TCM 8786

Table of Contents Witness to History lived in an exciting time. She saw the Witness to History ...... 3 events that led to the . Her husband John was an important leader. She helped him make That’s Not Fair! ...... 4–5 decisions. Abigail wrote about her life in many letters.

Wedding Bells ...... 6–7 Today, people use those letters to learn about the past.

Abigail Adams as a young woman Calling for Liberty ...... 8–9

Exciting Days in Boston ...... 10–11

No Time for Tea ...... 12–13

Back to the Farm ...... 14–15

Being Brave in War Time ...... 16–17

Remember the Ladies ...... 18–19

Crossing the Ocean ...... 20–21

From Capital to Capital ...... 22–23

Glossary ...... 24

Index ...... 25

  That’s Not Fair!

On October 11, 1744, Abigail Smith was born near Boston, Massachusetts. She grew up on her family’s farm. Abigail was curious and very smart. Whenever she could, she would sit by the fire and read books. Her brother went to school. Abigail was not allowed to go to school because she was a girl. She thought, “That’s not fair!” So, she made her own special school at home. Her father taught her many things. Abigail also listened and asked questions whenever visitors came. This was how she learned about the world.

Colonial family eating dinner

Map of the region around Boston

Always Working Colonial girls had to do a lot of chores. They had to cook, sew, and clean. They took care of small vegetable gardens. They also made their own candles and soap.

Abigail loved to read.   John Wedding Bells Adams

Abigail grew to be a clever young woman. She was not afraid to tell people what she thought. She met a lawyer named . Abigail liked John because he would talk to her about important things. Sometimes they did not agree about the way things should be. But, John always listened to her. Abigail knew that John would make a good husband. She married him on October 25, 1764. They had a very loving marriage.

Writing Letters Abigail loved writing letters. She wrote thousands of them during her life. She wrote to famous people like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson. Most of all, she wrote to her husband.

Abigail around the time of her Benjamin Franklin marriage to John   John Adams when he was a lawyer Calling for Liberty in Boston

In 1765, the British government passed the Stamp Act. It created a tax on most printed items. Many people thought that this new tax was unfair.

British tax stamp

People protesting the Stamp Act

Sons of Liberty Around this time, some men in Boston started a secret new group. They met and talked about their unhappiness with the British. Abigail was not allowed at the meetings because she was a woman. Essay written to protest the British taxes

John and Abigail agreed that the tax was wrong. John began to speak out against the British. He gave speeches and wrote essays (ES-ays). He said that it was not fair to have “taxation without representation” (rep-ri-zen-TAY-shuhn). Abigail helped her husband share his ideas. Many people began to listen to John.   Exciting Days in Boston

The Adams family moved to Boston in 1768. Abigail loved being in the city. She read four newspapers every day. She wanted to know what was going on. Boston was the center of much excitement. Traitor? At the trial, some people thought that John was helping the wrong side. But John and Abigail thought that every person should have a fair trial. They decided John should do the right thing even if it made people angry.

Boston Gazette reporting on the Boston Massacre One day, some British soldiers shot into a loud and angry crowd. Five people died. Everyone was very upset about this. They called it the Boston Massacre (MAS-uh-kuhr). The soldiers were put on trial for murder. John and Boston Harbor in the 1760s full of Abigail agreed that John should be their lawyer. John won ships from around the world the case. The soldiers were found not guilty. 10 11 No Time for Tea would like an image of Tea Act document In 1773, the British Parliament (PAR-luh-muhnt) passed the or copy of tea tax stamps Tea Act. This act forced people to pay a tax on all British tea. This made the Americans angry again. The colonists fought the new law. Abigail did what she could. Like other women, she brewed her own tea from herbs. That way, she could boycott the British tea. Some of the men in Boston fought back in another way. They dressed up as Indians. Then, they dumped 342 chests of British tea into Boston Harbor! This was called the Boston Tea Party.

The Boston Tea Party Notes from a congressional meeting about a boycott

Tea Drinkers Early Americans drank a lot of tea. After the Tea Act, they tried hot chocolate and coffee instead. These drinks were not popular at first, but soon they caught on. 12 13 Abigail worked hard to run the farm by herself. She took Back to the Farm care of the animals and the crops. She paid all the bills. She also Great Britain’s King George III was angry with the taught and cared for her four children. colonists after the Boston Tea Party. He created new laws The Adams family farm in Quincy, Massachusetts that made life in Boston very hard. Everyone was worried. John went to Philadelphia as a delegate to the First Continental (kon-tuh-NEN-tuhl) Congress. Abigail was alone. She decided to take her children out of the dangerous city. She moved back to the family farm.

Colonial Schools In colonial times there were not many public schools. Abigail taught her own children at home. When the American Revolution started, these few schools closed. The teachers marched off to fight, King George III of Great Britain Leaders of the Continental Congress singing, “War’s begun, school’s done!” 14 15 Abigail continued to write many letters to John. She told Being Brave in War Time him how terrible the war was for the people. John shared The American Revolution started in April 1775. these letters with important men. He even showed one to It was a frightening time, but Abigail was brave. She . This helped the leaders understand how wrote to John, “We fear them not!” much the people wanted freedom. Many people left Boston because it was so Revolutionary War battle in Boston dangerous. These refugees (ref-yoo-JEEZ) passed by Abigail’s farm. She gave them food and shelter.

Battle in Philadelphia Harbor

John Quincy Adams In 1778, John went to France to ask for help with the war. Abigail sent their oldest son, John Quincy, with him. She wanted him to have an exciting life and learn important things. John Quincy went on to become the sixth president of the .

16 17 Sometimes, Abigail gave John ideas for the new laws he Remember the Ladies was writing. In one famous letter she told him to “Remember Abigail continued to write many letters to John. Her the Ladies.” She believed that the new country should have letters to him were filled with love. She also asked him many fair laws for women. She wanted women to have more power questions. She wanted to know all about what he was doing. over their lives. Abigail was one of the first people to talk about such an idea. Colonial cloth makers spinning and weaving wool

This is a page from the “Remember the Ladies” letter.

Colonial Women In Abigail’s time, a woman could not do anything on her own. She was not even seen as a person in the eyes of the law.

18 19 time. Finally, Abigail went to France to be with John. She Crossing the Ocean The Treaty of thought Paris was very strange. Paris ended The long war finally ended in 1781. the American In 1785, John became the first United States ambassador Abigail was happy. She thought her Revolution. (am-BASS-uh-duhr) to Great Britain. Abigail went to London husband would finally come with him. The people there were not very nice. They were home. But the new country still angry about the war. Abigail did her best to show that needed John again. Americans were friendly and polite. He went to France to work on a peace treaty. It took a long

Announcement of the

Crossing the Atlantic It is easy to cross the Atlantic Ocean now. It was much harder when Abigail did it. Sometimes you could not find a ship to take. Ambassador John Adams When you did find one, the trip meets with King George III 20 took more than a month! 21 From Capital to Capital The Country’s Capital When John and Abigail came to Washington it was In 1789, John was elected the first vice president of the still a new city. The president’s mansion had no rooms that were completely finished. Abigail did United States. Abigail and John moved to New York City. It the best she could. She even hung up her laundry was the country’s capital city at the time. Abigail held many to dry in a fancy parlor called the East Room! parties. She also loved to go see debates. Eight years later, John became the country’s second president. Soon he and Abigail moved to the new capital city, Washington, D.C. They were the very first people to live in the house that was later called the White House. John and Abigail Adams

Building the president’s mansion, or White House, in 1798

John was president for four years. Abigail often gave advice to John while he was president. In time, John and Abigail moved back to their farm. They lived there together for many happy years. Abigail died on October 28, 1818. 22 23 Glossary

ambassador—a person who goes to a foreign country to represent his or her own country’s government

boycott—to stop buying or using something

brewed—prepared by soaking in hot water

Continental Congress—the first government meetings in the United States

dangerous—not safe

debates—talking about both sides of an idea

delegate—a person who is sent to a meeting to speak for a group of people

elected—chosen by voters

essays—written responses to events

government—the people and organizations that run a country

Parliament—group that makes the laws in Great Britain

peace treaty—agreement that ends a war

public—available for everyone to use

refugees—people who leave home to find safety somewhere else

tax—money that people have to pay to support their government

taxation without representation—having to give money to a government that does not let you vote on its laws

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