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Flut Und Hitze: Auswirkungen Extremer Klimaereignisse Auf Die Flut und Hitze: Auswirkungen extremer Klimaereignisse auf die epigäische Arthropodenfauna (Araneae – Spinnen) ufernaher Lebensräume (Auen, Polder) des Inselrheins bei Mainz Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades „Doktor der Naturwissenschaften“ am Fachbereich Biologie der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz Patrick Guhmann geb. in Ludwigshafen am Rhein Mainz, im Dezember 2009 Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 11.05.2010 Überall geht ein früheres Ahnen dem späteren Wissen voraus... (Alexander Freiherr von Humboldt) Lebenslauf Persönliche Daten: Vor- und Zuname: Patrick Guhmann Geburtstag: 25.05.1978 Geburtsort: Ludwigshafen am Rhein Wohnort: Sachsenstr. 5a, 67134 Birkenheide Staatsangehörigkeit: deutsch Familienstand: ledig Schulbildung: 1984 - 1988 Albertine-Scherer-Schule Birkenheide 1988 - 1996 Carl-Bosch-Gymnasium Ludwigshafen 1996 - 1999 Max-Planck-Gymnasium Ludwigshafen Wehrdienst: 1. Juli 1999 - 30. Sept. 2000 Bundesmarine Studium: Studienbeginn am 01.10.2000 im Studienfach Biologie an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz Erfolgreicher Abschluss des Grundstudiums mit dem Vordiplom am 19.11.2002 an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz Erfolgreicher Studienabschluss an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz mit dem Diplom am 09.12.2005 Beginn der Promotion am 18.09.2006 an der Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz Hiermit erkläre ich, die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig und nur unter Verwendung der angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel angefertigt zu haben. Patrick Guhmann, Mainz, im Dezember 2009 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 1 2. Material und Methoden 8 2.1 Untersuchungsgebiete 8 2.1.1 Geographische Lage 8 2.1.2 Bodenstruktur und Klima 10 2.1.3 Charakterisierung der Untersuchungsflächen 12 2.1.4 Wetter und Rheinpegelstände 37 2.2 Probennahmen 41 2.2.1 Fangmethodik 41 2.2.2 Termine der Probennahmen 50 2.2.3 Aufbereitung, Determination und Lagerung des Probenmaterials 50 2.3 Ökologische Charakterisierung der Spinnenarten 51 2.4 Versuche zur Submersionstoleranz der Spinnen 55 2.5 Versuche zum Flutverhalten der Spinnen 61 2.6 Statistische Auswertung 64 2.6.1 Beschreibende Statistik 64 2.6.2 Wertende Statistik 67 3. Ergebnisse 69 3.1 Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache 73 3.1.1 Bodenfallenfänge im Auwald 74 3.1.2 Stammeklektorenfänge im Auwald 79 3.1.3 Phänologie der Arten der Hartholzaue 85 3.1.4 Bodenfallenfänge am Waldrand und in der Verlandungszone 99 3.1.5 Auswirkungen von Flut und Hitze 102 3.2 Hochwasserschutzpolder Ingelheim 108 3.2.1 Bodenfallenfänge im Polder 108 3.2.2 Fänge mit dem Vakuumsauger 114 3.2.3 Phänologien der Arten des Polders 117 3.3 Rheininseln und Uferstandorte 125 3.3.1 Rheininseln 125 3.3.2 Uferstandorte 131 3.3.3 Faunenähnlichkeit der Rheininseln und Uferstandorte 138 3.4 Submersionstoleranz und Fluchtverhalten bei künstlicher Flutung 148 4. Diskussion 156 5. Zusammenfassung 222 6. Literaturverzeichnis 226 7. Anhang Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Das Mainzer Becken und die angrenzenden Gebiete 8 Abb. 2: Lage der Untersuchungsgebiete im Mainzer Becken (Karte 1: Gaulsheim bis Sandlache) 9 Abb. 3: Lage der Untersuchungsgebiete im Mainzer Becken (Karte 2: Sandlache bis Mombacher Ufer) 9 Abb. 4: Klimadiagramm der Wetterstation Heidenfahrt 11 Abb. 5: Lage der Hartholzaue im NSG „Sandlache“ 13 Abb. 6: Biotoptypen der Hartholzaue NSG „Sandlache“ 14 Abb. 7: Hartholzaue NSG „Sandlache“ (Zone AB7) 15 Abb. 8: Blick auf das Leitwerk und die Mündung des Entwässerungskanals in den Rhein (Zonen AE2 und LA0) 15 Abb. 9: Hochwasserschutzdamm hinter der Hartholzaue NSG „Sandlache“ (Zonen HE4b und HE5) 16 Abb. 10: Lage des Hochwasserschutzpolders Ingelheim 17 Abb. 11: Biotoptypen des Hochwasserschutzpolders Ingelheim 18 Abb. 12: Kleines Flut-Tor des Polders Ingelheim 19 Abb. 13: Ökologischer Polder Ingelheim Zone HB0 19 Abb. 14: Ökologischer Polder Ingelheim Zone HA0 20 Abb. 15: Ökologischer Polder Ingelheim Zone LA0 + HB0 20 Abb. 16: Ökologischer Polder Ingelheim Zone LA 0 im April 2007 21 Abb. 17: Luftbild der Bodenfallen-Standorte Fulderaue-West (Fu/W) und -Ost (Fu/O) 23 Abb. 18: Blick vom Rhein auf die Fulderaue 23 Abb.19: Bodenfalle am Standort Fulderaue Ost (Fu/O) 24 Abb. 20: Blick in die Hartholzaue Fu/O 24 Abb. 21: Blick in die Weichholzaue Fu/W 25 Abb. 22: Bodenfalle am Standort Fu/W 25 Abb. 23: Freifläche auf der Fulderaue 25 Abb. 24: Luftbild des Bodenfallen-Standortes Winkeleraue (Wink) 26 Abb. 25: Blick von Rhein auf die Winklkeraue (Wink) 27 Abb. 26: Bodenfalle am Standort Wink in lichtem Unterbewuchs 27 Abb. 27: Bodenfalle in dichtem Unterbewuchs am Standort Wink 27 Abb. 28: Luftbild der Position des Bodenfallen-Standortes Gaulsheim (Gaul) 28 Abb. 29: Blick auf den Wald bei Gaulsheim aus westlicher Richtung 29 Abb. 30: Blick vom Wald auf das Rheinufer bei Gaulsheim 29 Abb. 31: Südlich an den Wald angrenzendes, tief gelegenes und mit Weiden bewachsenes Schilfröhricht 30 Abb. 32: Unmittelbar neben dem Wald im Osten gelegener Teich 30 Abb. 33: Luftbild der Position des Bodenfallen-Standortes Ingelheim (Ing) 31 Abb. 34: Weichholzaue bei Ingelheim 32 Abb. 35: Obststreifen begrenzen den Standort Ingelheim in nördlicher und südlicher Richtung 32 Abb. 36: Unmittelbar hinter dem Standort Ingelheim mündet im Nordwesten die Selz in den Rhein 33 Abb. 37: Luftbild der Position des Bodenfallen-Standortes Ingelheim „Große Heide“ (Ing/GH) 34 Abb. 38: Pappel-Gehölzstreifen Ingelheim „Große Heide“ 34 Abb. 39: Luftbild des Bodenfallen-Standortes Mombacher Ufer (Momb) 35 Abb. 40: Pappelstreifen am Mombacher Ufer mit Unterbewuchs aus Brennnesseln 36 Abb. 41: Buschwerk hinter dem Pappelstreifen, im Vordergrund sind Setzlinge von 36 Hartholzgewächsen zu sehen. Abb. 42: Abweichungen des Monatsmittels der Temperatur und Niederschlagsmenge der Wetterstation Heidenfahrt vom vieljährigen Mittel von Mai 2005 bis Mai 2008 39 Abb: 43: Pegelstände des Rheins bei Östrich von Januar 1998 bis Mai 2008 40 Abb. 44: Bodenfalle aus Kunststoffrohr (Ø 10 cm), Fanggefäß aus Glas mit Trichter (Ø 10 cm) (links), Regenschutz (mitte) und Bodenfalle aus Plastikgefäß mit Trichter (Ø 10 cm) (rechts) 43 Abb. 45: Bodenfalle (BF2) im Wald 43 Abb. 46: Bodenfalle (BF12) am inneren Waldrand 43 Abb. 47: Skizze einer Schwimmfalle 44 Abb. 48: Stammeklektor im Einsatz 46 Abb. 49: Positionierung der Bodenfallen und Stammeklektoren in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache 47 Abb. 50: Positionierung der Bodenfallen und des Vakuumsauger-Einsatzes im Polder Ingelheim 48 Abb. 51: Der Autor beim Spinnenfang mit dem Vakuumsauger 49 Abb. 52: Bau eines Versuchs-Rohrs aus einem Zentrifugalröhrchen und Parafingaze 55 Abb. 53: Glasleiste mit nummerierten Versuchs-Rohren 56 Abb. 54: Wolfsspinnen in den Versuchs-Rohren bereit zum Tauchgang 57 Abb. 55: Wolfsspinnen während eines Tauchgangs im belüfteten Aquarium (Winterflut-Simulation) 58 Abb. 56: Bau eines Versuchs-Röhrchens 59 Abb. 57: Glasplatte mit befestigten Stopfen und Versuchs-Röhrchen 59 Abb. 58: Versuchsaquarium (120cm x 50cm x 50cm) mit Bodenplatte und Stöcken 62 Abb. 59: schematische Aufsicht des Aquariums mit eingeteilten Abschnitten 62 Abb. 60: Struktur der Webspinnengemeinschaft der Bodenregion in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache 74 Abb. 61: Artendominanz der Webspinnen aus den Bodenfallenfängen der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache 75 Abb. 62: Prozentuale Verteilung der am Boden gefangenen Hauptarten auf die Waldbereiche Ufer (schwarz), Mitte (grau) und Damm (weiß) bezogen auf den Gesamtfang der jeweiligen Spezies 76 Abb. 63: Verteilung der am Boden vorgefundenen Arten nach dem Schwerpunktvorkommen in Pflanzenformationen nach PLATEN et al. (1991, 1999) und KREUELS & PLATEN (2005) 77 Abb. 64: Verteilung der am Boden gefangenen Individuen nach dem Schwerpunktvorkommen in Pflanzenformationen nach PLATEN et al. (1991, 1999) und KREUELS & PLATEN (2005) 77 Abb. 65: Struktur der Webspinnengemeinschaft der Stammregion in der Hartholzaue 79 NSG Sandlache Abb. 66: Prozentualer Anteil an juvenilen Spinnen am Gesamtfang pro Familie 80 Abb. 67: Artendominanz der Webspinnen aus den Stammeklektorenfängen der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache 81 Abb. 68: Prozentuale Verteilung der Hauptarten auf die Eklektoren SE 1 bis SE 6 (Balken von links nach rechts) bezogen auf den Gesamtfang der jeweiligen Spezies 82 Abb. 69: Verteilung der am Stamm vorgefundenen Arten nach dem Schwerpunktvorkommen in Pflanzenformationen nach PLATEN et al. (1991, 1999) und KREUELS & PLATEN (2005) 83 Abb. 70: Verteilung der am Stamm gefangenen Individuen nach dem Schwerpunktvorkommen in Pflanzenformationen nach PLATEN et al. (1991, 1999) und KREUELS & PLATEN (2005) 84 Abb. 71: Verlauf der Individuenanzahl der Bodenfallenfänge in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache im Untersuchungszeitraum vom 05.05.2005 bis zum 09.05.2008 85 Abb. 72: Verlauf der Artenanzahl der Bodenfallenfänge in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache im Untersuchungszeitraum vom 05.05.2005 bis zum 09.05.2008 86 Abb. 73: Diversität nach SHANNON (blau) und Evenness nach PILOU (rot) der Bodenfallenfänge in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache im Untersuchungszeitraum vom 05.05.2005 bis zum 09.05.2008 87 Abb. 74: Phänologie der dominanten und subdominanten Arten der Bodenregion der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache vom 5.5.2005 bis zum 9.5.2008 88 Abb. 75: Prozentuale Verteilung der Männchen (schwarz), Weibchen (grau) und Jungtiere (weiß) von O. praticola am Waldboden und in der Stammregion 90 Abb. 76: Verlauf der Individuenanzahl der Stammeklektorenfänge in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache im Untersuchungszeitraum vom 05.05.2005 bis zum 09.05.2008 91 Abb. 77: Verlauf der Artenanzahl der Stammeklektorenfänge in der Hartholzaue NSG Sandlache im Untersuchungszeitraum
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