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E-Mail: Spr@Africaonline.Co.Ke UGANDA GOVERNANCE & DEMOCRACY SURVEY REPORT COMMISSIONED BY: CONDUCTED BY: STRATEGIC PR&R BOX 7201, NAIROBI, KENYA TEL: 254-601005 FAX: 254-601839 e-mail: [email protected] 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ……………………………………………….. 3 Section 1.0.0 Background ……………………………………………….. 12 Section 2.0.0 Introduction ……………………………………………….. 14 Section 3.0.0 Survey Objectives ……………………………………….. 15 Section 4.0.0 Survey Methodology ……………………………………….. 16 Section 5.0.0 Demographics Results ……………………………………….. 18 Section 6.0.0 Survey Findings ……………………………………….. 23 Section 7.0.0 Understanding of Democracy ……………………………….. 32 Section 8.0.0 Constitutional Reform ……………………………………….. 51 Section 9.0.0 Political Parties ……………………………………………….. 55 Uganda Governance & Democracy Poll ……………………………….. 73 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International Republican Institute (IRI) is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C., dedicated to advancing democracy, freedom, self-government and the rule of law worldwide. IRI programs are nonpartisan and adhere to the fundamental principles of individual freedom, equal opportunity and the entrepreneurial spirit. IRI is working in 40 countries worldwide. IRI commissioned Strategic Public Relations & Research Ltd., to conduct the Uganda Governance and Democracy Survey on 21 May to 13 June 2003. The survey, which was national in scope, targeted Ugandans 18 years and above, and data was collected between 24 May and 29 May 2003. The primary purpose of the public opinion findings presented in this report was to gauge contemporary attitudes in Uganda toward democracy, leadership and participation. As Uganda undergoes a momentous transition from the Movement system of government to a more pluralistic system, these findings illuminate perceptions about the content and context of institutional rules that determine decision-making. Among all stripes of democracies, the routine engagement of broader public audiences is important for present and future leaders as they strive to achieve such rules. Highlighting the views gleaned from 3,000 respondents across the socioeconomic and demographic spectrums is an exercise in civic education that should inform Uganda’s political decisions for prosperity and posterity. The findings are broken into four categories: Understanding Democracy; Trust in the Leadership, Constitutional Reforms; and Perceptions of Political Parties. On the first scope, there is broad understanding of democracy as a system based on consensus and participatory decision-making, knowledge that derives from socialization in schools. Although the Movement is generally perceived as a democracy (68%), many respondents believe that Uganda is not free on most criteria universally associated with democracy such as the freedom to express political views (49%), the media (56%), freedom to assemble (56%) and freedom to practice religion (50%). On the dimensions of Trust in the Leadership, a majority trusts the President (54%), Parliament (51%), Local Council V (48%), Local Council III (48%), Local Council I (51%), Civil Society (57%) and Religious Leaders (62%). But the respondents express mistrust for the Electoral Commission (50%) and the Opposition Parties (49%). On Constitutional Reforms, 49% believe in the independence of the Constitution Review Commission of Uganda. Notably, 41% support the notion of a third term for President Yoweri Museveni, in contrast to 37% who oppose it. There are conflicting perceptions about the role of political parties in Uganda: 60% of the respondents believe that they are the source of political strife, yet the same number perceive political parties as essential to meaningful political choice. Moreover, an equally large number (69%) are of the opinion that legalizing political party activities will generate conflict, and should there be an expansion of the political space, 46% express the fear of worsening conflicts. Nevertheless, there is consensus both on the fact that political parties should be allowed to operate without restrictions (50%) and the need to limit the number of political parties (55%). Looking into the future, most respondents (72%) feel that the current political parties will continue to exist, while 63% desire the creation of new ones. In addition, 67% feel that the Movement will transform itself into a political party. Finally, there is also a consistent pattern in the choice of political parties with respondents basing their decisions on religion (38%), personality (23%) and party policies (8%). The salient findings are summarized in detail below: 3 PART 1: DEMOGRAPHICS Age: 18 to 25 (25.5%), 26 to 35 (30.4%), 36 to 45 (26%), 46 to 55 (11.3%) and above 55 (3.4%). Education: No education (3.9%), Pre-primary (5.9%), Primary (20%), Secondary (35.7%), Tertiary (14.2%) and University (15.5%). Religion: Catholic (36.8%), Protestant (35.2%), Anglican (7.9%), Muslim (13.4%), Hindu (1.7%) and Traditionalists (1.6%). Gender: Male (52%) and female (48%). Urban/Rural: Rural (58.7%) and Urban (41.3%). PART 2: SURVEY FINDINGS SECTION ONE: GENERAL 1. When asked how respondents identified themselves in addition to being Ugandans, about 56.9% of respondents identified themselves by their ethnic orientation while 27.2% identified themselves by economic orientation and 7.7% by religion. 2. As individuals, an overwhelming majority of 78.3% primarily identified themselves as Ugandans (high sense of patriotism), while only 8.7% identified themselves by ethnic orientation, 6.6% by religion and 6.3% by clan orientation. 3. Citizen participation is high with about 73% of respondents indicating that they often discussed politics with friends and neighbors while another 61.5% attended community meetings. 35.6% often met to raise issues and 24.3% often contacted area members of parliament to raise issues. 4. Radio is the most popular source of news with 75.1% of respondents indicating usage of the medium. Newspapers follow radio with 50.2%, television with 27.7% and local meetings with 20.4%. SECTION TWO: VOTING BEHAVIOR 5. An overwhelming majority of 86.1% of respondents (ages 18 years and above) indicated they were registered to vote compared to 13.9% who were not. 6. Those not registered to vote gave the following reasons: • Too busy 21.4% • Lack of interest in current candidates 17.7% • My vote does not matter 16.5% 7. An overwhelming majority of respondents (92.3%) thought their votes matter in deciding national issues as opposed to only 6.5% who thought otherwise. 8. Of those registered to vote, an overwhelming majority of respondents 86.3% voted in 2001 Presidential Elections as opposed to 7.3% who did not, while 6.4% did not respond to the question. 4 9. Those who did not vote in 2001 Presidential Elections gave the following reasons: • Lack of suitable candidate 48.1% • Unable to get to polling station 13.7% • Missing names on register 10.9% • Fear of intimidation 8.7% 10. About 65.1% of respondents voted for President Yoweri Museveni while 22.7% voted for Besigye and 6.1% Awori. 11. About 60.5% voted during the referendum in 2000 as opposed to 15.1% who did not. 12. Those who did not vote during the referendum gave the following reasons: • Name missing from register 23.7% • Referendum unfair 21.2% • Unable to get to polling station 17.5% • Fear of violence or intimidation 12.4% 13. About 59% of those who voted in the referendum supported the Movement while 33.8% wanted the political system changed. SECTION THREE: STATUS OF UGANDANS 14. A majority of 73.2% of respondents said Ugandans are better off today than they were 20 years ago as opposed to 24.1% who thought otherwise. 15. An overwhelming majority of 75.8% of respondents said Ugandans are more secure today than they were 20 years ago compared to 19.5% who thought otherwise. SECTION FOUR: UNDERSTANDING OF DEMOCRACY 16. About 38.5% of respondents defined democracy in terms of decision-making by consensus while 27.1% defined it in terms of participation in decision- making and 6.1% in terms of social equity. Only 3.4% defined it in terms of multiparty politics. 17. About 56% of respondents learned the definition of democracy in school, 25.1% got it from friends, 13.4% from family and 12.2% from media. 18. When asked to rank what they associate democracy with on a scale of 1 to 5 (where 1 is mostly, 2 more, 3 moderately, 4 somewhat and 5 least associate), these were the mean scores: • Going to polling stations and voting 2.1 out of 5 • Participating in local community meetings 2.4 out of 5 • Action of being law abiding citizen 2.5 out of 5 • Questioning local and national leaders 2.95 out of 5 This means that Ugandans associate democracy primarily with activities such as going to polling stations and voting, followed by participating in local meetings, action of being law abiding and lastly with questioning local and national leaders. The score differences are insignificant. 5 Ranking of Association with Democracy Mean Percent Going to polling station and voting 2.1 27.5 Participating in local community meetings 2.3 26.0 Action of being law abiding citizen 2.5 24.8 Questioning local and national leaders 2.9 21.8 Ranking of Association with Democracy Questioning local and national leaders Action of being law abiding citizen Participating in local community Ranking ItemRanking meetings Going to polling station and voting 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Percent Ranking of Association with Democracy by Location Questioning local and national leaders Action of being law abiding citizen Participating in local community Ranking ItemRanking meetings Going to polling station and voting 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Urban Percent Rural 6 Ranking of Association with Democracy by Gender Questioning local and national leaders Action of being Rankinglaw Item abiding citizen Participating in local community meetings Going to polling station and voting 46.0 47.0 48.0 49.0 50.0 51.0 52.0 53.0 Percent Females Males 19.
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