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Instrumentarium Przyszłego Dyplomaty

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Instrumentarium Przyszłego Dyplomaty Małgorzata Łakota-Micker Instrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty Legens. Publishing Workshop Instrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty Małgorzata Łakota-Micker Instrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty Legens. Publishing Workshop Małgorzata Łakota-Micker Instrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty Recenzja naukowa Prof. dr hab. Marian Wilk, Wyższa Szkoła Studiów Międzynarodowych w Łodzi Dr Krzysztof Strzałka, Uniwersytet Jagielloński Redakcja: Izabela Baran Projekt typograficzny i skład: Józefa Kurpisz, Pilcrow Studio Projekt okładki: Bartłomiej Bączkowski, Pilcrow Studio Użyte kroje pisma: Tisa Pro oraz Tisa Sans autorstwa Mitji Miklavčiča Źródło rycin: O ile nie zostało zaznaczone inaczej – archiwum własne, dokumenty pochodzą z kwerend w MSZ, Protokołu dyplomatycznego MSZ, Ambasady RP w Belgradzie, Podgoricy, Rzymie. Copyright © Małgorzata Łakota-Micker, London 2016 Wydawca Legens. Publishing Workshop Ltd. 78 High Street Colliers Wood London SW19 2BY, UK Printed in Poland ISBN 978-0-9576904-6-2 SPIS TREŚCI Wprowadzenie 9 Część I. O dyplomacji słów kilka… 13 1. Pojęcie dyplomacji 15 2. Zarys historii dyplomacji 19 2.1. Starożytność 19 2.2. Średniowiecze 27 2.3. Nowożytność 30 2.4. Dyplomacja po kongresie wiedeńskim 39 3. Działalność państwa w środowisku międzynarodowym 44 3.1. Organy wewnętrzne państwa 46 3.1.1. Głowa państwa 47 3.1.2. Parlament 50 3.1.3. Rada Ministrów i Prezes Rady Ministrów 51 3.1.4. Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych i inne resorty 53 3.1.5. Jednostki samorządu terytorialnego 66 3.2. Organy zewnętrzne państwa 66 3.2.1. Ambasada (przedstawicielstwo dyplomatyczne, placówka dyplomatyczna, misja dyplomatyczna) 69 3.2.2. Urzędy konsularne (konsulaty) 74 3.2.3. Stałe misje przy organizacjach międzynarodowych (przedstawicielstwa) 80 3.2.4. Instytuty Polskie 82 3.2.5. Kształcenie przedstawicieli polskiej służby zagranicznej 85 3.2.6. Aplikacja dyplomatyczno-konsularna 90 3.2.6.1. Konkurs na aplikację dyplomatyczno-konsularną 92 3.2.6.2. Szkolenie w ramach aplikacji dyplomatyczno- -konsularnej 94 3.2.6.3. Egzamin dyplomatyczno-konsularny (po odbytej aplikacji dyplomatyczno-konsularnej) 96 3.2.6.4. Egzamin konsularny (upoważniający do wykonywania funkcji konsularnych) 98 Część II. Korespondencja dyplomatyczna i służbowa 101 1. Korespondencja dyplomatyczna – znaczenie pojęcia 103 2. Zasady ogólne korespondencji dyplomatycznej 104 2.1. Podmioty korespondencji dyplomatycznej 104 2.2. Kompetencje poszczególnych osób w zakresie prowadzenia korespondencji dyplomatycznej 106 2.3. Przedmiot korespondencji dyplomatycznej 107 2.4. Formy korespondencji dyplomatycznej 107 2.5. Styl korespondencji dyplomatycznej 110 2.6. Język korespondencji dyplomatycznej 113 3. Elementy formalne pisma dyplomatycznego 117 4. Korespondencja na szczeblu głowy państwa, szefa rządu, ministra spraw zagranicznych 134 4.1. Pisma ceremonialne (franc. Lettres de cérémonie, ang. ceremonial letters) 134 4.1.1. Listy uwierzytelniające, kredencyjne, tzw. kredencjały (fr. lettres de créance, ang. credentials, letters of credence) 134 4.1.2. Listy odwołujące (fr. lettres de rappel, ang. letters of recall) 158 4.1.3. Listy rekredencyjne (zwalniające) (fr. lettres de récréance, ang. recredentials) 164 4.1.4. Listy wprowadzające (fr. lettres d’introduction, ang. letters of introduction) 165 4.1.5. Listy komisyjne (fr. lettres de provision, ang. consular commission), określane patentami 168 4.1.6. Exequatur 173 4.2. Inne pisma na szczeblu głowy państwa, szefa rządu, ministra spraw zagranicznych 178 4.2.1. Orędzia (ang., franc. message, wiadomość, przesłanie, posłanie, prośba) 178 4.2.2. Pełnomocnictwa (franc. pleins pouvoirs, ang. full powers) 188 4.2.3. Listy odręczne (franc. lettres autographes) 191 4.2.4. Dokumenty ratyfikacyjne – ratyfikacja (ang., franc.ratification , usankcjonowanie) 194 5. Noty (ang., franc. note) 197 5.1. Noty osobiste (franc. note personnelle, note signée, ang. personal note, signed note) 198 5.2. Noty werbalne (franc. note verbale, ang. verbale note) 202 5.3. Noty okólne (franc. note circulaire, ang. circular note) 219 5.4. Noty identyczne (franc. note identique, ang. identical note) 226 5.5. Noty zbiorowe (franc., ang. note collective) 227 5.6. Noty protestacyjne 228 5.7. Noty żałobne i kondolencyjne 229 5.8. Noty ad referendum (sub spe rati – „w nadziei potwierdzenia”) 233 6. Inne pisma dyplomatyczne 235 6.1. Memorandum (franc. memoire, ang. memorandum – z łac. oznacza „do zapamiętania”) 236 6.2. Aide-mémoire – „dla wspomożenia pamięci” (memoriał) 238 6.3. Pro Memoria 239 6.4. Non paper, position paper, rolling text, explanatory note, concept paper 241 7. Bilety wizytowe, zaproszenia i inne druki dyplomatyczne 241 7.1. Bilety wizytowe (franc. carte de visite, ang. visiting card) 241 7.2. Zaproszenia (franc., ang. invitation) 255 8. Pisma okazjonalne w korespondencji dyplomatycznej 266 Część III. Korespondencja służbowa, półoficjalna i prywatna 269 1. Korespondencja służbowa, półoficjalna i prywatna 271 1.1. Korespondencja służbowa wymieniana pomiędzy MSZ a polskimi przedstawicielstwami dyplomatycznymi i urzędami konsularnymi 273 1.1.1. Depesze dyplomatyczne (telegramy) 274 1.1.1.1. Depesze zamknięte, tzw. szyfrogramy 276 1.1.1.2. Depesze otwarte, tzw. clarisy 280 1.1.1.3. Depesze gratulacyjne, z okazji świąt narodowych, kondolencyjne 285 1.1.1.4. Depesze z pokładu samolotu 292 1.1.2. Notatki analityczne, informacyjne, służbowe 292 1.1.2.1. Notatka analityczna 292 1.1.2.2. Notatka informacyjna 294 1.1.2.3. Notatka służbowa 296 1.2. Korespondencja półoficjalna i prywatna 301 1.2.1. Listy półoficjalne 301 1.2.2. Korespondencja prywatna 304 1.3. Netykieta (Net + etykieta = etykieta internetowa, ang. network etiquette) 304 1.4. Korespondencja w życiu codziennym (formułowanie pism do urzędów, do władz uczelni) 308 Słowniczek dyplomatyczny 313 Bibliografia 335 Załączniki 343 Konwencja wiedeńska o stosunkach dyplomatycznych 345 Konwencja wiedeńska o stosunkach konsularnych 355 WPROWADZENIE Tytuł monografiiInstrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty nawiązuje do artykułu autorstwa Romana Czyżyckiego pod tytułem „Instrumenta- rium dyplomatyczne”, zamieszczonego w książce Dyplomacja1. Tekst ten wprowadza czytelnika w zagadnienia dyplomatyczne i w sposób skondensowany omawia kwestię korespondencji dyplomatycznej wykorzystywanej powszechnie w pracy dyplomatów. Znajomość mających już wiele lat tradycji dyplomatycznych oraz podstaw pro- wadzenia korespondencji dyplomatycznej stanowi dla każdego nowicjusza, rozpoczynającego karierę w zawodzie, trzon jego wiedzy i funkcjonowania. Zgłębianie tajników pracy, które następuje wraz z nabywaniem doświadczenia zawodowego, wymaga bowiem czasu. Precyzja i jakość pełnionych funkcji nie tyle świadczą o danej osobie, ile wpływają na wizerunek państwa, które ona reprezentuje. Dlatego tak istotne jest poznanie podstaw rządzących światem dyplomacji. Członkowie służby dyplomatyczno-konsularnej przed przystąpie- niem do końcowego egzaminu resortowego odbywają cykl szkoleń mających dać im wiedzę fundamentalną dla wykonywania zadań zawodowych. Jednak już sam egzamin na aplikację dyplomatyczno- -konsularną wymaga od osób spełniających kryteria wskazane w ogłoszeniu o naborze znajomości podstawowych zagadnień dyplo- matycznych, w tym m.in. źródeł prawa dyplomatycznego i konsular- nego czy zasad korespondencji dyplomatycznej. Książka Instrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty z założenia pow- stała jako podręcznik akademicki. Została napisana z myślą o tych, któ- rzy dopiero rozpoczynają swoją przygodę z dyplomacją – studentach 1 M. Wilk (red.), Dyplomacja, Wyższa Szkoła Studiów Międzynarodowych, Łódź 2002. WPROWADZENIE 9 i wszelkich osobach zainteresowanych światem dyplomacji, które pragną poznać jej tajniki, zbudować podwaliny pod dalszą pracę. Tym samym może ona okazać się pomocna na studiach, w biurze, urzędzie, życiu codziennym czy wreszcie przy powtarzaniu mate- riału przed kolokwium lub egzaminem na aplikację dyplomatyczno- -konsularną. Instrumentarium przyszłego dyplomaty składa się ze wstępu, trzech części, zakończenia i słowniczka dyplomatycznego. Część pierwsza traktuje o pojęciu dyplomacji i ukazuje zarys historii dyplomacji od zarania dziejów po czasy nowożytne. Pojawiające się w niej zagad- nienia stanowią podstawę dla zrozumienia pewnych mechanizmów omówionych w dalszej części podręcznika. Określenia i sposoby postępowania, ustanowione już setki lat temu, funkcjonują w dal- szym ciągu i do dziś czerpią z wielowiekowych tradycji. Nazewni- ctwo wykorzystywane wielokrotnie do fachowego określenia siatki pojęciowej mimo upływu czasu także nie uległo zmianie. Działalność państwa w środowisku międzynarodowym, znajo- mość podstaw funkcjonowania organów wewnętrznych państwa polskiego i jego organów zewnętrznych jest także istotna dla peł- nego zrozumienia działań podejmowanych przez dyplomatów, ale i urzędników pełniących funkcje w ministerstwach czy jednostkach państwowych, o czym czytelnik dowie się w dalszej części publikacji. Część druga poświęcona została zagadnieniu koresponden- cji dyplomatycznej. Jego głównym propagatorem jest Julian Sutor, który w swojej książce o tym samym tytule2 objaśnia sposoby spo- rządzania korespondencji i wyjaśnia znaczenie poszczególnych pism dyplomatycznych. Korzystając z informacji zawartych w tej pracy, jak i bazując na wiedzy zdobytej w trakcie specjalistycznych szkoleń prowadzonych przez Juliana Sutora, autorka podjęła się charaktery- styki poszczególnych pism stosowanych w korespondencji zarówno dyplomatycznej, jak i służbowej. Nieocenionym źródłem informacji była także książka „Protokół dyplomatyczny.
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