME AND LABOR EXPENDITURE IN THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS AT THE TEOTIHUACAN PYRAMID OF THE SUN AND THE POVERTY POINT 14)UND Stephen Aaberg and Jay Bonsignore INTRODUCT ION In considering the subject of prehistoric earthmoving and the construction of monuments associated with it, there are many variables for which some sort of control must be achieved before any feasible demographic features related to the labor involved in such construction can be derived. Many of the variables that must be considered can be given support only through certain fundamental assumptions based upon observations of related extant phenomena. Many of these observations are contained in the ethnographic record of aboriginal cultures of the world whose activities and subsistence patterns are more closely related to the prehistoric cultures of a particular area. In other instances, support can be gathered from observations of current manual labor related to earth moving since the prehistoric constructions were accomplished manually by a human labor force. The material herein will present alternative ways of arriving at the represented phenomena. What is inherently important in considering these data is the element of cultural organization involved in such activities. One need only look at sites such as the Valley of the Kings and the great pyramids of Egypt, Teotihuacan, La Venta and Chichen Itza in Mexico, the Cahokia mound group in Illinois, and other such sites to realize that considerable time, effort and organization were required.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Open Gregory Oregon 0171N 12796.Pdf
    CHUNKEY, CAHOKIA, AND INDIGENOUS CONFLICT RESOLUTION by ANNE GREGORY A THESIS Presented to the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2020 THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Student: Anne Gregory Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflict Resolution This thesis has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Conflict and Dispute Resolution Program by: Kirby Brown Chair Eric Girvan Member and Kate Mondloch Interim Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded June 2020. ii © 2020 Anne Gregory This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs (United States) License. iii THESIS ABSTRACT Anne Gregory Master of Science Conflict and Dispute Resolution June 2020 Title: Chunkey, Cahokia, and Indigenous Conflicts Resolution Chunkey, a traditional Native American sport, was a form of conflict resolution. The popular game was one of several played for millennia throughout Native North America. Indigenous communities played ball games not only for the important culture- making of sport and recreation, but also as an act of peace-building. The densely populated urban center of Cahokia, as well as its agricultural suburbs and distant trade partners, were dedicated to chunkey. Chunkey is associated with the milieu surrounding the Pax Cahokiana (1050 AD-1200 AD), an era of reduced armed conflict during the height of Mississippian civilization (1000-1500 AD). The relational framework utilized in archaeology, combined with dynamics of conflict resolution, provides a basis to explain chunkey’s cultural impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota Statutes 2020, Chapter 85
    1​ MINNESOTA STATUTES 2020​ 85.011​ CHAPTER 85​ DIVISION OF PARKS AND RECREATION​ STATE PARKS, RECREATION AREAS, AND WAYSIDES​ 85.06​ SCHOOLHOUSES IN CERTAIN STATE PARKS.​ 85.011​ CONFIRMATION OF CREATION AND​ 85.20​ VIOLATIONS OF RULES; LITTERING; PENALTIES.​ ESTABLISHMENT OF STATE PARKS, STATE​ 85.205​ RECEPTACLES FOR RECYCLING.​ RECREATION AREAS, AND WAYSIDES.​ 85.21​ STATE OPERATION OF PARK, MONUMENT,​ 85.0115​ NOTICE OF ADDITIONS AND DELETIONS.​ RECREATION AREA AND WAYSIDE FACILITIES;​ 85.012​ STATE PARKS.​ LICENSE NOT REQUIRED.​ 85.013​ STATE RECREATION AREAS AND WAYSIDES.​ 85.22​ STATE PARKS WORKING CAPITAL ACCOUNT.​ 85.014​ PRIOR LAWS NOT ALTERED; REVISOR'S DUTIES.​ 85.23​ COOPERATIVE LEASES OF AGRICULTURAL​ 85.0145​ ACQUIRING LAND FOR FACILITIES.​ LANDS.​ 85.0146​ CUYUNA COUNTRY STATE RECREATION AREA;​ 85.32​ STATE WATER TRAILS.​ CITIZENS ADVISORY COUNCIL.​ 85.33​ ST. CROIX WILD RIVER AREA; LIMITATIONS ON​ STATE TRAILS​ POWER BOATING.​ 85.015​ STATE TRAILS.​ 85.34​ FORT SNELLING LEASE.​ 85.0155​ LAKE SUPERIOR WATER TRAIL.​ TRAIL PASSES​ 85.0156​ MISSISSIPPI WHITEWATER TRAIL.​ 85.40​ DEFINITIONS.​ 85.016​ BICYCLE TRAIL PROGRAM.​ 85.41​ CROSS-COUNTRY-SKI PASSES.​ 85.017​ TRAIL REGISTRY.​ 85.42​ USER FEE; VALIDITY.​ 85.018​ TRAIL USE; VEHICLES REGULATED, RESTRICTED.​ 85.43​ DISPOSITION OF RECEIPTS; PURPOSE.​ ADMINISTRATION​ 85.44​ CROSS-COUNTRY-SKI TRAIL GRANT-IN-AID​ 85.019​ LOCAL RECREATION GRANTS.​ PROGRAM.​ 85.021​ ACQUIRING LAND; MINNESOTA VALLEY TRAIL.​ 85.45​ PENALTIES.​ 85.04​ ENFORCEMENT DIVISION EMPLOYEES.​ 85.46​ HORSE
    [Show full text]
  • Minnesota Statutes 2020, Section 138.662
    1​ MINNESOTA STATUTES 2020​ 138.662​ 138.662 HISTORIC SITES.​ Subdivision 1. Named. Historic sites established and confirmed as historic sites together with the counties​ in which they are situated are listed in this section and shall be named as indicated in this section.​ Subd. 2. Alexander Ramsey House. Alexander Ramsey House; Ramsey County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 3; 1967 c 54 s 4; 1971 c 362 s 1; 1973 c 316 s 4; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 3. Birch Coulee Battlefield. Birch Coulee Battlefield; Renville County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 5; 1973 c 316 s 9; 1976 c 106 s 2,4; 1984 c 654 art 2 s 112; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 4. [Repealed, 2014 c 174 s 8]​ Subd. 5. [Repealed, 1996 c 452 s 40]​ Subd. 6. Camp Coldwater. Camp Coldwater; Hennepin County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 7; 1973 c 225 s 1,2; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 7. Charles A. Lindbergh House. Charles A. Lindbergh House; Morrison County.​ History: 1965 c 779 s 5; 1969 c 956 s 1; 1971 c 688 s 2; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 8. Folsom House. Folsom House; Chisago County.​ History: 1969 c 894 s 5; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 9. Forest History Center. Forest History Center; Itasca County.​ History: 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd. 10. Fort Renville. Fort Renville; Chippewa County.​ History: 1969 c 894 s 5; 1973 c 225 s 3; 1993 c 181 s 2,13​ Subd.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates Xii H
    [Ru)Ioc!RBo1, Vol.. 10, 1968, P. 61-114] UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN RADIOCARBON DATES XII H. R. CRANE and JAMES B. GRIFFIN The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The following is a list of dates obtained since the compilation of List XI in December 1965. The method is essentially the same as de- scribed in that list. Two C02-CS2 Geiger counter systems were used. Equipment and counting techniques have been described elsewhere (Crane, 1961). Dates and estimates of error in this list follow the practice recommended by the International Radiocarbon Dating Conferences of 1962 and 1965, in that (a) dates are computed on the basis of the Libby half-life, 5570 yr, (b) A.D. 1950 is used as the zero of the age scale, and (c) the errors quoted are the standard deviations obtained from the numbers of counts only. In previous Michigan date lists up to and in- cluding VII, we have quoted errors at least twice as great as the statisti- cal errors of counting, to take account of other errors in the over-all process. If the reader wishes to obtain a standard deviation figure which will allow ample room for the many sources of error in the dating process, we suggest doubling the figures that are given in this list. We wish to acknowledge the help of Patricia Dahlstrom in pre- paring chemical samples and David M. Griffin and Linda B. Halsey in preparing the descriptions. I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 9240 ± 1000 M-1291. Hosterman's Pit, Pennsylvania 7290 B.C. Charcoal from Hosterman's Pit (40° 53' 34" N Lat, 77° 26' 22" W Long), Centre Co., Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierce Mounds Complex an Ancient Capital in Northwest Florida
    Pierce Mounds Complex An Ancient Capital in Northwest Florida Nancy Marie White Department of Anthropology University of South Florida, Tampa [email protected] Final Report to George J. Mahr, Apalachicola, Florida December 2013 ii ABSTRACT The Pierce site (8Fr14), near the mouth of the Apalachicola River in Franklin County, northwest Florida, was a major prehistoric mound center during the late Early and Middle Woodland (about A.D. 200-700) and Mississippian (about A.D. 1000-1500) periods. People lived there probably continuously during at least the last 2000 years (until right before the European invasion of Florida in the sixteenth century) and took advantage of the strategic location commanding the river and bay, as well as the abundant terrestrial and aquatic resources. Besides constructing several mounds for burial of the dead and probably support of important structures, native peoples left long midden (refuse) ridges of shells, animal bones, artifacts and blackened sandy soils, which built up a large and very significant archaeological site. Early Europeans and Americans who settled in the town of Apalachicola recognized the archaeological importance of Pierce and collected artifacts. But since the site and its spectacular findings were published by C.B. Moore in 1902, much information has been lost or misunderstood. Recent investigations by the University of South Florida were commissioned by the property owner to research and evaluate the significance of the site. There is evidence for an Early Woodland (Deptford) occupation and mound building, possibly as early as A.D. 200. Seven of the mounds form an oval, with the Middle Woodland burial mounds on the west side.
    [Show full text]
  • Cairns Part E the Rainforest City Cairns Master Plan City Centre
    CAIRNS PART E THE RAINFOREST CITY CAIRNS MASTER PLAN CITY CENTRE CAIRNS PART E THE RAINFOREST CITY CAIRNS MASTER PLAN CITY CENTRE August 2014 - Cairns Regional Council 119-145 Spence Street - PO Box 359 - Cairns - QLD 4870 Ph: (07)4044 3044 F: (07)4044 3022 E: [email protected] This document is available on the Cairns Regional Council website: www.cairns.qld.gov.au Acknowledgements This document would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of a number of people and organisations. Cairns Regional Council would like to thank all contributors for their involvement, passion and valuable contributions to this section of the master plan. We would particularly like to thank Architectus for allowing us to use their material and imagery; and acknowledge their valuable contribution to the preparation of this document. References Cairns City Centre Master Plan Report October 2011 (Architectus) The Project Team includes the following Council officers: Brett Spencer Manager Parks and Leisure Helius Visser Manager Infrastructure Management Malcolm Robertson Manager Inner City Facilities Debbie Wellington Team Leader Strategic Planning Jez Clark Senior Landscape Architect Claire Burton Landscape Architect C CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................................ 10 1.1 What is the purpose of this document? ...................................10 1.2 What area does this document cover? ....................................10 1.3 Who will use this document?.....................................................12 1.4
    [Show full text]
  • Aliel: a Mid-Holocene Stone Platform with Cairn and Single Pillar in West Turkana, Kenya
    NYAME AKUMA No 86. December 2016 KENYA Aliel: A mid-Holocene stone platform with cairn and single pillar in West Turkana, Kenya Alex Wilshaw Herman Muwonge Frances Rivera Marta Mirazón Lahr Introduction In August 2016, the In-Africa Project, which fo- cuses on the palaeo-environment and human occupation of West Turkana during the late Quaternary (http://in-af- rica.org/), identified a stone platform and cairn whilst sur- veying an area between the Napudet Mountains and the Kerio River in Southwest Turkana. Different from other simple cairns in the area, this structure, locally known as Aliel, also exhibits: a) a single standing stone within the construction of the cairn; and b) a significant assemblage of pottery sherds (including Nderit ware) on the surface of the platform. Cairns, circles, platforms and stone struc- tures are well-known features of the prehistory of the Tur- kana Basin (Robbins, 2006, Wright et al., 2016), includ- ing complex megalithic architecture in the form of ‘Pillar sites’ characterised by the presence of multiple stone pil- lars placed vertically on the ground within a constructed platform, such as Lothagam, Jarigole and Kalokol (Hil- Figure 1: Map showing the location of Aliel in context debrand et al. 2011, Grillo & Hildebrand 2013, Nelson, with pillar/platform sites and pastoral sites in the area. 1995; Figure 1). While stone cairns and structures con- After Hildebrand et al. (2011) and Hildebrand and Grillo tinued to be built until recently throughout eastern Af- (2012). rica (Davies 2013), ‘Pillar sites’, often associated with settlement dynamics. The site of Aliel is well placed both ceramics decorated with ‘Nderit’ motifs, cluster chrono- chronologically and geographically to provide further in- logically between ~5,300 – 4,000 years BP (Grillo & Hil- sights into this period of prehistory.
    [Show full text]