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Anatidaes.Pdf ste documento es un paseo en el mundo maravilloso de estas aves acuáticas, en él se encontrarán datos sobre las razas silvestres, los orígenes de los patos domésticos, las razas, su hábitat, etc. También nos da diferentes indicaciones para la óptima crianza en cautividad. ●●● En memoria de las civilizaciones antiguas que supieron domesticar este bello animal. Con agradecimiento profundo por habernos hecho llegar su maravilloso legado. ●●● Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 1 1 Orden ANSERIFORMES/Familia ANATIDAE Muchas especies de patos se adaptan fácilmente a la cautividad y varias especies salvajes tropicales parecerían tener un buen potencial para la semidomesticación en los países del Tercer Mundo de los cuales son originarios. Los patos domésticos tienen una gran importancia como fuente de alimentos en Asia, especialmente en el sudeste. Allí sus huevos son lo más importante en tanto que hacia el norte, la producción de carne toma mayor significación. Por el contrario, los patos son por el momento de importancia menor en África, América Latina y Cercano Oriente. En América del Sur hay muchas evidencias de su consumo y su domesticación y esto desde épocas más antiguas a los Inkas. Así se han podido encontrar restos óseos en tumbas preincaicas y también diversas artesanías hechas con la pluma del pato real. En la actualidad el género Cairina sigue instalado en una especie de laguna artificial dentro de la ciudadela de Chan Chan, la ciudad de barro más grande en el mundo precolombino. Todo tiende a indicar que los antiguos peruanos supieron manejar con sapienza la crianza de los patos, criándolos a manera de los auquénidos, en semi libertad. Y que acertado, ya que si no son manejados con cuidado, los patos pueden transformarse en plaga para los cultivos, sobre todo para los cereales. Por otra parte, los patos son útiles ya que ellos buscan y comen los caracoles que son huéspedes en el ciclo de importantes enfermedades para el hombre y el ganado (Bilharziosis y fasciolosis). Los patos son sensibles a numerosas enfermedades infecciosas de las cuales algunas, pueden causar severas pérdidas. Las más importantes son la intoxicación por las aflatoxinas presentes en el grano húmedo, el botulismo, la peste del pato y el virus de la enteritis de los patos. Sería necesaria una encuesta sobre todas las especies de patos candidatos a la domesticación para determinar su estado en la condición de salvaje. 2 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 2 Las anátidas (Anatidae, del griego ανατος = pato, por ser los patos los representantes más difundidos de esta familia), es una familia de aves del orden de los Anseriformes. Las anátidas son aves usualmente migradoras y que suelen vivir en las proximidades del agua, una de sus adaptaciones al medio acuático hace que sean palmípedas. Entre las muy diversas especies de esta familia (aproximadamente 150 especies) se encuentran los ánades o patos, eideres, ánsares, las barnaclas, los cauquenes, cisnes, coscorobas, gansos, mergos, ocas, ochandos, porrones, serretas, tarros y yaguasas. En eras modernas su distribución natural abarcaba prácticamente a todo el planeta Tierra a excepción (salvo casos ocasionales) de la Antártida. Clasificación Previamente dividido en seis subfamilias, recientes estudios anatómicos llevados a cabo por Livezey (1986; Un análisis filogenético reciente de los Anseriformes, Auk 103: 737-754) mostró que los Anatidae se clasifican en nueve subfamilias. En esta clasificación se ha seguido la de Madge & Burn: Principales subfamilias ejemplo de una Anatinae Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 3 Anatinae (pese a la parofonía, evitar confundir a esta subfamilia con la familia Anatidae) o Patos propiamente dichos. o Dendrocygninae: suiriríes, siriríes o patos silbadores (9 especies) o Anatinae: patos de río, 8 géneros y 55 especies vivientes, o Oxyurinae: patos zambullidores o patos de cola dura: 4 géneros, 3 de ellos monotípicos(una sola especie), con 9 especies vivientes. 3 o Stictonettinae, pato pecoso: Un género en Australia, Stictonetta (Pato pecoso o "Freckled Duck", 1 especies). Anserinae y anseranatinae : cisnes y gansos • Cinco a siete géneros con 27 especies vivientes, solo en regiones calurosas o templadas del hemisferio norte y algunas especies en el hemisferio sur, con dos o tres géneros, y los gansos con cuatro géneros (en algunos casos 3 géneros según autores): o Coscoroba (Cisne Coscoroba, 1 especies) o Cygnus Cisnes (7 especies) o Anser (Gansos, 8 especies) o Chen (Gansos chinos, 3 especies) o Branta (Barnaclas, 8 especies vivientes) o Cereopsis (Ganso del Cabo, 1 especies, algunos lo tratan como Tadorninae.) o Cnemiornis (Ganso de Nueva Zelanda, extinto) Merginae: mergos Serretas Plectropterinae: ganso con espolones Un género en África, formalmente incluye a los gansos de percha: o Plectropterus (Ganso zambullidor de espuela o Spur-winged Goose, 1 especies) Tadorninae: tarros, ocas y cauquénes Este grupo es grande, con especies semiterrestres y acuáticas intermedias entre Anserinae y Anatinae. Recientemente una revisión incluyó 10 géneros y 23 especies vivientes (una probablemente extinta) en esta subfamilia, son del hemisferio sur y del hemisferio norte: 4 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización o Sarkidiornis (Pato crestón, 1 especies) o Pachyanas (Pato de la isla Chatham, extinto) o Tadorna (tarros, 7 especies, una probablemente extinta) o Malacorhynchus (Pato espigado rosado Pink- 4 eared Duck, 1 especie viviente) o Centrornis (Tarro de Madagascar o Madagascar Sheldgoose, extinto) o Alopochen (Ganso egipcio y Tadorna de las Mascareñas, 1 especie viviente) o Neochen (Ganso del Orinoco, 1 especies) o Chloephaga (cauquenes– falsas avutardas – y carancas, 5 especies) o Cyanochen (Ganso de alas azules, 1 especies) o Hymenolaimus (Pato azul, 1 especies) o Merganetta (Pato de torrente, 1 especies) o Tachyeres (Pato vapor, 4 especies) Thalassorninae Cisne mudo • Un género en África, más relacionado con la subfamilia Dendrocygninae, con convergencias y similitudes con la subfamilia Oxyurinae: o Thalassornis (ganso de nuca blanca, 1 especie) Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 5 5 6 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 6 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 7 PATO DES FILIPINAS 7 Este pequeño pato de Filipinas, llamado también "Luçon Saloyzir", es un animal sociable, de buen carácter, monógamo y capaz de reproducirse desde su primer año de edad. Está clasificado como vulnerable, amenazado por la poca cantidad que existe de ellos. Su peso varía entre 480 g y 750 g. Su anillo es de 11mm pero varía en función del tamaño del animal. 8 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización PATO DE CAROLINA 8 Originarios de América del Norte, a los patos de Carolina se les encuentra también en Europa. Machos y hembras son muy diferentes pero tienen en común una cresta oscura sobre la cabeza. Es en otoño que empiezan las paradas nupciales intensificándose al llegar la primavera. La hembra pone de 5 a 15 huevos. Su existencia fue terriblemente amenazada en el siglo 19 cuando la belleza de su plumaje hizo de este pato una presa buscada para la confección de moscas para la pesca. En la actualidad su población es estable. El peso es de 680 g por los machos y 540 g por la hembras. El anillo debe ser de 9 mm. Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización 9 MANDARIN El pato Mandarín es un fabuloso festival de colores y de gracia. En la mitología china es considerado como un animal sagrado, símbolo de la fidelidad conyugal. Es un animal silencioso y vive en tropas, sin embargo sus habitudes cambian cuando llega el 9 periodo de reproducción. Su parada nupcial que es de abril a julio es acompañada de graznidos y silbidos y las parejas formadas lo son por toda la vida. Pesa unos 500 gramos, es un pato pequeño. El Mandarín se disputa el primer lugar de belleza con el Pato de la Florida. El macho solamente exhibe los colores durante la temporada de cría. El resto del año es similar en apariencia a la hembra, la cual es de color pardo gríseo. Poco atractiva pero es un excelente camuflaje. Su anillo tiene un diámetro de 9 mm. Naturalmente se le ubica en la parte oriental de China y Manchuria. En invierno se extiende hasta el archipiélago de Japón. EL Mandarín ha sido introducido en Inglaterra donde se estableció al suroeste de Londres. Este pato en invierno forma grupos con miembros de su misma especie, algunas veces se pueden ver juntos hasta un centenar de ellos. Cuando se acerca la primavera forman pareja antes de emigrar a áreas donde anida. Una vez que seleccionaron un lugar, lo defienden de otros miembros de su especie. Los nidos generalmente los hacen en huecos de los árboles. La hembra como el macho incuban los huevos, pero la madre es la que pasa mas tiempo sentada sobre el nido. La nidada del Mandarín es de unos 9 a 10 huevos de color crema blancuzcos. 10 Patos y Ánades – Crianza y utilización PATO DE LA FLORIDA El Pato de la Florida es natural de América del Norte y Cuba. Anida en Canadá y Estados Unidos. De longitud logra de 43 a 51 cm. El peso promedio de los 10 machos es de unos 0.68 kg y el de las hembras es de 0.64 kg, tanto los machos como las hembras pueden alcanzar un peso máximo de 0.91 kg. Estas medidas son de las poblaciones continentales, es posible que la población de Cuba demuestre ciertas diferencias. Ambos géneros mudan las plumas dos veces al año. La alimentación se compone del follaje de las plantas acuáticas y sus semillas. También se alimenta, especialmente los jóvenes, de animalitos como crustáceos e insectos terrestres y acuáticos. Esta especie come gran cantidad de bellotas. Se posa en las ramas de los árboles. Normalmente se les ven solos, en parejas o pequeños grupos, sin embargo en invierno no es extraño que se congreguen en bandadas de miles de ellos.
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