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ste documento es un paseo en el mundo maravilloso de estas aves acuáticas, en él se encontrarán datos sobre las razas silvestres, los orígenes de los patos domésticos, las razas, su hábitat, etc. También nos da diferentes indicaciones para la óptima crianza en cautividad. ●●● En memoria de las civilizaciones antiguas que supieron domesticar este bello animal. Con agradecimiento profundo por habernos hecho llegar su maravilloso legado. ●●● Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 1 1 Orden ANSERIFORMES/Familia ANATIDAE Muchas especies de patos se adaptan fácilmente a la cautividad y varias especies salvajes tropicales parecerían tener un buen potencial para la semidomesticación en los países del Tercer Mundo de los cuales son originarios. Los patos domésticos tienen una gran importancia como fuente de alimentos en Asia, especialmente en el sudeste. Allí sus huevos son lo más importante en tanto que hacia el norte, la producción de carne toma mayor significación. Por el contrario, los patos son por el momento de importancia menor en África, América Latina y Cercano Oriente. En América del Sur hay muchas evidencias de su consumo y su domesticación y esto desde épocas más antiguas a los Inkas. Así se han podido encontrar restos óseos en tumbas preincaicas y también diversas artesanías hechas con la pluma del pato real. En la actualidad el género Cairina sigue instalado en una especie de laguna artificial dentro de la ciudadela de Chan Chan, la ciudad de barro más grande en el mundo precolombino. Todo tiende a indicar que los antiguos peruanos supieron manejar con sapienza la crianza de los patos, criándolos a manera de los auquénidos, en semi libertad. Y que acertado, ya que si no son manejados con cuidado, los patos pueden transformarse en plaga para los cultivos, sobre todo para los cereales. Por otra parte, los patos son útiles ya que ellos buscan y comen los caracoles que son huéspedes en el ciclo de importantes enfermedades para el hombre y el ganado (Bilharziosis y fasciolosis). Los patos son sensibles a numerosas enfermedades infecciosas de las cuales algunas, pueden causar severas pérdidas. Las más importantes son la intoxicación por las aflatoxinas presentes en el grano húmedo, el botulismo, la peste del pato y el virus de la enteritis de los patos. Sería necesaria una encuesta sobre todas las especies de patos candidatos a la domesticación para determinar su estado en la condición de salvaje. 2 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 2 Las anátidas (Anatidae, del griego ανατος = pato, por ser los patos los representantes más difundidos de esta familia), es una familia de aves del orden de los Anseriformes. Las anátidas son aves usualmente migradoras y que suelen vivir en las proximidades del agua, una de sus adaptaciones al medio acuático hace que sean palmípedas. Entre las muy diversas especies de esta familia (aproximadamente 150 especies) se encuentran los ánades o patos, eideres, ánsares, las barnaclas, los cauquenes, cisnes, coscorobas, gansos, mergos, ocas, ochandos, porrones, serretas, tarros y yaguasas. En eras modernas su distribución natural abarcaba prácticamente a todo el planeta Tierra a excepción (salvo casos ocasionales) de la Antártida. Clasificación Previamente dividido en seis subfamilias, recientes estudios anatómicos llevados a cabo por Livezey (1986; Un análisis filogenético reciente de los Anseriformes, Auk 103: 737-754) mostró que los Anatidae se clasifican en nueve subfamilias. En esta clasificación se ha seguido la de Madge & Burn: Principales subfamilias ejemplo de una Anatinae Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 3 Anatinae (pese a la parofonía, evitar confundir a esta subfamilia con la familia Anatidae) o Patos propiamente dichos. o Dendrocygninae: suiriríes, siriríes o patos silbadores (9 especies) o Anatinae: patos de río, 8 géneros y 55 especies vivientes, o Oxyurinae: patos zambullidores o patos de cola dura: 4 géneros, 3 de ellos monotípicos(una sola especie), con 9 especies vivientes. 3 o Stictonettinae, pato pecoso: Un género en Australia, Stictonetta (Pato pecoso o "Freckled Duck", 1 especies). Anserinae y anseranatinae : cisnes y gansos • Cinco a siete géneros con 27 especies vivientes, solo en regiones calurosas o templadas del hemisferio norte y algunas especies en el hemisferio sur, con dos o tres géneros, y los gansos con cuatro géneros (en algunos casos 3 géneros según autores): o Coscoroba (Cisne Coscoroba, 1 especies) o Cygnus Cisnes (7 especies) o Anser (Gansos, 8 especies) o Chen (Gansos chinos, 3 especies) o Branta (Barnaclas, 8 especies vivientes) o Cereopsis (Ganso del Cabo, 1 especies, algunos lo tratan como Tadorninae.) o Cnemiornis (Ganso de Nueva Zelanda, extinto) Merginae: mergos Serretas Plectropterinae: ganso con espolones Un género en África, formalmente incluye a los gansos de percha: o Plectropterus (Ganso zambullidor de espuela o Spur-winged Goose, 1 especies) Tadorninae: tarros, ocas y cauquénes Este grupo es grande, con especies semiterrestres y acuáticas intermedias entre Anserinae y Anatinae. Recientemente una revisión incluyó 10 géneros y 23 especies vivientes (una probablemente extinta) en esta subfamilia, son del hemisferio sur y del hemisferio norte: 4 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización o Sarkidiornis (Pato crestón, 1 especies) o Pachyanas (Pato de la isla Chatham, extinto) o Tadorna (tarros, 7 especies, una probablemente extinta) o Malacorhynchus (Pato espigado rosado Pink- 4 eared Duck, 1 especie viviente) o Centrornis (Tarro de Madagascar o Madagascar Sheldgoose, extinto) o Alopochen (Ganso egipcio y Tadorna de las Mascareñas, 1 especie viviente) o Neochen (Ganso del Orinoco, 1 especies) o Chloephaga (cauquenes– falsas avutardas – y carancas, 5 especies) o Cyanochen (Ganso de alas azules, 1 especies) o Hymenolaimus (Pato azul, 1 especies) o Merganetta (Pato de torrente, 1 especies) o Tachyeres (Pato vapor, 4 especies) Thalassorninae Cisne mudo • Un género en África, más relacionado con la subfamilia Dendrocygninae, con convergencias y similitudes con la subfamilia Oxyurinae: o Thalassornis (ganso de nuca blanca, 1 especie) Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 5 5 6 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 6 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 7 PATO DES FILIPINAS 7 Este pequeño pato de Filipinas, llamado también "Luçon Saloyzir", es un animal sociable, de buen carácter, monógamo y capaz de reproducirse desde su primer año de edad. Está clasificado como vulnerable, amenazado por la poca cantidad que existe de ellos. Su peso varía entre 480 g y 750 g. Su anillo es de 11mm pero varía en función del tamaño del animal. 8 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización PATO DE CAROLINA 8 Originarios de América del Norte, a los patos de Carolina se les encuentra también en Europa. Machos y hembras son muy diferentes pero tienen en común una cresta oscura sobre la cabeza. Es en otoño que empiezan las paradas nupciales intensificándose al llegar la primavera. La hembra pone de 5 a 15 huevos. Su existencia fue terriblemente amenazada en el siglo 19 cuando la belleza de su plumaje hizo de este pato una presa buscada para la confección de moscas para la pesca. En la actualidad su población es estable. El peso es de 680 g por los machos y 540 g por la hembras. El anillo debe ser de 9 mm. Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 9 MANDARIN El pato Mandarín es un fabuloso festival de colores y de gracia. En la mitología china es considerado como un animal sagrado, símbolo de la fidelidad conyugal. Es un animal silencioso y vive en tropas, sin embargo sus habitudes cambian cuando llega el 9 periodo de reproducción. Su parada nupcial que es de abril a julio es acompañada de graznidos y silbidos y las parejas formadas lo son por toda la vida. Pesa unos 500 gramos, es un pato pequeño. El Mandarín se disputa el primer lugar de belleza con el Pato de la Florida. El macho solamente exhibe los colores durante la temporada de cría. El resto del año es similar en apariencia a la hembra, la cual es de color pardo gríseo. Poco atractiva pero es un excelente camuflaje. Su anillo tiene un diámetro de 9 mm. Naturalmente se le ubica en la parte oriental de China y Manchuria. En invierno se extiende hasta el archipiélago de Japón. EL Mandarín ha sido introducido en Inglaterra donde se estableció al suroeste de Londres. Este pato en invierno forma grupos con miembros de su misma especie, algunas veces se pueden ver juntos hasta un centenar de ellos. Cuando se acerca la primavera forman pareja antes de emigrar a áreas donde anida. Una vez que seleccionaron un lugar, lo defienden de otros miembros de su especie. Los nidos generalmente los hacen en huecos de los árboles. La hembra como el macho incuban los huevos, pero la madre es la que pasa mas tiempo sentada sobre el nido. La nidada del Mandarín es de unos 9 a 10 huevos de color crema blancuzcos. 10 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización PATO DE LA FLORIDA El Pato de la Florida es natural de América del Norte y Cuba. Anida en Canadá y Estados Unidos. De longitud logra de 43 a 51 cm. El peso promedio de los 10 machos es de unos 0.68 kg y el de las hembras es de 0.64 kg, tanto los machos como las hembras pueden alcanzar un peso máximo de 0.91 kg. Estas medidas son de las poblaciones continentales, es posible que la población de Cuba demuestre ciertas diferencias. Ambos géneros mudan las plumas dos veces al año. La alimentación se compone del follaje de las plantas acuáticas y sus semillas. También se alimenta, especialmente los jóvenes, de animalitos como crustáceos e insectos terrestres y acuáticos. Esta especie come gran cantidad de bellotas. Se posa en las ramas de los árboles. Normalmente se les ven solos, en parejas o pequeños grupos, sin embargo en invierno no es extraño que se congreguen en bandadas de miles de ellos.
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  • Seasonal Abundance and Breeding Habitat Occupancy of the Orinoco Goose (Neochen Jubata) in Western Brazilian Amazonia

    Seasonal Abundance and Breeding Habitat Occupancy of the Orinoco Goose (Neochen Jubata) in Western Brazilian Amazonia

    Bird Conservation International (2014) 24 :518 –529 . © BirdLife International, 2014 doi:10.1017/S0959270914000173 Seasonal abundance and breeding habitat occupancy of the Orinoco Goose ( Neochen jubata) in western Brazilian Amazonia WHALDENER ENDO , TORBJØRN HAUGAASEN and CARLOS A. PERES Summary The Near-threatened Orinoco Goose Neochen jubata is a poorly known South American sheld- goose with a declining population and range distribution. In this study, we surveyed the Orinoco Goose population along the middle reaches of the Rio Juruá, western Brazilian Amazonia, and its first-order tributaries. We quantified the seasonal abundance of geese, pinpointed their approxi- mate breeding season, and examined their habitat associations and the potential effects of human activities on their abundance. Hunting by local villagers was also monitored to assess the offtake rate of this species. Orinoco Goose occurrence in the region was highly seasonal and restricted to the dry season. We estimated a mean dry-season encounter rate of 7.18 ± 2.45 adult individuals per 4-km section along this river. Immature individuals were seen along the river margins from August to December. The species showed a strong preference for sandy beaches and was primarily restricted to the main river channel, with few individuals occurring along tributaries. The encounter rate of this species was also significantly related to fluvial distance from the municipal urban centre and to the level of protection from hunting. Hunting of Orinoco Goose was reported in 12 of the 26 villages monitored. The seasonal appearance of the Orinoco Goose in the region indicates that this is a migratory population. Our study indicates that strict protection of the river margins, and sandy beaches in particular, along the main river channel is likely to be positive for the conservation of this species along the Rio Juruá.
  • Stochastic Simulations Reveal Few Green Wave Surfing Populations Among Spring Migrating Herbivorous Waterfowl

    Stochastic Simulations Reveal Few Green Wave Surfing Populations Among Spring Migrating Herbivorous Waterfowl

    Corrected: Author correction ARTICLE https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09971-8 OPEN Stochastic simulations reveal few green wave surfing populations among spring migrating herbivorous waterfowl Xin Wang 1,2, Lei Cao1,3, Anthony D. Fox4, Richard Fuller 5, Larry Griffin6, Carl Mitchell6, Yunlin Zhao7, Oun-Kyong Moon8, David Cabot9, Zhenggang Xu7, Nyambayar Batbayar10, Andrea Kölzsch 11,12,13, Henk P. van der Jeugd14,15, Jesper Madsen4, Liding Chen1,3 & Ran Nathan2 1234567890():,; Tracking seasonally changing resources is regarded as a widespread proximate mechanism underpinning animal migration. Migrating herbivores, for example, are hypothesized to track seasonal foliage dynamics over large spatial scales. Previous investigations of this green wave hypothesis involved few species and limited geographical extent, and used conventional correlation that cannot disentangle alternative correlated effects. Here, we introduce sto- chastic simulations to test this hypothesis using 222 individual spring migration episodes of 14 populations of ten species of geese, swans and dabbling ducks throughout Europe, East Asia, and North America. We find that the green wave cannot be considered a ubiquitous driver of herbivorous waterfowl spring migration, as it explains observed migration patterns of only a few grazing populations in specific regions. We suggest that ecological barriers and particularly human disturbance likely constrain the capacity of herbivorous waterfowl to track the green wave in some regions, highlighting key challenges in conserving migratory birds. 1 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100085 Beijing, China. 2 Movement Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel.