Dynamic Viscosity, Surface Tension and Wetting Behavior Studies of Paraffin–In–Water † Nano–Emulsions
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Glossary Physics (I-Introduction)
1 Glossary Physics (I-introduction) - Efficiency: The percent of the work put into a machine that is converted into useful work output; = work done / energy used [-]. = eta In machines: The work output of any machine cannot exceed the work input (<=100%); in an ideal machine, where no energy is transformed into heat: work(input) = work(output), =100%. Energy: The property of a system that enables it to do work. Conservation o. E.: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into another, but the total amount of energy never changes. Equilibrium: The state of an object when not acted upon by a net force or net torque; an object in equilibrium may be at rest or moving at uniform velocity - not accelerating. Mechanical E.: The state of an object or system of objects for which any impressed forces cancels to zero and no acceleration occurs. Dynamic E.: Object is moving without experiencing acceleration. Static E.: Object is at rest.F Force: The influence that can cause an object to be accelerated or retarded; is always in the direction of the net force, hence a vector quantity; the four elementary forces are: Electromagnetic F.: Is an attraction or repulsion G, gravit. const.6.672E-11[Nm2/kg2] between electric charges: d, distance [m] 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (q1q2/d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] m,M, mass [kg] Gravitational F.: Is a mutual attraction between all masses: q, charge [As] [C] 2 2 2 2 F = GmM/d [Nm /kg kg 1/m ] = [N] 0, dielectric constant Strong F.: (nuclear force) Acts within the nuclei of atoms: 8.854E-12 [C2/Nm2] [F/m] 2 2 2 2 2 F = 1/(40) (e /d ) [(CC/m )(Nm /C )] = [N] , 3.14 [-] Weak F.: Manifests itself in special reactions among elementary e, 1.60210 E-19 [As] [C] particles, such as the reaction that occur in radioactive decay. -
An Introduction to Inhomogeneous Liquids, Density Functional Theory, and the Wetting Transition Adam P
An introduction to inhomogeneous liquids, density functional theory, and the wetting transition Adam P. Hughes, Uwe Thiele, and Andrew J. Archer Citation: American Journal of Physics 82, 1119 (2014); doi: 10.1119/1.4890823 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.4890823 View Table of Contents: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aapt/journal/ajp/82/12?ver=pdfcov Published by the American Association of Physics Teachers Articles you may be interested in Density functional theory of inhomogeneous liquids. II. A fundamental measure approach J. Chem. Phys. 128, 184711 (2008); 10.1063/1.2916694 Mean-field density-functional model of a second-order wetting transition J. Chem. Phys. 128, 114716 (2008); 10.1063/1.2895748 Surface phase transitions in athermal mixtures of hard rods and excluded volume polymers investigated using a density functional approach J. Chem. Phys. 125, 204709 (2006); 10.1063/1.2400033 Homogeneous nucleation at high supersaturation and heterogeneous nucleation on microscopic wettable particles: A hybrid thermodynamic∕density-functional theory J. Chem. Phys. 125, 144515 (2006); 10.1063/1.2357937 Perfect wetting along a three-phase line: Theory and molecular dynamics simulations J. Chem. Phys. 124, 244505 (2006); 10.1063/1.2206772 This article is copyrighted as indicated in the article. Reuse of AAPT content is subject to the terms at: http://scitation.aip.org/termsconditions. Downloaded to IP: 128.176.202.20 On: Wed, 03 Dec 2014 08:24:19 An introduction to inhomogeneous liquids, density functional theory, and the wetting transition Adam P. Hughes Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom Uwe Thiele Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom and Institut fur€ Theoretische Physik, Westfalische€ Wilhelms-Universitat€ Munster,€ Wilhelm Klemm Str. -
Effect of Temperature on Wetting Angle
San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications, Biomedical, Chemical, and Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Materials Engineering Engineering 7-1-1997 Effect of Temperature on Wetting Angle Guna S. Selvaduray San Jose State University, [email protected] R. Brindos San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/chem_mat_eng_pub Part of the Chemical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Guna S. Selvaduray and R. Brindos. "Effect of Temperature on Wetting Angle" National Educators' Workshop: Update 96 - Standard Experiments in Engineering Materials Science and Technology, NASA Publication 3354 (1997): 137-151. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biomedical, Chemical and Materials Engineering at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Biomedical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NASA Conference Publication 3354 National Educators' Workshop: Update 96 Standard Experiments.in Engineering Materials Science and Technology Compiled by James E. Gardner and Ginger L. Freeman Langle~; Research Center • Hampton, Virginia James A. Jacobs Norfolk State University • Norfolk, Virginia Don M. Parkin Los Alamos National Laboratory • Los Alamos, New Mexico Proceedings of a workshop sponsored jointly by the United States Department of Energy, Los Alamos, New Mexico, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, -
Viscosity of Gases References
VISCOSITY OF GASES Marcia L. Huber and Allan H. Harvey The following table gives the viscosity of some common gases generally less than 2% . Uncertainties for the viscosities of gases in as a function of temperature . Unless otherwise noted, the viscosity this table are generally less than 3%; uncertainty information on values refer to a pressure of 100 kPa (1 bar) . The notation P = 0 specific fluids can be found in the references . Viscosity is given in indicates that the low-pressure limiting value is given . The dif- units of μPa s; note that 1 μPa s = 10–5 poise . Substances are listed ference between the viscosity at 100 kPa and the limiting value is in the modified Hill order (see Introduction) . Viscosity in μPa s 100 K 200 K 300 K 400 K 500 K 600 K Ref. Air 7 .1 13 .3 18 .5 23 .1 27 .1 30 .8 1 Ar Argon (P = 0) 8 .1 15 .9 22 .7 28 .6 33 .9 38 .8 2, 3*, 4* BF3 Boron trifluoride 12 .3 17 .1 21 .7 26 .1 30 .2 5 ClH Hydrogen chloride 14 .6 19 .7 24 .3 5 F6S Sulfur hexafluoride (P = 0) 15 .3 19 .7 23 .8 27 .6 6 H2 Normal hydrogen (P = 0) 4 .1 6 .8 8 .9 10 .9 12 .8 14 .5 3*, 7 D2 Deuterium (P = 0) 5 .9 9 .6 12 .6 15 .4 17 .9 20 .3 8 H2O Water (P = 0) 9 .8 13 .4 17 .3 21 .4 9 D2O Deuterium oxide (P = 0) 10 .2 13 .7 17 .8 22 .0 10 H2S Hydrogen sulfide 12 .5 16 .9 21 .2 25 .4 11 H3N Ammonia 10 .2 14 .0 17 .9 21 .7 12 He Helium (P = 0) 9 .6 15 .1 19 .9 24 .3 28 .3 32 .2 13 Kr Krypton (P = 0) 17 .4 25 .5 32 .9 39 .6 45 .8 14 NO Nitric oxide 13 .8 19 .2 23 .8 28 .0 31 .9 5 N2 Nitrogen 7 .0 12 .9 17 .9 22 .2 26 .1 29 .6 1, 15* N2O Nitrous -
Wetting−Dewetting Transition Line in Thin Polymer Films K
Subscriber access provided by NATL INST STANDARDS & TECH Research Article Wetting−Dewetting Transition Line in Thin Polymer Films K. M. Ashley, D. Raghavan, J. F. Douglas, and A. Karim Langmuir, 2005, 21 (21), 9518-9523• DOI: 10.1021/la050482y • Publication Date (Web): 09 September 2005 Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on February 10, 2009 More About This Article Additional resources and features associated with this article are available within the HTML version: • Supporting Information • Links to the 9 articles that cite this article, as of the time of this article download • Access to high resolution figures • Links to articles and content related to this article • Copyright permission to reproduce figures and/or text from this article Langmuir is published by the American Chemical Society. 1155 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington, DC 20036 9518 Langmuir 2005, 21, 9518-9523 Wetting-Dewetting Transition Line in Thin Polymer Films K. M. Ashley,† D. Raghavan,*,† J. F. Douglas,*,‡ and A. Karim*,‡ Polymer Program, Department of Chemistry, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, and Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Received February 23, 2005. In Final Form: June 14, 2005 Thin polymeric films are increasingly being utilized in diverse technological applications, and it is crucial to have a reliable method to characterize the stability of these films against dewetting. The parameter space that influences the dewetting of thin polymer films is wide (molecular mass, temperature, film thickness, substrate interaction) and a combinatorial method of investigation is suitable. We thus construct a combinatorial library of observations for polystyrene (PS) films cast on substrates having orthogonal temperature and surface energy gradients and perform a series of measurements for a range of molecular masses (1800 g/mol < M < 35 000 g/mol) and film thicknesses h (30 nm < h < 40 nm) to explore these primary parameter axes. -
On Nonlinear Strain Theory for a Viscoelastic Material Model and Its Implications for Calving of Ice Shelves
Journal of Glaciology (2019), 65(250) 212–224 doi: 10.1017/jog.2018.107 © The Author(s) 2019. This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re- use or in order to create a derivative work. On nonlinear strain theory for a viscoelastic material model and its implications for calving of ice shelves JULIA CHRISTMANN,1,2 RALF MÜLLER,2 ANGELIKA HUMBERT1,3 1Division of Geosciences/Glaciology, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany 2Institute of Applied Mechanics, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany 3Division of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Correspondence: Julia Christmann <[email protected]> ABSTRACT. In the current ice-sheet models calving of ice shelves is based on phenomenological approaches. To obtain physics-based calving criteria, a viscoelastic Maxwell model is required account- ing for short-term elastic and long-term viscous deformation. On timescales of months to years between calving events, as well as on long timescales with several subsequent iceberg break-offs, deformations are no longer small and linearized strain measures cannot be used. We present a finite deformation framework of viscoelasticity and extend this model by a nonlinear Glen-type viscosity. A finite element implementation is used to compute stress and strain states in the vicinity of the ice-shelf calving front. -
Guide to Rheological Nomenclature: Measurements in Ceramic Particulate Systems
NfST Nisr National institute of Standards and Technology Technology Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce NIST Special Publication 946 Guide to Rheological Nomenclature: Measurements in Ceramic Particulate Systems Vincent A. Hackley and Chiara F. Ferraris rhe National Institute of Standards and Technology was established in 1988 by Congress to "assist industry in the development of technology . needed to improve product quality, to modernize manufacturing processes, to ensure product reliability . and to facilitate rapid commercialization ... of products based on new scientific discoveries." NIST, originally founded as the National Bureau of Standards in 1901, works to strengthen U.S. industry's competitiveness; advance science and engineering; and improve public health, safety, and the environment. One of the agency's basic functions is to develop, maintain, and retain custody of the national standards of measurement, and provide the means and methods for comparing standards used in science, engineering, manufacturing, commerce, industry, and education with the standards adopted or recognized by the Federal Government. As an agency of the U.S. Commerce Department's Technology Administration, NIST conducts basic and applied research in the physical sciences and engineering, and develops measurement techniques, test methods, standards, and related services. The Institute does generic and precompetitive work on new and advanced technologies. NIST's research facilities are located at Gaithersburg, MD 20899, and at Boulder, CO 80303. -
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions. -
Application Note to the Field Pumping Non-Newtonian Fluids with Liquiflo Gear Pumps
Pumping Non-Newtonian Fluids Application Note to the Field with Liquiflo Gear Pumps Application Note Number: 0104-2 Date: April 10, 2001; Revised Jan. 2016 Newtonian vs. non-Newtonian Fluids: Fluids fall into one of two categories: Newtonian or non-Newtonian. A Newtonian fluid has a constant viscosity at a particular temperature and pressure and is independent of shear rate. A non-Newtonian fluid has viscosity that varies with shear rate. The apparent viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of a non-Newtonian fluid at a given temperature, pressure and shear rate. Newton’s Law states that shear stress () is equal the dynamic viscosity () multiplied by the shear rate (): = . A fluid which obeys this relationship, where is constant, is called a Newtonian fluid. Therefore, for a Newtonian fluid, shear stress is directly proportional to shear rate. If however, varies as a function of shear rate, the fluid is non-Newtonian. In the SI system, the unit of shear stress is pascals (Pa = N/m2), the unit of shear rate is hertz or reciprocal seconds (Hz = 1/s), and the unit of dynamic viscosity is pascal-seconds (Pa-s). In the cgs system, the unit of shear stress is dynes per square centimeter (dyn/cm2), the unit of shear rate is again hertz or reciprocal seconds, and the unit of dynamic viscosity is poises (P = dyn-s-cm-2). To convert the viscosity units from one system to another, the following relationship is used: 1 cP = 1 mPa-s. Pump shaft speed is normally measured in RPM (rev/min). -
Development of Testing Protocols For
DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING PROTOCOLS FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF CONTACT ANGLES ON AGGREGATE AND ASPHALT BINDER SURFACES USING A SESSILE DROP DEVICE By MURAT KOC Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering Bogazici University Istanbul, Turkey 2010 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, 2013 DEVELOPMENT OF TESTING PROTOCOLS FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENTS OF CONTACT ANGLES ON AGGREGATE AND ASPHALT BINDER SURFACES USING A SESSILE DROP DEVICE Thesis Approved: Dr. Rifat Bulut Thesis Adviser Dr. Stephen A. Cross Dr. Gregory G. Wilber ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like express my most sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Rifat Bulut, for his enthusiasm, his encouragement, and his endless support in my graduate education and research studies. His wisdom and guidance helped me to finish my M.S. degree. I would like to thank all of my family members for their love and support in every field of my life. I am also indebted to my committee members, Prof. Stephen A. Cross and Prof. Gregory G. Wilber. I owe most of my knowledge about this thesis subject to their lectures and tutoring. I would like to thank to Prof. James Puckette from Geology Department at Oklahoma State University for letting me use his lab facilities. My lab friends Aditya Rayudu and Anjana Thoroppady Kittu helped me in many steps of the laboratorial work. I appreciate their help and wish them good luck in their graduate educations. Last but not the least; I want to thank the Oklahoma Transportation Center for their financial support in this project. -
Investigations of Liquid Steel Viscosity and Its Impact As the Initial Parameter on Modeling of the Steel Flow Through the Tundish
materials Article Investigations of Liquid Steel Viscosity and Its Impact as the Initial Parameter on Modeling of the Steel Flow through the Tundish Marta Sl˛ezak´ 1,* and Marek Warzecha 2 1 Department of Ferrous Metallurgy, Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland 2 Department of Metallurgy and Metal Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Al. Armii Krajowej 19, 42-201 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 September 2020; Accepted: 5 November 2020; Published: 7 November 2020 Abstract: The paper presents research carried out to experimentally determine the dynamic viscosity of selected iron solutions. A high temperature rheometer with an air bearing was used for the tests, and ANSYS Fluent commercial software was used for numerical simulations. The experimental results obtained are, on average, lower by half than the values of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid steel adopted during fluid flow modeling. Numerical simulations were carried out, taking into account the viscosity standard adopted for most numerical calculations and the average value of the obtained experimental dynamic viscosity of the analyzed iron solutions. Both qualitative and quantitative analysis showed differences in the flow structure of liquid steel in the tundish, in particular in the predicted values and the velocity profile distribution. However, these differences are not significant. In addition, the work analyzed two different rheological models—including one of our own—to describe the dynamic viscosity of liquid steel, so that in the future, the experimental stage could be replaced by calculating the value of the dynamic viscosity coefficient of liquid steel using one equation. -
Dynamics of Wetting: from Inertial Spreading to Viscous Imbibition
IOP PUBLISHING JOURNAL OF PHYSICS: CONDENSED MATTER J. Phys.: Condens. Matte 21 !"##$% &'&(") !(*++% do,:(#.(#--.#$/*0-$-&."(.&'.&'&(") Dynamics of wetting: from inertial spreading to viscous imbibition L Courbin(,", J C Bird(, M Reyssat( and ! "tone(,* ( S1hoo2 o3 En4,nee ,n4 and A++2,ed S1,en1es5 Ha 6a d Un,6e s,ty5 Ca78 ,d4e5 MA #"(*-5 USA " IPR5 UMR CNRS '"/(5 Ca7+9s Bea92,e95 Un,6e s,t:eRennes (5 */#&" Rennes5 F an1e E-7a,2: hastone;+ ,n1eton.ed9 Recei6ed "# Ap ,2 "##$5 in <nal fo 7 $ J9ly "##$ P982,shed "$ Octo8e "##$ On2,ne at sta1=s.,o+.o 4.JPhysCM."(.&'&(") !bstract >e e+o t the ,n?9en1e o3 the nat9 e o3 8o9nda ,es on the dyna7,1s o3 @ett,n4. >e e6,e@ so7e @o = e1ently +982,shed and h,4h2,4ht ne@ eApe ,7ental obser6ations. O9 paper 8e4ins @,th the s+ ead,n4 o3 d o+s on s98st ates and de7onst ates ho@ the eA+onents o3 the s+ ead,n4 2a@s a e a33e1ted e,the 8y the s9 3a1e 1he7,st y o 8y the d o+2et sha+e. >e then d,s19ss the ,78,8,t,on o3 1o7+2ete2y and +a t,a22y @ett,n4 ?9,ds ,nto 1hanne2s and o6e 7,1 oteAt9 ed s9 3a1es. Start,ng with the one0di7ens,ona2 ,78,8,t,on o3 1o7+2ete2y @ett,n4 2,B9,ds ,n t98es and s9 3a1e teAt9 es5 we sho@ that !,% sha+e 6a ,at,ons o3 1hanne2s 1han4e the +owe 02a@ es+onse o3 the ,78,8,t,on and !,,% the 4eo7et ,1a2 +a a7ete s o3 a s9 3a1e o94hness 1han4e the s+ ead,n4 8eha6,o .