DOCSLIB.ORG

Wettability Studies of ITO Substrates Using Binary Mixture of Aniline and Alcohols

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Wettability Studies of ITO Substrates Using Binary Mixture of Aniline and Alcohols Environ. Eng. Res. 2012 December,17(S1) : S49-S52 Research Paper http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2012.17.S1.S49 pISSN 1226-1025 eISSN 2005-968X Wettability Studies of ITO Substrates Using Binary Mixture of Aniline and Alcohols Jonathan Lalnunsiama1, Vinjanampaty Madhurima1,2† 1Department of Physics, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India 2Department of Physics, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610001, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract This paper suggests a method to reduce electronic wastage by controlling the wetting of the substrates to enable reuse of the device in an effort to improve device control. If the devices were cleaned after a given operation, it can be reused. With this preliminary idea, the present investigation reports the concentration dependent wetting of indium tin oxide by aniline-alcohol binary liquid and shows how varying the concentration of the liquids can control the wetting phenomenon. This binary liquid system is an important prototype for the biological hydrogen bond interactions of N-H---O. Surface tension (liquid-liquid), adhesive energy (solid-liquid), surface energy of the substrate and contact angle of the liquids with the substrate are measured by using a contact angle goniometer. Keywords: Bio-micro-electro-mechanical systems, Contact angle, Surface energy, Surface tension, Wettability 1. Introduction polar component results from hydrogen bonding [6]. Carre [7] showed that the variation of the contact angle of a polar/non- Micron sized bio-devices such as bio-micro-electro-mechan- polar liquid on various polymer substrates was dependent on ical systems (bio-MEMS) are plagued by problems regarding the the geometric mean of the dispersion and polar contribution of biological fluid/chemical attaching itself to the substrate due to the liquids and solid surface free energy. adhesive forces. Many techniques are employed to overcome Hence, it was intended to look at the wetting of ITO by the this difficulty by making the surfaces hydrophobic [1]. Some of binary aniline-alcohol system. For studies of hydrogen bond- the techniques including wettability switching by applying elec- ing, the binary mixture of different concentrations of aniline- trical fields, layering with a metal layer such as Au [2], surface alcohols provides suitable prototypes for interactions in larger patterning [3] and surface patterning using lasers [4]. This paper molecules due to the presence of OH and NH2 groups. Alcohols presents wettability switching studies based on the concentra- are one of the simplest organic molecules that undergo inter- tion variation of a binary liquid. The feasibility of concentration and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding [8]. The N-O--H hydro- dependent wettability transitions, which can be used for further gen bond is among the important hydrogen bonds in biological applications in production of reusable MEMS devices, is ex- systems [9] and such bonds are important in the fabrication of plored. bio-microelectronic devices. The molecular interaction between This paper focuses mainly on the wetting of the indium tin ox- lipids and proteins has been studied by dynamic surface tension ide (ITO) substrate by the binary mixture of the aniline-alcohols measurements [10]; the wettability of pyrex glass by binary mix- system. Previously, the influence of an electrostatic field on the tures of different liquids was experimentally studied through ob- wetting property was analyzed through classical electrostatics by servation of the Marangoni wetting effect [11]. Theoretical pre- Kang [5]. This is a useful study since controlling the wetting of dictions of interfacial tension and contact angle in a solid-fluid the substrate by a liquid is of importance in regards to the func- system have been reported elsewhere [12]. From these studies, it tioning and cleaning of electronic and bio-devices. The wettabil- was seen that when one or both of the solid or liquid are polar, ity of the solid surface depends on the surface free energy and their molecular interaction and the orientation of the molecules surface roughness of the solid, along with surface tension of the at the interface play a significant role in predicting solid-vapor liquid since the equilibrium of a drop on the surface is essentially and solid-liquid interaction. In a study undertaken [13] to de- a three-phase equilibrium scene. The surface free energy has two termine the influence of the presence of electrolytes to solvents components, namely, polar and dispersive. The dispersive com- on adhesion, the increase in the contact angle of hydrophobic ponent is due to an instantaneous dipole moment whereas the diiodomethane on polar silicon doped with carbon coated sur- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Received September 11, 2012 Accepted October 04, 2012 Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. † org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, Corresponding Author distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is E-mail: [email protected] properly cited. Tel: +91-4366-220311 Fax: +91-4366-225312 ©Copyright The Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 49 http://www.eer.or.kr Jonathan Lalnunsiama, Vinjanampaty Madhurima 55 44 50 42 45 40 ) 40 2 38 θ) 35 36 30 34 25 32 Contact angle( 20 30 Methanol Surface energy (mJ/m Methanol 15 28 Ethanol Ethanol 10 Isopropanol 26 Isopropanol Butanol Butanol 5 24 0102030405060708090 100 110 0102030405060708090 100 110 Mole fraction of alcohols in aniline Mole fraction of alcohols in aniline Fig. 1. Variation of contact angle with mole fraction of alcohols in Fig. 2. Variation of surface tension with mole fraction of alcohols in aniline over indium tin oxide substrate. aniline. faces with an increase in electrolyte concentration demonstrat- 3. Results and Discussion ed the weakening of attractive interaction on the surface, thus suggesting a decreased adhesion to Si-doped diamond like car- Wetting by the various concentrations of the aniline alcohol bon coatings by the addition of electrolytes for all polarities of system over ITO substrate was studied. The contact angle made the surrounding solvent. This can be utilized for the cleaning of by a drop of liquid when it interacts with the substrate is mea- hydrophobic material from a polar surface with increasing the sured using a goniometer and the corresponding surface ener- concentration of the electrolyte [13]. gies and surface tension are calculated using the program of the goniometer. Greater wetting is observed in the alcohol rich re- gion rather than in the aniline rich region. For the calculation of 2. Materials and Methods surface energy, shown in Table 1, the test liquids used are water, glycerol and diiodomethane. The contact angles made by the Aniline and alcohols of purity >99.9% analytical reagent (AR) aniline-alcohols binary system over the entire concentration re- grade, were fractionally distilled and the mid fraction was stored gion on the substrate was measured and is reported in Fig. 1. The over 4A molecular sieves. Binary mixtures of these systems are surface tension variation with concentration is shown in Fig. 2. made at different mole fraction concentrations. The substrates Wetting of the aniline-alcohol system demonstrates a dramatic were sonicated for 30 min in a 50 W ultrasound sonicator filled change in contact angle with a concentration lower than that of with distilled water, dried in a hot-air dryer at 110oC and cooled aniline. This rapid wetting is observed over ITO at ~10% concen- to room temperature before use. Contact angle measurements tration of aniline in methanol, ~30% in ethanol, ~50% in isopro- were made using the M/s Rame-Hart contact angle goniometer panol, and ~50% in butanol. This is due to the fact that the total model MB3000 (Rame-Hart, Succasunna, NJ, USA), which con- energy of the binary system (surface tension) at this particular sists of a volume controlled syringe placed over the substrate concentration matches with the surface energy of ITO. As the holder, and the charge-coupled device (CCD) camera which concentration is further decreased, the total energy of the liquid takes the drop image and advanced drop image software for is greater than that of the substrate, and hence wetting is rapid. the processing of data. This software was used to measure the Complete wetting is also observed for isopropanol and butanol. contact angle between the liquids and the substrate, the surface Alcohols form clusters due to intermolecular hydrogen bond- energy of the liquids (surface tension) and the surface energy of ing [15]. Hydrogen bonded liquids, including methanol, are used the substrate using the multi-liquid tool of the goniometer. The extensively in the manufacturing of MEMS devices [16]. The experiment was conducted at ambient temperature. The contact clustering behavior diminishes with increasing the chain length. angle between substrates and liquids are related by the Young’s Although the exact size of cluster I alcohols varies, rough esti- equation [14]. mates of such sizes have been previously made. A graphical rep- YY− resentation based on the main results of [17, 18] is given in Fig. 3. cosθ = SV SL YLV Where, Y = solid-vapor interfacial tension, Y = solid-liquid SV SL Table 1. Surface energy of indium tin oxide interfacial tension, and YLV = liquid-vapor interfacial tension. 2 Contact angles were measured using diiodomethane, water and Surface energy (mJ/m ) Substrates glycerol as reference liquids by obtaining the snapshot of the ses- Polar Dispersive Total sile drop over the substrate and the software of the goniometer. Indium tin oxide 0.46 30.60 31.06 http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/eer.2012.17.S1.S49 50 Wetting Studies of ITO 7 more than that for smaller alcohols (methanol and ethanol). At these concentrations where there exists rapid wetting, it can be surmised that the aniline destroys the alcohol clusters, thus lead- 6 ing to an effect on the surface tension and hence causing rapid wetting.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Introduction to Inhomogeneous Liquids, Density Functional Theory, and the Wetting Transition Adam P
    An introduction to inhomogeneous liquids, density functional theory, and the wetting transition Adam P. Hughes, Uwe Thiele, and Andrew J. Archer Citation: American Journal of Physics 82, 1119 (2014); doi: 10.1119/1.4890823 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4890823 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/82/12?ver=pdfcov Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers Articles you may be interested in Density functional theory of inhomogeneous liquids. II. A fundamental measure approach J. Chem. Phys. 128, 184711 (2008); 10.1063/1.2916694 Mean-field density-functional model of a second-order wetting transition J. Chem. Phys. 128, 114716 (2008); 10.1063/1.2895748 Surface phase transitions in athermal mixtures of hard rods and excluded volume polymers investigated using a density functional approach J. Chem. Phys. 125, 204709 (2006); 10.1063/1.2400033 Homogeneous nucleation at high supersaturation and heterogeneous nucleation on microscopic wettable particles: A hybrid thermodynamic∕density-functional theory J. Chem. Phys. 125, 144515 (2006); 10.1063/1.2357937 Perfect wetting along a three-phase line: Theory and molecular dynamics simulations J. Chem. Phys. 124, 244505 (2006); 10.1063/1.2206772 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AAPT content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 128.176.202.20 On: Wed, 03 Dec 2014 08:24:19 An introduction to inhomogeneous liquids, density functional theory, and the wetting transition Adam P. Hughes Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom Uwe Thiele Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom and Institut fur€ Theoretische Physik, Westfalische€ Wilhelms-Universitat€ Munster,€ Wilhelm Klemm Str.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Temperature on Wetting Angle
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications, Biomedical, Chemical, and Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Materials Engineering Engineering 7-1-1997 Effect of Temperature on Wetting Angle Guna S. Selvaduray San Jose State University, [email protected] R. Brindos San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/chem_mat_eng_pub Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Guna S. Selvaduray and R. Brindos. "Effect of Temperature on Wetting Angle" National Educators' Workshop: Update 96 - Standard Experiments in Engineering Materials Science and Technology, NASA Publication 3354 (1997): 137-151. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Biomedical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NASA Conference Publication 3354 National Educators' Workshop: Update 96 Standard Experiments.in Engineering Materials Science and Technology Compiled by James E. Gardner and Ginger L. Freeman Langle~; Research Center • Hampton, Virginia James A. Jacobs Norfolk State University • Norfolk, Virginia Don M. Parkin Los Alamos National Laboratory • Los Alamos, New Mexico Proceedings of a workshop sponsored jointly by the United States Department of Energy, Los Alamos, New Mexico, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
    [Show full text]
  • Wetting−Dewetting Transition Line in Thin Polymer Films K
    Subscriber access provided by NATL INST STANDARDS & TECH Research Article Wetting−Dewetting Transition Line in Thin Polymer Films K. M. Ashley, D. Raghavan, J. F. Douglas, and A. Karim Langmuir, 2005, 21 (21), 9518-9523• DOI: 10.1021/la050482y • Publication Date (Web): 09 September 2005 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 10, 2009 More About This Article Additional resources and features associated with this article are available within the HTML version: • Supporting Information • Links to the 9 articles that cite this article, as of the time of this article download • Access to high resolution figures • Links to articles and content related to this article • Copyright permission to reproduce figures and/or text from this article Langmuir is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 9518 Langmuir 2005, 21, 9518-9523 Wetting-Dewetting Transition Line in Thin Polymer Films K. M. Ashley,† D. Raghavan,*,† J. F. Douglas,*,‡ and A. Karim*,‡ Polymer Program, Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Received February 23, 2005. In Final Form: June 14, 2005 Thin polymeric films are increasingly being utilized in diverse technological applications, and it is crucial to have a reliable method to characterize the stability of these films against dewetting. The parameter space that influences the dewetting of thin polymer films is wide (molecular mass, temperature, film thickness, substrate interaction) and a combinatorial method of investigation is suitable. We thus construct a combinatorial library of observations for polystyrene (PS) films cast on substrates having orthogonal temperature and surface energy gradients and perform a series of measurements for a range of molecular masses (1800 g/mol < M < 35 000 g/mol) and film thicknesses h (30 nm < h < 40 nm) to explore these primary parameter axes.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
    Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Testing Protocols For
    DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING PROTOCOLS FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF CONTACT ANGLES ON AGGREGATE AND ASPHALT BINDER SURFACES USING A SESSILE DROP DEVICE By MURAT KOC Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Bogazici University Istanbul, Turkey 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2013 DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING PROTOCOLS FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF CONTACT ANGLES ON AGGREGATE AND ASPHALT BINDER SURFACES USING A SESSILE DROP DEVICE Thesis Approved: Dr. Rifat Bulut Thesis Adviser Dr. Stephen A. Cross Dr. Gregory G. Wilber ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like express my most sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Rifat Bulut, for his enthusiasm, his encouragement, and his endless support in my graduate education and research studies. His wisdom and guidance helped me to finish my M.S. degree. I would like to thank all of my family members for their love and support in every field of my life. I am also indebted to my committee members, Prof. Stephen A. Cross and Prof. Gregory G. Wilber. I owe most of my knowledge about this thesis subject to their lectures and tutoring. I would like to thank to Prof. James Puckette from Geology Department at Oklahoma State University for letting me use his lab facilities. My lab friends Aditya Rayudu and Anjana Thoroppady Kittu helped me in many steps of the laboratorial work. I appreciate their help and wish them good luck in their graduate educations. Last but not the least; I want to thank the Oklahoma Transportation Center for their financial support in this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamics of Wetting: from Inertial Spreading to Viscous Imbibition
    IOP PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER J. Phys.: Condens. Matte 21 !"##$% &'&(") !(*++% do,:(#.(#--.#$/*0-$-&."(.&'.&'&(") Dynamics of wetting: from inertial spreading to viscous imbibition L Courbin(,", J C Bird(, M Reyssat( and ! "tone(,* ( S1hoo2 o3 En4,nee ,n4 and A++2,ed S1,en1es5 Ha 6a d Un,6e s,ty5 Ca78 ,d4e5 MA #"(*-5 USA " IPR5 UMR CNRS '"/(5 Ca7+9s Bea92,e95 Un,6e s,t:eRennes (5 */#&" Rennes5 F an1e E-7a,2: hastone;+ ,n1eton.ed9 Recei6ed "# Ap ,2 "##$5 in <nal fo 7 $ J9ly "##$ P982,shed "$ Octo8e "##$ On2,ne at sta1=s.,o+.o 4.JPhysCM."(.&'&(") !bstract >e e+o t the ,n?9en1e o3 the nat9 e o3 8o9nda ,es on the dyna7,1s o3 @ett,n4. >e e6,e@ so7e @o = e1ently +982,shed and h,4h2,4ht ne@ eApe ,7ental obser6ations. O9 paper 8e4ins @,th the s+ ead,n4 o3 d o+s on s98st ates and de7onst ates ho@ the eA+onents o3 the s+ ead,n4 2a@s a e a33e1ted e,the 8y the s9 3a1e 1he7,st y o 8y the d o+2et sha+e. >e then d,s19ss the ,78,8,t,on o3 1o7+2ete2y and +a t,a22y @ett,n4 ?9,ds ,nto 1hanne2s and o6e 7,1 oteAt9 ed s9 3a1es. Start,ng with the one0di7ens,ona2 ,78,8,t,on o3 1o7+2ete2y @ett,n4 2,B9,ds ,n t98es and s9 3a1e teAt9 es5 we sho@ that !,% sha+e 6a ,at,ons o3 1hanne2s 1han4e the +owe 02a@ es+onse o3 the ,78,8,t,on and !,,% the 4eo7et ,1a2 +a a7ete s o3 a s9 3a1e o94hness 1han4e the s+ ead,n4 8eha6,o .
    [Show full text]
  • Wetting and Spreading
    REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 81, APRIL–JUNE 2009 Wetting and spreading Daniel Bonn Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France and van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Valckenierstraat 65, 1018 XE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jens Eggers School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, United Kingdom Joseph Indekeu Instituut voor Theoretische Fysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium Jacques Meunier and Etienne Rolley Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France ͑Published 27 May 2009͒ Wetting phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and technology. A solid substrate exposed to the environment is almost invariably covered by a layer of fluid material. In this review, the surface forces that lead to wetting are considered, and the equilibrium surface coverage of a substrate in contact with a drop of liquid. Depending on the nature of the surface forces involved, different scenarios for wetting phase transitions are possible; recent progress allows us to relate the critical exponents directly to the nature of the surface forces which lead to the different wetting scenarios. Thermal fluctuation effects, which can be greatly enhanced for wetting of geometrically or chemically structured substrates, and are much stronger in colloidal suspensions, modify the adsorption singularities. Macroscopic descriptions and microscopic theories have been developed to understand and predict wetting behavior relevant to microfluidics and nanofluidics applications. Then the dynamics of wetting is examined. A drop, placed on a substrate which it wets, spreads out to form a film. Conversely, a nonwetted substrate previously covered by a film dewets upon an appropriate change of system parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Contact Angle Vs Dyne
    A practical means to measure surface treatment levels of PE Film using PGX+, a new portable contact angle instrument. Contact angle measurements The PGX + uses a liquid droplet (e.g. water) applied to the surface of the substrate in order to determine properties specific to the surface layer of the material. This is commonly referred to as a contact angle measurement using “the sessile drop method”. The contact angle is measured as the inward angle between the base and the tangent at the point of contact between the liquid and the surface. This value corresponds to the surface energy level in the equilibrium system formed between the liquid and the solid on the condition the surface is smooth, non-porous, non-sorptive, and homogeneous. Furthermore the liquid must not react chemically with the substrate. The relationship between a static contact angle and the surface energy forces was defined by Young [1] from the interfacial tensions: γSV = γSL + γLV cos θ; γ LV where γSV = solid-vapour interaction γSL =solid-liquid interaction γLV = liquid-vapour interaction θ ”Wetting” is obtained if contact angle is ≤ 90° γ SV γ SL Static contact angles A static contact angle occurs where the water droplet reaches an A “flying saucer”? “equilibrium” condition and the dimensions of the liquid droplet would not change over time. This situation will normally occur for a non- θ < 9 absorbent substrate (e.g. liquid container board, release papers). This 0° condition would also occur when a water droplet is applied to a copy paper because of its “hydrophobicity” (water repellence).
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Terms — Page 1 Air Gap: See Backflow Prevention Device
    Glossary of Irrigation Terms Version 7/1/17 Edited by Eugene W. Rochester, CID Certification Consultant This document is in continuing development. You are encouraged to submit definitions along with their source to [email protected]. The terms in this glossary are presented in an effort to provide a foundation for common understanding in communications covering irrigation. The following provides additional information: • Items located within brackets, [ ], indicate the IA-preferred abbreviation or acronym for the term specified. • Items located within braces, { }, indicate quantitative IA-preferred units for the term specified. • General definitions of terms not used in mathematical equations are not flagged in any way. • Three dots (…) at the end of a definition indicate that the definition has been truncated. • Terms with strike-through are non-preferred usage. • References are provided for the convenience of the reader and do not infer original reference. Additional soil science terms may be found at www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary#. A AC {hertz}: Abbreviation for alternating current. AC pipe: Asbestos-cement pipe was commonly used for buried pipelines. It combines strength with light weight and is immune to rust and corrosion. (James, 1988) (No longer made.) acceleration of gravity. See gravity (acceleration due to). acid precipitation: Atmospheric precipitation that is below pH 7 and is often composed of the hydrolyzed by-products from oxidized halogen, nitrogen, and sulfur substances. (Glossary of Soil Science Terms, 2013) acid soil: Soil with a pH value less than 7.0. (Glossary of Soil Science Terms, 2013) adhesion: Forces of attraction between unlike molecules, e.g. water and solid.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Viscosity, Surface Tension and Wetting Behavior Studies of Paraffin–In–Water † Nano–Emulsions
    energies Article Dynamic Viscosity, Surface Tension and Wetting Behavior Studies of Paraffin–in–Water y Nano–Emulsions David Cabaleiro 1,2,3,* , Samah Hamze 1, Filippo Agresti 4 , Patrice Estellé 1,* , Simona Barison 4, Laura Fedele 2 and Sergio Bobbo 2 1 Université Rennes 1, LGCGM, EA3913, F-35704 Rennes, France 2 Institute of Construction Technologies, National Research Council, I–35127 Padova, Italy 3 Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidade de Vigo, E–36310 Vigo, Spain 4 Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council, I–35127 Padova, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (D.C.); [email protected] (P.E.); Tel.: +33-(0)23234200 (P.E.) This article is an extended version of our paper published in 1st International Conference on Nanofluids y (ICNf) and 2nd European Symposium on Nanofluids (ESNf), Castellón, Spain, 26–28 June 2019; pp. 118–121. Received: 23 July 2019; Accepted: 24 August 2019; Published: 29 August 2019 Abstract: This work analyzes the dynamic viscosity, surface tension and wetting behavior of phase change material nano–emulsions (PCMEs) formulated at dispersed phase concentrations of 2, 4 and 10 wt.%. Paraffin–in–water samples were produced using a solvent–assisted route, starting from RT21HC technical grade paraffin with a nominal melting point at ~293–294 K. In order to evaluate the possible effect of paraffinic nucleating agents on those three properties, a nano–emulsion with 3.6% of RT21HC and 0.4% of RT55 (a paraffin wax with melting temperature at ~328 K) was also investigated. Dynamic viscosity strongly rose with increasing dispersed phase concentration, showing a maximum increase of 151% for the sample containing 10 wt.% of paraffin at 278 K.
    [Show full text]
  • A Technology Overview and Applications of Bio-MEMS
    INSTITUTE OF SMART STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS (ISSS) JOURNAL OF ISSS J. ISSS Vol. 3 No. 2, pp. 39-59, Sept. 2014. REVIEW ARTICLE A Technology Overview and Applications of Bio-MEMS Nidhi Maheshwari+, Gaurav Chatterjee+, V. Ramgopal Rao. Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India-400076. Corresponding Author: [email protected] + Both the authors have contributed equally. Keywords: Abstract Bio-MEMS, immobilization, Miniaturization of conventional technologies has long cantilever, micro-fabrication, been understood to have many benefits, like: lower cost of biosensor. production, lower form factor leading to portable applications, and lower power consumption. Micro/Nano fabrication has seen tremendous research and commercial activity in the past few decades buoyed by the silicon revolution. As an offset of the same fabrication platform, the Micro-electro-mechanical- systems (MEMS) technology was conceived to fabricate complex mechanical structures on a micro level. MEMS technology has generated considerable research interest recently, and has even led to some commercially successful applications. Almost every smart phone is now equipped with a MEMS accelerometer-gyroscope system. MEMS technology is now being used for realizing devices having biomedical applications. Such devices can be placed under a subset of MEMS called the Bio-MEMS (Biological MEMS). In this paper, a brief introduction to the Bio-MEMS technology and the current state of art applications is discussed. 1. Introduction Generally, the Bio-MEMS can be defined as any The interdisciplinary nature of the Bio-MEMS research is system or device, which is fabricated using the highlighted in Figure 2. This highlights the overlapping of micro-nano fabrication technology, and used many different scientific disciplines, and the need for a healthy for biomedical applications such as diagnostics, collaborative effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Wetting Assessment Using the Dispensed Drop Method in the Field of Hot-Dip Galvanizing Marie-Laurence Giorgi, Alexey Koltsov
    Wetting assessment using the dispensed drop method in the field of hot-dip galvanizing Marie-Laurence Giorgi, Alexey Koltsov To cite this version: Marie-Laurence Giorgi, Alexey Koltsov. Wetting assessment using the dispensed drop method in the field of hot-dip galvanizing. Galvatech 2017, Nov 2017, Tokyo, Japan. hal-01810788 HAL Id: hal-01810788 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01810788 Submitted on 8 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. WETTING ASSESSMENT USING THE DISPENSED DROP METHOD IN THE FIELD OF HOT-DIP GALVANIZING Marie-Laurence Giorgi 1, Alexey Koltsov 2 1 CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux (LGPM), 3 rue Joliot-Curie, F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France 2 ArcelorMittal Global R&D - Maizières Process Research Centre, Voie Romaine, 57283 Maizières-lès-Metz ABSTRACT In hot-dip galvanizing, the steel strip is annealed in an atmosphere of N 2 and H 2, containing only traces of water. One of the main purposes of this heat treatment is to reduce the iron oxides present at the steel surface, in order to improve the wettability by liquid zinc.
    [Show full text]