XA NTHI A N MA RBLE S

T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T ;

AN HISTORICAL AND MYTHOLOG ICAL

Y ESSA .

B Y WI L LIAM WATKI SS LLOYD .

A L D I

LON D O N

W I LLI A M P I C K E RI N G .

1 845 .

l l l l l Den Zusamm nhan und G ist des alten G laubens e g e , Dichwns und Bildens zu erforschen und in den

W rk n dos Alterthums den reli iosen Mitwl unkt e e g p ,

w orin sie sich vereini en nacbzuw eisen . g ,

F n . C B E U Z ER . S I R C H A R L S F L L O W S E E ,

H E S E P E S E I N S B D T A G A R C RI E ,

H I S O B L I G E D F R I E N D ,

WI LLI A M WA TK I SS LLOYD .

N E R E I D M O N U M E N T.

THA OOEN EK ATKI HZ E AN OOT AI I O I E TO , A N H N E .

X A N TH I A N M A R B L E S

I T THE NERE D MONUMEN .

N the course of a review of the relics and records of

n n a o n ou n of m n a cie t Lyci , the heter ge e s ess the ele e ts that encountered w ithin its bo undaries is very striking

n mo so om n on w a s om eve re , the c pact ati ality that c patible

w —if not u f om — m u u n u n ith, it did res lt r , their t al i fl e ces

a nd reactions . That this co untry should have rapidly become pa pulous a nd not su n n u f t highly civilized is rprisi g ; its at ral ertili y,

n eou o ion and u f n adva tag s p sit , pec liarly de e sible character coming in to the assistance o f the energetic organism of ancient society : but much must still be ascribed to pecu

n in o n on u on o f o liar happi ess the rigi al c stit ti the pe ple , to enable us to account for the unus ual harmony w ith w so ous n a nd om n n o a n hich parts vari , ble ded c bi ed i t

w e d e n no m m n n operative hol . The pth ca ore be istake tha

of n u n e w a s u the diversity, the i fl e c s that Lycia s bjected to l on to o a nd t a nd o , by early re ati s Arg s A tica, Crete Tr y, not to in sist on indications that s uggest Etrurian analogies w w and n s n a nd hoen a n to the est ard, Persia , As yria , P ici

B 2 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : ea — r r r d r com n st yet eve y ecord that is recove e , eve y bi a

on t u r a nd onfi m n ti hat is established , ill st ates c r s the i de

endence — n on o n o f oun and p , the ati al pers ality the c try its civilization .

n no u in s no t e Withi other eq al space A ia Mi r, are the m n t n w and o u ou n mo ai s hat i dicate past ealth p p l s ess, re

t in a nd un n n in a a nd not w s rik g ab da t tha Lyci , else here are preserved such types of peculia rity in character of Cy clo ea n w o k f m of m a nd sa rcO ha us and re p r s, or s to b p g , m n of n u — no w o u in om n n ai s la g age, here else cc r c bi atio c a nd w n u n ow m n so so lose, ithi s ch arr li its, a alogies

and of n n to m o and man diverse date so a cie t, the ythol gy n r f n s s o o un r . u w e o e s ther co t ies Lycia th s, hich pres t mu u own n no n mo so ch that is pec liarly its , prese ts thi g re

n n of its o n om n n of m tha the exte t rigi al c bi atio aterials, or ow and f m all u t s and v m n of b r ed , ro q ar er ; the de elop e t m a mo n n this assi ilative ch racteristic here is the re i teresti g, as m n o n to on n —a t a i plyi g that it btai ed a c siderable exte t,

ta n o or und n um n cer i peri d at least, er certai circ sta ces, w t o u on of fi o n u n s an i h p p lati s rst hist rical i fl e ce, Mede, Per i , a nd w w om n m n o t Greek , ith h the Lycia s ca e early i t e lation . Among these diversified combinations of the symbolism a nd n u of oun r e m n mo a tiq ities the c t y, Gre k ele e ts are still st

n w r a nd so fa r salie t, as ell as chiefly att active ; their pre

m n n in u n on un on m c u do i a ce s ch stra ge c j cti s, si ply o si

m o to the on us on dered, ight pr bably have led c cl i that Greek colonizers of Lycia had received from some Asian

u o or n nae mu u and m on of nu prec rs rs i dige , a sti l s i pressi u u n — too to be s al e ergy, betrayed by traces characteristic

d m l l o m n n of ascribe to a ere oca devel p e t, eve the versatile N I T H E E R E D M O N U M E N T. 3

m n of r . To r u m m on the as umed i d the G eek a g e ore ight, s un ar u b ut sc r and gro ds, have appe ed hazardo s ; the di ove y , to a n n n fi on of n an ua e a cert i exte t, ide ti cati the Lycia l g g , —a n of n o—G ermt nic n b ut m m t bra ch I d i deed , ore re o e f m n n ad us nfid n L ro Greek tha Ze d, le s co e tly and far be ‘ yond . This displays how a lien was the ra ce with which the Greek came i nto connection in Lycia ; and the extent a nd um n of u n on o n m a nd circ sta ces its occ rre ce, c i s, to bs,

u monu m n w n s how w a nd m n n wa s p blic e ts, it e s ide per a e t its d ffu n a nd n t t m w u i sio , vi dica e the er s by hich Herodot s indicates the distinctly non- Hellenic chara cter and man

n of the n of own m . ers, Lycia s his ti e

We u f us n of t n of a have th s be ore , evide ce the recep io

and e n of n m n ir deep d cided ti ge Helle is , by a race e t ely un a n m n n of n r vin a llied ; phe o e o the highest i te est, that dica tes on mu w a s o w mos m b at ce ch that ther ise t i proba le, in the Homeric a nd mythic representations of the primitive intercourse of Greece a nd Asia ; and that must render the

aeolo of f u o a n n arch gy Lycia a chie a th rity, capital i sta ce, in fu u em to e o a m n of f all t re att pts r c ver literal st te e ts acts, out of the legends preserved by the Greeks of their earliest n n foreig rela tio s . The tra ces of this combination in the Lycian remains

n e om w om of but are i de d , as c pared ith H er, late date ;

m w e h o on to n s a Ho er, as shall ave ccasi see, prese t pic

u e of o e n in t n of t r Lycia, that c rr spo ds precisely the associa io

and s n a w x in G reek A ia char cteristics, ith that e hibited the

m n . m n n fo e in monu e ts The co bi atio there re exist d his age, nd f its r n w a s n n mo a still arther, o igi eve the so re te as to

’ ’ r s n x to e ows cia . V . Sha pe Appe di F ll Ly 4 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

n w n in e o u a nd com be ble ded ith lege ds that, th ir bsc rity

x r m of e n a nd mod f n ple cha acter, bear arks the alt ri g i yi g

i nfl uences of long ages of tra dition .

u on of om o on of om a The el cidati the c p siti H eric Lyci ,

n o f n n n ma thro w s light o that Troy that has ever bee a e ig . After every allow ance made for Greek m odes of representing

fo n e a nd for un u u o u t of the reig charact r, the scr p l s liber ies

o s n of e n n o of m p etic e se ke pi g, as expla at ry the great rese

n w n k a nd o n o f r bla ce bet ee the Gree s Tr ja s the Iliad, the e

f m n a n un l n nom n n still wa s elt to re ai exp ai ed phe e o . Lycia solves the diffic ulty of reconciling the Greek chara cteristics

f o and T o n w and n o the Tr ad r ja s, ith their Asiatic Thracia r a ons n o of el ti hip, by exhibiti g the p ssibility a case, that seems to h ave appeared too hopeless even for statement a s a n o - u n u on of a nd hyp thesis, the s peri d cti Greek habits w o on o n n nor n rships a pe ple either Helle ic Pelasgia ,

r a pu ely barba ri n .

u on a o m Th cydides had l g g re arked, that the later dis tinction between Greek a nd Barbarian w a s not apparent in ’ om n on of h a n a nd n a nd H er s deli eati Ac ai Troja , cited

u on of o s of on But ill strati s the pr gre s the separati . these examples gave n o informa tion how great w ere still the

ff n in fi n of w so m u m a n di ere ces, de a ce hich ch sy pathy d

ommun on w a a nd w n w a c icati ere pr cticable, e t little y to

o mus now on characterize the peri d as it t be c ceived . A o to nf w n w n w m peri d is be i erred he , ithi hatever li its, a ttraction w a s as m uch the rule betw een Greek a nd

a n a s w a s u s on f w s a n of m Barb ria , rep l i a ter ard ; age utua l

n a nd nsfus on in n on a receptive ess tra i , striki g c tr st to the

n a on sm u a t g i that s cceeded it .

u on of f of u a n The ill strati the act s ch era, is here rather THE E N R E I D M O N U M E N T . 5 our u n n u n on u n u b si ess, tha spec latio the ca ses that i d ced

r n n it o brought it to an e d . It is e ough that there is no

of u in m w ou u to lack ca ses, that the selves ld be adeq ate

e n n th results . Such combi atio s have been easily brought ou a n of mu u mon — n ow ab t at era t al har y a poi t, h ever

r n n of o n n l m n w n al n t a sie t, c i cide t civil deve op e t bet ee ie

c s b m n a nd mmon n s ra e , y the sy pathies, allia ces, co i terest of n and o o r a nd n pri ces arist cracies, by the activity e ter of of un un u of m prise a race bo ded plasticity, beca se li itless

n u ou n r n fu on of m n ma m adve t r s ess . The t a s si Ger a xi s and

ou ou of u o ma for m habits thr gh the c rts E r pe, y serve so e illustration of these indirect i nfl uences a better may be foun in o of m n a nd n d the hist ry the Nor a s, the cha ges they w ou w o w the u of i r ght, as ell as th se they ere s bjects , n n n n u and —on f f Fra ce , E gla d, Ap lia, Sicily, ly de ective rom

s a n of f om a n o n w the di appe ra ce the race r rigi al seat here, in of mo u as the case the Greeks, the re p re race might be brought into comparison with the modified a nd blended n no n in w n insta ces . There is thi g the ildest lege d of that

of n u w n w as ao spirit adve t re, by hich the Helle ic race ,

o n to o tu n u f om a c rdi g Her do s, disti g ished r the Pel sgic, that does not fi nd its historica l parallel in the a uthentic “ story of the Norman a ristocra cyfi B ut the age of Greek a nd Barbarian plasticity (failing

w o u n a nd u a better rd) , th s evide ced ill strated by the cha

The j ust admiration of the qualities of the Anglo- Saxon race has s nea r nerate nto cant t at it is ffi cu t to ass over an latterly o ly dege d i , h di l p y O un of noti n t at the stor of t at race after the orman pport ity ci g h hi y h . N

n u st ex ts the same c an e t at occurs w t an un sc ned and co q e , hibi h g h i h di ipli disorderly rabble on becoming organized and officered . 6 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

racteristic reem n of m and m num n a ag e t Ho eric o e t l Lycia,

b om s m n fi a n and its ec e ost sig i c t by its early date, also by

r m n and nci n w a e of n ag ee e t coi de ce ith the plastic g lege d, —wi ra n of m ra n of an u son of th the t ditio s the ig tio s X th s,

o ss o on Prce tus s u a nd u f om Tri p , Beller ph , , Per e s, Lyc s, r o nn u a nd a nd of n r on of Pel po es s Attica ; Creta Sa ped , Cilix,

and the m zon . n n n imon in h n u e A a s Co se ti g test ies, t eir at r

a nd o of n n n o in nd a nd nf e hist ry i depe de t rig , vi icate e orc

res fu t n n to ri m ls n on pect l at e tio histo cal ateria , that take al e

a re uffi n u us monum n confir s cie tly eq ivocal . Th , the e tal mation of the legend of Attic influence on the Tra melae of

- m t on of u — u us to r Asia, the igra i Lyc s, g ides treat othe m n of u u as o s si ilar lege ds as eq al a thority, historical rec rd ,

u n but o n fo m a nd u e disg ised i deed, by a rec g ized r calc labl n amount of depravatio . I n ro f of u n m n of the p cess itsel , red ci g the ythical age cy ro o of ersonifies r is a he , to the hist ry the race he p , the e no n new o ous a nd n n m m on thi g ; it is bvi i viti g, so eti es ly m I n m n u w n too uch so . so e cases it co d cts ith certai ty to a f but in o to n t n mo e n a n o n n m e act, thers o hi g r tha pi io or

n n h ma u or f — or less a cie t, t at y either be tr e alse that

o u and B lus w o rs ma f D r s o ere br the , y be sa ely accepted

in the fo m of a n t on the o ns as historical r allega i , that D ria a nd ZE olia ns sprung from a common stock ; but the pa

on n u and E tus w o rallel traditi , that Da a s gyp ere br thers, cannot be received as proof of equally close relationship

w n n a nd n w o u m of bet ee Da ai Egyptia s, ith t so e share the

n nfi m f m n in the f m n n abu dant co r ation orthco i g or er i sta ce .

r va u of n of n n u The g eat l e the revelatio Lycia a tiq ity, is the acq uisition of such ancillary illustration in a large a nd

m n n of s . n o ost i teresti g class case Si ce these disc veries, 7 T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . the historical pretensions of such legends as those given

o u —of mmon n of ra ae and by Her dot s, the co a cestry He clid * aem n of n n of u of M cenm Ach e ids, the desce da ts Perse s y

v n n m Ce henes of M of h gi i g his a e to the p , edea Colc is

s n from n to Artaioi n M pas i g Athe s the , the ce edes to re present early i nfluence a nd intercourse between these

' o a nd n f m s — on diflerent pe ples pri cely a ilie , are placed very foo n r c n n an and in ti g, are ve y o siderably e h ced ; so other a nd s n n of i n l and rever e i sta ces, as Phryg a Pe ops at Elis, f B id o el s at the Isthmus .

um t on of a n a no The pres p i historical char cter here, is

on o on o w nt of l ger checked by the bjecti , ther ise so coge , the improbability of such i ntercourse at the early age im

n u ffi u to n ff plied , the i s perable di c lties be prese ted by di er

n e of n u and nt of a nd n e c la g age a ipathies Greek Barbaria , a nd thus the very considerable evidence from other quar

om a n ters bec es ag i available . To derive the fullest advanta ge from this glaring in ” sta n to fu n fi n w ou es ce, elicit its ll sig i ca ce, it ld be d irable to o in n r o n or devel p detail every Lycia ec rd , Helle ic Bar A n ff . s m u n w I o r baric so e co trib tio to ards this service, e the fo ow n o a on on monum n w ll i g bserv ti s a e t, hich as the m o u of o on ma to off st p rely Greek the c llecti , y appear er

e om of a n u on on littl pr ise characteristic Lyci ill strati ; yet, e m n n I w o t or n xa i atio , believe it ill pr ve, direc ly i directly,

f u fu n m more r it l tha ight be expected .

u u w f om most on uo u m This str ct re, hich r its c spic s y thologica l decora tions may be styled the N E RE I D MO N U

M E N T w a s of ff fo m n o , placed at the edge the cli r i g the rigi

— ero ot. vu 61 1 50 vi 54 at. Alcib . . H d . ; . . Pl i 8 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

nal o f n I n n u n of on acr polis o Xa thus. co seq e ce this positi it suffered pec uliarly from that fearful earthquake w hich has left its traces more or less on every monument of the

. u ow if not fi w a s city The earthq ake, h ever, the rst, the

and u n m ne ft m latest ravager, the r i s re ai d as it le the

t ou u u a nd ow n un h gh grad ally b ried overgr , til the arrival

of n h o w ho fu n n the E glis expl rer, by care lly oti g the

o n of f m n a nd om on of p sitio the rag e ts , by c paris the archi

tectural m m r u in o u n o ion a s e be s, s cceeded pr d ci g a rest rat , f n satis actory as elega t .

r w n of o on fu n Sir The d a i g the rest rati , r ished by Charles

ow to u of u um Fell s the tr stees the British M se , exhibits the monument as consisting of a n Ionic peristyle on a n elevated

a nd n m n w o mo o eu i accessible base e t, the h le st elab rately

o u u riched w ith historical and mythol gical sc lpt res . The

m n u un tw o n of baa- f o r base e t is s rro ded by ba ds relie s, friezes ; the upper representi ng the storming of a fortified

w h n n n ow a nd city, it all its atte da t accide ts ; the l er larger

n of o a nd foo a nd w n com series, a ge eral battle h rse t, bet ee b ata nts in Greek costume a nd others of somewhat Ama

on n n but n fi en s z ia appeara ce, easily ide ti ed as repres tative

f r s n fou o umn o Medes o Per ia s . There are r c l s at either

f ont and fi ve n o umn on un r , at the sides ; the i terc l iati s are u u w a nd w on of fou u s ally ide, ith the excepti r, occ pied by statues of female figu res in lively action a nd w ith flying — r w m n m m s fish 8Lc . n h d aperies, ith ari e e ble s shell , , , be eat

f fou on a re o n n e their eet . The r excepti s the c r er lateral i t r

o umn on in of w on in w - now n c l iati s, each hich is a li the ell k m n n u of n nt mon um n s w to e aci g attit de a cie e t , ith head

u f of the ground and elevated hind q arters. The rieze the f o n cella represents sacrifices a nd funeral easts . The c r ice

1 0 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

ul u u and l w f of The historical sc pt res , the pper o er riezes

a m n mm a o n n the b se e t, are i edi tely rec g izable as represe ta

on of on u t of s n and the ti s the c q es Lycia by the Per ia s, f f n o u o o u . all Xa th s, as related by Her d t s

l m n to the n n n of Lycia, ike Cilicia, re ai ed last i depe de t

C rcesus who u u ated o of w of , s bj g all ther states Asia est the

Ha l s b ut f r f u w a s y , a te his de eat by Cyr s, it attacked by

n r of on u o Har a us w ho ea the ge e al the c q er r, p g , had alr dy

u u JE n olia o a and B . C . s bj gated , I i , Caria ( ” n Ha r a us o n n w Whe p g , says the hist ria , adva ced ith m n o n n n n w out his ar y i t the Xa thia plai , the Lycia s dre ,

a nd fi n few n m n s ou b ut ghti g agai st a y, di played their val r ;

n w o a nd u u in o in bei g rsted sh t p the city, they c llected the

o o w a nd n w a nd s a nd acr p lis their ives childre , ealth slave ,

n on fi re to u n w o . n on the set it b r the h le Havi g d e this, a nd mu u o un m fu o s the Xa n t ally b d the selves by dread l ath , thians Of ns s a nd fi n to ma n. allied, died ghti g a the Lycia ,

s n me w ho of to n n mos at the pre e t ti , pr ess be Xa thia s, the t, w on of s a re ne w om ith the excepti eighty hearth , c ers

s f m n to n m the e eighty a ilies happe ed be abse t at the ti e , a nd s u Ha r a us o n d it w a so they escaped . Th s p g btai e ” f hu possession o Xant s .

f of n u on o n u c That the all Xa th s, this ccasio , is the s bje t of - e f of our monum n n o n m in the bas r lie s e t, is evide t si ple s ection and n in in m o p , eve detail they are re arkable acc rd ance w ith the historian . I n the upper series we have the population as well a s m e in fu in o wn oo a n n ilitia s ek g re ge the t , tr ps r pidly adva ci g a nd moun n n s m nn w d es ti g scali g ladder , the a ed alls, the

erod ot. 1 c xx v . H . l i THE I l N E R E D M O N U M E N T. l

‘ pe rate sallyfl I n one portion above the battlements are seen female figures with gestures that seem to indicate the sacri

fi ce related by Herodotus . On the other hand the incident

m n of n a n f om the arbles prese t Lycia elders, app re tly r their

u a nd o um n a in n o n r gest res civil c st e, e g ged eg tiatio o

n for m for u Har a us treati g ter s, be e the ha ghty seated p g , n t m n n in the n I n is o e tio ed arrative . a similar catas tro he o u in n ou o t p , that cc rred this eighb rh od at a la er dated

oun w a s of un men — the desperate c cil that the yo g , the e n n o on of our m lders advisi g eg tiati like those arbles . The lower a nd larger series of has- reliefs represents a s t w n m n in o m an piri ed battle, bet ee co bata ts Greek c stu e d o on n w o o a nd m pp e ts h se l ose draperies tiaras, si ilar to that wo n Ha r a us to n m M r by the p g , appear desig ate the as edes, — as w ell as others eq uipped like themselves probably

on n n of on u n on an a nd the c ti ge ts the c q ered Caria s , I i s, iEo ians o n o u n o om o on l . The h rses i tr d ced i t the c p siti , favo u r the hypothesis that it represents the valiant conflict in n fi o n to o o u th Ope eld , that acc rdi g Her d t s, preceded e siege .

The intercolumnia ted f m n n fi u e ale da ci g g res, as already

n m m n a nd o i ti ated, are visibly Nereids ; the ari e litt ral

Th stones r s e the Xant ans to be em o e as m ss es are e g a p d by hi pl y d i il ,

‘ xepp a dm (saxa manus implentia) ; such as are used by the Greeks of Homer in the defence of the w all ;

’ or b a pa xepp a h ow w Ewp w m a m wupm

s a xii . 1 55 Ba u er p un/s avor. Ili d .

With such a weapon Patroclus kills Cebriones ;

' m msyxoc rxwv tr appq u Mi cr o m 'rpov

a o “ u m a f or or we t rt su n ry . p pm p v, p , p x p d ' I h xvi 7 3 4 . mu 3 spew a p evoc. . .

1 Arrian . 1 2 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

m m en f e — l o o fi sh or e ble s b eath their e t shel , crab, t rt ise,

the on ? — are uffi n to n f m bird (q y . halcy ) s cie t ide ti y the , “ a nd their lightly bounding attitudes are precisely those

‘ of the Nereids of the Orphic Hymnfl

n u on of n Apollo i s gives a descripti the Nereids, striki gly

' “ resembling the c horus of the monument ; i At once ra ising

a on w n on o their dr peries their hite k ees , high the very r cks a nd of w u on the breach the aves, they r shed either side at ” n f o m n n i tervals r m each other . The rese bla ce i vites the

on u o u n o on n c ject re that the p et, d ri g his pr l ged reside ce at

o n u a nd n f to o m a Rh des, visited Xa th s, tra s erred his p e reminiscence of its Aga lma ; b ut it is more probably a c

oun for n o u of one of c ted , by regardi g the Ch r s Nereids as t o n um ou u w on n l e h se er s s bjects, that ere c sta t y rep ated by

a nd w w mo or n e Greek artists, al ays ith re less strict revere c f or f n for m . o on u com eeli g, a pri itive type Ap ll i s arther pares the Nereids to maidens playing at ball on the sea

w for mo on o be shore, ith draperies girt lively ti , like th se fore us A: Having w ound the folds of their draperies apart ” on their w aists . I fi nd no one of them distinguished from the rest by

n of m n n a nd I a m not w of an sig s pree i e ce, a are y charac teristic difference between the sisters of the two fronts of the building . Of their general a nd special appropriateness to the monument more h ereafter ; at present in entering on

‘ H trumpe t: 7 3 9up zua vam'w w tr xflm 8t ’ ' 0 G um; t w a tyw xorc sla p p wh a w ! Ap a r t 11.0q .

’ “ A rm st a a a' o s M o i 0 4 0 1 ou 1 v x p mt sa c em 7 0 7 t“ ,

” - who I 'll a irm an! M i k a do” m u s um s 0c s ync ’ - w s a m d r a 8 r e r on . iv. 40 . p m vfi u 3 794 h a u e n am l . A g 9 " a. t a r on. iv . I A tx stal war m tfua c su rf c e.“ A g 1 T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . 3 the on on of m o o a u u be c siderati the yth l gic l sc lpt res, it is

om n to u n on e to o w n f fi c i g t r at c th se hich ide ti y the edi ce, b y their agreement with the desidera ted illustration of w h w e ca n in n n ours e a enuine ich this i sta ce avail elv s, g ” n loca l traditio . The eastern pediment is divided betw een a god a nd

od who n n f n e o are sur g dess , , e thro ed aci g ach ther, each roun ou h of t t of r u a ded by y t heir respec ive sexes, va io s ges, a nd thus appear as KourotrOphic divinities ; a mode of

n t on w n in onn on w f r represe ta i hich, take c ecti ith the a ther d evelopment of the idea by the statues that decorate the

oof a nd o w o u u n fi our r , als ith the hist rical sc lpt res, ide ti es monumen a a lma of ae u fi a nd A hro t as the g Heph st s ery, p d n an a nd m n in mn of ite Ura i Oly pia , celebrated the Hy the

Lycian Proclus .

m m n na t. A . D 4 1 2 . A a . bt . D o . wh This re arkable ( , o

e for m n m —a u f pr sided a y years over the Acade y, s ccessor o

o ma on to a o in om Plat , y be c sidered h ve cl sed, s e respects not unw o on and o ou of u o of rthily, the l g gl ri s series a th rs

a n to w n u n of Pag Greece, as he lived it ess the destr ctio

no m m of n u in mo f om he the blest e ble their ge i s, the re val r t

Ath n f s n s Parthenon of the e s o Phidia . His pare t w ere

n n of w a and n on - n both Xa thia s e lth disti cti , Lycia s, says

o o a nd wo . n u his bi grapher, b th by race rth At Xa th s he received the rudiments of his education ; and he alludes to

his an o n w in t in mn Lyci rigi , as ell his epi aph as the Hy n that w e are chiefly interested i . Every page of his in

terestin o r ou n m u n n g bi g aphy, av ches his i ti ate acq ai ta ce

w o on a nd on of no and ith the ldest religi s traditi s Asia Mi r,

ou o e of w o s w w ul n mo th gh th s his rk , hich o d have bee st

u of m o mu nfo ma n ill strative the are l st, ch i r tio is still to be 1 4 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

f m o m n in om com en gathered ro th se that re ai , s e degree p

n for o ur w n of u n o un sati g a t s ch a glea er ver this gro d , as n ‘ for Greece Proper we happily possess in Pausa ias .

N E HYM TO APHRODIT .

We mn the ueen of the c ans Kour- ro te Venus hy Q Ly i , Aph di , (

vir ina lis te . g , S ph ) - vert n aid once en o n Whose ill a i g j yi g, The divinely-prompted leaders of our country o n e in the c t a sacre monument F u d d i y d , av n th s m o s of m st c marr a e of the m st c s o s 5 H i g e y b l y i i g , y i p u als Of He he stus fier and U ran an ro te u can a nd enus p y i Aph di , (V l V , ) And styled her Olympian Goddess - by w hose pow er Often t e esca e the exterm nat n ane of eat h y p d i i g b d h , But st e t the e e on va our from ro fic e s ill k p y l ; p li b d , 1 0 run u as a eld com a firm fine-s r te ro en Sp g p ( fi of ) , pi i d p g y, nd t ere w as a enera ent e- fte ca m of ife A h g l g l gi d l l . ut n o rece ve o ess au ust th ncense f u B deig t i , G dd g , e i o o r E o uence for I too a m of the oo of the c ans l q , bl d Ly i a se m sou u a ain from e ra at on to man fo ra ce R i y l p g d g d i i ld g , ” 1 5 a om th ru nous nsan t of eart - s run m u E sc ped fr e i i i y h p g i p lse.

a a lma u to o u o f That the g here all ded by Pr cl s, is that w hich the British Museum no w contains the most inter n m n n esti g re ai s, is evi ced by its site , by the associated

n of a n ediment r a nd un u Divi ities the e ster p , 1 the eq ivocal crop of a rising generation by w hich they are surrounded

p roxa o'r a r mor

err a o mv p oa rr .

' TMNEOMEN A wuwv a a ' rh imt Kov a ol‘f' B p pp mv, ’ ’ Hg vrw au gmen t. wepmk riém ec aipwyiic

' See v nettes o os te nd at t t e- a 1 ig , pp i a i l p ge ; these are executed after the w n s and un er th u nt n n f ra e s er e e ce o Mr. G eo . c arf un. a f d i g d p i d S h , j ; su ficient uarantee t at w t the atta inment of e e ance the r arc ae g h i h l g , i h ological a ur c ma st be r cc a y y ill elied on.

1 6 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

u on s n ow w o ben efi str cti is repre e ted bel , hile ab ve are the

n n w om u ce t Divi ities by h the destr ction is repaired . A remarkable parallel th us becomes apparent betw een the symbolism of our monu ment a nd that of the Harpy

— n on o a s in the represe tati , here hist rically, the

fo m n tan m u of of w r er i s ce, by a yth s ( the Harpies) the ork of om n an on of f h in h Death, acc pa ied by expressi ait t e

n u o u ow of f i destr ctible, repr d ctive p er li e ;

’ ’ The eart t at s nature s mot er is her tom h h h b, What is her burial place that is her w omb

m om n n n f the sa e pred i a t idea, the early prevale ce o w hich — in Asia Minor seems to have determined directly a nd by

n on m — of on n o o a tag is the character that I ia phil s phy, that occupies so important a place in the leading series of n s to w u m n of o e eve t , hich the c ltivated i d pr gr ssive

u o w so mu of u mo fi on E r pe o es ch its act al di cati . It might not be difficult to trace the influences of this

n ou mo fi mon a nd o pri ciple vari sly di ed, a g the heresies heter d o of w oun w a s so f u fu w xies hich this c try r it l, as ell as

mon fi ou fo m w t w a g the very diversi ed religi s r s , i h hich the Christian missionaries first came into collision ; here it is to be divined from the impression it confers on the ever fa fu a nd n n on o m of u — a t a n ith l perti e t c tr versialis Pa l,

and in ff n fo m but w earlier date, very di ere t r , ith scarcely

nf o u fu n om u n i eri r tr th l ess, it is displayed by H er, as a r li g

n o on of in o f u u . Lycia ass ciati ideas, the speech Gla c s

See a n account of this monument in a slight E ssay published by the resent wr r in 1 4 p ite 84 . 1 7 T H E N E R E I D M O N U ME N T .

1 T es o w erefore concernin race do ou n uire ? ydid b ld, h g y i q 2 Suc a s of eaves the race suc a so t at of men . h l , h l h ; The ea ves —t ese the w n s ed s on the roun but ot ers a ain 3 . l , h i d h g d, h g the fo rest

4 . oot n fort rod u nd th s r n season is arr ve Sh i g h p ces, a e p i g i d ; — 5 . us of men one ra e r n s anot er comes to end . Th , c sp i g , h

The on to mo reflectiveness in on dispositi ral , associati w h nom n of u a nd in it the phe e a Nat re , that appears here

m u of m o of oun mu so ch the ythol gy these c tries, st have con tinued to characterize the people to whom Paul a d dressed the follow ing We preach unto you that y ou shou ld tu rn unto the living God w hich made heaven and

e r a nd sea and n n who in a th the all thi gs that are therei , times past suffered all nations to w alk in their ow n w ays . Nevertheless he left not himself w ithout witness in that he

oo and us n f om n a nd f u fu did g d, gave rai r heave r it l sea ” son fi n our w foo and n . s, lli g hearts ith d glad ess (At

Lystra . Acts xiv . )

w n and w om w a s monum n At hat date, the , by h the e t erected

The m n of o u a a lma wa s state e t Pr cl s, that the g raised by Lycian leaders or if ta ken in to account w ith

u w a s um uou n of the s bject, as ell the s pt s ess, the lavishly

n monum n o far to m e riched e t, g es i ply, that at the date

of on w a s o u or om its erecti , Lycia abs l tely c paratively n n indepe de t . ? And not o o u w n monum n is Her d t s a it ess here The e t, as we n n f have see , expressly ascribes the restoratio o the

u ou n of nt u to f u fu n u n f pop l s ess Xa h s, the r it l i fl e ces o the

a vi . Ili d 1 4 5 .

‘ an r i i t eav n- rn m 1 ag a m ; iy tp ovi c h e bo inisters.

D 1 8 X A N T H I A N M AR B L E S : prolific powers ; and turning from this to the statement o f

o n so u w o a nd n a n em the hist ria , pec liarly rded beari g

mo m a nd n fi n ow untra nsla t phasis st arked sig i ca t, h ever ‘ “ of o o f the n w ho now able, that th se Lycia s say that

n n m o new om a n they are Xa thia s, the aj rity are c ers, 1 ’ n m n m n a u in o a n i ti atio beco es appare t , th t is q ite the Hist ri s

m m nn of n m on f n on cal a er setti g his ark a alse prete si , w e of Heca taeus on n a nd o n hiloso h ther , the I ia Pythag rea p h n m un ers or a n one . ou o p , y else Directly stated , his acc t a ts to this The present inhabitants of Xanth us pretend to be

n n of n o o of Ha r a us and desce da ts the valia t pp sers p g , have even built a monument to keep their pretensions in coun tenance w ow so foun on ; hich , h ever, have little dati , that w on n and o ith eighty excepti s they are all stra gers, th se ” im eighty were absent at the time of the siege . The

on f om om on on o o u pressi r this c paris is very str g that Her d t s, so n f e a nd w ho un f om i de atigable a travell r, spr g r the n ou n Halicam a ssus v n hu and sa w eighb ri g , isited Xa t s,

monum n u or u n a nd in this very e t either b ilt b ildi g, had it his m n n w o uo i d whe he r te the passage q ted . This is quite consistent with what little is to be known o u of o n n f r o o o m . g essed, the p litical c diti Lycia at the ti e

mon son of 4 70 fo ow n u Ci , Miltiades ( ll i g p the

o of m a nd M ca le wi on vict ries Sala is y , sailed th a c sider

w w mm n u able fleet to ards Caria, here he i ediately i d ced

m r m of o n to o f om n the a iti e cities Greek rigi rev lt r the ki g , a nd as many as w ere bilingual a nd had Persian garrison s he attacked and besieged ; a nd having associated the Carian

' ’ T6137 83 £7 Avmm a é a r —i 1 p y m S vfi m farm . 76 . " 1 imik vdt c. I 1 T H E N E R E D M O N U M E NT. 9

i s oo in in m m nn w of ose cit e , he t k , the sa e a er, the hole th in

The proceedi ngs of Cimon are said to have prod uced a treaty that ended the Persian w a r ; among its terms a re men tioned stipulations that all Greek cities on the conti n n ou f no ou om w n e t sh ld be ree, that satrap sh ld c e ithi ’ ou n of a nd no s n on three days j r ey the sea, that Per ia l g — ship sho uld sail w est of Phaselis thus excluding them

f o m n u . n u o n e r the Xa th s Eve the a th rities that de ied, ther

is ou on oo o un + a u fu little d bt g d gr ds, reg lar treaty , lly

a dmitted the res ults . These events amount to a recovery of Lycian indepen

n a nd I ca n find no of um n un de ce , trace the circ sta ces der

w h a s in n f r o hic it w lost aga withi the time o He od tus .

n b ut for n a nd nf n fu n I deed , the hi ts i ere ces r ished by the

ins b of n u a nd n on a nd u cri ed stele Xa th s, the i scripti sc lp

u o f om of the n of a n t res the t b the satrap Payara, abse ce y n o tice of satraps in Lycia might accredit the assertion of

o non of n e w a s m of Is crates, that e the Persia s ver aster

Ly cia . j: The Lycians must be included among the allies whose

s n the of mon a nd u n ve sels i creased fleet Ci , th s Lycia s

w o u in ou e o of u m on ld have part the d bl vict ry the E ry ed , a n d probably a share of the enormous spoil . These are precisely the events that give the impulses to national

i B iod . Sic . x . 60 .

utarc mon 1 3 . The stor w a s a arent nvente to contrast 1 Pl h, Ci , y pp ly i d

tr t f the art n A nta lcidas w ic ave u the s an ree s. w ith the ea y o Sp a , h h g p A i G k

' 9 f ' e-ai af'r a' I A rm s ; 85085 s ; mém re Ri p r exp n ev.

I s Pane . oc . gy 20 X A N T H I A N M A R B L ES :

r w as f om w u wo s as the spi it as ell prosperity, r hich s ch rk

Nereid Monument proceed . It seems one of those elaborate w orks w ith which Greece i s f un a aro f m r ffu the t el abo ded , th t se ro the spi it di sed by

fu f f rea n in rson shame l de eat o the G t Ki g pe , at the head of a n m wo - w o on and u in e battled rld , rks c ceived exec ted

fi ow of nt u m a nd n n n x the rst gl e h sias i depe de ce, e cited by

ns of m n m n of n w nd i u the se e the com e ce e t a e a v goro s era .

u of n n oon om n n ow er The j st pride the Athe ia s, s the d i a t p in in fi m for in Greece, the sacri ces they had ade liberty

n onm n of to fl m and o ion the aba d e t their city a es des lat , a nd the new impulse given to the arts by their vast com m mo a nd o w o ma su e rative dec rative rks, y have easily g

to n n a n m u m n n e of th e gested the Xa thia s, e lative re i isce c m h n h m n n herois of t eir ow city . T eir com u icatio with

n m of on of fi n Athe s at the ti e the erecti this edi ce, is evi ced by the close correspondence of many portions of its sculp

u w h ho of n n a nd mo of the t res it t se the Parthe o , still re

n f and wou on u n of n Phigalia rieze, ld be a c seq e ce the Lycia

n on of mon a nd on in tra sacti s Ci , their participati the vic f m n n i to ries o the Eury edo . A Greek inscriptio n the city — has even borrow ed or stolen though to make b ut indif — ferent use of it the first line of the celebrated epigraph of ’ Cimon s o h for tr p y this very victory .

hu w h w e i n of o u T s , ether take the d rect assertio Pr cl s, or n on of o o u and om the the i direct reflecti Her d t s, c pare

u n of o era fi to s ggestive ess the hist rical , the edi ce appears

n t on monum n t nu n n n or be a a i al e t erec ed by ge i e Xa thia s,

o who w u for u to omm mo th se o ld pass s ch, c e rate alike the

ou a nd o of n a nd val r catastr phe their a cestors, their o wn grati tude to the divine powers for recovered numbers a nd

o pr sperity . I T H E N E R E D M O N U M E NT. 21

But r n n of m a ra c the e are certai appeara ces a ixed ch ter, in onn on w the u n w fi in c ecti ith b ildi g, hich at rst appear

on n w o of o n a nd on c siste t ith this the ry its rigi , are ly to be reconciled by the consideration of the probable state of

n u m in of n n es a nd Xa th s at this ti e, respect the asce da t rac f m a ilies . The architecture of the monument is less Lycian than

n — om not of mo e u to Caria , as a t b, it is the d l pec liar Lycia,

b ut a n o o u to o of - b f m al g s th se Caria, y his a iliarity with

w n w a s ow w as in hich, i deed, it that Sir Charles Fell s led,

fi n n to of o on. the rst i sta ce, the happy idea its rest rati It

u on n m w e no o is tr e that, c sideri g it as a te ple, have pr per n mo w w on r it — n Lycia del ith hich to c t ast ; the abse ce,

ow of a t n of im m h ever, char c eristic Lycia details itative ti ber

n u n a d n fi o o n o r u n n . c str cti j i e y , is eq ally sig i ca t

n n the n n m of s n The agai , i scribed stele bears the a e a o

of Ha r a us w h w o n of m n n p g , hic , ith ther evide ce the per a e t

co n n on of f m w h so m ecti the a ily it Lycia, agrees re arkably

w m w um n o on of Ha r a us ith the so e hat tri pha t p siti the p g , in the centre of a frieze of the principal front of the

u n to u w a s of n u b ildi g, as s ggest the idea that it the at re ’ of a trophy commemorative of their ancestors exploit ;

or if om om a of ain of o , a t b, a t b r ther the sl the vict rs n n u n n tha the va q ished . U der this theory, the Caria architecture of the tomb would be explained by reference

to n f the Caria allies o the Mede . S E C TI O N I I .

RST n f n —H a s I o . ar u n com , the , the Caria s p g havi g

leted u u on of n o n p the s bj gati Io ia, pr ceeded agai st

n C a unians and n n on w the Caria s, , Lycia s, taki g al g ith

him on n a nd JE olians — to u n his I ia s , that is say, recr iti g

m w o u on of on u oun ao ar y ith the p p lati the c q ered c tries,

o n to of on u o in n a nd c rdi g the practice c q er rs ge eral, , as

s an m fi on so no mou a regards the Per i s, exe pli ed e r s scale in on of on m on a nd the expediti Xerxes . I ia had ade a l g

m n r n but w on of deter i ed esista ce Caria, ith the excepti

Ped asians —w ho in n n o f w the , , the Io ia rev lt a ter ards,

n n ou — u m to appear agai taki g a separate c rse, s b itted Har

n n pagus without a ny oppositi on of mome t . C id us made

on for n b ut w of a n or preparati s resista ce ; , ith the plea acle , gave them up and surrendered without a blow . It is to be supposed that the Carians w ould experience

ff n m n f om on n a nd o mo di ere t treat e t r the I ia s ; ther tives,

m w n of ou ma to sur besides ere a t c rage, y have led the

n u m n for u or n t n n re der, s ch as agree e t the sec rity eve ex e sio ,

f u n f on or f m A o the infl uence of the r li g acti s a ilies . c

o n to one u m o un . c rdi g Z ras, Cyr s treated the as v l tary allies Of the relation which wo uld thus exist between Caria a nd

we a n n u m of t the Mede, have i str ctive exa ple later da e .

I n o of on un ri u a. o on on f the rev lt I ia der Da s, p rti ly o

a a nd w n in ou of su Cari participated ; he , the c rse its p

r s on u w as u and n n n p e si , Milet s capt red its i habita ts slai or

24 X A NT H I A N M A R B L E S :

f the n i for a n e n on of some o a nd the o ecess ty xpla ati s rt,

m on for n u o ne of w om w t te ptati a si g lar , hat, c pared i h

u or om n m d w a s a n u nom . p re Greek R a o els, architect ral a aly Vitruvius is a lmost as full as Pausanias of such artistic

Euhemerism .

But the um on u o fi pres pti th s disc vered , that the edi ce is

o of n o o u n n a tr phy Caria vict rs ver the sla ghtered Xa thia s, stultifies the obvious a nd unavoidable significance of the mythological adornment o f the edifice ; the symbolic al appropriateness a nd poi nt of this is lost ; the relation of

o to a od a sis of its nun on —of the pr tasis the p e ciati , the

n n o to n n n Xa thia s des lated , the Xa thia s revivi g by the

n n u n of Kourotro hic ow n dis ki d i fl e ces p p ers, is e tirely

n to m for u ou n e solved . What tha ks the pop l s ess d rived from w holesale immigration ? The following considerations may go some w a y to b a r monizs this discord and reconcile the Carian a nd Lycian f u n interests of the symbolism o the b ildi g. That its Caria n

d ue to n ow or o u on su character is the Caria p ers p p lati , p

o to n o u om 70 fo Ha r a u s p sed be i tr d ced s e years be re by p g , ma m a nd om mo o f om th y be ad itted , bec es re pr bable r e

n to mon t en n appeara ce be de stra ed pres tly, that the presidi g

m f om a nd u n u goddess ca e hither r Caria, th s had at rally

n a a lma of n a nd mo . B u t a g ative, perhaps established del us us u om of nu n Herod ot tells , that the c st s the ge i e Lycia ns

i n a nd u o n of fu on a nd ri n w ere partly Car a , th s a p i t si p ciple of affinity e x isted between them a nd the new comers

not n w ou ff n a nd that this had bee ith t e ect, is perhaps see ” um n o o u n in the circ sta ce, that Her d t s calls the stra gers

a nd not n a nd n a s w e Lycians still, Caria s, i dicates, have

n n on to n n m e see , their prete si s be Xa thia s by legiti at I U T 25 T H E N E R E D M O N M E N .

’ s n . um uou om of C ad n on the o de ce t The s pt s t b ya da, ther

n w to n m of m m r of ha d , hich appears bear a es e be s the

n o f m of n mo a nd n Caria r yal a ily, is Lycia del, bears Lycia

n o fi i scripti ns . We shall nd that the mythology of the monument is not without a genuine Lycian aspect a nd a r0 riateness and n u t w we mm pp p , the i q iry o hich i ediately

o w n o u us t m f r n n pr ceed, ill i tr d ce o pheno ena a stra ger tha

fu on of n a nd n o u on ou of the si Caria Lycia p p lati s, th gh

h m nd s fa r nfi m + t e a o o o of it. sa e class, c r at ry

n n m of Ha r a us foun in o We have see that the a e p g , d b th

n a nd n t on of e n hu the Lycia Greek i scrip i s the st le at Xa t s,

u f m of n of u n s gg ests that the a ily the ge eral Cyr s, retai ed

m n n onn on ou a per a e t c ecti w ith the c ntry he red uced . Such

e n m on o f w e f u n in her ditary tra s issi s satrapies, er req e t the

n m a nd u os on in s a e Persia e pire ; the s pp iti thi c s , appears to ffo n on of monum n fo us a rd a ready expla ati the e t be re ,

a s a f m o a nd us m n m nu m n on . a ily tr phy, th de a ds i te exa i ati

A t o of on n o Har a us- the cl se the I ia rev lt, a p g called in Herod otus s n not deed , by , j: a Per ia , like the elder, a — M ede is fo und in Mysia at the head of some c onsiderable fo w w he efe Histiaeus on n of rce, ith hich d ats , ce tyra t

M u a nd him son . to ilet s, takes pri er He takes his captive

S a nd in m n w A rta hernes a ardis, there, agree e t ith p , satr p

’ e ow s scover es in c a F ll Di i Ly i . m s who er v r fl s rte a o . . 68 e ect so severe on th f A i i , (H d iii ) ly e cha racter of the c ans rians and Pam h lia ns has not n to Cili i , Cyp , p y , hi g say against the c ans a t ou h her mme ate ne ours . The e ta f Ly i , l h g i di ighb pi ph o Sarpe d on in ree a nt o o assoc ates ar a n w t c an n s , G k h l gy, i C i i h Ly i ki g .

- Ka peg m u A wuot Ba a there Ea p'lrnkova 8m

a fio e o oa a r or: e E t u m Wp x rc m sew r. i — 0 ib v . 28 1 L . 3 . 26 X A NT H I A N M A R B L E S : of on f om n on of o of fo m I ia, r apprehe si his rec very his r er in w u u him to omm n terest ith Dari s, p ts death . The c o

n to Ha r a us a nd Arta hernes i terest here ascribed p g p ,

u m of o on w w ou w arg es a si ilarity p siti , hich ld agree ith our hypothetical connection of Ha rpa gus w ith Caria a nd

a nd ma f u o on Lycia, y be arther ill strated by the rec llecti , that a recovery of influence by Histiaaus might have

ff o u n of fo m o of u a ected the cc pa ts his r er territ ry Milet s ,

o w w e n w as w n a rich sp il hich , as have see , divided bet ee a n n Persians d Caria s .

w as son of Arta hernes of m n m It the this p the sa e a e, w ho omm n on n f c a ded the expediti agai st Greece, de eated

on in on un on w —who on u at Marath , c j cti ith Datis , c ject re

’ n ma n son of f o u hi ts, y have bee his ather s c lleag e Har

u a nd m f n to . pag s, like hi sel , heir a pater al satrapy The

on a f om ou of no — expediti s iled r the s th Asia Mi r, Datis,

Ha r a us JE olians and on ns precisely like the elder p g , led I ia , — the conduct of the Greek w a r is constantly assigned to

of w n o of s a nd a is not the satraps the ester c ast A ia, D tis m n on in onn on w a n o fu e ti ed c ecti ith y ther . His respect l

n n for o a s of o o a nd t m s a nd te der ess Del s, seat Ap ll Ar e i ,

mon ou m on of u of o o to um his cere i s re issi the stat e Ap ll Deli , are usually referred to his identification of the di vinities w ith the sun a nd moon ; the hypothesis of his intimate connection with Lycia w ould lead us to ascribe it to regard for n o to w o of o o a nd the Lycia s, as dev ted the rship Ap ll ,

n a on of the os w w ei o w n ve er ti sacred Del , ith hich th r

n n t * lege ds con ected i .

s a or n to Suidas a m re the ree an ua e and en ea Dati , cc di g , d i d G k l g g , d voured t ou w t but n fferent success to ac u re it his fa ure at , h gh i h i di , q i ; il , TH I 27 E N E R E D M O N U M E N T .

B ut n u - on n of n n of co ject re apart, the c cer a desce da t

Ha r a us in the on of onum n w u p g erecti the Nereid M e t, o ld imply o n his part considerable Carian a nd Hellenic natural iza tion —a nd und a n n u on , er y co cl si s the historical charac

east enr c n it w t a na me for suc attem ts in the w or D a tism I n l , i hi g i h h p d . some res ects t erefore the e re i us ree e ta of the ns p , h , g g o G k pi ph i cribed ste e ce e rat n the son of Har a us m t be not unwort of him l , l b i g p g , igh hy ; and it is a t east odd t at the name a t s corres on s w t w h t f l , h D i p d i h a ew etters o f the name of the son of Har a us a re e e on the stone and l p g l gibl , w ou su t the m t ld i e re . ere owever w e are met the o ect on t at the forms of the tt r H , h , by bj i , h le e s do not a d mit of an earlier date for the i nscription than some fifty yea rs before Alexander; and thus trace appears of still a third Harpagus in c a resuma a escen ant of the first con ueror w ose fa m Ly i , p bly d d q , h ily w ou t us a ear to ave reta n th satra to a ate a e nd ld h pp h i ed e py l d t , a this last Ha r a us—or st more ro a his son who accor n to the inscri p g ill p b bly, , , di g p t on e cate t at ste e suc as c an never e cate s nce i , d di d h l , h Ly i d di d i sea v e uro e and As a and ecorate the a r an 1 race w t w or s f di id d E p i , d d C i ( ) i h k o ” the rea test eaut ecomes a c a mant to the t t e of foun er of the g b y, b l i i l d N t n s eid Monume t. But assuming tha t palaeography can Speak w ith confidence on the date of a ree r t on at Xant us I s ou fee nc ne to ou t w et r G k insc ip i h , h ld l i li d d b h he it on I t m s mo t amenta ot in sen is the original inscripti . li p s l bly b h se a nd metre and is cut on a fau t art of the stone w t excess ve ru en , , l y p , i h i d ess and care essness for w ic ort o r h suffers in a most ever n I t l , h h h g a p y l y li e . states t at the ste e w as erecte the Son of Har a us and edicat , h l d by p g , d ed as a ea t ess memor a of v ctor es a nd w ar et it is certa n fro m i d hl i l i i ; y i , ts ru ns t at it w as or na a tom of the same n and mo e as the i , h igi lly b ki d d l ar onument rom the exam es t at rema n t s a ears to av H py M . F pl h i , hi pp h e e n o ne of th most an ent forms of an tom s Th nt u t f b e e ci Lyci b . e a iq i y o t s monu ment is a lso nferre from the fferences etw n the a a ets hi i d , di b ee lph b of its severa c a n nscr t ons w c seem to m t at cons era e l Ly i i ip i , hi h i ply, h id bl nterva e a se etw een the a t on of eac and a a e a t on is er i l l p d b ddi i h ; l t ddi i , p more v n th n f h a s st e to a e ee ree a n c an . I one o t e h p , ill lik ly h b G k Ly i c an nscr t ons t at a re cut w t the reatest re u ar t and neatness Ly i i ip i , h i h g g l i y , occur the w or s Son Har a us and the t t e Sa tra t at is rea a so d , of p g ; i l p , h d l ’ o v m st b ve n the sa tra s tom . ese a re a ue e s the r e u e so p b Th g id a , iddl l d b th int r r of th n n a e y e e p eters e Lycia la gu g . 28 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

f teristics of Datis illustrate the possibility o such changes . Among the marbles the mixed G reek a nd Persepolitan — character of the Lion Tomb is a case in point a nd others

a t n are ha d .

mon m n no mo u n not mo The u e t is t re p rely Asia Greek, re

f u of fi n n per ectly destit te speci c Persia character, tha the

ns on n son of Ha r a us in n i cripti celebrati g the p g , the divi i

f to w o of o n town ties re erred , the t elve G ds the Ag ra, Athe e destroyer a nd Ze us (E phestios a nd the formulas of glo ri

fi ca tion o a nd a u of v n o , the athletic vict ry sl ghter se e h plites,

w n n n hich occ ur o Asia Greek inscriptio s .

n on if n an n n fo —fit That this i scripti , i deed a cie t rgery

u for n of Arri hon of — s bject the critical tale ts p Lycia, the

Boeckh of n u -is f of a nd a tiq ity a orgery very early date,

so oo n fo r fa m o a f om g d evide ce a iliar pr bability, ppears r the correspondence of its tenor w ith the sc ulptures o f the

m of h to b t e Satrap Pa yara .

H w e in n on a n o o ere have, as the i scripti , acr p lis cap

tured o o u h e a nd n by the her , h plites sla g ter d , that the aked

ou o w o i n a n y th , ver h se head the elder ra ses his ha d , is

c m on f om oil o a nd athletic ha pi , appears r the b ttle strigil

e fo mu n t of fi u e in om h ld by the r lar a ti ype the g r , the t b at

— a to ou o m nf Myra, th t he is a vic ri s athlete pr clai ed, I i er from the type of such proclamations given in the life o f

ro u to w om Ma rina s G od ZE scula iu s P cl s, h , says , the p in m a nd n n him w out appeared a drea , sta di g by ith

' ' A 38 fiatova a for?7 5 un aid. t a c fia t 7 5 Werrom ftr 7 05 f st at v p y yp p p p p x ,

- ' ‘ ' 0683 fra fi'ra 377 m Otk é wvo sli s 1 6 Ev aivtxa flev l tw vsb 7 357 iv A ir wk t p p c p , ” l p c qt, ' ' ' ‘ ' 7 31. i t éc ii ai wA wuwvr oi aine r s 514 0 Ma o . 6m3 i t s ev tiv 3 Mi r t W n p p c g , q y r c E p , ( c y ’ rider and 333 m i 7 4 3 7 4 i a a t . I a us. . 3 7 3 . , w p ii , I T H E N E R E D M O N U M E N T . 29

e a rm w i h fo m a nd u of o who str tched , t the set r gest re th se

a the n om of on in m spe k e c ia pers s the theatre, exclai ed , ” m n f oc u o n o t . Pr l s, the r a e t the s ate m f in n w ow The satrap hi sel sits Persia state, ith c l, dag

a nd n n n of n monu ger, atte da t, precise tra scripts Persia m n on n o u to him in m fo m e ts . The pers s i tr d ced , the sa e r as the leaders of the various nations of the grand staircase of e o ma n of inscri P rsep lis, y perhaps be the pri ces the p

on or not w ho owe o n to f or ti , relatives , s vereig ty his gi t s ufferance . The last formula of laudation seems to be most like nu n n f om m n w a nd ge i e Persia , r its agree e t ith the practice

o n m m of e n mon n u pr bably the disti ct axi P rsia archs, si g la rl on a w u u ou of o m y c tr sted ith the s al jeal sies desp tis s, to gov ern provinces by conferring the almost independent

n of m on ne s n om sovereig ty the their are t relatio s . C pare the administra tions of the brothers a nd sons- ia - la w of

u oun u 8t c . Dari s , y ger Cyr s, I a m no t aw are of a better restoration of the concluding

n of n on n w h w o u n son li e the i scripti , tha that hic ld bri g the of Ha r a us n o onn on w n or p g i t c ecti ith the Caria race, the * o f . For u w of n u om race Car a pec liar vie Persia c st s, w hich presents them in an aspect that harmonizes more

’ precisely w ith G reek a nd Lycian than that furnished by

o o u see o . Her d t s, Strab xv The palpable adoption by Persian dignitaries of Carian if not n m nn so m a in o n w Lycia a ers, re ark bly acc rda ce ith the spi ri t of the old legends of Greek a nd Barbarian inter

ou m a to um c rse, y perhaps partly be ascribed the circ

— ‘ Ka ~ l z b pmov q St t 0 . 3 0 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : stances which w e shall see to be implied by the name of

a nd n to fin m n and a t beyo d these, the re e e t tra ctiveness of the civilization of the conquered countries

n on v o -a f u n nom non in the reacti g the ict rs, req e t phe e history of the Arsa cid aa a nd other Asian dynasties ; to the obvious political interest of conciliation which we have conjectured to have operated on Datis ; to the prevalence a t a n ea rlier of n m n in a nd a a date Orie tal ele e ts Lycia C ri , a nd mos of to on nu n u n un r perhaps t all, the c ti ed i fl e ce de

n u of old n f m w o s a Persia r le, the pri cely a ilies hich b a ted

n a nd n u n the Achmmenid s m v s dig ity a tiq ity rivali g the sel e .

Of ou n of u f m i in ou a t the fl rishi g s ch a il es Lycia, th gh

o fa r n we now f to w e v to a peri d earlier tha re er , shall ha e

a f I n a nd n is spe k herea ter. Cilici a Caria their existe ce

ov u n n me of S ennesis disc ered by the still rec rri g a s y , Arte

m Ma usolus &c . in mo no isia, , , al st every tice that is pre

v f oun on n on of e ser ed o the c tries . The l g disti cti thes f m w n o to o of a nd a ilies, as ell as their a al gy th se Greece

of w h ou n mo nt m a t Lycia, hic acc ts are re detailed , i i ates th they had the advantage of a religious p restige attaching to

of o o n if not n a nd me their race as her ic rigi divi e, the sa conclusion is favoured as w ell by the composition of thei r n m in of n u om o f a es, as the case Caria by the stra ge c st f n m u in s u s rater al arriages , ill strated this a pect by the sage a nd n on of he o f m of a nd o f prete si s t r yal a ily Persia, later

m u ca ae s of t ho o . He t u u w s the Pt le ies (Th s , Mile s, appear in of o n u n m n on to the exercise p litical i fl e ce, ade prete si s the Egyptian priests of descent from a G od . )

1 ’ e en x—Har a us the M de Vid App di p g a .

' r 1 4 . 1 He od . ii . 3

3 2 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

i "I h m n of C al nda . a n v styled by , Ki g y Th t they are a ti e

n e n m m s u o f pri ces app ars by their a es, Arte i ia, da ghter

L da mis Histiaeus son of T mnes son of Se l yg ; , y ; Pigres,

omo S ennesis son of Oromedon Da ma sithumos so n d s y , ; ,

of C a nd aules a nd n C berniscus 2 w os , the Lycia y Sika ( ) h e

v name how e er presents some diffi c ulties . The occurrence of the Phrygian name Ca nd a ules a s

f of Dama sithumos to n a n m ather a , appears prese t exa ple

of the n e m of h n ou of w c h i t r arriages t ese pri cely h ses, hi

n n n in Pix oda rus of n s son- in- la w i sta ces are see the Cy dy ,

of n S ennesis n mo of em s a Cilicia , y ; 1 the Creta ther Art i ia ;

a o n w f A hneis of Pix oda rus the Capp d cia i e, p , the later , j:

m f sus a nd perhaps the Carian other o Crtn .

m a of u of Pix oda rus The arri ge the da ghter this , has

ou to our no m e n n e to already br ght tice a ix d Persia allia c ,

w m a n n of o n o s hich y be added the i sta ces the Rh dia br ther ,

M n o a nd emnon on -in- la w of Artaba nu s e t r M , s s the satrap . §

e Da tames son of Ca missa res w a s (The c lebrated satrap , ,

- - n a nd son in la w of Mithrobarza nes. Caria , “ )

ons r on u to o C ide ati s like these, lead p the pr bability that

f m of Har a us in ma v con the a ily p g , settled Lycia, y ha e useted themselves w ith native o r Carian pri nces ; a nd th us

u o n for o of the Nereid onum n s pp rt is gai ed the the ry , M e t,

w n in nflu n e of h f m to hich discer s the i e c t at a ily, the key

the n of the a on of n s o is appeara ce celebr ti their a ce t r, that

h a e s combined w ith its Carian c ar ct ri tics .

M us l s ut m f Au u l x 1 8 . a o u e u t ut om are s G e lius . a . u u C p l , i , M T lli s a it rex terrae C a riae ut u dam G raeca rum stor a ra m Scri tores ro , ; q i hi i p , p ” v n ae raef u Sa tra en G raeci vocant . i ciae G raeci p ect s. p Art an 1 Herod . 1 i . n N ian C o r . e os . A rr . p T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . 3 3

The monuments of Xanth us afford some proofs of the

n o f on u o e or a n not on allia ce the c q er rs, M de Persi , ly

w n w n fo m of om of ith Caria s b ut ith Lycia s . The r the t b

m o o and n on n a nd the satrap, its yth l gy i scripti s, are Lycia , at one end are two warriors sc ulptured apparently in

onou u who o n n h rable g ise, are rec g izable as Lycia s by their ‘ o w n o u of n n a nec fl i g l cks, the s bject a very stra ge Lycia dote in the Aristotelian (E conomica a nd the terms o f

' the Greek inscription are to the same eflec t the son o f Harp a gus competes with Lycians in manly exercises a nd

public erections .

u it w u if m n of n a nd Th s o ld appear, as the settle e t Persia s

in the d n u to fu on their allies evastated Xa th s, had led a si

wi h n a a nd ommun of m of t the ative r ce, a c ity sy pathy

w onum n m n u on hich the Nereid M e t is the har o io s expressi . Th us w e should have a glimpse of the process by w hich

Ped asa in a on offe m ne n , C ria, that al e red deter i d resista ce

Ha r a us m f w r s in on n revolt to p g , beca e a ter a d , the I ia , j: the ’ Persians best-deserving Carian ally ; a nd in this ma nner arri ve at some explanation o f the c ombination in the same monum n of n n a nd n n a nd e t Caria , Lycia , Persia i terests f a . e u t o f u on no cha r cteristics The r s l this si , appears by

H ence the propriety of the Horatian

ui Xan o v s ne crin s Phoebe q th la i am e .

‘ ond alus H arch of Ma usolus o servin t at the an t 1 C , yp , b g h Lyci s ook r in w ear n t e r a r flow n set fort t a t etters had rr v f p ide i g h i h i i g, h h l a i ed rom the great King for a supply of hai r ; (Strabo mentions ha ir among the — exa mples of tribute paid in kind to Persia) a nd that he had instructions f t s ea r t em B al ow n rom M ausolus o h h . y l i g them to redeem this most o n x us oll- tax a a ment he rea z a r b o io p by p y li ed conside a ble sum . rod 1 He . 3 4 X A N T H I A N MA R B L E S :

m n to n om n n of n m nner ea s have bee a pred i a ce Persia a s , or even infl uence ; it seems to be a native prince who lea d s

of the n in m m n of fe w ships Lycia s the ar a e t Xerxes, a years before the conjectured foundation of the edifi c e ; a nd they appea r not to have contributed to the cavalry o f

d on a rm un omm n of th e the expe iti , the that is der the c a d

son of Arma mithres a nd Tithaeus. u n no w s Datis, Q itti g ,

t of fi a nd w w n to n a t the de ails the edi ce, ithdra i g a dista ce w hich its parts ma y be regarded in their relative propo r

' on and n eflect a nd on of the w o e ti s, the ge eral expressi h l fa a n a m m w f n the irly b la ced, I i pressed ith the eeli g that

S i a nd n n on of w o e o n a n pir t i te ti the h l are pr perly Xa thi , a nd r n m n o f n who w e i b eathe the se ti e t citize s , hatever th r

n oo in o m of d real a cestry , t k pride the her is their pre e

ess rs a nd wou w n be m to n eir c o , ld illi gly dee ed represe t th

ra ce . I n the larger a nd most conspic uous frieze of the ba se

m n ou of n o m n n ed e t, the val r the Lycia s is pr i e tly exhibit , a nd w hatever indication ma y be give n of the fi nal decisio n

of the on i n n w w w a s on e d c fl ct, the galla t ess ith hich it c test

fo na ou . o m n w h o is rcibly, y , pr dly displayed The h rse a

w u o f n foe w me careers ith s ch spirit ver a alle , ears as a hel t

’ n of on the fa o u m o on l the ski a li s head , v rite sy b l the ear y

a n d m m n v n o n a n a u e . Lyci c i s, y th s be arked as a ati e pri c That the catastrophe of Xanth us should be displayed

w t u fo on sm fr b ut n s s i h eq al rce the aller ieze, is the a tithe i

w d ue f ca n lon a nd mus n ssa b e by hich relie a e, t ece rily , given to the beneficent influence of the restoring God s ;

m nowl m n a nd on of w is the e phatic ack edg e t celebrati hich , l the dominant idea of the artistic a nd religious w ho e .

see r for in the r ter s of the mon um n I , the e e, cha ac i tics e t, T T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N . 5

nd on m of on n u w a s i icati s that, at the ti e its erecti , Xa th s

flo u s n a nd n n en of n n a nd ri hi g, i depe d t Persia , Caria , Greek ,

a n d t n o r e om na n c a ou o hat its pri ces pr d i t l ss , th gh pr bably

l w or f om n n o u a lied ith , derived r , Caria s i tr d ced by Har

a u a nd o s nd n of Ha r a us m f p g s, p ssibly the de ce a ts p g hi sel ,

ha d t om in mo m o n a n s ill bec e, all st i p rta t respects, Lyci ; na turalized by those influences of w hich the Lycian tomb

of fu n s us one u on a nd the satrap has r i hed ill strati , the

om n on of n o f n n H eric represe tati the allia ce Lycia pri ces, of n w h o r n w A a mem Greek desce t, it Hect r, ather tha ith g

no n ma u no . , y s pply a ther

om m s ons on r n u Fr pre i ed c iderati s, I have al eady co cl ded, that this time w a s the period ensuing on the battle o f the

E u m on and the o n n ry ed , pr bability is e ha ced b m fu n u of of y a gli pse r ished by Th cydides, the state Lycia ‘ a t f e nn n a r the early part o the P lopo esia w . The opera

on of mon m - or no — ti s Ci , it see s clear, treaty treaty, de

f om n n u n m livered Lycia r direct Persia i fl e ce, by aking Phaselis for a long time the western limit of the pow er of the Great King ; yet Lycia does not appear among the tributary allies under the hegemony of Athens ; and its d istinct independence of Caria appears from its successful

n to n n Melesa nder who resista ce the Athe ia , had the assist - a n ce of Carian allies r in a disastrous attempt to lay it

n ut n under co trib io .

huc d n . 6 I d . 11 9 . T y . 9 . 1 . T S E C I O N I I I .

n of m o o of om ? HAT, the , the yth l gy the T b Apart

f om nfo m on of o u n t o f r the i r ati Pr cl s, the divi i ies the pediment might have challenged the titles of Ze us a nd

r of w om a m ou ma n on He e, h very si ilar gr p y be see the frieze of the Parthenon ; their Kourotrophic character m ow mo o to u ight, h ever, have appeared re appr priate Ze s

a nd e on who in e n a nd n on Hades P rseph e, l ge ds represe tati s of a n m as u a nd in archaic type, appear erely Ze s Here,

- of u of un er w o . u on nu the character r lers the d rld Th s, merous n e n w e vases, Hades is represe t d eve ith the eagl sceptre of Zeus ; a nd the same representation gives us Persephone with the supposed characteristic veil a nd ges

u of a nd mo u - o wn or - of t re Here , the di s like cr head dress

om h n our sculpture . H er associates Persep o e w ith Zeus

u n o u a nd s n to am on o S bterra e s, as ig s the pair the s e c tr l o f the pow ers of reprod uction that the groups before us

so n m o . us n in o a nd evide tly sy b lize Th , eve p etry plastic

is not w n u f om on art, Here al ays disti g ishable r Perseph e, nor Zeus from Hades ; a nd the experience ma y w arn us to

u o u in nf n too os l w n m the be ca ti s i erri g p itive y , by hat a e

u m n ma n r ed a t h - s pre e divi ities y have bee add ess Xant us . r

’ ' Z ed fl m r a flévw sta t M umi Hl a r dm a . I I ix 4 5 6 . ; x g p p . . “ C o m a re the assoc te v ni t s of ha in A — a e Ac raca s a A a m er : 1 p i d di i i i x p , 3 ' - - s o Hu m am our 3 07 sta t a k a c m atfl m a n n e Hk ow w o r t :uu H a tra bo , x c c, w v c p ¢. S x iv . 960 . 3 7 T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T .

For fa r m u oc n a l re re , ore eq iv al tha gr phic or poetica p scu on w n of r m a nd o tati s, ere the lege ds eve y te ple l cality, sometimes holding fast by the early and simple idea which poetry a nd ima gination had long developed and divided

n o who f m of v n om m c m i t a le a ily di i ities, s eti es eagerly o bining the attributes a nd adventures of the latest mytho l o m ogical changes . Hades is n t ore indistinguishable from u in n ta n u uo n ae u Ze s, the i s ces j st q ted , tha is Heph st s

in n n . I n num ou o n a n Lesbia lege ds er s ther lege ds, Here d Persephone are convertible ; the Here wounded by Hera

w n be u do of ob vi he dragged p to light the g hell, is

ousl on o n to mo n fo m y a Perseph e, acc rdi g the re prevale t r

of m u - w or a nd o ou the yth s, hether earlier later ; as bvi sly “ nu of o on to w om w J o ' m the Ve s D d a, h , ith ve ,1 a te ple

was on r n n m there c sec ated by the a cie ts, has every clai fi n but a d n on to of . that rst best, ative traditi , the title Here

o u m lf w o v w n Pr cl s hi se , it ill be bser ed , hile styli g this

v fi u n n o and m n o ery g re Ura ia Aphr dite, Oly pia G ddess,

a o ou - o e ddresses the G ddess as K r aphr dite, a title p rhaps,

u n to o - o nu - o eq ivale t here Aphr dite K re, that is , Ve s Pr ser

n o on one n t of u of pi a . This abs rpti by divi i y the attrib tes

ano mo on — a nd n um on of ther st c trasted, eve the ass pti

n m a nd n u not u to n n . its a e adve t res, are pec liar this i sta ce

n m us o n oon w e The pri ciple eets at every p i t, as s as step

out of on of o a nd mo u o art the regi p etry st p rely p etical , f n nto t o o a d o u om a nd on . i hat hist ry l cal c st traditi Here,

nno too of n a nd too n on it ca t be te strictly i sisted , that the

a m fu to n f n on a nd n tte pt is tile , ide ti y represe tati s divi ities

“ a v . 3 92 . erv us [ E e . 4 6 Ili d , r S i , n id iii 6. 3 8 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

simply by the correspondence of their symbols w ith those i m s n om or . os a n a s g ed by H er, Virgil , Ovid The t fl tteri g

f l o The success w ill be but most grossly a laci us . poetic Theogony w a s constructed w ith prevailing reference to

u u or o ff — l ou for the mo pict resq e p etical e ect , the re igi s, st

f om on n o to o w as part, derived r traditi s a teri r the p ets,

mo fi in o n to the w of e ou n m n di ed bedie ce la s the r ligi s se ti e t, that constantly blended the attributes that poetry kept

n u n n most studiously asu der . M ut al reactio s o doubt

w but o a nd o a t m do not there ere, still the p etic l c l sys e s

nfo m a n m n one o m w n t o o o . c r , y re tha l cal syste ith a her

u fo o of That a stat e, there re, like the seated G ddess the

a om w m m n o to H rpy T b, appears ith e ble s assig ed by p etry

nu o not u o ue Ve s, d es precl de the p ssibility that its tr

n on o n o n to r desig ati is Pr serpi e, a p i t be settled by pa allel

n n and n a n to the a nd u o o f i sta ces, by pe etr ti g spirit p rp se

on w o of us n the dedicati as a h le . Every page Pa a ias bea rs testimony to these principles .

So o of onum n on the g ddess the Nereid M e t, c sidered a on m n e of Perse honeia o l e, ight challe g the title p (Pr ser

n b ut ue on o n w h u pi e) ; the q sti is still pe , ether the attrib te s a nd m o of Perse honeia not in t n n sy b ls p are his i sta ce,

' other a nalo ies n to — o a n o e g atte ded , appr priated by Aphr dit

n n om fo t om n (Venus) . Parallel i sta ces are pr ptly r hc i g .

off n for w m to A o At Delphi, eri gs the dead ere ade phr dite “ E it mbia fi o w a s w o w the p y At Arg s, she rshipped ith title The death - goddess Libitina at Rome is

n A o one n o u e titled phr dite I si gle g ddess, says Pl tarch , § ” nd presiding over births a deaths .

' H r n R . m ex o s. alica . om 23 . t e . . Plu . 1 Cl Al 1 Di y

40 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

“ otion) wo w m m d dev The Bacchic rship, it ill be re e bere ,

re n s r n o ou Of u on on t d p se t a ve y a al g s cycle s ch str gly c tras e , yet intimately related developments of the religio us spirit ; a modern ill ustration may be found in the relation Of the t f n Anabaptists a nd others o the Re ormatio . It was to those purer sources that Proclus a nd his sch ool delighted to refer ; a nd the wh ole spirit Of the monument of n u us to m for u on Xa th s, directs the sa e, the ill strati

n fi n f m a nd f m m Of the sig i ca ce O its odest grace ul sy bolis .

om o n Of w A o t n to us a s Fr this p i t vie , phr di e is prese ted “ u of n en . . m the Nat re every thi g S sible, i e the pri itive

Compa re the terms and spirit of the second hvmn Proclus A ro ph dite. A fine fragment Of Sophocles shadow s forth this idea

' 9 . wa s? r m Ka t w Ktm u a m “ fi n : p : ( ,

n a wm u o a n ? a : m u m ov /4 m m t p c, " " a A ram 3 on e ut t m (a t dm, ” ; B ,

' n 3 W e d . a c ta m f t -s e I ” ! “ me, p p c ’ ’ “ a r s rn or o a ra m 7 0 m u p e, m p c

‘ id a to a i e a ov. m ad a m , r ux r, c B r y

- am u s e : ya p M UM M 30 03 ; m

1 7 au ; w 81 r u 9500 o e. 40x 1, 1 ; x e e Hp

t e ain r m tw rpxw a t p er x vm tr e y a ,

’ M m 83 7 xspa' w fl r pa m k st m

' f - my ; $27 otmow t Taunt in g irs spay,

cv e a' tv sr m ta' tr tr 90 a m np , Bp , m , " av amn i otic er e pi c meadow 9rm ;

s ot 93 93 8! s ea men M ers t p mg, mg y ,

A s a : an o e a n y a m w m m p w r M c,

- n a rea 0 2351900 wa n a. r ot W re ;

' 7 r o x4 : 93 m ovn v a ra . Kuvrptc a. En n B p

Compare with this the fragment Of E uripides

‘ o ti 30' Tm Appoatm ur. pa c s Geog ; - iiv any a v m m; on?! ju st pan t“ a v T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . 4 1

Substa nce ; the same that the oracles (m M y ra ) call Asteria and

Hephaestus is genera tive fi re ; the Zoogonic heat of ” h n ~ t e su . 1

Proclus Theolo oi o a n od te i says, the g , ass ci ti g Aphr i ” w h He h estus u fo n it p e , say that th s he rges the U iverse

a M eue a (x rv TO w r) . “ ' The muthzcoi sometimes unite Aphrodite to Heph aestus

to ri a nd om m to as the Terrest al Fire, s eti es Ares, the for n w ns Aerial ; by these, as has bee said, hatever is se ible is

’ m 34 h a 3 : m ew u o m tpxrr t . - r u t t a s u ! its : are a as av a m p p p n ; Sp e,

M 0 a r txp nptov p m 7 9 p om m ps,

e spyw 81 To To r v 9500 .

‘ ( . u n o w eti 37 a n ov m Bov pg j p y , Ep m pmv a vxju qv vow ing tri m ; 3 x3?

- k ouu m app. a sp va;t ovpa voc W np j c

o d a m A oi n t 5170 p ov an ?” an; y ? pp ) : ,

- a vptp txen'rov st; r a m or " - 7 0 07 000 111 irpu r wa r m { a m papay a Zip s

' 3O3 V Bport tov (p 7 5 s e t ysvoc.

These passages harmonize w ith the doctrines Of the Orphic physico o ca sc ool Of the nf uence Of w c at At ens the o tus of the logi l h , i l hi h h Hipp ly w t s —d ctrines of w c no ex ress on ma surv ve E uripi des bears i nes o , hi h p i y i — earlier than E uripides but Of w hich the altered traces a re visibly disco

r not er fra ment Of o oc es exten s the ustrat on. verable in Home . A h g S ph l d ill i

'm Epwc y a p av p orous em pxt r " a a a a l k d sa t 95m a rm ov aw m m s,

' m ov s tr a t . 44 0766 4 xa paw a et u m w px ’ " 98 t m a a m tpyetv cud o wa ynpa mc 0 m , ' t Z tuc a n t vm utst sta t 93 7mm eyx h trem .

I d . ih . iv 54 . oh L dus de Menss n . 1 0 . . J . y , 1

J Oh L d ih . n. 7 . us ii . 1 01 . . . I Timae , y 42 X A N TH I A N M A R B L E S :

ha sicoi o om m to s The p attach Aphr dite s eti es Are ,

om m to He hw stus um n to the s eti es p , as the h id pri ciple

fier — n m n n on o f om w m y , i ti ati g that ge erati pr ceeds r ar th a nd moisture Even in the Iliad Hephaestus appears as

e G od a nd on to m a in a Fir ,+ his relati arri ge this character is found as distinctly intimated as that Of Aphrodite

ou u n o - in m of mor Th , V lca , art t rch bearer the arriages ” t ls wo of ae u u n in a a . jt The rship Heph st s (V lca ) Lycia p pears to have been connected w ith the natural flame that — u f om moun n n oun mae . iss ed r a tai ear Phaselis, M t Chi ra n It is there a Hephaestium is fou d . §

m ou fo h o n to o u The ystic sp sals, there re , t at acc rdi g Pr cl s

our monum n n w n ae u fi a nd e t represe ts, bet ee Heph st s ery,

n n o n u n fi n n o ou Ura ia Aphr dite, have a at ral sig i ca ce, a al g s to that Of the Argive legend of the marriage of Zeus a nd — m ou Theo a mia of a nd . Here, the ysteri s g earth air l] The gesture Of the Aphrodite Of our monument of raising

the so ommon in ul u e s m veil, c Greek sc pt r , has here a y bolical import that ma y be ill ustrated from Miiller (Prole

n gome a) . “ ’ Of we fi nd f om u o on ofoun The city Thebes, r E ph ri s pr d

l n s was s n u to o on ege dary re earches, pre e ted by Ze s K re,

— I l x x i . 3 3 3 1 se . ih. iv . 27 . . 7 Id . 1 q ‘ ' ' ' i a n da aw u r et- or orm . E uri . roa . 3 4 6 . I q , xm f tr y p e Bp p T d

o n. Ctes. Plrn st. N at. . 1 1 0 v . 28 Sen . E st. 7 9 3 9 . Hi ii , pi ; S li ;

Min . I nd x Sc l eo . . 3 9 . . ; y . G g. i p .

om are F rocI . in Tim . v . . 293 2 1 . Tm tw fl v sta t a Mm r aw [1 C p p , v ’ - — - ' oc a o susr u fi no w M s p m a ha tpt rov sw am t F AMON or army“ a p y p v a. O

' ' ' n n rHN a NTMOHN a ou n t a s . n en rrz rou F A MON m 0 atom . r y p m m W ,

d . a o r A See a so on s. a lo. v . . 2 3 5 e tram s W e arpoc r ow wp v r at . . . l Di y H l p ,

Reiske. M E 43 T H E N E RE I D O N U M N T .

w n fi in f ou Of m the day he she rst, av r her bridegroo , raised ‘ f o m oun n n . Acra a s in r her c te a ce the bridal veil g Sicily, is also called a similar gift on a similar occasionsl' The myth us w a s connected with the festival of the sacred ma r

ria e of w a nak alu teria ou e fo m g , I hich the p d btl ss r ed a part. § ” w as an un men f All Sicily called veil t gi t . [l I infer that the unveilment is one Of the symbols on o ur monum n Of m Of to w o us e t the arriage Aphrodite, hich Pr cl alludes .

o a in m n . 4 w n n a one H r ce, a Car e (i ) hich co tai s at le st o n n of o n fu n an u ther disti ct hi t a Greek rigi al, r ishes ill s tration of the natural symbolism of the Theogamy of He

hae u and o n to n n w p st s Aphr dite, by ascribi g spri g the re e al,

w Of n of nu and e of as ell the da ces Ve s the Grac s, as the labours Of the frowsy forge of her h usband and his assis

n An um n of m n ta t Cyclops . ad bratio the sa e co trast that is n u e on our m n appare t here, I s spect is r flected pedi e t ; the half of it w hich pertains to Hephaestus is dusky- veined ’ fe m on w w f of tid li est e, hile his i e s share, like all the rest m ul tu i n . the sc p res, is Par a arble

u d ff n e in u o on — v a nd S ch a i ere c , s ch a p siti , the ery title — frontispiece of the wh ole dedication cannot b ut be de

s n mu m n n . m n n n ig ed, st have a ea i g A sy bolical i te tio seems not unfrequently to have been regarded by the

n nt in o ou Of on l for u of a cie s, the c l r st es se ected the stat es

n u n r o particular divi ities . Pa sa ias Observes? that iver g ds

— oen m r e ne e fr 48 . 1 44 c E uri . . 668 co a e a . . S hol . p Ph , p M i k , g , p n 1 1 o ux 3 A nt o . e c . 0 . 6 o eo a m . 7 . nci S h l Pi d . ii . I y p , P ll , i

m . vi 1 t r c o . O 60 . La e S h l ly .

m o n N em . . 1 6 rc i . 8 c . . . Pluta h , T ol ; S h l Pi d i

11 Area d . 24 , 6 . 44 XA N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

w n u ure Of w m n ere ge erally sc lpt d hite arble, the Nile alo e

of a in u on E o n o n a nd os bl ck, all si to his thi pia rigi ; Phil tra tus gives the same reason for the black stone of statu es

f mn n O a s u e f e w a s o o . u s o Me Th s iris, j dg the d ad , painted by the Egyptia ns Of da rk The symbolica l employment of colours by the great Ita lia n painters has

f n n m w l d n in s O te bee re arked , as e l as their a here ce thi n f n n On respect to traditio s o Byzanti e origi . these notions

f n n v w n in o the a cie ts w e ha e a it ess Porphyry .

The n of f on Of a nd mov n Deity, bei g the ashi light, i g

in u Of m a nd n m t a circ it etherial fla e, bei g i perceptible o

n oun own to ff s Of mo r f the se ses, b d d the a air this tal li e, hath ind uced the apprehension of his light to the h uma n

n on ou lum no u m u a s t l apprehe si , thr gh i s atter s ch crys a ,

m a nd or . ou the m um of o he arble, iv y Thr gh edi g ld, hath

n o n on of fi n u and u give the rec g iti his ery at re his p rity, n n o n si ce gold is pure . Ma y als have i dicated the insc ru ta ble essence Of the Deity by black marble ; others have

fi o un form of men u the typi ed the g ds der the , beca se

e on in s n a nd u fu u D ity is rati al e se ce, as bea ti l, beca se perfect beauty is theirs ; also under divers appearances

a nd a a nd in u o on on on ges, vario s p siti s, as seated a thr e

or n n u in o in fo m of ou t as sta di g p, as clad r bes, the r a y h or of a v irgin ; all of which representati ons are symbols Of the vari ety of attributes a nd conditions Of existence be

n n th n n m i w a n lo gi g to e Divi ity . Eve the arr ed state s co

id r t f u i n s e ed ypical O the Deity . Th s they ass g ed every ” n f w o ou to n o 8tc . t o 8Lc . hi g a hite c l r the heave ly g ds, , 1 The child to the left Of the Aphrodite of the pediment is

E . m ex . Protre . Por h . a u nsch Prae . E van . Cle . Al p p y p d p g T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . 45 a n bo — o o — o w ho in n n ppare tly a y p ssibly Er s, L ve, a cie t h mn e to n w a s son Of y s, ascrib d the Lycia called

Eileithuia ow to w om our Kourotro hic o , a p er h p G ddess h r n n m a s fa more resembla ce tha to the Ho eric Aphrodite .

The M utbicoi a nd Theolo oi w os on uo d g , h e traditi s are q te b o u a nd o to f to y Pr cl s P rphyry, are be re erred the Orphic sc oo w os n u n wa s ommon to no a nd h l, h e i fl e ce c Asia Mi r

T e —a nd m to n f om the o on Of hrac , it see s have bee r perati s m f om n u n u n m Of y pathy derived r this i fl e ce, d ri g so e the e o on Of u o a nd r on arly c llisi s E r pe Asia, that the t aditi

h son of G ordia s n n o h t at Midas, , i itiated i t Orp ic r fi w on n d ites , lled Lydia ith religi s that as lo g as he live , stood him in better stead than arma i

mo m n n w n o e The ve e t they represe t, he ces ever deriv d , w in o n n n n or u o honou hether rigi I dia , Egyptia , a t cht s, appears to have proceeded on the idea of rationalizing the na ive or r o m o m Of m o or , pe haps gr ss sy b lis , a si pler pe ple s a t of o and mo n in ton or mo t e s ciety, ralizi g it a higher e re

m s on o or m inter re i pres ive expressi s, by alleg rical ystic p

tations.

Sad o w as m mon s m n s w n hav c ade a g the e ystic lege d , he a oo Of o o w ho m m l w a n sch l p ets ar se, regarded the si p y ith e e to e m a for u u y their capabiliti s as ateri ls the pict resq e, and were only too eager

' A rnob . 2 3 . Pans. 1 ,

E v nce w c ma be re u re some of the ex stence of t ese I ide , hi h y q i d by , i h sc oo s as w e as of t e r character ma be foun in t s assa e Of Plu h l , ll h i , y d hi p g tarc a ud E useb h , p . ’ - - 0 1 ar a. a e a El a : sta t Ba at oc M o v va mo "perv ow n mal i Ov tak r“ ; sta t W p n pB p c, y c a O : t u Av evo vflot 7 4 m m . a m s a r wv sta t vvrovotwv emx v m sta t s ur re t m p p g p c, yp p q c, ( p

- whr es 81 co r t O t o m ed t sta t r ot A t vvr'rta xoc sta t g v y ta. m» m sr o ; pdm w ; y c

° v p y totc keying. 46 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

For poets ever w ere a gentle kind to employ what remaining respect for their original mean in un to m to n u n of g still cl g the , heighte the piq a cy a lo ve n adve ture.

on Of mo o u un u u ou a d va n The gay s g De d c s, takes scr p l s tage Of the equivocation Of the legend, as to the marriage Of Aphrodite with Hephaestus or Ares the traces a re also

in the net Of ou od of o n yet visible, the traged g , the rigi al

o mo on n fi n Of m o — om n n c s g ical sig i ca ce the sy b l, the c bi i g

n Of m n m ou on o u e ergies the ele e ts. A like ischiev s c sci s f ’ ness pervades the scene O Here s deception of Ze us on Ida.

u oo m Of m o m a nd the cos S ch l se gli pses sy b lis , as these m n Of Of ou ical desig the shield : Achilles, have at vari s

m w n u n the f w o ti es led its astray, by i d ci g belie that the h le

w u a o to n Epics ere reg l r alleg ries , yet be i terpreted by

u the o o u o sa w in fo s re st dy, as early ge l gical spec lat rs s il m n not the f m n Of of n s ai s, altered rag e ts a past state thi g , b m n f fu u ut the rudi e ts o a t re .

m n of I i ieroi lo oi in om o m The treat e t these g the H eric p e s,

n n om o a nd evi ces that they had the bec e, at least l cally

o o oof Of mo n u t partially, bs lete, a pr their re te a tiq ity tha

w not n so en in m Of o u they ere e tirely ev the ti e Pr cl s, is

f f n m n m a proo o their deep hold o the h u a ind . It w s by

u n to o n m o o a nd rec rri g their rigi al i p rt, still partly perative

o oc u a nd o u partly rec verable, that a Pr l s a P rphyry str g

e to u Of the n n the gl d reb t the charges Christia s, agai st profane a nd indecent stories of the Pagan Olympu

o w of ae u l n do Bel the seat Heph st s is a s eepi g g, the

on of w in ns n n u relati hich this i ta ce , as tra q illized by the

n n n G od ma l n f n to be ig a t Fire , y be exp ai ed by a re ere ce

48 X A NT H I A N M A R B L E S :

The of and r fi Of o m title the cave, the sac i ce d gs, i ply a transference to Aphrodite of the attributes of Hecate

who a Zer nthian av m e m ( has y c e at Sa othrac ) , that ight w e a e in Of w h c u m w e t ell tak pl c Lycia, hic the sto s, are old ,

w n . I n o e n the ere partly Caria Caria, cl s at ha d, traces of the w orship Of Hecate are abundant ; and the tomb of Cad and a d f n f t Of y , alrea y re erred to, prese ts a eas Hecate, a n to on Of u n in w o s a re ccordi g the descripti L cia , hich d g o r u appr p iately introd ced .

W h to s Of on n fi a n it respect the pair li s, their sig i c ce h re ma be c n re as n u r a e y o side d specially, havi g pec lia p

ro riateness ma of aes u a nd ro p p to the agal Heph t s Aph dite, or as n o w f n to w e ge erally ass ciated ith Greek a es, hat ver om h n gods . Fr t eir positio they appear as guards Of the sa n u —of two or of c l ct ary, the porticos portals the e la the resemblance Of the position Of the heads low ered between ’ f w on d and w t u the ore pa s, to the li s hea s pa s tha protr de f m of o or n om ro the sides the c ved arched Lycia t bs, led me to a n m on u to a th now ssig the c ject rally, the pl ce ey

u m w n the mo o o of s o occ py, at a ti e he st pr bable the ry re t

n w u h f no o m f r t m m n ratio o ld ave le t r o o he . This agree e t

— This tomb bears the na mes Of Heca tomnus and Suskos both per

tain n to the ro a fam Of ar a . Boeckh I nscri . ar a . The os t on i g y l ily C i ( , p C i ) p i i Of the first near a out fu fi ure and the com os t on of the rou s are , y h l g , p i i g p ,

l ustrate a assa e of ueton us v . 3 2 au us : Adhibebat omn i l d by p g S i , Cl di i me t eros uo cum uer uellis ue nob li u ui more v i d ca a lib s s p is p q i b s, q eter a ” a l ctorum se entes vescer ntur fulcr e d e . n u m f E tru Claudius perhaps got this ancie t c sto rom his scan studies. Hero otus not ces it as ecu ar amon all the eo e he new to the d i p li , g p pl k , auni ns The nurs n rou wou refer to the ere Of the c an C a . i g g p I ld H Ly i l n mot er Of res a nd e e or ate —mot er Of o o and rtem s O e , h A H b , L h Ap ll A i , nur h er orean v r ns servan of E ileithuia c te and sed by t e Hyp b i gi , ts He a .

om Pa ns 1 3 . ero . iv 3 3 Pans. v 7 8m C pare . ii . , i H d . ; . , . 49 T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T.

l fu t n on of a n o is ra is a sti l rther ex e si the al gy, that t ceable betw een the models of the tomb before us a nd the coved

tombs. I n eithe r insta nce there is a solid or plain base

m n - n o r n n Of n oo cor e t, the ab ve, eprese tatio s pa eled d rs, responding with the po rticos or entra nces at opposite ends

to -a nd s o in one n n the cella, till ab ve these, i sta ce the

o - m num if ow e occu G thic shaped ty pa , the phrase is all abl ,

m t n in o n u pied by the ys ic sphi x ; the ther, the recta g lar pediment with the symbolical dogs in its internal ex tremi

s . Tum in to the m Of u o n e w e fi nd tie g te ples E r pea Gr ece,

the m m o ou but o sa e sy b ls vari sly adapted , still to be rec g

nized n f mmon n as adaptatio s O a co type. The exter al an gles of the pediment Of the Panhellenion at [ E gina are surmounted (at least in the restorations) by sphinxes ;

a nd m in non m n in the sa e parts the Parthe , ter i ate the

a nd m n Of on 9. no w in u e um head a e a li ( cast is the M s ) , that co rrespond in character w ith those of the complete f h n f n figures o t e Lycia a e .

u m o m of on fo m n on n Th s the sy b lis these li s , r i g a c sta t m m of n Of m or n u e ber the ge eral type a Greek te ple sa ct ary ,

m t w w ma n igh be aived yet, hatever y be their ge eral per

tinence m to s a o . , they see here be pecially ppr priate We

n of ae u fi to Sun ou e of see the a alogy Heph st s ery the , s rc all

w n n a nd s a n o os re heat, hile Ura ia Thala si Aphr dite , cl ely

ou u a nd r to n o d late d thr gh Cypr s Sy ia the Syria G d ess,

m n on points to association w ith the oo . The li is the

n l m o of the Sun a nd a n m o in u iversa sy b l , prevaili g sy b l these ancient astronomical mythi of the migrations of the

soul ommon to n M n c a nd , that are c Egyptia , agia , Orphi ,

on m st c sms Of w the theolo oumena us Di ysiac y i i , hich g j t

q uoted a re sprung . 50 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

Of the relation of lions to the Uranian Aphrodite a nd the r n u - d Of a w h whom n s g eat at re go dess Asi , it she ble d a w un n us on n a nd u o ay, there are ab da t ill trati s, Asia E r pea n ; a selection from this abundance ma y afford some n u n co cl sio s of interest .

u in r o m n on n o s o f Pl tarch , ( C ass ,) e ti s the Syria G ddes Hierapolis in w ords that precisely agree w ith th ose of his c ontemporary Appian (de Bello P a rthico) Some con — sider her to be Aphrodite a nd some Here (hence th e mingled chara cteristics of the Lycian Goddess) so me the nature and cause affording to all th eir commenceme nts a nd germs out Of According to the treatise d e Dea a tt u to u n oo Of Syri , a rib ted L cia , she part k the cha ra cter of n o n h m m Athe e, Aphr dite, Sele e, R ea , Arte is, Ne e

a nd - w G d w ho o . w a s o o sis, the M irai r She ass ciated ith a

n t G w s o n b had every resembla ce o Ze us. The od a b r e y

u o on a nd n m the b lls, the G ddess by li s , ge erally rese bled

of L dia ns u n n no w to u o Rhea the y i T r i g E r pe ,

o n w a s o of ss l C ra neio n Near C ri th a gr ve cypre es cal ed , w w a s m no o f e l o on n o of A h ro here there a te e s B l er ph , a a s p

Melainis a nd om of a on w w as on s dite a t b L is, hich a li es

ra m i s a s with a n its fore paw s . This Lai w said to have been a courtezan captured by Nicias a nd the Athe nia ns in a nd on of the on to s m o Sicily , the acti li ess y b lize n m n n her rui ous influences on her lovers . A o g the umerous

‘ 0 1 er A o3tm (it 31 H atr it 31 T a a a sta t m r a 'ra ”ne 3 fi w p ¢p p , g px ; pp w 2 yp v

' ' - wa z m va a v a t m wsta t aw n re er oire iv. p d , p t a t A ns us 4 n SO t e a . . 1 a d 1 9 rod te U ra n a w 1 h , P i , Aph i i as styled s Of the o ra elde t M i i .

- A tom s m o eoum s a t r v vra m e i t sa c em 7 » xtc a k w r I q p p p , y x , p p v m Opm a

f - Pm A vi or irestormt . TH E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . 5 1 sla v es sold by that expedition} many no d o ubt increased the mu ltitudes Of hierod ules o f the fa ns Of Aphrodite at Co n b ut of o wo no mo n ri th , the rest the st ry is rth re, tha the cu rrent explanation of the significance of the Siren on the f tom b o Isocrates.

o - o in Aphr dite is here, by her title, a death g ddess, as

he or o E it mbia u . T ssaly ; like Aphr dite p y , at Delphi (Pl t

Ro m . on n n a nd to u ow ra m a Chth ia divi ity, s ch p ers a

on n o ff n . SO a t u is the c sta t expiat ry O eri g Cypr s, a sheep w in e w a s fi to h in n rapped the fleec , sacri ced Ap rodite Cori th ian fa shionsl'

to on a m m n of o of As the li ess, I here re i ded the st ry

od o u of the n ou fo on u n of Her t s, lio br ght rth by the c c bi e

n Of w n u on of n Ki g Meles Lydia, hich, by i str cti s Lycia

Telmessians e un to n r m , he carri d ro d Sardis, re de it i preg na blei

mu e ai n o n o This st be xpl ed by ther Lydia st ries . At

w a s a nd is moun Of w a c Sardis , , a vast d , hich several

un n o o u om of l co ts are give . Her d t s calls it a t b Ha y

f of oe u but u in o attes, ather Cr s s ; Clearch s, his Er tica,§

s w as m n Of w ho w a s aid that it ade by Gy ges, Ki g Lydia,

e in love a nd n on to m m f a nd de ply , aba d ed his istress hi sel

his m a nd w n o n real ; he she died , c llected all the Lydia s

moun ho u f om w o to raise a d , that s ld be visible r the h le

coun w moun wa s monum n of try , hich d still called the e t m the heta i .

' Thuc d vi. 62 . J ob . L d . 4 4 5 . y . 1 y , d ns A h m ar O L dus e e . 4 2 6 . . A t . 57 3 . 1 Co p e J . y M , p , 9 p

SO rm cus d e E rrore rof. e . 4 25 ronov. ha d ea r t at Fi i , P R lig , G h d h the r n ras a se a tem e to hi s concu ne w ose na m w Cyp ian Ci y r i d pl bi , h e as

Venus. 52 X A N T H I A N M A R B LES :

Herod otus himself ascribes the chief part in raising it to the n heta ira i wou m to ncl u Lydia , a class that ld see i de “ ” all w m n f om u om Of the un r in their o e , r the c st co t y, m ‘ aking up a dow ry .

N w th o f a nd w f Of C and a ules is t e o e st ry O Gyges the i e , co n n ' as n o u Of of n i s g ized by E gel,1 the a al g e that A ch es and h o a nd Of G ordia s who ow n om to Ap r dite , , es his ki gd a divine maiden w ho instructs him in vaticination a nd m a r

e him. G ordia s C rcesus owe o ri s , Gyges, , Midas, all s ve reignty to Aphro dite or her evident representati ve .

om e f a nd n h h f Fr th se acts lege ds it appears, t at the c ie w or of Of o n w a s Of odi ship Sardis, as C ri th , that Aphr te

r —the n m n te m U ra hetai a, Pa de ia Aphrodi , (the sa e as the n n of on a nd in w o w the ia Babyl Syria, ) h se services ere damsels whose labours assisted to raise the mound w ho was u m Of o n n him a nd the tr e istress Gyges, g ver i g his

m f n of e a nd m a s real , chie divi ity the stat , I believe, the sa e

f mo h f on u n o n O on . the c c bi e Ki g Meles, the t er the li

n in s o f o in n K ra neion He ce I see the Lai the C r thia ,

m non m of n m n o to si ply a sy y the Pa de ia Aphr dite, allied the Lydian ; a nd in her lioness the analogue of that w hich

fi r f f gures in the sto y o Meles . The story O the monumen t

Of Lea ina n is l to m u t n . , at Athe s, iable the sa e red c io n (Pli y . )

But o on of o a nd on w the ass ciati Aphr dite a li , ith the

f of an o o or the usto of w a s a nd sa ety acr p lis c dy city ll , at

too oe fa r to nt f n oliouclros Sardis , g s ide i y her as a divi ity p ,

- w l with the turret cro ned Cybe e .

ron Of m s us a mon an Cha La p ac , s id that a g the Lydi s

Hero t 3 do . l . 9 . ‘ E n l K e ros . 1 g , yp THE N E R E I D M O N U M E N T. 53

‘ and an r w as . Phrygi s, Aph odite called Cybele The head

uart of Of w as Pessinus o f q ers the Cybele Phrygia , a seat one Of the hierarchies w hich Strabo ascribes to the Ma

i a n and hu t r n run inse a g s, t s Cybele, Myli ta, Mitra, U a ia p r b l h m n n u Of n n a y to get er. The e aci g attit de the Xa thia

on r s of on on Of E ne li s is p eci ely that the li the shield as,

son of od on v of o . And o o Aphr ite, a ase V lci 1 the c ins f

ra in nt Den w o e Hie polis, Syria, represe the Syria, h s rela

on to r n so n m t se l on ron ti U a ia is i ti a e, ated like Cybe e a th e betw een two lions i A painting of Pompei i gives a representation of a pillar s rmou n two on on summ of u in u ted by li s the it Ida, th s

nt on to the I daaan o a nd in r e evide relati M ther, di ect agre ment w ith the pillar discernible on the ha s- relief Of the w o f n u u moun on in m m alls Xa th s, s r ted by li s the sa e ena

n ca ve ca nem u we fo us On ci g, attit de as the pair have be re . the A crocorinthus the we n Of now n , seat, as have see , so re ed

w Of u n foun on stele a n a orship Aphrodite, Pa sa ias d a st e d

a n throno s of the Mother Of the Gods . Here ag i the hymn of ro u c m in to our a n a nd n our P cl s o es assist ce, vi dicates n t m n n h conclusio s . His sta e e t that the Lycia s styled Ap ro

in re on to r m num n O m n dite, lati this ve y o e t, the ly pia God

moun to o n n of t dess, a ts a rec g itio her charac er here, cer tainly a ppropriately enough to the general impo rt Of the

on a s M o . o m dedicati , the ighty M ther § Strab re arks,

Compare in this connection the transformation Of Hippomenes and ta lanta nto a a r Of ons e e for defilin her sanctuar A i p i li by Cyb l , g y . Helen

1 1. 4 01 mentions r a n Maeonia as the ecu ( iii . ) Ph ygi a d p liar realms Of

Aphrodite . l A t Ku t ro c en D enk ma er l . ns . tam. num. . 2 1 I F li h T p 56 .

m re the e e Of o on us v . 1 0 8 . Co pa Cyb l Ap ll i , i . 9

- a r a r Ba u d r a r e ve oflt fl flwv Ex y p nc vrp w t t x ,

- ' Ha d a m m c ra t vu otv Ouk v m to . pn , p p 54 X A N TH I A N M A R B L E S : among his other interesting Observations on the worship of a nd m u w u n n Cybele , that Ida Oly p s ere sed i tercha geably ;

summ n Anta nd ria n m e th e fo ur its ear bore the a e, besid s O u I n no f f M n m . e o ysia ly p s Asia Mi r, there ore, the titl ” “ ” O m n is u n ae n a nd ly pia Goddess eq ivale t to the Id a , the a scription Of it ma y authorize the association Of the lions .

n be r m m d on on of Fi ally , it e e bere that l g ago the li s the

Of f n of M cenw w e to gate the elevated ast ess y , ere h ld bear

u on n e Of u n Of eq al relati to the Mag a Mat r Asia, Q ee all

and ad n n o n heights cit els, as revere ced by the Lycia Cycl pea

a nd o Nike horos Of m a tt i architects, to the Aphr dite p si ilar r

ut u ono u o o u Of o b es, pec liarly h red by the r yal h se Arg s,

n. w hose origin was Phrygian. (Pausa ; C reuzer Sym lik bo . )

I n u n n h of our u ma no q itti g this bra c s bject, I y tice that

n n of m un of this expla atio the o d the Hetaira, gives clear

n m n in o n so in As m u i ti atio that, as C ri th ia, the ltitudes of hierod ules attached to the temples of the great centres

Of ou and omm n ou w u alike religi s c ercial i terc rse, ere so rces of great revenue to the priesthoods or the a nd at fu n m n of f rm n fi Sardis r ished the ea s o i g arti cially, the mo unt that wa s a characteristic feature in the sym bolism Of o u the g ddess . Th s w e are led to divine the real ia terpretation of the strange sto ries told to Herod otus in

Of m u ou n Egypt, the pyra id b ilt by the Greek c rteza , ho o f om n a nd of R d pis, r her gai s, that which w as formed Of the stones Obtained by the daughter of Cheops from her

om are tra o w ho is x c t on the su ect C p S b , e pli i bj .

56 X A N T HI A N M A R B LE S : us westward for the more immediate derivation of its p re — siding Goddess for her proximate type as Uranian a nd O n lympia .

n m of Canda ules n o o u n The a e , give by Her d t s, as a pri ce of in m en on in on of Caria, ti ates the ext si this directi

r n h s a nd w o of w h Ph ygia c aracteri tics the rship Cybele, ile

n u h f Of A o w w we h a at C id s, a c ie seat phr dite, ith hich s ll se o n to onn on u a r n of Xa n e reas c ect c ject r lly, the Ca ia s

h u o a s on o n w h u t s, the G ddess appe r c i s it the attrib tes

f o Of n . O Cybele , the Aphr dite Asia Mi or

But n u w a s f om a on w a C id s settled r L c ia, hich has alre dy f n a s om m o o u on a nd e n ur ished s e yth l gical ill strati , th re agai w e find o o r on n in ut a nd Aphr dite c r esp di g title, attrib es,

n w J unolik r a l assoc iatio ith the so e Goddess of ou g a ma .

n m n w u ' a nd She appears shari g the title Oly pia ith Ze s,1 a s o - to w om m s r fi on Aphr dite Here,i h other sac i ced the m of u o nu f to a nd arriage da ghters . Pl ti s re erred priests theologers as confirmi ng the identification of Here a nd

hro a nd a s n n nu Ap dite, calli g the pla et (Aphrodite) Ve s,

J n a n ls no (Here) uno. The latter i st ce is a o ticed by

maeu n ma un . Ti s, de A i M di The He re of the vast a nd ancient fa ns of Samos is tra ce — able a lmost as distinctly as the Artemis Of Ephesus the

o n n and u of Great G ddess, by ative lege ds pec liarities rites a nd m o to a nd o n o n in sy b ls, a barbaric rie tal rigi ; either of these seats Of early w orship the ch a racteristics w ere re

— — — — E ckhel 3 nr. 2 1 9 6 nr. 228 3 3 3 9 nr. 202 to 2 1 3 u . . , , , S pp ’ — 1 to 2 5 A f w t turr t r w n lio e 4 80 nr. 2 3 2 . ema e ea e c o n s a . 6 . § l h d i h , + h d — ’ A rod te on s ea . ph i , li h d

a us . 1 2 9 . . . 1 3 7 . 1 P . iii , 1 Lib iii , D 57 T H E N E R E I M O N U M E N T . tained no w n n n a nd modifi that, t ithsta di g Helle ic titles ca t n u r n u o on f om the w un io s s pe i d ced by c l ists r est, ited them in historical derivation with the Nature- Goddess Of — the or e . East, Mylitta Cyb le There has already been occasion to notice the affection of i n n for n m om oun Of n Car a pri ces a es c p ded divi e titles, as Artemisia a nd Heca tomn us ; the name o f Ada appears now to fu n s no a m —it n Hes chius r i h a ther ex ple, is give by y as of the a on n e the title B byl ia Her , the Mylitta, u n fi m l wh o m Herodot s ide ti es with Aphrodite . (Co pare a so

Buttma nn M tholo us on Ad a a nd . , y g , Zillah )

ou of ha s- f t n re re The c rse relie s hat e riches the cella, p

n fun f s a nd sa crifices —the m e n se ts eral ea ts , victi s b i g

c o o r s. I n m of o hiefly g ats kid the great te ple Aphr dite ,

at hos mos eem u u e w n Pap , the t est ed a g ri s ere Obtai ed

f m nt Of o mo of n on to ro the e rails g ats , a de divi ati said have been introd uced into Cyprus from the neighbouring — ‘ contine nt from Cilicia fl The goats Of Lycia w ere a pec uliar long- haired a nd goatskins form a portion Of the costume of the Lycian s in the army of Xerx esd; ( I m ay add that the a bsence of Persia n costume among

the e o Of the fune f s not o n con cel brat rs ral ea t, is a her p i t

’ tro verting the idea Of the building as a Heroon Of the

Ha rpa gi . ) I n considering the appropriateness a nd significance of

the to u of a on f n e ma Nereids the s bject the dedic ti , re ere c y be made to the view s by which Buona roti a ccounted fo r

f u n o u n on o ew a their req e t cc rre ce sarc phagi , vi s dopted

citu fEli n d A a s. a e n m . erod T i I H . 58 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

‘ on . But the w n in by Visc ti , that Nereids ere co ceived antiquity as co nd ucting to the Isle Of the Blest the so uls

Of o a nd us not n f om the her ic the j t, is appare t r the pas ’ f to n n sages re erred . Pi dar s Ocea airs that breathe ” around the happy sea ts ( a w are. a iipa r) a re not strictly Nereids ; a nd it is not as a Nereid specifically that Thetis

e but mo n bears thith r Achilles , as his ther havi g per

f ' t r s uaded by s upplications the heart o Zeus . 1 A bet e

n lu on to c o m o o o f hi t is the al si the s ical phil s phy Thales, n n relegated by Visco ti to a ote . We must rather look to the relatio n o f the sea- nymphs

to n n Of m n . o a s the presidi g divi ity the pedi e t Aphr dite, d u Of the or of mo of a nd a ghter sea , Tethys, ther Cypris ” w - n m mn f d all ater y phs, (Orphic Hy , ) is hersel a Nerei ,

n um uou i on of a d associated w ith them. The s pt s ded cati

e o u in the m of m n o on H r des Attic s, te ple Isth ia P seid consisted Of a group Of Poseid on a nd Amph itrite in io a nd mo n num ou om n n fi u s a char t, , a g er s acc pa yi g g re ,

w the nf n o a nd s Thalassa (the sea), ith i a t Aphr dite Nereid

on e . o n n o n v w n ither side A C ri thia c i gi es her car, dra by

on a nd a nd mn a Trit a Nereid , the Orphic Hy already

uo e . 40 s n n n w q t d, p , repre e ts her as da ci g ith the sea

a n s nymphs on the s d .

s a s w - n m a re en the The Nereid , ater y phs, appar tly su o na n n A od t b rdi te divi ities, as Thalassia phr i e is the

Pro . em. iv 4 3 u eO . 2 . M s . Cl

O m u 28 se I t is ow ev r w he n . . . 1 . e t t r of 1 Pi d ly p , q , h , i h cho us ” t E uri ndromac e v . r m fifty Nereids that The is ( p . A h 1 265) p o ises to meet e eus at the e an cave to con uct him t enceforth an mmor to P l S pi , d , h i tal, f her fa t er ereus the Ocean palace o h N . 59 T H E N E RE I D M O N U M E N T .

su m of m n n a nd o u n u . pre e, ger i ati g repr d ci g Nat re The “ ” d u Of b n in n n m tho a ghters the arre sea appear, a cie t y

o no mo u e f om u h bu n A hro l gy , re excl d d r s c attri tes tha p di - o n w ho w a s u a o Of m te sea b r , pec li rly a g ddess arriage at Trte zene w on n a nd , precisely here she appears as P tia ‘ Limenia n .

n m a iades w e n o The y phs called N , re the ge erally rec g nized n ow r of fo m Of mo u uni presidi g p e s all r s ist re, the versal instrument of grow th a nd increase ; they w ere

u s m n a nd n w m d partic larly addres ed by the arryi g e ly arrie , who o u on in foun m or u als practised abl ti s ts, strea s, perpet al s n f om no on um i w a s u a nd pri gs , r the ti that h id ty the ca se condition of fruitfulnesss l' And from these fresh- water

o of not r g ddesses, their sisters the sea are ve y strictly sepa

a d the ereids u m s . mn a nd r te N are eq ally Ny ph , (Orp Hy , ) to t m in i t n n m r n he , th s charac er, is assig ed that i ti ate elatio to a nd e m e h mo f u n the Bacchic Cer al ysteri s, t at re req e tly comes before us in connection w ith the goddesses of the streams a nd meadow s }: On you I call to send happi n to n t for o u fi u mn m te~ ess the i i iates , y rst ta ght the sole ys ” u a nd u o n ries Of sacred Bacch s p re Pr serpi e. — To these associated divinities Aphrodite a nd the Nereids — I cannot b ut believe that the tw o cisterns found by Sir

1' — - Cor. So roc us H Oa xa c a a svw sw m m and it is to the re m Paus. P l y c ; al h th n siur ic rens To the am ff Of Poseid on that e assigns e ge e g Si . s e e ect is n ficance Of the ma rr a e Of e eus and the ere et the mystic sig i i g P l N id Th is .

“ de A nt m . 1 Porphyry . Ny ph

- a m arn a m u m w wart a r m un ox ov I T‘u c i ‘ ( c B , ‘ a w m -a t fl u a th t a fl a't t Tpt etc y p p m v i p mv,

o H c o a Evtrpou Ba uxot x a t am ; tp t p m c.

H m . i v ere . y N d . 9 . 60 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

ow one u one u a fo f Charles Fell s, sq are, circ l r, be re the ro nts

Of the u n w not out e on b ildi g, ere with r lati .

’ r me on to om of n m They car y at ce H er s cave the y phs, a nd nn n a nd to called Naiades, its pere ial spri g, the four streams flowing different ways from the fount befo re the

Of so u h Of O n o or cave Calyp , da g ter cea (Hesi d) m n w iou o m of o . oun a ns ith the sagac s c e ts P rphyry F t i ,

a nd w urifica tions a s on n foun o a ater p , are c sta tly d ass ci ted

w h h o . m of o on it Ap r dite By the little te ple Aphr dite,

Ac rocorinthus w a s the foun Peirene w h ou , celebrated t , it t

a n o u w fu Of f w w a s y tlet, al ays ll bright resh ater . There a

foun n w n tem l of 1 m a nd Pa hia sacred tai ithi the p e p , ( ! Venus) at Thala mawl

n fa ns of o it u a n A Cypria Aphr d e is described by Cla di ,

— wo of aes us - b w w tw o foun n the rk Heph t , y hich ere tai s,

I m f nt a one w one . n o o u s eet, bitter the p e , the bitter p pears to symbolize the vex ations of lovers ; but I s uspect

in f w a nd b h fo un fe n that, act, the s eet rackis ts had re re ce to n on of w to u Of the ge eral relati all aters, the da ghter the

u n s w l of w Of o on sea . Pa sa ia parallels the el sea ater P seid , on n n o o w no e o in the Athe ia acr p lis, ith a th r at Aphr disias

a Cari .

o n to v u n n f n Of J and Acc rdi g Ser i s, at the a cie t a e ove

nu o on o w e from mu murs Ve s, at D d a, racles ere deriv d the r nd Of a n in foun n . naeu u n a spired tai Athe s, Pa sa ias }:

n om u ou m o f w e n o n Pli y, § give s e c ri s exa ples at r divi ati in Lyci a ; a nd from the connection of the Nereids w ith

n on n of w w e mo re vatici ati ge erally, hich shall see re p

A o odorus a ere . According to p ll (i . 2) N id

v P . . lin . u 2 F n i . 1 6 x x Pa ns iii 26 . a s . 2 . x 1 . . 1 ii , O T H E N E R E I D M N U M E N T . 6 1

sentl on u we y, I risk the c ject re that have here the very ” foun n n u of n tai by Xa th s , the city the Lycia s, that,

a o n to u w u on w cc rdi g Pl tarch , thre p a br ze tablet, ith a n

ns on in n n n u f th i cripti a cie t letters, predicti g the s ccess o e

n of an . o ma no e terprise Alex der (The st ry , it y be ticed ,

n m o m n n m w i n i ti ates s e Xa thia sy pathy th his e terprise, that is confirmed by the circ umstance that his guides n eastw ard w ere Lycia . ) I nstances of the relation of Nereids to nuptial symbolism

not ra fa ns of d C ardam le in are re ; the the Nerei s at y ,

on w as ai omm mo n Lac ia, s d to c e rate the prese ce there Of the god desses who quitted the waves to be present at the “ m of u a nd rm on ) o on who a arriage Pyrrh s He i e P seid , g ve

o o ou o m ereid s Pel ps his vict ri s h rses, asse bled the N to cele

m w Hi od a meia s brate his arriage ith the prize, pp r Thus the Oceanides celebrated the marriage Of Pro metheut

A sad and s ow our the mora stra n ll l I p l i , a n e from t at me t n ve n Ch g d h l i g i , When the light mellifluous measure Round thy bath and round thy bed

8. at over of a s ere oes not rem Pa ns. iii . 3 Wh l Sh k p d ember the evo ’ cation Of the nymphs called Na iades - a literal translation Of Homer s

' ‘ w or s 14 a t Nnia ar tra u m a s 0 d . x . to o n in d ( v c , iii j i gracefu l an e and e to ce e rate the contract of true ove Of Fe d c , h lp l b l rdinand n and Mira da .

“ m ius r. 6 1 Hi er , O i . .

I T o h a y wire» 8! p m (M M ; wpw sm a " ’ ' T el w avofl o 7 N er a a' s ita l M o , , p x c

o a rou a m a z v vp tv v m y m , 0 7 3 c m oM a 'rptov ° Eaves; nya y tc H¢ tovnv

' m Vi Htflwv ba ta ra notvok sx r ov. ro nc. 55 6 p p p P . . 62 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

For our sister sea - nymph spread wo e oun o ve and r a easur A k y g l b id l pl e, And poured the soul of harmony ” T reet th r t n o g e b igh Hesio e. otter E sc P , h .

A nd u r m of nd n th s her siste s, the arriage Wi i g

in w fif u circles by the clear hite beach , the ty da ghters of ” us u e nu . a d Nere chor s d her ptials Later, Nereid a nce

m n on m Of e nuu in a on is e ti ed , at the arriage C r s, M ced ia,

- . 1 3 0 a nd n (Athenaeus iv . p ) the last Lati poet w orth

‘ uo n u on . 1 o w n q ti g repeats the all si The Nereids als e t,

um u hom e on ou u a nd the r o r heard, vari s creat res, vie in

n new n on nu i n heapi g prese ts the pt als . They e circled n Ven us with a naked ba d . “ w n : A nd who fo ow n Else here agai It the Nereids , ll i g the

‘ Ha pa 8s Mumps Ya mflov ttk ta 'a 'ip uva t

a t a ni a s Kind , ar tmixm p

' et- w t o w a a . a mc, y pa ; x p v

E uri . I hi . in A ul . v . 1 05 4 p p g .

' “ Necnon et varns vectra ere es iban 1 N id t, A rumors fer ndito , is

Certatim ue nov s onerant connubia d n s q i o i , nu a Vener m in r d e c xe e catena.

au an de N u t. . 85 . 1 5 Cl di p H M 9 .

ue rela bentes un as aestum ue secutas I Qq d q , I n refluos vené re a am ere es amnes p l N id , onfesses a nan om nam e ine fut C pl d i , c c re uris ” Aus icium th lamis p a .

I d . a us erene L S , 7 9 .

’ The ast nes w rem n of ros ero s invoeation Of the e ves l li ill i d P p l ,

t at on the san s w t r nt ess f h d i h p i l oot, DO c ase the e n e tune and d o fl h bbi g N p , y him en he comes ac Wh b k,

64 X A NT H I A N M A R B L E S :

the m o n u of n n Of hose sy b lical la g age the A cie ts, t nu om a nd w s —of n n e ptial pr ises re ard , the eter al pri cipl

f u u n a nd o now m n Of o pop lo s ess pr sperity, the ack ledg e t w hich w a s the purpose Of the entire dedication ; acco rdi ng to oc u a nd to w o f o n a nd a Pr l s , that vie its rigi ch racter, w hich it is hoped these pages have now made some pro n gress in developi g. And mu be n a nd m d in e r yet it st see ad itte , that the earli instances quoted of the celebration of nuptials by Nereid

n a n o a n o u oc n on l or enea da ces, appr pri te ess cc rs, l al , ati a , g

o a ih on of n to i a n l gic l , the relati ship the Ocea ides the T t

om us of to i a nd to he r Pr ethe , the Nereids their sister Thet s

n on u —a n o n om n in gra ds Pyrrh s, appr priate ess seld abse t

u m o m of but Of w w e e the p blic sy b lis the Greeks, hich hav a t present Observed no parallel in the ca se Of the Lycia n

n o a o on a nd s or n d dedicatio . Ge gr phical p siti hi t ical lege give suflicient local a nd nationa l explanation Of the se

c on of n o but w n m the le ti the presidi g G ddess, he ce ca e Nereid s ? Ho w ever distinct may be the relation of Aphrodite to

r in n m o o it d e the Ne eids ge eral yth l gy, has har ly appear d within the pa rticular w alks w ith w hich w e are specia lly

n n . h o a nd o Of co cer ed Ap r dite Here Aphr dite Cybele ,

on n a nd n n u a nd ou — o th Lac ia Caria C id s, K r Aphr dite, e c f o s Of u Of i n and u d hie pr tectre s the da ghters Lyc a P ar s , oe s not om fo us in so d n m n a s c e be re a character isti ctly ari e, to account su fli c iently for the conspic uous a nd c harac teristic o on o u ereid s on p siti s, cc pied by the N her agalma . The Goddess of the pediment appears [w ith none of th ose

om n m n om a u Of the sea acc pa i e ts that bec e the d ghter , the

n n n om n nor a m a w f n C idia A ady e e, I are o a y definite c on 65 T H E N E RE I D M O N U M E N T . cern of the Nereids in the peculiar Aphrodisian legends Of m . u w o o n Caria Th s, hile their sy b lical appr priate ess har mon rf w Of the Kourotro hic o izes pe ectly, ith that p G ddess a nd n n n on of monum n no o or the ge eral i te ti the e t, l cal n n o u n n for com atio al pr priety, s ch as is i dispe sable a

lete n n o . p a alysis, has yet bee devel ped TO m f ma not o b ut re edy the de ect y be h peless, the

t m n vo omm n m n of our n u in at e pt i lves a rec e ce e t i q iries, a n i m d on a nd to a. n o o of irecti dista ce the re te hist ry Lycia, to w h om ma on Of ich s e y c sider the Object research, hardly f uffi n in u m n to n u . ow r n o s cie t d ce e t ve t re H ever, the a ks m r a o m nn of y e ders , are pr bably by this ti e already thi ed tho se who w ould think this i nquiry to be to consider too ” ou a nd fo w ou o o a nd w curi sly, there re ith t ap l gy, hether

o m n or on — a s w hoe ! it ma acc pa ied al e, E t ard Still, y as

m on of new w ell be ad itted at ce, that the real Object this ex cu rsus far o fi n Of n , is less the the retical ish the a alysis,

ma not lie fa r off n u on Of (that y very ,) tha the ill strati s

a nd L n n u to lo in Greek ycia a tiq ity, likely be deve ped the n course of the i quiry . S E C TI ON I V

ET us n L ow begin from Homer . Homer presents us w ith two sets of Lycian allies Of

un ff n s f om ff n oun s. Troy, der di ere t leader , r di ere t c trie Sarpedon and Glaucus lead Lycians from afar ou t Of ” u f n u but o n o n Lycia by the g l y Xa th s, ther Lycia s, Tr ja

n — m o n in o u Lycia s, they are called si ply Tr ja s the catal g e ,

om f om no of o f om a nd c e r the rth the Tr ad, r Zeleia the

n of ZE se us w ow f om o un n o the ba ks p , hich fl s r M t Ida i t ‘ f L on . n ru son o Prop tis These latter are led by Pa da s, y c on who n ou o nt mmun on a , is ever br ght by the p et i o co icati or onn n w of a n o a nd c ectio ith the leaders the Lyci s pr per, w hose character of tr uce- breaker is strikingly at varia nce with that ascribed to the desce ndants of Bellerophons l

h two r ow to on t e T at the aces, h ever, are be c sidered

f om m n of n m a nd t lated, is clear r the agree e t their a e, hat

Of n u w fi u in n of n Pa dar s, hich g res the lege ds the Creta

l n 24 . n v . 3 . tra o . I iad . 8 Pli y, 2 S b Ou the ro ontis is ment one a cus at w ose court the n 1 P p i d Ly , h Argo auts were in received and the e en s connecte w t him k dly ; l g d d i h , intimate a closer reference to Lycia proper than is the case w ith numerous other per son es of the same nam ercu es ma hi n of ag e. H l de m ki g this part of s a he w as rot er Of Chimaereus and son of romet eus o My i b h P h , r brother of Eur us and son of ose on and accor n to e t er c ypyl P id , di g i h a count his mot er w a s e aeno w c is the name of a ar t ou ere sh h C l , hi h H py, h gh h e ap r a eiad pea s as Pl . THE M O 7 N E R E I D N U M E NT . 6

o on n f Of do Of u a nd c l y very exte sively, as thie the g Ze s, father of the devoted maidens ; a nd the worship Of a Pa n d arus m n n n is e tio ed at Pi ara. The archery Of Pandarus a nd his prayer to the Bowyer

G od o r of on to ou n , are ther t aces relati ship the S ther Lycia, wh wo s f m so no n How ere the r hip o Apollo beca e re w ed .

ve h is n t mo n n o n e r, t is characteristic o re Lycia tha Tr ja a point that ma y lead to the ex planation Of the Offset or olon c y .

o s of M n r m wa s u The c a t Asia i o , as Strabo re arks, st dded with fanes of Apollo w ith various titles (among others he

no t of r m n n m . o ices that Ch ysa, e tio ed by Ho er) Apoll is

f n of o - f O m n l the great de e der Tr y, their chie ly pia a ly ; the

r a n u of a nd Pa nthoidae rive X th s is his right, the are his hereditary priests ; a nd in his speech to Hector be de

e im f u n f t and a um clar s h sel occ pa t o the ci adel , ss es the "‘ e o —Of n wo w s o titl Chrysa r the Golde S rd, hich is a s d h n cia te w it the centre Of a league of Ca ria cities . + Other

of on Of a a nd o to foun in traces the relati Lyci Tr y , are be d the na m of n wn w in al m of es Lycia to s, as ell as par lelis s m o o of n in a n yth l gy the most striki g k d . The llia ce at the

o n w ar u mu and u o a Tr ja arg es as ch, s pports the pr b bility

f - T m n n o previous cO operation . o atte pt to dise ta gle the m Of m n o u n in a o b ut eshes igrati g p p latio s Asi , is h peless ;

ma be w o no n o wa r of o it y rth tice, that a teri r to the Tr y, o u n of n and u n cc rred the great expeditio Mysia s Te cria s,

— u n w om one n n Te cria s h lege d derives, like the Lycia s, f m o n o u o on u ro Crete ; they passed ver i t E r pe, c q ered the

' V 25 . 0 073 0! A vriM ma xpva aopov Iliad X . 6 t bo iv t S ra , . 68 X A N T H I A N M A R B LE S : w h Of a the neus and n ra t n ole Thess ly to Pe , pe et ed eve to n n ‘ the Io ia sea.

aeon an Of a on ft r h n The P i s Thr ce l g a er, asc ibed t eir origi to settlers who had formed pa rt Of this ex pedition ;‘ l a nd Pmonians accordi ngly are a mong the allies of the Troja ns in the Iliad ; a nd the tra dition Of their origin is fa rther ’ u te the m d m of a e na me s ppor d by e ical i port their le d rs s,

Pmon Akessamenos w a o n to Miiller n ma , , hich, cc rdi g , i ti te

r f ren o o of a nd r - o o w ho a e e ce to the Ap ll Lycia T oy, Ap ll

to G u us n w oun a nd com is appealed by la c to sta ch his d, m issioned by Zeus to restore the battered Hecto r . We have only to suppose that a branch of the Lyc ia n

a in h or h u d t on a nd race, took p rt t is ( ot er s ch) expe i i , the o n of the o on a oun for a s w our m rigi c l y is cc ted , ell as eet in w n on or t of n h an nd Sar edonia n g ith a ati ribe Xa t i s, a a p oc and m t n i r k 1 y hical Sarpedo n Thrace . § N ow Herodotus has a notice that in o ne instance S ar dis

w a s ur t a nd n . Treres o capt ed by Tre es Lycia s The , acc rd in w mm an but ro o u g to Strabo, ere a Ci eri race, like He d t s, he distinguishes their invasion from a n earlier Cimmerian

n ow on inu n i brea k . He says that their p er c t ed a co sider

e m a nd n u t M n abl ti e, that they e tirely s bver ed the ag e sians a nd w ith this period I w ould connect some hints Of m n i f m the settle e t n Asia o Lycians fro Thra ce . I n a n inscription a t Aphrodisias“ we find a Bouleutes

f n n- n- a an Boeckh f to O Apollo ia Lycia Thr ci s . { I re ers Eck

' ero v . v . 1 H d . u . 20 1 Herod . 3 . H ro vii 28 e d . . .

son of ose on s a n ercu es A ollod . u . 5 A P id , l i by H l . p . ’ Fellow s s c a 3 1 0 &c . Ly i , ,

Vol . . 1 1 1 4 . 11 . ii p M O 69 T H E N E R E I D N U M E N T.

‘ hel w ho n n on . w , gives coi s beari g Apoll ia Ly hich j ustifies the association of the names w ith the single city of Apollonia ; and a ccordingly he applies the same rule to some other inscriptionsfl' a nd thence infers that Apol lonia of Pisidian Phrygia w as founded by Lycian and

an s s. m fo o n om n n Thraci ettler Fro the reg i g c bi atio s, I

u e t in all e c e one on f rr to s sp c that thes as s race ly is re e ed ,

n n or c n fr m r . Lycia Thracia s, Ly ia s o Th ace ec to an f om n With resp t the Lyci s r the Xa thus, the

re nam nt u and u u and enea G ek es, Lycia, Xa h s, Gla c s, the g

o Of te re te but l gy the heroes, indica G ek charac ristics, hardly more definite than a re found in connection with the Trojans themselves ; and they are derived in the poem from

e o Of r m e n in o of on a p ri d e ot traditio the st ry Belleroph , while a barba ric colour is given to the nation by such

n me a s Amisodarus mn u . u a s Maris, , Aty i s A pec liarity of co st ume is once mentioned in connection with the com

n ns Of on a re a mitrochitones wea pa io Sarped ; they called , r

in on un rm w metal w ma g chit s a ed ith ,:t hich perhaps y still ’ be seen in the blouses Of the combatants on the Satrap s f Tom b . The accoutrements o the Lycians in the arma

m n Of x a re a ou . e t Xer es, also barb r s The character Of the Homeric Lycians is particularly

ono u a nd on st w h of o n —it h rable , c tra s ith t at the Tr ja s is i really disting uished by a gentle chivalry. G bbon § con

Vol. iii . 2 .

' ' ‘ ‘ 9 3 970 Awokk am a r iiv A va taiv O miw Kokwviiav . l 3 96 , ( pa )

or n to A thene us . 5 23 a tr o tr wva z a w the u m I Acc di g , p , p p x c w c j ps, ow ver a arent a n of sas and art a meta c w as st nct h e , pp ly ki d h p i lly lli , di i

fr m the a m a iv . 1 89 and c o . d . o ( p. Ili d ; S h l ibi

ll or s. Misce an. W k 70 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

sid ered Sarpedon the most amiable of the many amia ble

o s Of and s n m en on m her e the Iliad ; i ce y att ti to the arbles, I have resigned my former favourite Patroclus to ag ree

w h him The n r u r fle ti eness of e h of it . ge e o s e c v the spe c

e n to u us ha s e n m a nd Sarp do Gla c ever b e ad ired , is cha racteristic by the correspondence Of its tone with that

of u u to B m and mo on not Gla c s io ed, the derati ascribed,

un ese v to a n ra e in . A dd d r edly , Lyci cha ct r later history ’ to s Sa r edon s n fi oof Of e o met o n the e p dig i ed repr H ct r, ly by expressive silenced ; his reference of the fall of Laome

d on to n u t of courses a nd fi n m u h the i j s ice his ,j: ally, the c canvassed exchange of armour proposed by Diomed a s a

f f n a nd n to u u in pledge O rie dship, asse ted by Gla c s all

n u - Th fu u s specting frankness a nd warm heartedness . e llest

f n to t not fi Of Diomed relie is give his, by the sacri ce , w o e con u ft s m uou but h s d ct is le at lea t a big s, by the s on Of o o o un fo r habby Observati the p et, pr bably v l teered

end h t u oo w n of u u a nd that , t a Ze s t k a ay the se ses Gla c s,§

a him i n xc an e his arms res n M de n bli d e h g ig , ” His o for rass a un red eeves for n ne . g ld b , h d b i

a xu . 292 om are retan c aracter in the ral Ili d . C p C h pa lel conversa tion etw een omeneus and er ones in the ne t b Id M i x Book .

» a v 4 7 1 . 1 Ili d .

’ '' i ” TM WJM gir o; ssi awa M fl D o i i I p , voc v u v prv,

’ ' ‘ ' A v§ o ac a ai a ' tv a a voii A a o ii orro p c pp p y p c, " - O: p m 3 3 ZpEa n a u s e? irvivra m " ’ ' 0 53 awicw fmrov civ si a xci t i k x c vtx fl fl v i fls.

a v . 64 8 Ili d .

' ' ' ‘ - sv0 a im K mB < iva t m o Z b p nc pp c a a c.

a vi . 23 4 Ili d .

Shakspere employs the same artifice (of heightening relief by con t nn n the cture on the fra me in the orus Of enr w h i i g pi ) Ch H y V . o is os

72 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : m u of a n a f lsew h e o th lly o Agamemnon . Sarpedon is e er spoken Of by Glauc us as swaying Lycia by his j udgme nts as w n nd f o m us ell as his stre gth a in the w ords O Tlep le , so u for n pec liar a challe ge,

” Sar e on counc or Of the c ans uns i led in fi t Secs p d , ill Ly i , k l gh , ) w e might almost be disposed to recognize a sneer at the

fun on of r n offi cer —an on civil cti s a espo sible , Observati I fi nd noted before I was aware of the record of the Lycian league and elective Lyciarchsgt N or would the allusion be antedated ; the origin Of the

i n u in w e fo m mo o n Lyc a leag e, hat ver r , is st pr bably assig ed to the period of earliest Greek infl uence ; it is quite in un n wi am on Of i a nd oe iso th the Oldest phicty ies Att ca B otia. That the original introduction of Greek influence am ong

n on an o to on n o n a nd the Lycia s, dates l g teri r the I ia c lo ies

om o m w l m n in u the H eric p e s, il be ade appare t the seq el , a nd is not least strongly evidenced by some of the monu ments that are far from the most ancient of the Lycian

a a nd o on collection . The Greek det ils ass ciati s they dis

a r l o w h om o a in pl y, are p ecise y th se hic H er l c lizes Lycia,

n not f om om but u re resen yet evide tly derived r H er, tr e p ta tives of m e of o in situ un ffe t the at rials the p et , a c ed by the changes a nd ela borations to which they were subjected in ou of f n the c rse their trans ere ce to the Epos . The agreement of the Cyclopean remains w ith those Of

‘ O A vui si w ' bis a' l i o' t 3 g nv p a n 7 s sa flfvt 9 . a x vi 5 Ili d . 42 .

' Za vriifiov A uxlw ovk t r i r t ci a m T p , v B nfi p , g o v y r

- ’ ' B r aid fl d ' r - u ivflé farri p é xnc aba ip ovt pan i .

o 1 Strab . N 73 T H E N E R E I D M O U M E N T .

u o n s ommo n o a nd n o u is E r pe, evi ce a c st ck, early i terc rse s on onfi m n u n o n m tr gly c r ed by those e d ri g rec rds, the a es o f mo un ns own f u n e m n on rivers, tai , t s . The req e t t r i ati a ssos speaks of d wellers akin to those w ho conferred their

n m on n u Teumessos 8Lc . of oeo a nd a es the Par ass s, , B tia,

n m n w c n in m to Xa n the a e Ar e, hi h is assig ed early ti es

u oeo n a nd n a nd f in n of th s, is B tia Thessalia , ri e lege ds the

ZE olia n fa r w s w in m r a nd race as e t ard as Italy, U b ia,

us n T ca y.

om n o Of edon a nd u u a The H eric ge eal gy Sarp Gla c s, le ds u to u n to ZE olus a nd w e m fi x u on p Sisyph s, the ce , ight p

u u of o n f of o on ommon the Gla c s C ri th , ather Beller ph , the c

n Of o o n of a cestor both the her es, as the rec g ized head the

o al of G laucid re but o o u d i s f om r y race , that Her d t s er ve it r

o o u fa t of u u a nd u u Hipp l ch s, her Gla c s, th s excl des Sar

is the mo n w o f om a m n pedon . This re ote rthy r its gree e t

ion of on with other hints of the separate relat s Sarped . N o t only is a Sa rpedonia n Artemis met with close at

* ~ n in a b ut so Sa r ed onia n o o a nd ha d Cilici , al a p Ap ll ,1 w n r m m f fa ns of n u he it is e e bered that the chie Xa th s, the

was n m f and o to o o w a s city that a ed a ter dev ted Ap ll ,

n Sa r edoneion om o om e titled the p , 1 the H eric her bec es

n f m a n reco g izable as directly derived ro the Lyci G od . Such a reduction of the local form of a divi nity to the

o of the o t is u w n the u of n e her l cali y , q ite ithi r le the cha g s wro ught by Homeric poetry on the earlier religious mythi

’ — o m a en om e a nd Miiller s P ro (C p re Hel , Briseis, Di ed s I egomena on Odysseu s- Apollo it is confirmed here by a circ umstance that might be supposed to invalidate it ; the

mu . Zos 5 A tra o s . 7 . an . S b 1 i , i t ppi 74 X A N T HI A N M A R B L E S :

Of e on a nd a n o of o to death Sarp d , the tr sp rt his b dy Lycia

a nd o n n w h a by Sleep Death, c rrespo d striki gly ith the arc ic

n of of o o u u a nd lege d the death Ap ll , his pec liar Obseq ies ’ e u u m ‘ om w t o s p lt re at Pata . (C pare i h this P rphyry s notice of the Pythagorean inscription a nd epitaph on the

in wh h wa s i to u o o tripod at Delphi, ic sa d be b ried Ap ll

n n slai by Pytho . )

e v be n in n m S—a r edo n a Welcker b lie ed discer ed the a e, p ,

f n to n n w Of o f om onfl t re ere ce the s atchi g a ay his b dy r the c ic ,

o o but m n oo m now f a e by Ap ll ad itti g the r t, it see s pre er bl to explai n it by reference to Apollo- Harpagus I n the interva l between the Trojan w a r a nd the Ion ian

n mm n n o migration the history of Lycia is a bla k . Gli eri g

o u of on w r Of on w ho tices cc r c tests ith G eeks the expediti ,

in i —of a nd u on of m u settled As a, the siege red cti Tel ess s

one n n and ofa no h by Lycia ki g Pericles, the perplexities t er,

Am a u w n oo a nd o us phiar s, bet ee the s thsayers Calchas M ps ,

— n s on or f of w s nuo eve t , pers ages, dates, ables ide t er

But in the notice furnished by Herodotus of the I onian

m on o u m m n om o f igrati , cc rs the re arkable state e t, that s e

o on n C od rid s n n o f the c l ists established as ki gs , desce da ts

n u a nd om o n n n of Mela th s ; s e thers Lycia s , desce da ts f n f u u son o o o u a d om o . Gla c s, Hipp l ch s, s e b th § A act,

to n an om o on of the this, be explai ed by a gl ce at the c p siti

migration a nd its dominant ideas .

A ollinem ost uam a ove ctus et interfectus est a ves illonibus p p q J i , p ” m tum f u nt. h a Mnas s o at r a . e ad se ulc ru e esse . ea a a p l P , p F lg A n x Har a th e e e us e . Vide pp di , p g M d

Theo om us fra . . onon Narrat. vi . I p p , g iii , C

1 4 . Herodot. i . 7 T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . 75

f om h n and m n o was fo m of It started r At e s, its ai b dy r ed d e scendants of I onian refugees expelled from Peloponne

sus n on of o n . I n on un on mo , by the i vasi the D ria s c j cti , re o r n m w w n ou mu u less i ti ate, ith these, e t a very vari s ltit de,

u un n o u a on of o —P lia ns the s perab da t p p l ti ther states y ,

M s n n n ho ae n n f om E ubtna e se ia s, Arcadia s, P c a s, Aba tes r , M n n f ‘ O om no o o n . i ya s Orch e s, M l ssia s As in so many other instancesd the Delphic oracle is

n n in n d n co cer ed the eve ts that decide a n direct the colo y .

f w on of o u n n of The chie leaders ere s s C dr s, desce da ts

n u who d n f om n o i n Mela th s, , rive r Messe e by the D r a s,

m to n a nd n a n n n u of ca e Athe s, slayi g i vader, Xa th s,

oeo u s n of n Thumoetes w ho B tia, s per eded, as ki g Athe s, , n n had decli ed the combat . :l: With this revol utio ( whatever its real nature) legend connected the origi n of the festival of u — a onn on w i h n on Apat ria, c ecti h c explai s the asserti

f o o u on in on n f of O Her d t s, that participati the I ia estival

a u w a s oof of o n f om on n m Ap t ria, pr derivati r the I ia igra

a s ou on of tion . It w the peculiar religi s celebrati the

o w ho mi on a nd u w e find Her ic race led the grati , th s here one of the numerous examples Of the hereditary a dminis tra tion Of offi foun on— a t f sacred ces, as the dati least chie

bu of n u n of a n o of n . attri te , the i fl e ce Her ic race ki gs Of this the earlier history of Melanth us gives farther illu stration ; his return to Athens a nd his relation to a ” f of o s w t oun estival the Great G dde ses, agree i h the acc t

w as e n n of u on son of Celmnus w ho that he a d sce da t Ca c , ,

a usan as tra o erodotus. P i , S b , H

‘ A v de v n. . a m ad 56 . cero 1 G lli . poll . . Ci Di i i

us n . i i . 1 8 I Pa a . 76 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : carried the mysteries of the Grea t Goddesses from Athen s ‘ to o . m t e it w e Pyl s These ys eri s, is said, ere there alt red a nd o u son of n on n f om devel ped by Lyc s, Pa di , flyi g r his

o JE e s ' nd in no e n m c u br ther g u d a as a ther l ge d this sa e Ly s, son of n on from o iE eus to a Pa di , flies his br ther g Lyci , 1: w e h a ve a tra dition of a common worship a nd Heroic ra ce

onn n t ns o a nd a w w c ecti g A he , Pyl s, Lyci , hich agrees ith

o of the on n m r tion a nd t e n o of the the st ry I ia ig a , h a al gies f mythology o the Harpy Tomb . The significance Of the names in the instance of the i nterference of Lycus in modifying the institutions of

Celaenns n m an o t on u in com , i ti ates Opp si i that rec rs the t m ba so d of n u and n u . , ythically relate , Mela th s Xa th s

n own to m Of o an m of Eve d the ti e Strab , exa ple the

on o o f n i of n a on - str g h ld the pri c ple Heroic ve er ti , the Mela nthid s retained a certain a uthority a nd dignity at

Ephes us . Thus it w a s that Messenian settlers j oined the Ionian

n colony led forth by their royal race . To the i fluence o f the same principle is ascribed the association of Minyan s of om no : w d to the Orch e s they ere relate , it is said ,

C od rid ae a n ou o mot o f or . , app re tly thr gh Chl ris, her Nest See Miiller on early intercourse between Orchomenos a nd

ri h li P lia ns w ho o n f om om e on T p y a . The y j i ed r s e r lati ” in a m wa e a nd N eleid ae. ship § are the s e y , led by N leus f n Here there w a s a n additional tie o commo worship .

w h of o on w w a s n ia The ors ip P seid , hich very prevale t

o onne us b ut on w n o w as a Pel p s , especially the ester c ast,

ausan. iv . 1 4 . 1 P , t S rabo . THE N E R E I D M O N U M E N T . chief w orship of the Ionians from lEgia lia a nd Helice

H on n o on m n on om a nd the ( elic ia P seid is e ti ed by H er, ) colo nists established a common fane of Heliconian Posei — don M ca le in n on n . m s , at y , Asia the Pa i ia Sy pathy at thi

o n o a ou h in E id a urian o on f om p i t, pr b bly, br g t the p c l ists r the n b u oo of now n Poseideion of Trtnzene eigh o rh d the re ed .

N u foun u a nd ar1. 0 w a s n e ele s ded Milet s, his B / ; see ther n P s id i n For the m n of to ear the o e e o . attach e t his race

Po on w e mu f to om a nd u on of seid st re er H er, the ill strati his i n Miiller u wa s son f ev de ce by . The earlier Nele s o

Po on a nd a of the on u nt m n seid , tr ces c seq e attach e t appear in o mn fi of o to o on on the s le sacri ce Nest r P seid , the shore of o w f w foun a f n Samic n Pyl s, here a ter ards is d the gre t a e o ; in the o on of n o u od f om pr tecti A til ch s, by the g , r the thick

n w on in the fi of o a nd on m nu flyi g eap s ght Tr y ; Pericly e s, son of o o on onf u f of a n Nest r, P seid c ers the pec liar gi t tr s

form n Of w w e mo . atio , hich shall hear re

w o of a nd of o on The rships the Great Goddesses P seid , and n on for o onn w m ve erati the Her ic races c ected ith the , w t u n onn n m in ere h s leadi g ideas, c ecti g sy pathies the

n s n of w Ionia migration . The a sociatio the orships had

a n on fo in o onn u w n t ke place l g be re Pel p es s, here lege ds mos d fi o in ow n wa —and om t iversi ed , rec rd their , s etimes — y it is w himsical enough the contests a nd compromises of

Poseidon a nd Demeter.

But w all to o on on n r hat is this the ad pti , by I ia settle s,

of an G la ucid aa n — o or o Ly ci as ki gs, s le as c lleagues of

n o n u Cod ridm? It is certai ly time t i q ire .

I n the fi om n Of n rst place, there is s e appeara ce a Lycia

u a on n an e out in i n pop l ti havi g br ch d this direct o . The migration from Lycia to Lesbos is fa r too ea rly to enter 78 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : into account here ; but Lycians are distinctly noticed a s form n of m u on of E r thraa w i g part the ixed pop lati y , ith

n r ns Pam h lians to w a n r n Creta s, Ca ia , p y , hich , by ar a g e m nt new on n o n a c ed ds e , the I ia c lo ists c e r

But the a s we o n to o r char cteristic have had ccasio bse ve,

ec us mo e u to n u r for onn on in dir t r partic larly, i q i e a c ecti ,

ommon w o of the o s o d on c rship Great G ddes es or P sei , presided over by a related heroic race . We may here avail ourselves Of the conclusions of M u ller and o who a n out in n e o thers, h ve poi ted the Lycia h r ,

o on n ra of a n o on n Beller ph , the disti ct t ces earlier P seid ia

N r o o n Of on u n character. o d es the ad ptio these c cl sio s o me to u of fo m blige give p that the r er essay, that Per

u is n in o on of a nd in se s late t the Beller ph Lycia, perhaps

o of Tomb . I n u of the her the Harpy :l: tr th, each the se

n nce of the fu on of m o m o or n i sta s si sy b lis , her ic divi e,

n o mo o o u n n re ders the ther re pr bable, by av chi g the age cy in ow a nd o r of m o o of n s the gr th pr g ess yth l gy , the pri ciple n m n of combination a d develop e t.

w a s an ff of m n — m a It e ect the i agi ative , the ythic l

n n of m n — m n te de cy the Greek i d, that the sa e divi ity

u in o u i of bu of acq ired each l cality a pec l arity attri tes,

and n r o from of his titles, lege da y hist ry, the character

u wo r n oc u a on a nd n partic lar rshippe s, their leadi g c p ti s i ter

or on of m n . u in m n o in ests, t e i d Th s, a y cases, the rig al

n to n in o w a s r ide tity ceased be discer ible, thers g eatly

a nd w n oo of o r n b obscured ; he the sch l p etry, eprese ted y

om a nd o n w of r r H er Hesi d , gla ced ith the eyes artists athe

Sic . aus . B iod . f P

i u n M th . Be ero on u et erse s. at o res 1 3 1 I ll ph q P L i i y g T , II .

80 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : a nd m r f e to and if a r se n De eter, already e err d ; tistic si

ilities to un a nd n w e f n es in b ity keepi g , er the chie age ci completing and orderi ng the circle Of Olympic gods ; to the reaction in question is ascribable much of the share o f de

n a now m n o m u ma vo t ck ledg e t, that the p etic syste lti tely

m in f r m n n o in the ca e o . The sa e te de cy is disc vered,

n fi n of r ou n om n o n of ide ti catio va i s divi ities, by the c bi ati

u ow o n ou w fa d attrib tes, h ever heter ge e s ; al ays cilitate by

m n o n of s m n in the o n m of the a y p i ts re e bla ce , rigi al ger

I n of m o o rec o m either. the later history yth l gy this

n on r m w a nd h bi ati had e arkable s ay, , per aps, reached its

m in w or Of J u in w om w ac e the ship piter Serapis, h ere combined the most infl uential characteristics Of the m ost

n u n f m of n m who on u d i fl e tial or s Paga is is at ce Ze s, Ha es,

Sun or and on u . n n Serapis, the Mithra, Di ys s The te de cy w as in n a nd ou i a n d existe ce vari sly act ve at earlier ate, and on w h o uffi n x n n al g it thers, s cie tly e plai s the appare t inconsistency that has led us into this long

n n o o on Miiller cor The Cori thia her Beller ph , says ,

ost of t ese ten enc es are ustrate in the fo ow n ana s s M h d i ill d ll i g ly i , w h m find a ace ere t ou it is more nterest n as ustrative ich ay pl h , h gh i i g ill f m r t an f c a o H o e h o Ly i . Be ero on w e are to in the a w as a uest of Oineus a ncestor ll ph , ld Ili d , g , f ome es to w om he resente a cu rece v n in return as a ed e O Di d , h p d p, i i g , pl g f fr en s and a ance a e t —it is to be ho e a fa rer e u v nt o i d hip lli , b l , p d i q i ale t n th uc ess u us w treated to the escen ant ha e l kl Gla c as by d d . w the name Of Oineus nts a w ne e en w c is not t r n No hi i l g d , hi h h ea te ed in

v n. on sus v s te Oineus w as i era enterta ne and ta h ai Di y i i d , l b lly i d, u ght im in r u ta the cu ture and use of the v ne —a ra t fica t on suffi eq i l l i , g i i ciently like the present of a cup to decide a mythologist that both legends in origin nd on a re indivisible a e. But if Be ero on ere is the e u va ent of on sus roun s at lea st ll ph h q i l Di y , g d a s o a ea r to ent f Oineus w t I car us w ho l e him rece ves go d pp id i y i h i , , ik , i N 81 T H E E R E I D M O N U M E N T. res n in a n in u n m o o po ds his activity (as q iri g yth l gist, ‘ Viilcker o to od , has pr ved) the g Poseidon as horse tamer and n n . N ow o so n f spri g Ope er , he is als called the o Po on in on r in on to f seid , c t adist cti his putative a ther ( r a mp ’ - xa r earM am u u Sis hid m n on b om ) Gla c s, the yp + e ti ed y H er in w now n But n n u the ell k passage . k ow i g that Gla cus

f ou t of a A nthedon in oeo a is a av ri e epithet the sea, th t B ti wor - u u and in o n f shipped a sea god Gla c s, that C ri th itsel

foun o n G lauce one c a n n n is d a her i e ,jl: o lo ger doubt that origi nally the father Of Bellerophon was styled Poseidon u u Gla c s .

- n om on n n a r n sl He ce it bec es clear that the I ia ki gs (B g) , whether deriving themselves fro m Neleus or the Lycia n

the w ne- od w t era it e him is rew ar e w th a e Of wine i g i h lib l y, lik d d i pip , tau t to rain it and fill it a ain and some e ends ascri e to his divinit gh d g ; l g b y as much l n for E r one au ter of ca r us as ot ers for the w fe of iki g ig , d gh I i , h i the very hospitable Orneus. Now I car us ent on ffus n the usefu now d e ta s with him i , b di i g l k le g , ke two ass stants his a u ter E r one a nd his do aera and nstea of test i , d gh ig g M , i d s and a rams tra ve s w t a wa on of w ne the future sta e of es s di g , l i h gg i ( g Th pi ) , and es at the an s of the tt c asants who new to sc ence m stoo di h d A i pe , i , i k

ntox ca t on for ma ness and fu e for ea t . E ri one an s erself i i i d ddl d h g h g h , the d o rowns mse f and the w o e art are rov e for a mon the g d hi l , h l p y p id d g

' stars as r o rctu rus an cula even Bootes the w a on and all. , Vi g , A , C i ; , gg But I car us- Oineus e n t us transferre to the ce est a ma re i b i g h d l i l p, I mem er the ver an some e t t at the sa Oineus ave to Be ero on b y h d b l h id g ll ph , in return for the resent of a cu - at east so ome es sai —he had p p, ( l , Di d d , n t ot it to s ow he sa he had eft it at ome —Diomed m n w a s as o g h , id l h , , i d, or a s a rat —and the e t a ccom an n its ow ner to the s es r n s po ,) b l , p yi g ki , b i g

us at nce to the te Or on w ho is a so atten e a do . o bel d i , l d d by g is a u r n normal e en w ereon it is suffic ent Th le ds p to appa e tly the l g d, h i f f M l r I t is a en e to the E n s to refer to the beauti ul E ssay O ii le . ( pp d d gli h r n ation f th ro m n t a sl O e P lego e a . )

v n . O x . 98. t der J a . 5 . c o . et. . My h . p 1 S h l Pi d iii

Miill r : ro e om na 27 3 . Pans 3 4 . e e I . ii . , P l g , M 82 X A NT H I A N MA R B L E S :

u u s n n of in n w r of Poseid o Gla c s, de ce da t the Cor thia , e e a n n m ia ste .

But wh ma o not o on in y, it y be asked, d es P seid this

s a s in o on n n a n of m on ca e, c rresp di g i st ces ythical relati

in onn on w or n n a nd ship, appear c ecti ith aidi g his serva ts descendants at Troy ?

o on w a s u n for P lia ns —he P seid previo sly e gaged his y ,

ou not o n o u a nd u u and c ld assist b th A til ch s Gla c s, the

n of his u w om on o omm lege d q arrel ith La ed , pr bably c itted

him nm to . o fo ms to to e ity Troy The p et, there re, see

u on n of ou n have st died the c siste cy his gr ps, by keepi g the

on Of o on to the n n out of relati P seid Lycia s, e tirely sig ht .

I n s ow o u n the mo un the Ody sey, h ever, he appears cc pyi g t n of o m —a u u n on of o r ai s the S ly i, s al i dicati l calized w o ship .

fu a nd w e now o n l on of Grate lly, at last, rec g ize the re ati

of mon um n to o of X n us the Nereids the e t, the r yal race a th

- G d the renowned la uci ae. I n m on to - od u u n m im ediate relati the sea g Gla c s, are a ed * o u n w him n of os the Nereids, as cc pyi g ith the isla d Del ,

o for o or a s o h where he gave racles the g ds, t ers sager ” n a u o o n on a n um on of the si g, t ght Ap ll vatici ati , ad brati

u n of o u n u n o u in the same seq e ce rac lar i fl e ce, that cc rs n legend Of Poseidon as original Occ upa t of Delphi . A t

o mo n n o f a mns Del s, as at Delphi, the st a cie t the s cred hy

n n n on of the m w a (a nd eve the i ve ti hexa eter), ere scribed

n n . I n on o n s to a Lycia Ole this relati , the appr priate es

o om a nd o u n m s to w ith which b th H er Hesi d , give s ch a e d m a nd A seu es is r n . Nereids as Ne ertes p , appa e t

Ar t t . a n ii s o t e . v c . 4 7 . i p . A h . T H E N E RE I D M O N U M E NT. 83

nf on of u u to o on ma not The i erred relati Gla c s P seid , y

a o n n e on in o ppear less pr bable, by gla ci g at his r lati s ther

d on irecti s .

mon d o o u o on A g the Nerei s at Del s, he cc pies the p siti that w o uld seem more appropriate to Nereus himself ; b ut

a N u m n n i al th t ere s , as a ari e appears ide t c — w him m son un no n m . Ne ith , the sa e per age der a ther a e

eu o n to o o o u a nd Pherec d es had r s, acc rdi g Ap ll d r s y , the

ow of n fo m on but n w a s oun b p er tra s r ati , evertheless, b d y H u w ho ofi n u on of m . erc les, pr ted by the i str cti s the Ny phs But Hercules here performs the part ascribed to Menelaus

in w n n u I no- E idothoe n the Odyssey, he i str cted by he bi ds,

in Of his n fo m on oo n - od spite tra s r ati s, the s thsayi g sea g

o u a nd f n of of u u Pr te s ; the air trai the Nereids Gla c s, alas ‘! m ust submit to recognize their representatives in the herd of unengaging Phoc aasf The dignity of the myth us is ow nd a ma n of m on , h ever, vi ic ted by re i s ystic versi s, that

ea u s to o n an n n hieros lo os mo l d rec g ize it as a cie t g , di

fied nd for o u b ut n n a adapted p etic p rposes, still retai i g

r s ou r no m n o Of t ace , th gh highly alte ed, by ea s bliterated,

its n m o m— r u flux of n u fo m origi al sy b lis the pe pet al at ral r s, f a nd no n a nd t n m on o ou . + vital i rga ic, the ra s igrati the s l

d . Horat. O . i 5 .

r th onte f e eus w t th ran f rm - f C ompa e e c st o P l i h e t s o ing sea nymph , tis is the sea eus the an accor n t Thetis. The ; Pel l d ; di g o Tzetzes

m u v a ta r tc ta at 9 6 r fla Aa a a' a a e, y o p fi c, " t y .

n -h A te om. 68. a late a uthority ; b ut Homer intima tes his consciousness not ambiguously

' - vnk ee l amt a a a at a Wa s u av ivrara‘ra mau v c p y p e,

’ “ - w as 9 51 1 t n'ru k a uxn as a : f rom Ba ha maa : p p y , ’ ' s a 'r vrs r a t nAt a t . a xvi 3 3 . p B Ili d . 84 X A N T H IA N M A R B LE S :

The very ancient a nd fi sh- like Proteus himself th us

e no n han on fi m ti e reapp ars, as thi g less t the pers i ed pri i v substance of Creation ; a nd the characteristic pow er o f m a mo o n m n a nd oo in et rph sis, bri gs all these ari e s thsay g

n to o on of o on Of the divi ities back the P seid Pyl s, the patr

fo m r m nu versi r Pe icly e s . One of the Oldest of the marbles is probably the satyr like figure ; his position a nd gestures are not such a s to suggest Bacchic relations ; a nd comparing some satyrs in mur n n in u n oom l m him a s a al pai ti gs the Etr sca r , I c ai m n e on a nd u e n n to G la ucid m tho ari e p rs age, th s p rtai i g y

- o . of ha s f of ou n m ls l gy The large series relie s vari s a i a , w w so u not w h ou t ith hich he is as ciated , I s spect is it

t o to m f rela i n the ystic trans ormations a lluded to.

u m o m of o on n w o b rmo Th s the sy b lis P seid ia rship, is a niousl om n w h of o n u a s it y c bi ed it that Aphr dite at Xa th s, w as o n w n un ro on — w h at C ri th} he ce spr g Belle ph , yet it a

ff n o se of a ll ow a nd m n on di ere ce . The g ddes s gr th ger i ati , are appropriately associated here w ith the Queen of pro lific a - f u o and on of fe Marri ge, the chie s pp rt b d civil li ; b ut o not f o n sea she d es hersel appear, as at C ri th, a n m o of for w o y ph ; still less as pr tectress the tribe, h m

n had to f ou of e to Pi dar check the lyric erv r her prais s,

n n i si uate a n apology .

w a s n in t t n It i deed his latter charac er, as lege ds teach

us she m n o v o n o on w w o s of , that ca e i t i le t c llisi ith the r hip

o on w m to a u in con P seid , hich see s have cq ired, perhaps

u n n a n n to o o m of seq e ce, eve te de cy the pp site extre e

Pi nda r Pausanias . T H E N E RE I D M O N U M E N T. 85

sm the mo of o Of o u ascetici . This is ral the st ries Hipp lyt s and G u u o in o n of os on n la c s, b th, rigi , titles P eid , the ce

e Of w o s — o n n fu typ s his rshipper , b th perishi g by the ve ge l

n u n of o the l of om s d ue to i fl e ce Aphr dite, ( exi e Di ede is

a m n w om h n f w or the s e divi ity, ) h t ey had i ter ered ith ‘ f u w m m on mn d . u n o c te e The st de ts Pa l, ill re e ber the

n w of on o s in m in re e al the c tr ver y the sa e place, the later da ys of Pa ga nismsr m G la ucidae u a s Be it here re arked , that the th s appear one Of those Old heroic families of which Caria and Persia

e fu n m a nd w o n u n hav already r ished exa ples, h se i fl e ce,

e ou a nd o so n in the alik religi s p litical, appears disti ctly

or of a nd n n hist y all Greek states, is exte ded by lege d

n n u mons how u — on Lycia a tiq ities de trate pla sibly, bey d

o n m to nu n the pr per Greek bou dary . The clai s ge i e Greek

n r of ZE a cidaa a nd ae of u a nd a cest y Heracleid , Epir s Mace

on a nd n m Of of o n d ia, eve the legiti acy the leaders the D ria

n on n mu f om m n lo . i vasi , gai ch r the sa e a a gy

n of u n in w The adva ce the rep blica spirit Greece, hile it

o f m of o mu of divested the her ic a ilies r yalty, still spared ch

h influence — o o on of in om in t eir , the p litical p rti it, s e

n n mo ons in o ou sta ces, bei g st c iderable, thers the religi s , the fa mily remaini ng the chief administrators and ex po si to rs of the mysteries and purifications Of their peculiar u l i w orship. Of this the Athenian E mo p dae furnish the m o f m m a nd the on n o of st a iliar exa ple, traditi al ge eal gy

Pisistratids n n to N eleidaa of o ma the , asce di g the Pyl s, y

i" ’ The stor Of Be ero on s ca umn at on and ex e has in more hi y ll ph l i i il ,

res ects t an one a ert nence to the same o nt. p h , p i p i

' v n o 1 Goethe : Bran t o C rinth . B 86 X A N T H I A N M AR L E S.

t on if it not su t have greatly assis ed their ambiti , did gges ‘ it.

ow v a s in o n n mo st Sparta, h e er, ther i sta ces, preserved purely the original Hellenic sentiment a nd institution

a nd u h n o of n w tho g eve here, the prer gatives the ki gs ere

m ons i u on r on a f a h ha pered by c t t ti al rest icti s, ter their de t

the old s o on w m of o w e a s ciati s, ith the clai s the her ic race, er allowed full sway ; a general mourni ng and solemn a n d ceremonious lamentation immediately took place ; e ac h

n w a mo n last ki g s celebrated as the st excelle t Of his ra c e .

no on who in a n a n n th e Xe ph , sever l i st ces i dicates that

ro u of w u n t es yal Obseq ies Sparta ere pec liar, especially o ic

Of fun onou w of a at the death Agis , that his eral h rs ere

a so to m he w a s mo n ch racter elevated , as i ply that re tha

um n a nd u to m m of a n o we h a ; th s, the e ber her ic race re

n o onou w a s n u n assig ed th se h rs, ascribed that i fl e ce, that w ere given to the founder of itsr

v Herod ot. . 65 .

On t s su ect w c ave ustrat in he E ssa o the H 1 hi bj , hi h I h ill ed t y n arpy om w on add as confirmat on Of m v ew s a reference T b , I ill ly , i y i , to a assa e in Nice horus Chumnus t at w b e foun ven t en h p g p , h ill d gi a l gt by

C reuzer omm . ero . . and uote as ecu i ar u r v f , (C H d p q , p l ly ill st ati e O ' ’ a cian eroon a tra e a n s a ccount f th u of Ly H , g di o e sep lture a hero of a ra ce er a s re ate to the c an - esus s ain Diomed of w m p h p l d Ly i , Rh , l by , ho the , use his mot er ec ares He s a not o w t n the r M , h , d l , h ll g i hi da k pla in Of the ea rt : t us muc w so c t of the n m e ow c d of emet r h h h ill I li i y ph b l , hil D e ,

- harvest vin o ess to rem t his sou . To me he w be n f gi g g dd , i l ill he ce orth as ’ ea no more w he e o his mot er s form 8 ” d d ill b h ld h , m. b ut concea e in the ca ves of this s ver- v n an w lie e o th l d il gi i g l d, ill b h lding e light ” - m a v n t a man beco e di i i y .

" - rvri 3 iv av'r at r ife 8 awa ri ov flovi p c p c py p x c, ' ' ‘ - 9 mra3 a t w st in s a t Aémv o A v v a B v d . esus. 9 5 p p o r Rh 7 ,

88 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S : terization Of om in of o n and o s H er, spite c llisio s catastr phe f m w ou on nu o u al m d ue ro ith t, c ti ed thr gh historic ti es, a

a n Of m a nd ou m to v im b la ce a iability vig r, that see s ha e pressed a nd interested every observer w hose allusion to

m n But if u nd n u n e s the country re ai s . the ca ses a i fl e c

and ou so e that decided its details spirit, have s rces de p a nd so mo w e n mon o f re te, as have see , a g the earliest w hich record remains ; there is also some appearance tha t

in a of f m n m of mo a it bea rs, tr ces de ace e t, arks the great r l

n Of w o on u a nd for m d is cha ge, hich the sh ck c v lsed, a ti e

n d not on but w o a nd w a w a orga ize , ly Lycia, the rld, s ept y so mu w a s mo fu a nd m b ou h ch that st grace l ad ira le, th g in f m b ut to resto re it other or s . The earthquake that rent the w alls a nd shook the base m n of onum n w a s not fi e e t the Nereid M e t, the rst ravag r, though probably the la test . The statues of the Nereid s a re all headless ; not all the zeal of Sir Charles Fellow s could succeed in discovering the smallest fragment of th e m in ou of o a o on s iss g heads, th gh the ther dil pidated p rti

f m n w o on f b un n . such rag e ts ere, as the rest rati s testi y, a da t

I n n on Of e o n to n o f expla ati this, the trav ller p i ts the sig s

u n in the num o u s the zeal of Xanth s as a Christia city, er

f u e and o u es s m n w i h remains o ch rch s religi s tabli h e ts, t w hich the site of the city is covered ; a nd to the mo no

a m w n om w ow on u on gr s ithi the Harpy T b , hich sh that ce p a time it sheltered a n a nchorite .

te ow o f mo of m ns fa n At the da , h ever, st these re ai , a t i m in ow w ou on n f w ic s p er, ld hardly have c te ted itsel ith simple decollation Of the idolatro us emblems ; a nd th us the outrage w ould rather bear the impress of the bold a d ve n ture Of an earlier zealot . 89 T H E N E R E I D M O N U M E N T .

W oof or um on we Of hat pr , at least pres pti s have , the

n n a nd o Of s a n in earlier i trod uctio pr gress Chri ti ity, Lycia

u on on o n ou b ut no Pa l e ccasio t ched at Patara, there is Th o s of a ccount Of his ministry in Lycia . e early pr gres ” G os e in i of ow a nd the the p l the c ties Cilicia , h ever, no tice of the lively zeal with w hich it w a s extended in all

' “ quarters by his Pisidian disciples ; confirmed by the speed y appea ra nce of flourishing ch urches at Laodicea a nd o os e n n n of on on ren C l s , i depe de tly his pers al exerti s, d er it certa in that C hristianity must have found early eu

n n o — w w o on a nd tra ce i t Lycia, ith hat pr bable recepti

e u ma f om m e o d in r s lts, y be gathered r the exa ples r c r ed

Of e of on t d a nd fi erceness Of o Acts, the z al the c ver e ppo

in n n nents eighbouri g cities . To the excitement conseq uent on the progress of the n w on w u u u n u e religi , hich ca sed s ch dist rba ce at Ephes s a nd in the of w l in M on a nd cities Pisidia, as e l as aced ia

G e 1 m v umu reec , ight probably ha e ascribed the t lts that o u in un u us ou not cc rred Lycia der Cla di , th gh they had been designated by epithets that pertain to the Roma n fo mu of e ou u on — a nd da m r la r ligi s vit perati , the heretical ” n of n n o o ' able a cie t orth d xy . 1

The a 4 n A . D . 2 b ut d te is certai ly early, ; at that date Christian ch urches already flourished in Cilicia a nd at

n o a nd mon mos lou n w A ti ch , a g the t zea s eva gelizers ere

f n men o the eighbouring Cyprus .

cts x xv A iii . 4 9 ; i . 5 .

' E xitiabil n r es te se scor as. uet v . om ar h e i ia 1 i di di (S . C p e t e x t ‘ b l s su erstitio of a tu a to r i i p , T ci s, pplied Ch istianity . 90 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S :

Th mu n f onumen w on e tilatio s o the Nereid M t, hich ly

to m o o o on of c u u ma applied the yth l gical p rti the s lpt re , y perhaps have been a leading i ncident in the tumults un de r

u u u v w os Cla di s, that reached s ch a pitch that li es ere l t, a nd was in on u n of m of its Lycia c seq e ce the , deprived

so far to nn to m l un liberties as be a exed Pa phy ia, til it w a s ultimately red uced to the form of a Roman provinc e by It seems to have been in the course o f the n onn w n t th e proceedi gs c ected ith these cha ges, tha incident occurred Of the degradation by Claudius of a d ig nified n L ciarch on un of i no Lycia , (a y the gro d his g n f n n ra ce o the Lati la guage . +

of l u u n n J w f om om in The decree C a di s, ba ishi g e s r R e ” on u n f u ou m fi s th c seq e ce o disp tes ab t Christ, exe pli e e summary manner in w hich Roman authorities treated suc h disorders : other examples are found in The Acts ; a nd

o in of own of B s there als it is, the speech the t clerk ph sus a nd in n ff n m on o u of its sta t e ect, that i ti ati cc rs the

ou w w w e a in oun a jeal sy ith hich they re reg rded c tries th t,

a m w m t like Lyci at this ti e , ere per it ed the privilege Of

n n f- o rnm n An u on i ter al sel g ve e t. all si to this jealousy w ill be recollected in the fourth Gospel ; it w a s a part o f — o of m i om m r on of Ta citus the p licy i per al R e, the ad i ati , :l: by which it succeeded in suppressi ng every spark of the

not on of but of u a nd on f spirit, ly Greek, Ga l Brit ; a ter w ards so sorely missed ia the contest w ith the Germa n a nd the Goth .

Sueton . : au . a nd es as. ueton Cl d V p f S ius . V it r c . I . Ag i

9 2 X A N T H I A N M A R B L E S.

n m nour and n o u m o ed e the ost ho ably adva tage sly i pr v , w

m o n on o uin of o f see to rec g ize a reflecti ver the r s Lycia,

m n u in of ost a nd the sa e ge ial l stre , that the pages p histo

an m for oun o and o f m ri bea s ever, ar d its her ic hist ric a e . H A RP A G U T H E M E D E .

96 HA RP A G U S T H E M E D E .

nu ne on l u m n o f ge i Greek, is str g y arg ed by the agree e t the o rthography o f Lycian i nsc riptions ; a nd though it w ere merely a Hellenized form o f a Barbaric name similar in

o un w a s l o n a s d, that rea ly b r e by the Mede, still the r rity

f n fo m on w mu n u f o m o such tra s r ati s, hich st be disti g ished r m n of m n t on u w n ere cha ges ter i a i , arg es that he it did take

w a s n in m of P a sa r a d a He l place it i vited, as the exa ple g , l nized o s o on n m in e as Persep li , by a c rresp di g si ilarity sig nifica nc n fi n in n v e r e . This sig i ca ce the prese t case is y remarka ble ; it bears close reference to a fa r- branchi ng

m o o of n yth l gy the Asia Greeks.

The o o f u of n u on one o f st ry the da ghters Pa dar s, is ly

m n m thi n a n in a no the a y y , prevale t at early date Asi Mi r, w hich symbolize the great annual alternation of Nature by various figures of violent ravishment (spa m ) o f youth a nd

u u n u a o w n fi n o f bea ty, by s per at r l p ers . This is the sig i ca ce

u h of N o f n ow of o o the da g ters i be, alli g by the arr s Ap ll

a nd m o oun on m m Arte is ; Chl ris the y gest spared al e, e ble

of u n m of u the s rvivi g ger Nat re,

The out fu rom se of rev v n ears y h l p i i i g y ,

n o u of Pha rma ceia of n n o r a nd the a al g e the the Athe ia st y, the fifth a nd remaini ng child on the Harpy Tomb sj' I n the title Harpy of this myth us w e have the roo t o f the ” name Ha rpa gus ; b ut it occurs more strikingly a nd

w fo m u f u n in onn on w no ith a r lar req e cy, c ecti ith a ther

w ffu m thus of m ur o of n idely di sed y the sa e p p rt, that Ga y

m w is n wo en w m f ede, hich deeply i ter v ith the ythology o

Pano fk a—ou r n m n a o u e t. A rchwol . Ze tun 1 H py M i g. U S HA RP A G T H E M E D E . 97

C o a nd . At two on o rete, Tr y, Phrygia places the sh res of o on m u w as o ed a nd w the Pr p tis, the yth s l caliz , sites ere shown w hich contested w ith each other the title of the true Harpa geionfl‘ the scene of the a pha nism of Gany m a nd in E ubcea w a s no u h Ha r a eion ede ; a ther s c p g ,1 w hich thus appears appro priated w herever the myth us

n n u n u n of a of o Obtai ed i fl e ce ; j st as the sce e the r pe K re,

n wa s v e of nna to the n to the Sicilia s the al E , Thracia s the

n of mon. u u o n in ba ks the Stry G ided th s, I rec g ize the

Har a us or Har a sus o f a n n t on Of a n river p g p Caria, i dica i o u n u al on a nd Har a us is u o ther s ch at r izati , p g th s the appr

‘ riate Of n in or ow p title the ravishi g div ity p er, Hades,

P ose n u o m um on of w ido , Ze s, the St r s ; the ass pti hich by a n a n n to on n n u p ri ce, is parallel i sta ce the c sta t Orie tal sage , o f um on n of n titles or of n m the ass pti by pri ces divi e , a es

m oun of m Of u w e m c o p ded the . this sage have exa ples at h n in n of Ha r a us a nd u a d, Mithridates, the serva t p g , Cyr s

Sun Pha rna ces in on u a nd C anda ules in the , 1 P t s, § Lydia ; to descend no low er than our period in the re m o of o r n to moun no arkable hist ry the idea, i deed t higher . Thus w e are led to infer a n early proximity of the Greek a nd d n a a nd e fu on or mutu re Me ia r ces, th ir partial si al

on Of w fu n a n n o fa r w acti , hich Lycia r ishes a al gy, east ard in the oun w n E cba ta n a nd u n w c try bet ee the E xi e, here Herodotus places the influence of Ha rpagus a nd the edu

’ uc . v 1 07 . tra o x ui. t enaeus. Th iii . S b , 1 A h

n Ar x H hi i . s u c i ta . es c us n v te as ers I Pl tar h y C i P . o Stra b . ’ m r a a on an r nce H r alion omts the sa m wa o e s a e . H P phl g i p i , p , p y

0 98 HA RP A G U S T H E M E D E .

a on of u a nd h w e m e t c ti Cyr s, t ere it is precisely that e

r us n d with another river Ha rpagus or Ha pa s . I apprehe

n m of o n om o that the a es l calities give by H er, the c rrect ness of w hich is manifested by their continuance thro ugh h o m uffic n ou m on m d e ist rical ti es, s ie tly av ch the i pressi a by a Greek population on the so uthern shores Of th e

E u n on fo his a nd w ma not n xi e, l g be re age ; hat y have bee

o m n of u o u on w a nd ia the devel p e t s ch a p p lati , east ard land Of w hat must ha ve been the contempo rary develo p m n w w a nd o w of of e e s e t est ard c ast ise , the great race M d and n o n l o n a n d Persia s, (pr bably as early re ated as D ria s

on n w e - m t - in oo I ia s,) have traces, ythi apar , the deep r t

‘ of their religion in C appa docia fl a nd in some notices o f

o o u th mo w n n o w e d Her d t s, at have re eight tha has bee all

m. nno be n n o m o o u s the It ca t have e at ra d , that Her d t d r on of ow n o f eclared that the Medes had a t aditi their ,

n of t en n n u n He their early receptio A h ia i fl e ces . o ught perhaps at all times to have been held sufficient autho rity for the existence of such a tradition ; its accordance w ith

n en n nd w n b i dep de t Greek lege , especially he regarded y

f o m n a rchmolo on the light reflected r Lycia gy , is str g pre

um on for foun on in o u n e s pti a dati hist ry . Eq ally evide c d and of m m o t a n mon the n s si ilar i p r , is the prev le ce a g Persia of a tra ditional claim to the occupation o f the whole O f Asia Minor ; ‘ l‘ a nd Persian logioi are q uoted as givi ng a pec uliar version of the earliest intercourse between Greece a nd a nd a nd Ass ria nd Egypt, Greece y gt U er these cir cumsta nces o on in me of , the ad pti by a Mede the ti Cyrus of e of on and onn e w re a titl Greek derivati , c ect d ith G ek

tra o . ero . I l rod S b t H d I e . I . i .

1 00 HA RP A U S G T H E M E D E .

f d o on o t s o f r mon . o the expe iti , the pr pitia or the St y Her dotus also relates the agreement betw een the rites of Thra cia n and Pmonia n w omen w orshipping the queenly A r temis a nd o w w te o a n d , th se hich ere celebra d at Del s ; Delos wa s spared and respected in a marked manner by the on of and Arta hernes a ll expediti Datis p , that ravaged o n u ther Greek sa ct aries .

aeon n of ra w e een w a n a n The P ia s Th ce, have s , ere Asi

ra e e to o n a nd u in th e c alli d the Tr ja s, th s their allies

n m of om n fi n i n Iliad . The a es their leaders bec e sig i ca t co nnection w ith the preceding remarks ; Py raechmes a n d

A stero ae u n a n o n is w si nifi p s , prese t acc rda ce that al ays g

n in o m and in the f e of w ho a rishes ca t H er ; at the latter, p

on n ft v w e v a n a um the eleve th day a er his arri al, ha e d

on f n no m u r o a brati o a astro mical yth s . There appea s als

on of ou n on m in the v un of e s reflecti a religi s a tag is , a t Achill

o o aeu son Of Axius of u o o f ver Aster p s, the , the s peri rity

the fE acids n n of u to o n o f s. , desce da ts Ze s, the pr ge y River

P raachmes m n o f P ra ithoi of a a y re i ds the y , the Magi C pp

w o a o n h a h m but t h se extr rdi ary ier rc ies e erge la e, it

u n o o b ut nno h un from a n o is tr e, i t hist ry, ca t ave spr g y l cal

use e n to o a on w n o a m s ca that b ga per te ly ithi hist ric l ti e . The Paaonians moreover w ere wo rshippers Of the Sunsl

tra o S b .

‘ ‘ ' ' f ‘ i l Ha tavt c a sBava t r av rk tav a ya kpta 3 : mav Ha tavutav 81 m ; Bpa xuc imsp p a uper;

M x . T r D r ence t r etent n k . a ss. 8 c . e o or em Ev av ( y . , H h i d i bezzle ment of the orses and c a r ot of the Sun eft in t e r ca re b Xerx es h h i l h i y . v h ero . v . 1 1 5 a nd ii . T e rac ans ca e the Sun Zeux i us (H d iii Th i ll d pp .

oh a a a . (J . M l l ) Compa re the invoca tion of the Tereus of Sophocles

‘ ' - ' rrm rk cm rat e t a t a ta s cv a t Aa . , p c psf p B c P G U S 1 01 HA R A T H E M E D E .

The significance o f the name of the mythical Lycurgus of in o n un on w e o f wo Thrace, c j cti ith thes traces Fire rship a nd of o o n om n on the Orphic sect Ap ll , prese ts a c bi ati that tallies remarkably w ith the agreement observed by Hero do tus * e w n w o of o o in , b t ee the rship Ap ll at Patara Lycia, a nd the customs of the great temple of Belus at Babylon ; o f n in mm n ou oo of Lycia s the i ediate eighb rh d Thrace,

a nd e n in w e o n . a nd ve Thrace, have already sp ke Thrace

m ommon a nd n in n Lycia clai c share i terest, the Delia legend of the Hyperborean w orshippers of Apollo ;1 a nd the strange- sounding stories of the Hyperborean beca

omb o f a sses to o oun w no t s j: lead th se c tries, here the ble w ild ass might w ell be substituted for the horse sacrificed

M n w o ff n in n w o of by agia s, as a rthy O eri g the ative rship Sun the . §

Thu s w e perceive the suggestion of the chariot and w hite horses of Rhesus the hraci an in the a A c ar ot it is c ea r erta ne to th s mb T , Ili d . h i , l , p i d e y o lism Of the rac an of he o an Su - od er i m as t n . e s uc t b Th i , Rh di g Th h o e ’ sa id to the same purpose on the chariots of Homer s Pandarus ; but the su ect at ar e eman s a mono r bj l g d d g aphy .

. 1 8 I 2 .

u n . t 1 Pa sa Herodo . m th - f of Of Cad nd 1 Co pare e has relie the tomb ya a . Of the actua sacr fice of asses ers ans a st nct not ce is l i by P i , di i i pre serve t enaeus and the a na o es of the re u s t d by A h (p . l gi ligio s ys ems of Thra ce e os and c a to a an e ements in a a oc a an , D l , Ly i , M gi l C pp d i d the a ucasus r a and Ba on a ear reflecte in a cur us m th C , Sy i byl , pp d io y us related Anton nus Libera lis by i . C leinis us an of ar e a nd fa t er of L cius Ort ius Har a su nd , h b d H p h y , yg , p s a A rtemicha ve in eso otam a near Ba on e ove Of A o , li d M p i byl , b l d poll and A m s vin r t at the r reans acr fi a s t A rte . a ea e o s ce ses o o i H g h d h Hyp b i d p llo, he w s e to ntro uce the sa me custom at Ba on but t rea tene b i h d i d byl , h d y A o he des ste his sons L cius and Har asus who ers ste exc poll , i d ; , y p , p i d , ited the an er of the od a a nst the fa m w ho ult mate w ere tran form g g g i ily, i ly s ed v i nto arious birds. 1 02 HA RP A G U S T H E M E D E .

There is much in the tempe r of the later collisions o f

a nd to me of n in i a Greece Persia, that speaks a li ger g irr t

on f om ou o on I f a n o n on n ti r earlier religi s c llisi s . pi i ca

u fi on m so o u wou a be j sti ed a atter bsc re, I ld express doubt whether the burning of the temple at Sardis by the

h n n w u u h mm on mon At e ia s, hich ca sed s c i ediate agitati a g ” n w n Hal s and u a n the Persia s settled ithi the y , s ch l sti g

n m n in n on w a s so u n rese t e t the ati , cas al as represe ted ; I w ould point to G allias the hiero-keryx fighting at Mara

on in a a nd u w a s ou e th his priestly g rb, s ggest that it a c s q uence of tra ditional religious a ntipathies rather than the n u f on ma b original provocatio . The so rce o the traditi y e

h n o n Of E umol id ae indicated in the T racia rigi the p .

h u f not an i n T at s ch a act as this is stated by histor a ,

m a nd not u n if to v n d atters little, is s rprisi g, it is be di i e

f om n o u w e now of ous r his arrative . Little sh ld k the religi

or o f h n —so lu Of the o l if the hist y At e s, il strative p litica , om n a nd the o o not u om s c edia phil s pher, did s pply the i

on o f u d a nd eno on si s Th cy ides X ph . The ea rly processes of the combinations a nd reaction s

n m o in n o f that I have i ti ated, are l st the dark ight ages ;

b ut n uen e m n a nd w a s o e to that their i fl c re ai ed, perativ later

m ow mo u a nd o mo m n ti es, bel the re p blic p litical ve e ts that

on no o n n f o al e are ticed by hist ria s, is evide ced satis act rily

I n u t t on f t s stor it ma be not ce t at w l asses accor n ill s ra i o hi y y i d , h i d , di g A t n v w re f n a nc ent in to r stot e s . A i 24 e ou eso ota m a i l (Hi . . , d i ly M p i ; t at r has a r ver cus a nd is ment one w t Th race and c a a s h Sy ia i Ly , i d i h Ly i , a n original sea t of the Cyclopes of Perseus ; and that the later develop ment of th w ors of o o in t ese a rts after the con uest of A ex e hip Ap ll h p , q l m e an er is of a nature to n cate its er vat on t ere fro ear r t mes. d , i di d i i h li i These points w ill receive fa rther illustration when some future tra veller fr m st to est shall explore Cilici a o E a W .

4 HA P U S D 1 0 R A G T H E M E E .

the two on n u c to that sto ries are e. The Phrygia I s spe t

be a nd an u o . the earliest, at y rate as tr e as the ther

n it o o um of w ho n s us Agai , is als the c st e Mithra, prese t w m o- n or i n n o u o f ith a re arkable Med Persia Mag a , a al g e

' n w o ravishin s m o e the Greek divi ities, h se g sy b liz the vic

situdes of the and um n f . u r alike year h a li e Perse s, slaye o f o on mo o t o f the G rg , is the st cl sely rela ed Greek type — — Mithra ; his pec uliar sickle- like swo rd ha rp é is th us

ome m n d u “ mon m o of f h s ti es i tro ced a g the sy b ls li e, deat , f a nd o f ro u x ' ertility harvest, the Mithraic g p l

But Hesiod e w on w o h jt plac s this eap , hich he calls b t

’ D Hanca rville.

' Now this har f un n th o in u a of w c the 1 pe is o d o e coins f Arpi Ap li , hi h mythological reference Of the name is thus recognized as a nalogous to tha t of D re anum n o f m r h s ana o p a d Zancle in Sicily t the sickle O De ete . T i l gy — is very complete the sickle- sw ord of Perseus corresponds w ith the s c e of emet r w h is rec n z n an co ns w t a wa r k e i kl D e , o og i ed o Sicili i i h li w ea on is st e in the omer c mn r saor e erseus mse f p ; yl d H i hy Ch y , lik P hi l ;

d w - a n co ron the or earer. The har e t us ent fie in u a by Ly ph , S d b p h id i d Ap li is reco n ze i n the uni uetra co ns Of a w t w c erseus is so g i d q i Lyci , i h hi h P c ose connecte in m t o o as wie er of it and as ra v s n ow er l ly d y h l gy ; ld , i hi g p , he is erseus- Har a us —an ex a v t t e to t r ates or P p g , ctly equi a lent i l Mi h id Mithr a ustes.

The occurrence of the same s m n of c a and o ulia y bol o the coins Ly i p , is ex a na the tra ces reserved m t o o t at e t er countr w a s pl i ble by p by y h l gy, h i h y su ect t nfluenc i v e o e n er ear t me from th comm n centre r os . bj d i y ly i s e o , A g ome es to w om w as ascr e the foun n f r a on w t nume Di d , h ib d di g o A pi , l g i h rous ot er ta a n c t es and in th n conne te w t the h I li i i , e Iliad represe ted as c d i h c an r nces t es of ere tar s ta t is connecte as immedi Ly i p i by i h di y ho pi li y, d a te w t Ar os as erseus who rou t t t er the c o s from c a ly i h g P , b gh hi h Cy l p Ly i . The s m o in uest on occurs on th ns of hor ns Balbus M t y b l q i e coi L . T i ( y h .

ct. of Lanuvium as ate s th f e At Lanuvium the w or Di ) , l a e age o Cic ro . s Of ome es w as assoc ate w t t at Of un os ta w ho is re re hip Di d , i d i h h J o S pi , p sente on the reve h d rse of t e coin.

ea r- ea s are fre uent s m n nd on e end it w b Sp h d q y bols on coi s ; a e l g , ill e remem ere er ve the nam o w on of Pers b d, d i d e f Mycenae from the eap ons . eo 1 Th g. HA RP A G U S 1 0 T H E M E D E . 5 — — sickle and sabre harpé a nd d repa non in the hands of ano n o w ono f om ther ravishi g p er, Chr s . He receives it r

R u his f om m a nd in m o m n hea, as Perse s r Her es ; his e pl y e t of in mu on of u no w o m m e it the tilati O ra s , h se severed e b rs

m n n u m n f n o to i preg ate at re, he has a a i est a al gy Mithra ’ piercing w ith his dagger the symbol of all Nature s ger ” m n —to u w o ha r e u one i s, Perse s, h se p decapitates Med sa, of or on w o n u i n fi n the sister G g s, h se at ral s g i ca ce appears as un u o a nd who n od eq iv cally, are eve styled by Hesi , the

n o of o u on in f Hesperides . These a al gies cc pati , are per ect harmony with that which exists among the po wers them

of Sun to u w ho m selves ; Mithra as the Perse s, has si ilar

n ion and f to Chronici Alex and . prete s s, is re erred by the as

onn d w the n w o of Sun a nd e c ecte ith Magia rship the Fir ,

- a nd of o and e u to ono who is b th Mithra P rse s Chr s, literally u we r u a nd ono Th s have Hades, Pe se s, Chr s, all Greek e xamples of ravishing pow ers ; the first by distinct tra d on two a m o w iti , the l tter by their special sy b ls, as ell as b n o to fi n m to y a al gy the rst, havi g clai s the title Har p a gusxf Perseus and Chronos blend most naturally w ith Mithra ; a nd mon n a nd u o on in no a g the cha ges j xtap siti s Asia Mi r, o f a nd n a nd w o i to a Greek Persia races rsh ps Mithr , either of m ma ommun e n um the y have c icat d the title, the ce ass ed

it ! H Kr nos. on s. licam o Di y a .

n 1 Xenophon (A ab . ) gives an account of a people on the E uxine near ’ the Har a us w ho carr e fa cate n ves and cut off t e r enem es ea p g , i d l d k i , h i i h ds and ca rr ed them aw a . The act on nstrument a nd oca t corres nd i y i , i , l li y, po u w th th e n f rs curio sly i e l ge d o Pe eus.

P U E 1 06 HA RP A G S T H E M E D .

e n n I f the m o f s u m r by a M dia pri ce . clai Per e s ight appea mo o a s e n m f in m n but a st pr bable, b i g hi sel a y respects

e n fo m of t a o f rono u o d H lle ized r Mi hr , that Ch s is s pp rte by the appearance that the Mede o f Hero dotus o w es more to him n n me tha a a .

l o of u in w c Ha r a us m uch The ear y st ry Cyr s, hi h p g akes s

fi u mo un f o . e o w a s a g re, is st satis act ry That the h r scion o f the royal house that he subverted ; that prodigies

h o r fo i w n n of the f a at his birt , be re his b rth , gave ar i g at lity o f his caree r ; that the king in consequence so ught to d e

o him w on ou nu u w n m s str y ; his dr s escape, rt re by ild a i al ,

’ or m n w f a nd u on mon m n by a herds a s i e, ed cati a g herds e

ou fu d n on e n ou e o n t o n his y th l isti cti , app ara ce at c rt, r c g i i ,

n a nd so fo i is the u n of he dig ity, rth ; all th s s bsta ce t biogra phy o fheroes of remote or obscure o rigin in all ages

o o f (E di us o f omu us a nd e n o f ose s it is the st ry p , R l , ve M

mo fi J o us w ho mus need e n th e as di ed by seph , t s r prese t

u on of en a o a s destr cti Israelitish childr by the Ph r ah , pro mpted by supernatural w arning o f the birth of a h ostile

o her .

The c a on of Ha r a us in ff of mu h parti ip ti p g the a air, is c

m v u A st a es o mm on him to o h the sa e al e . y g c issi s destr y t e i nfant Cyrus ; a nd on the discovery th a t he has fa iled to do so w his n n e on him a u n him n u , reaks ve gea c by c si g

on ou to of o wn u v n c sci sly eat the flesh his child . S ch a e

ea nce not oc nc n u in n n g is a her st k i ide t, that rec rs the i sta ce *— of the Scythians a nd Cya x a res ; it is no impossibility

mon r o f n ou s but in a r a g the barba ities Orie tal c rt , this p ticula r n a n o n n of of Har a us i st ce the c i cide ce the title p g , reminds fo rcibly of the details of the mythus o f Chrono s ;

I l erod . i . 7 3 .

1 08 HA RP A G U S T H E M E D E .

o n e n fi n to of ono n c g at sig i ca ce that Chr s, prese ts the de

n in m fo m n of ceptio the sa e r as the a ecdote the Mede .

m of n n — o n n r The sa e set i cide ts, vi le ce, i cest, par icide, unn u n and n fo m on n o o at ral reve ge, tra s r ati i t birds, is t ld by

d n f m nus nu 242 a n u o . o Hygi s, , Parthe i s, ( Er t a Cly e — H and o n m a r a lice . bserve the a e , p

o un nou for u a o There is gr d e gh here a sceptical spec l t r, to dispute the pe rsonality of the lieutenant of Cyrus alto

but on o n em m gether ; , p dered s berly, the evide ce se s si ply to o w a o o u w fi or on and sh th t Her d t s, hether at rst sec d h ,

nsfo m hieros lo os or nd of n tra r ed a g sacred lege a divi ity,

ot ers in the ear h stor of t s countr ef r to u er r ans for h ly i y hi y . R e M ll , (Do i ,) some o servat ons on the most rema r a ara e the mu t tu nous dif b i k ble p ll l, l i di fus on of the or a n tr e from t e r a rish it ma a most be ca e in i D i ib h i p , y l ll d , h ss T e a ly . The uest on then is eft — w ence the or na connect on of e o s q i l , h igi l i P l p , of the ra or fam he re resents w th e sa an A a H . e. ce s a e i ily p , i Th li ch i ? w as son of anta us w ose m t ca stor oca ze e ua in E uro e T l , h y hi l y , l li d q lly p — a nd s a in a nes a Mt. Si lus a nd the c e ous ad x x v A i M g i , by py A h l , (Ili i . P n ix n mates c mm n at on of u a t n r 6 1 5 a s. . t o u c o o o r nces ; i i i i p p l i p i . e o s it is sa ea ves As a un er the com u s on of the ncr a sin P l p , id , l i d p l i i e g ow er of ro a nd t us the ex e t on of his escendants ears so me p T y ; h p di i d , b thing of the retaliative cha racter of the w ars of the E nglish kings in ut ern ra n e so h F c . The quoted passages intimate tha t Laconia w as pie -emi nently occupied by the Achaeans a nd it I S observable tha t Menelaus is trea ted by the poet w ith decidedly more fa vour in his fortunes a nd destiny tha n his more d is tin uished rot er A a memnon rofessed d in conse f g b h g , p ly (O yss. ) quence o his a ance w th e en au ter of Zeus s ma b u lli i H l , d gh . Thi y be t a poetical vers on of suc a n a iance etwe n the fore n r nce and nat ve fa m i h ll b e ig p i i ily, as o c icta te to orman enr w t the a xon r n d p li y d d N H y , i h S p i cess Matil a nd od v Godric a G i a . Pausa nias mentions numerous tumuli in La conia as connected w ith the r ans a nd e o s t ese ma be foun a nd ex ore some d a a nd Ph ygi P l p ; h y d pl d y , the uest on settle q i . HA RP A G U S 1 09 T H E M E D E . into a n historical incident in the life of a personage w ho

’ v ni n or n bore the di i ty s ame . The st y of Ad rastus a d the son of C rce sus o a n m o f o in is pr bably exa ple this err r, its exaggerated form but great caution is required in these o on or m w l o u n u n bliterati s, Criticis i l dep p late A tiq ity e tirel a nd x of a nd m l y , e hibit it as a series great re arkab e

en o u n n n n of the c of an ev ts, cc rri g i depe de tly a tivity y great a nd remarkable men w ha teversl

I n t s stor Crmsus forewarne and forearme a a nst the er im hi y, , d d g i p il nd n over his on son c m etent to succeed him oses him notwith pe i g ly o p , l , sta n n the ver nstrumenta t of his most refine reca ut ons di g, by y i li y , d p i , s a n b A d ra stus the nev ta e A rastus w ose ow n stor exem l fies l i y , I i bl d , h y p i the octri ne of fata sm in its oom est form His name is assoc ate d li gl i . i d w t t s octr ne in E uro e in e en s a nd re ous ceremon es at Ar s i h hi d i p , l g d ligi i go a nd c on and in As a the o ess of ecess t emes s w as w or Si y i G dd N i y, N i , s e at z cus un er the t t e Adra stei a nd her tem e w as sa to hipp d Cy i d i l a , pl id ave een ui t A rastus The r nc e of nev ta e fa te a ea rs i h b b l by d . p i ipl i i bl pp n the legend of the destruction of Thebes by Adrastus and so in the Iliad it is em od e in the stor es of A rastus s a n amemnon us b i d i d l i by Ag , j t as ene a us consente to s a re him and the A ra stus w ho notw t stan n M l d p ; d , i h di g w a rn n and fore now e e f his v n n f t er w ent to f i g k l dg o di i i g a h , Troy to all by th s ear of Diomed e p . s a na s s have foun cur ous confirme a not ce 1 Thi ly i I d i ly d by i by F . ’ a ard Anna e nst ut v of f L t o . the act f na o s w j , ( li d ll I i , o a l gie bet een G ree and a an m t o o t at w as on in a os t on t su k M gi y h l gy , h I ly p i i o spect U n des rapprochements les plus importa ns a signaler est sans doute ’ cette ou e c rconstance u Ormuz et u ter sont tou eux fil du d bl i , q d J pi s d s ’ ‘ ” em s et fils d un ere ui é vore ou a sor e ses nfans T p p q d b b e .