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Excavations at the Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds (16PL159): a Coles Creek Period Mound Complex Timothy M

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Excavations at the Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds (16PL159): a Coles Creek Period Mound Complex Timothy M Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2004 Excavations at the Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds (16PL159): a Coles Creek period mound complex Timothy M. Schilling Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Schilling, Timothy M., "Excavations at the Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds (16PL159): a Coles Creek period mound complex" (2004). LSU Master's Theses. 3023. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/3023 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXCAVATIONS AT THE BAYOU GRANDE CHENIERE MOUNDS (16PL159): A COLES CREEK PERIOD MOUND COMPLEX A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Timothy M. Schilling B.A., Louisiana State University, 2002 May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Of the numerous individuals who provided support and encouragement throughout this project, Dr. Rebecca Saunders deserves the most credit. Without her challenging and thoughtful input, this project would not have made it to fruition. Dr. Paul Farnsworth and Dr. Rob Mann have also been extremely supportive, cheerfully enduring my constant questions. The Robert C. West Travel Fund and the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science provided much needed funding for the fieldwork as well as laboratory analysis. Dr. Marco Giardino and his group from the John C. Stennis Space Center also provided support in the form of transportation and labor during the 2003 excavations. Dr. Paul Thacker of Wake Forest University deserves acknowledgement for the immeasurable support that he provided during my years at LSU. Many thanks also go out to Steven Fullen of the LSU Museum of Natural Science for all that he provided in the laboratory. Several of my fellow graduate and undergraduate students, who provide labor and time out of their Christmas break, need recognition. They are: Harry Brignac, Lauren Davis, Nicole Dufour, Ben Goodwin, Marsha Hernandez, Jackie Landry, Kevin Pemberton, Luke “Shep” Sheppard, and Fiona VasBinder. I am particularly grateful to Mike Carmadelle who provided much assistance during excavations as well as valuable transportation. His timing could not have been better. Lastly, my wife, Maria, and my parents are richly deserving of thanks for the patience and understanding that they showed during the entire process. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……..………………………………………………………ii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………iv LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………...v ABSTRACT……..…………….………………………………………………………..vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………..1 2 CULTURAL SETTING…………………..………………………………...…4 3 GEOLOGIC PROCESSES AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY………………….32 4 EXCAVATIONS AT THE BAYOU GRANDE CHENIERE MOUNDS…...44 5 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS………………………………………………….….65 6 REGIONAL SETTLEMENT………………………………………….……..92 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………..115 WORKS CITED………………………………………………………………………117 APPENDIX A ARTIFACT CATALOG………………………………….……………...130 B LOUISIANA CODING SYSTEM……………………….……………...148 VITA...………………………………………………………………………………..168 iii LIST OF TABLES 1. Decorated varieties of pottery from Test Unit 1 (by count)……………………78 2. Decorated varieties of pottery from Test Unit 1 (by weight)………………….78 3. Decorated varieties of pottery from Test Unit 2 (by count)……………………79 4. Decorated varieties of pottery from Test Unit 2 (by weight)………………….79 5. Decorated varieties of pottery from Test Unit 3 (by count)……………………80 6. Decorated varieties of pottery from Test Unit 3 (by weight)……………….….80 7. Total counts of identified varieties of pottery……………………………...…..81 8. Faunal remains from all ¼ in. screened proveniences...…...……………….....89 9. Primary and secondary mound sites………………………………………….102 10. Grouped single mound sites………………………………………………….107 11. Grouped multiple mound sites……………………………………………….109 iv LIST OF FIGURES 1. Geologic regions of southern Louisiana…………………………………….33 2. Subdeltas after Gagliano and Weinstein (1980)…………………………….42 3. Aerial photo showing mound group, facing north...………………………...45 4. Sketch map (modified after McGimsey 2000 in Hayes 2000)………..…….51 5. Plan view Test Unit 2003-1, Level 4…….…………………………………57 6. Test Unit 2003-1 east wall profile………………………………………….58 7. Test Unit 2003-2, south wall profile……………………………………….60 8. Test Unit 2003-3 plan view……….………………………………………..64 9. Percentages of diagnostic pottery………………………………………….77 10. Vessel Profiles (after Steponaitis 1986)……………………………………84 11. Number of mounds per site from the LCAD………………………………98 12. Polity boundaries around multiple mound sites…………………………..100 13. Complex chiefdoms……………………………………………………….101 14. Simple chiefdoms…………………………………………………………103 15. Grouped single mound sites………………………..……………………..105 16. Isolated multiple mound sites…………………………………………….106 17. Grouped multiple mound sites……………………………………………108 18. Bayou Grande Cheniere and surrounding mound sites…………………...114 . v ABSTRACT The Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds are a large Coles Creek mound group in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana. Excavationns in January 2003 returned materials that allowed the site to be dated. Further analysis also suggests how these materials were used at the mounds. A settlement pattern study was undertaken and the results indicate that the social organization of coastal Coles Creek culture was sharply different than Coles Creek culture in the Lower Mississippi Valley. When viewed together, the material analysis and settlement analysis illustrates the processes and people that built the Bayou Grande Cheniere mounds. vi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Willey and Phillips (1958:2) proposed that “American archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing” and that archaeologists are “obliged to take a stand on some general question of anthropological theory.” The Coles Creek period on the coast of Louisiana offers an excellent opportunity to address questions of social and labor organization. The Coles Creek culture has been described as a well-developed hierarchical organization (Barker 1999; Kidder 1998; Wells 1998). The supporting data are convincing but limited to certain geographic areas. Our current conception of Coles Creek culture is based primarily upon the distribution of similar archaeologically visible traits. Here, the definition of Coles Creek culture is taken to task and it is suggested that a coastal Coles Creek culture existed. The current conception of Coles Creek culture needs reformulation and a separate cultural expression on the deltaic plain needs to be recognized. The coastal Coles Creek culture was organized differently from the Coles Creek culture of the Lower Mississippi Valley. The working hypothesis investigated in this thesis is that, although the Coles Creek culture shared a large number pottery and other artifact styles, the people from the coast were rooted in a different cultural tradition than the Lower Valley people. Coastal cultures developed in an environment that was distinct from the environment in which the Lower Valley cultures developed. As discussed in the succeeding chapters, this environment included both unique cultural trajectories and ecological circumstances.In addition, using the artifacts recovered from the site, principally pottery, and a settlement 1 patterning study designed to discover the level of hierarchy in Coles Creek period mound sites, I will explicate the differences between coastal and interior cultures. Thesis Summary In the finest tradition of Willey and Phillips, a large part of this thesis is dedicated to culture-historical integration (Willey and Phillips 1958:4). Chapter 2 relates the culture-historical sequence of coastal Louisiana. The chapter is structured with a focus upon the defining aspects of prehistoric societies: material culture, subsistence, and settlement patterns. The initial framework is tied to the settlement of the New World; the framework then becomes more regionally focused as the time spans for each culture become shorter. Following the aforementioned proposal that the cultures of the coastal and deltaic plains are truly separate from the Lower Mississippi River Valley, culture histories are described for the coastal region specifically. Chapter 3 discusses the geologic processes and geologic history on the coastal and deltaic plains. Since Kniffen (1936), archaeology in south Louisiana has had its roots firmly based in the early geological investigations of the Mississippi Delta. Much of the early archaeological work in south Louisiana was directed towards dating the channels of the Mississippi River (see McIntire 1958). The developmental trajectories of prehistoric societies were tied to the unique and ever-changing environment presented by living in close proximity to the Mississippi and its distributary network. An understanding of the processes and environments provides a basis for more detailed investigations presented in Chapter 4. Chapter 4 introduces the reader to the Bayou Grande Cheniere Mounds (16PL159). The site, initially reported by Henry Collins and J. J. Mullings of the 2 Smithsonian
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