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Sex and Plumage-Type Ratios of the Lesser Magellan Goose in Southern Chile

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Sex and Plumage-Type Ratios of the Lesser Magellan Goose in Southern Chile Sex and plumage-type ratios of the Lesser Magellan Goose in southern Chile W.R. SIEGFRIED. P.A.R. HOCKEY. P.G. RYAN and A.L. BOSMAN Introduction Methods Four of the five species of South American Sheldgeese were counted whenever seen sheldgeese (genus Chloëphaga) are terrest­ within approximately 500 m of the roadside. rial grass-eaters; the exception being the Hence the relative abundance of sheldgeese Kelp Goose C. hybrida (Delacour 1954). is expressed as numbers of birds per km3. Three of the four terrestrial species breed The main routes traversed extended from in southern Patagonia, including Tierra del Torres del Paine, in the north, via Puerto Fuego (Johnson 1965; Humphrey et al. Natales and Punta Arenas, to Fort Bulnes 1970). They are the Ashy-headed Goose C. in the south; from Punta Arenas, across the poliocephala, Ruddy-headed Goose C. Brunswick Peninsula, to Otway Sound; rubidiceps and Magellan Goose C. picta from Punta Arenas, along the Straits of which has two races, the Lesser Magellan Magellan, north-east to Punta Delgada; G oose C. p. picta on the South American and, on Tierra del Fuego, from Porvenir mainland, and the Greater Magellan Goose north-east to Punta Espora (see Figure 1). C. p. leucoptera on the Falkland Islands. The shelcfgeese on the route between Tor­ The Magellan Goose exhibits marked res del Paine and Punta Arenas were sur­ sexual plumage dimorphism, but in the veyed only once, but the southern routes other two species the sexes are similar. The were travelled more frequently. In such Lesser Magellan Goose also differs from cases, however, the surveys were restricted the other species in that adult males present to separate days. A total of 310 encounters a range of colour phases, from individuals with sheldgeese were recorded in the ex­ with completely white underparts to birds tended road-strip, covering 808 km. heavily barred or blotched with black and Sheldgeese were observed carefully, white. In the Greater Magellan Goose, by using binoculars and telescopes, and their contrast, the undcrparts of adult males behaviour, in terms of feeding, nesting and invariably are pure white. Females in gen­ association between sexes, was recorded. eral show little variation, but the colour of The birds' habitats and any association the head of the Lesser Magellan Goose between the birds and domestic livestock ranges between uniform reddish and dull were also recorded. Three categories of grey cinnamon (Johnson 1965; Blake 1977). males were recognised based on the extent It has been known for a long time that the of barring on their underparts: completely extreme colour phases presented by the white; intermediate; and. completely Lesser Magellan Goose are more-or-less barred. Delacour (1954) implies that belly segregated in different regions and at dif­ colour of immatures reflects the adult ferent seasons; the barred types being most colour phase, and thus the presence of abundant in the south and the white type immature and sub-adult birds in flocks in the north (Johnson 1965; Humphrey et should not bias analyses of plumage-type al. 1970). However, quantitative data sup­ ratios. Females were also grouped in three porting this are scarce. categories, based on head coloration: This paper summarises the results of greyish cinnamon; intermediate; and, red­ counts of Lesser Magellan, Ashy-headed dish cinnamon. Birds were classified as and Ruddy-headed Geese made in the 'indeterminate' when poor light, cover or course of motoring over some 800 km of some other factor prevented them from roads in southern Chile, including Tierra being categorised accurately. Birds were del Fuego, during 17-23 N ovem ber 1985. adjudged to be paired when individual These roadside counts gave quantitative males and females associated and moved data on relative abundance, group size and closely together, usually within a metre of inter-specific association for all three each other. In some flocks it was not possi­ species, and sex and plumage-type ratios ble to determine paired/unpaired ratios: for the Lesser Magellan Goose between ca such flocks were used only in analyses of 51°S and 54°S, close to the southern limit sex ratio and group size. of their breeding distribution. 15 Wildfowl 34 (I4SX): 15-21 16 W.R. Siegfried, P.A.R. Hockey, P.G. Ryan and A.L. Bosnian Fig. 1. Map of the study area in southern Chile. Dotted lines indicate routes taken during surveys. Results were uncommon in all three areas (Table 1). Highest densities of the Ashy-headed Relative abundance Goose were found on the Brunswick Penin­ sula, normally in association with indig­ Totals of 1,941 (95%) Lesser Magellan, 78 enous forest patches. Several pairs were (4%) Ashy-headed and 20 (1%) Ruddy­ found breeding along the intermittently headed Geese were recorded. The Lesser forested Rio San Juan to the south of Fort Magellan Goose was markedly more abun­ Bulnes. The Ruddy-headed Goose was dant in the north of the survey area (Torres most abundant, although still rare, in the del Paine to Puerto Natales) and in north­ grasslands of northern Tierra del Fuego, ern Tierra del Fuego than elsewhere. where the Ashy-headed Goose was absent. Ruddy-headed and Ashy-headed Geese Based on relative abundance of the geese Table 1. Relative abundance of three species of sheldgeese in southern Patagonia, November 1985. Survey route A rea Mean density of birds per krrr surveyed (km2) Lesser Magellan Ashy-headed Ruddy-headed Goose Goose Goose Torres del Paine - Puerto Natales 150 4.03 0.04 < 0.01 Puerto Natales - Punta Arenas 188 0.99 0.06 0.00 P. Arenas Airport - Punta Delgada 240 0.99 0.04 0.03 Brunswick Peninsula 88 1.18 0.26 0.00 Porvenir - Punta Espora 142 5.35 0.00 0.06 Lesser Magellan geese in Chile 17 Table 2. Percentage frequency of group size and the proportions (percentages) of paired birds in the Lesser Magellan Goose in three regions of southern Patagonia, November 1985. Region G roup size Sample Proport ion of paired birds Number of pairs observed size with broods of small 2 3—10 >10 (no. groups) Males Females Overall young North 67 20 14 66 65 95 77 5 Central 60 IS 22 62 44 45 45 0 South 71 IS 10 168 52 55 53 1 species, three regions were recognised a 47.7%; and, South, males = 52.5%. posteriori within our study area: North There was a clear latitudinal cline in male (Torres del Paine - Puerto Natales); Cen­ plumage-type frequency, with white birds tral (mainland south of Puerto Natales); predominating in the North and barred- and. South (Tierra del Fuego) (Figure 1). bellied birds in the South. Intermediate These regions were used in subsequent type birds were more frequent in the North analyses. and Central regions than in the South (X2= 29.28, df=2, PC0.002) (Table 3). The pat­ G roup size tern among females was less obvious. There was a clear gradient of grey-headed birds, Group sizes of Ashy-headed and Ruddy­ decreasing towards higher latitudes, headed Geese varied between one and 24 although intermediate females were numer­ and one and eight birds, respectively. Data ically dominant in all regions and became bases for these two species are too small to increasingly so in the South (Table 3). The allow further statistical analysis aimed at proportion of paired red-headed females in revealing any geographical differences in the Central region was greater than ex­ group size. pected (X2= 10.34, df=2, PcO.Ol). These In the Lesser Magellan Goose, group size trends are reflected in the frequency distri­ ranged between two and 152 birds. In all butions of the plumage-type combinations regions, a group size of two was most of paired birds in the three regions (Table frequent (Table 2) and in only one instance 4). did these observations not relate to pre­ Assuming that solitary males indicated sumed mated pairs. There was a tendency actively breeding birds, there was no differ­ for groups to be largest in the Central region ence in their abundance relative to the where density was lowest (Tables 1 and 2), occurrence of mated, but not actively corresponding with a lower proportion of breeding, males in each of the three regions paired birds in this region. However, group- (X 2 =2.86, df=2, P>0.05). Similarly, there size frequency was not significantly dif­ was no difference between plumage-type ferent between the regions (X2=6.05, df= ratios of breeding males and mated males 4, P>0.05). in the South region (X2=2.92, df=2, P>0.05), or between similar ratios of white Sex ratio and plumage types and intermediate males in the North region (X2=0.06, df= l, P>0.05). Sample sizes for Sex ratios of the Lesser Magellan Goose barred males in the northern region, and were very close to parity in all three regions: for all plumage-types in the Central region North, males = 52.2%; Central, males = were too small for statistical analysis. Table 3. Percentage frequency of three plumage types in male and female populations of the Lesser Magellan Goose in three regions of southern Patagonia, November 1985. Males Females Region Plumage-types Plumage-types White Intermediate Barred N Greyish Intermediate Reddish N North 61 32 7 127 33 51 16 70 Central 27 30 43 153 14 57 29 169 South 12 19 69 317 8 72 20 307 18 W.R. Siegfried, P.A.R. Hockey, P.G. Ryan and A.L. Bosnian Table 4. Percentage frequency of the nine possible plumage-type pairings of the Lesser Magellan Goose in three regions of southern Patagonia, November 1985.
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