International Newsletter Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Japan

No. 29 March 2015

=Foreword= International Research Activities at RISH in 2014 Professor Junji Sugiyama Chair of the Public Relations Committee of RISH, Kyoto University

In 2004, Director Prof. Hiroshi only at Kyoto University, but also re- Matsumoto launched a new interdis- searchers and groups across the coun- ciplinary Research Institute for Sus- try and around the world. Thanks to tainable Humanosphere, a coopera- the efforts of the faculty and support- partnerships. One good example is tive institute designed to serve as a ing communities, the Research Insti- our MOU with Nanjing Foresty Uni- hub for the discovery of creative solu- tute for Sustainable Humanosphere, versity in China, which was both re- tions for sustainable development. In Kyoto University, has successfully newed and extended. The committee the decade since, the institute has accomplished its mission by over- continues to encourage more produc- brought together researchers with ex- coming barriers across academic dis- tive partnerships as it helps strength- pertise ranging from wood science to ciplines through innovation and co- en the quality and effectiveness of radio science. The spirit of interdisci- operation. On June 6, 2014, RISH research on global issues. According plinary collaboration has expanded commemorated its 10-year anniversa- to Prof. Sanga-Ngoie, research and into partnerships with experts not ry. academic institutions in Africa and International activities have pro- South America are good candidates duced 19 cooperative Memoranda of for future partnerships. Understanding (MOU): seven with There are currently increasing foreign counterparts in Asian, three in concerns about social accountability Europe, and two with North Ameri- and the role of public information. can countries. In 2014, Prof. San- Now, at the beginning of 2015, we are ga-Ngoie Kazadi, Chair of the RISH ready to go another decade for seek- International Academic Exchange ing solutions for sustainable develop- Committee, evaluated and reactivated ment through interdisciplinary aca- Professor Lee (second left) and Assistant some of the sleeping MOUs by reas- demic activities of various disciplines, Professor Zhai: a graduate from RISH (leftmost) at the campus of Nanjing Foresty University signing new faculty for sustainable which is in the DNA of our institute.

1 International Newsletter

=Overseas Visiting Scholar= Some reflections on my stay at RISH during the fall of 2014 Professor Lars Berglund Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Inst of Technology, Sweden

RISH in Uji is such an interesting do not have enough time for thinking, place. It is one of the best institutes in reading and even writing, which I had the world for wood-related research, plenty of time to do at RISH. There but it is also a very peaceful location. was also time to discuss research with During my 3 months stay in the fall of colleagues. There are many strong 2014, not only did I learn new things scientists at high international level at tural design details. The exoskeleton about cellulose materials, but I also RISH, with highly original research of the tunicate sea animal is one ex- enjoyed many walks, jogging and ideas. It is interesting that many pro- ample, see figure. No man-made ma- biking tours in the Uji surroundings fessors work on fundamental prob- terial can even approach this level of and along the river. This included vis- lems and can focus on those problems sophistication. Maybe we can find its to the temples and many cups of for a long time. This is difficult in inspiration through studies of cell green tea. many Western countries, where exter- wall structure, and use the knowledge My host, Professor Yano, is a pio- nal funding has become too import- to design new materials suited for the neer in the field of nanocellulose ant. Perhaps RISH should also try to needs of humans. composites, and has had many visi- better exploit the unique competence I find Japan very interesting, but it tors over the years. My privilege was of its professors and researchers by takes time for Japanese people before not only to stay in his lab at RISH, but stimulating more collaboration within they will speak more sincerely to Gai- also to meet many of his Japanese RISH. International research is very jin-san. The politeness is almost un- colleagues at universities and indus- much about multidisciplinary collab- limited, and I was not used to inter- trial companies. As foreigners, we of- oration, and RISH offer unique com- pret the meaning of words from body ten find professional life in Japan binations of competence at very high language, tone of voice and details in quite formal. This time I learnt that level. the way words are selected. I went to there is also related social life in the Nanocellulose has become a very a meeting in Nagano of the Wood evenings. I also found out that it can strong international research area, Physics Society. The discussions with be very informal and enjoyable, to with around 1000 international scien- Professor Okano and Nakatsubo were say the least. tific publications per year. A very pos- very interesting. For the first time, it The contrast between my every- itive effect is that many researchers was also possible to speak at length day work in Sweden and my time at from different fields of chemistry and with the usually very shy wood sci- RISH could not be greater. In Sweden of materials have joined the commu- ence students. It was fascinating, I travel frequently, participate in nity. However, it also means that young students have a strong interest meetings and help students with their many nanocellulose researchers have in what it is like to live in a country PhD-thesis work. As a consequence, I a weak interest in wood science. This such as Sweden. This was also the is different at RISH. In Japan as a case for the students attending my whole, there is a strong general inter- lectures in Uji. Not only were they est in wood and paper for esthetic rea- very curious, but they also treat the sons, as you can tell from small de- teachers with a level of respect, which tails such as the decorations in better is unusual in Sweden. We also visited restaurants. Many researchers at several companies in fields such as RISH also have a sense of wonder wood plastic composites (Misawa and even admiration for structural as- Home, Nagano), fiberboard materials pects of wood and cellulose, and this (Daiken Kogyo, near Okayama) and is less common in the West. Perhaps wood-based nanocellulose (Oji Pa- this is the most important thing I per, Tokyo). The level of technology An interesting example of how nature is using learnt this time. For example, the was shockingly high, much superior cellulose: the protective skeleton of a tunicate plant cell wall is close to a miracle in to similar companies in Sweden. The sea animal is part of Prof Sugiyama’s collection at RISH. terms of its molecular and nanostruc- interest in knowledge and research

2 No. 29 March 2015 even at fairly small companies is very people living in certain areas, it anese pottery is impressive. A visit to encouraging. It seems many smaller looked very similar to small villages Sagawa art museum strengthened our Japanese companies should make in Northern Sweden. My family also impression. more efforts to export its products. visited, and one of the funniest mo- The stay at RISH has been one of Perhaps the most interesting pri- ments was when my wife talked to the most important professional peri- vate trip was to the island Shikoku. sumo-wrestlers in Kurashiki. Since ods for me, for which I am grateful to Foreigners tend to think of Japan in she is a pottery artist, we visited many RISH. The quality of the people, the terms of cities such as Tokyo and pottery artists in the Kyoto area. The kindness of my hosts, the focus on Kyoto. At Shikoku, I realized not most incredible meeting, thanks to Dr wood-related research and the peace- only that the Japanese countryside is Yokoyama, was with Raku Kichizae- ful surroundings in Uji made the stay beautiful. There are also very few mon XV. The cultural richness of Jap- unforgettable.

=Overseas Visiting Scholar= Report by Overseas Visiting Researcher University Research Professor Danny Summers Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada

It is always a great pleasure to tromagnetic wave with radiation belt visit the Research Institute for particles. Such wave-particle interac- Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto tions can be key in controlling the University. My visit to RISH during structure and dynamics of Earth’s ra- March-August, 2014, was particular- diation belts. We investigated “plas- hiss is actually a coherent emission ly rewarding. I collaborated with maspheric hiss”, which is an electro- with complex fine structure. That is, Professor Yoshiharu Omura and his magnetic whistler-mode wave occur- plasmaspheric hiss appears as dis- students on problems related to the ring in the cold, dense plasmasphere, crete rising tone and falling tone ele- Earth’s inner magnetosphere. typically at frequencies in the range ments (see Figures 1 and 2). By Specifically, we are interested in the from about 100 Hz to several kHz. means of waveform analysis, we interaction of various types of elec- Hitherto, plasmaspheric hiss has been identified amplitudes, phase profiles regarded by the space physics com- and sweep rates of the rising tone and

VAP-A (a) 3000 10-4 munity as a broadband, structureless falling tone elements. Our study re- 2500 incoherent emission. By examining sulted in the publication of what we 2000 10-5 /Hz 1500 2 burst-mode vector waveform data consider to be an exciting, seminal nT -6 frequency[Hz] 1000 10 from the EMFISIS instrument on the paper in the Journal of Geophysical 500 0 10-7 Research (Space Physics). This pa- UT 0400 0410 0420 0430 0440 0450 0500 NASA Van Allen Probes mission, we 2013 Feb 21 were able to show that plasmaspheric per is ground-breaking as it overturns (b) 3000 10-4

2500 10-5 2000 /Hz 2 (1) (2) (3) (4) -6 nT 10 1500 10-6 2000

frequency[Hz] 1000 1500 10-7 10-7

500 (a) 1000 2 -8 0 10-8 10 [nT /Hz] Seconds 42 50 00 10 20 30 40 42 500 FREQUENCY [Hz] 2013 Feb 21 0428: SPECTRAL DENSITY 0429 10-9 (1) (2)(3) (4) 0 2000 1.0 -4 (c) 1000 10 0.8 1500 0.6 (b) 1000 0.4 800 500 POLARIZATION FREQUENCY [Hz] 0.2 10-5 0 0.0 2000 1.0

600 1500 0.5 /Hz 2

nT 0.0 10-6 (c) 1000

-0.5 ELLIPTICITY 500 400 FREQUENCY [Hz] frequency[Hz] 0 -1.0 2000 90

-7 10 1500 60 200 (d) 1000 30 [DEG.] 500 FREQUENCY [Hz]

-8 WAVE NORMAL ANGLE 0 10 0 0 Seconds .000 .200 .400 .600 .800 .000 26 27 49 50 25 26 26 27 34 35 2013 Feb 21 0429: 2013 FEB 21 0428: 0429: Figure 1 Figure 2

3 International Newsletter previously held traditional beliefs in EMIC triggered emissions are char- The growth/damping of the oxygen, the science community. acterized by large wave amplitudes, helium, and proton bands and higher Other projects on which Professor rising-tone frequencies, and coherent harmonics of the EMIC waves were Omura, his students and I worked in- left-hand circularly polarized waves. studied. The effects of the kappa dis- clude the following: EMIC triggered emissions are gener- tribution on the growth/damping of (a) Sub-packet structures in EMIC ated by energetic protons injected these waves were clearly demonstrat- triggered emissions observed by into the inner magnetosphere. We ed. Our model was applied to EMIC the THEMIS probes studied trajectories of relativistic wave observations in the inner mag- We investigated observations of electrons drifting eastwards interact- netosphere by the Cluster spacecraft. electromagnetic ion cyclotron ing with longitudinally distributed During April 28-May 2, 2014 I at- (EMIC) rising tone emissions com- EMIC triggered emissions. tended the JpGU 2014 Meeting in prising sub-packet structures, using Relativistic radiation belt electrons Yokohama, where I presented the pa- waveform data obtained by the Time interact with EMIC triggered emis- per “Nonlinear analysis of magneto- History of Events and Macroscale sions. Some are trapped by wave po- spheric wave-particle interactions”, Interactions during Substorms tentials and efficiently guided down and was Main Convener of the (THEMIS) probes. EMIC rising tone to lower pitch angles. Repeated inter- International Symposium on the Inner emissions have recently attracted actions occur due to the mirror mo- Magnetosphere. I also presented the much attention because of their strong tion, and result in the scattering of paper “Limiting energy spectrum of nonlinear interaction with energetic particles into the loss cone. We used an electron radiation belt” at the particles in the inner magnetosphere. two EMIC wave models for the test AOGS 2014 Meeting in Sapporo We studied two typical cases in detail, particle simulations. One assumes (July 27-August 1). one case with a continuous single ris- that the wave amplitude is constant A social highlight of my visit was ing tone and the other characterized and the other assumes a time depen- the RISH 10-year Anniversary party by a patchy emission with a broad- dent wave amplitude that characteriz- on June 6 at which I was able to band frequency. The degree of polar- es sub-packets. For both models, re-connect with friends and col- ization of each sub-packet is general- 25% of the total injected number of leagues from my earlier visits to ly higher than 0.8 with a left-hand particles in the energy range 0.5-6.0 RISH. During a rather hot August polarization, and the wave direction MeV are precipitated in approximate- weekend, I visited the famous Shinto of the sub-packets is typically field- ly 2 minutes. We determined the tim- shrines at Ise-shi in Mie prefecture. I aligned. We found that the observed ing, distribution in pitch angle, and was fascinated by the sacred shrines frequency sweep rates and amplitude longitudinal location of the relativis- and their history, and as well I was growth rates are consistent with esti- tic electron precipitation with respect immensely impressed by the magnifi- mations based on nonlinear wave to different particle energies. cent Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria) growth theory. In addition, we com- (c) Electromagnetic ion cyclotron trees in the nearby 2000-year old pre- pared the observed time duration of waves in the inner magnetosphere served forest. each sub-packet structure with the with a kappa-Maxwellian proton theoretical trapping time for sec- distribution ond-order cyclotron resonance. We studied electromagnetic ion These show reasonable agreement, cyclotron (EMIC) waves in a kap- indicating that individual sub-packet pa-Maxwellian plasma. The plasma elements are continually generated was assumed to have five-compo- through a triggering process which nents, i.e., electrons, cold and hot generates an element with the theoret- protons, singly charged helium and ically predicted optimum amplitude. oxygen ions. The hot anisotropic pro- (b) Relativistic electron microbursts tons were assumed to have a kap- due to pitch-angle scattering by pa-Maxwellian anisotropic particle EMIC triggered emissions distribution function. Numerical re- We performed test particle simu- sults were obtained using KUPDAP lations of relativistic electrons inter- (Kyoto University Plasma Dispersion The Earth is surrounded by the radiation belt acting with electromagnetic ion cy- Analysis Package), a full dispersion that consists of high-energy charged particles. The particles moves near the speed of light, and clotron (EMIC) triggered emissions. solver developed at Kyoto University. encircles the Earth.

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=Overseas Visiting Scholar= Research Activities at the Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) Associate Professor Hubert Luce Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, University of Toulon, France

My stay at RISH under the status timal beamforming in antenna array of Kyoto University Visiting Associ- processing. The implementation of ate Professor from July to November the range imaging technique permit- 2014 is part of a long scientific col- ted us to collect time-height cross-sec- turbulent events (~> 100 m). It fol- laboration started in 1997 mainly tions of radar echo power at unprece- lows that atmospheric turbulence pa- with Prof. Fukao and Prof. Yamamo- dented range resolutions: significant rameters can be obtained by the two to. I was post-doc student and it was advances have been achieved with techniques as stand-alone systems. my first encounter with Japan. Unfor- regard to the interpretations of radar However, operational radiosondes are gettable experience I have taken fur- echo patterns and to the identification still limited in vertical resolution and ther for about 4 years until 2002 with of the sources of turbulent events. In by the instrumental noise so that two post-doctoral fellowships funded recent years, all the measurement spectral characteristics of small-scale by the French Ministry of Foreign Af- campaigns in which I took part have turbulence are still difficult, if not im- fairs (MAE) and the Japanese Society involved the MU radar in range imag- possible, to determine. Estimating for Promotion of Science (JSPS). ing mode with complementary instru- fluctuation spectra from in situ data is Since then, I kept a close relationship ments (e.g., radiosondes, lidars, UHF now of primary importance for a with RISH due to their excellent sup- and meteorological radars) for the more thorough description of turbu- port and the unique tools made avail- validation of the technique and turbulent energy parameters and scales. In able to outside researchers. lence studies. October 2014, we carried out a 10- My research field is primarily in The studies I conducted at RISH days radar-balloon campaign at Shi- small-scale dynamics of the lower at- in 2014 in collaboration with Dr R. garaki MU Observatory with radio- mosphere. It aims at characterizing Wilson from LATMOS (Laboratoire sondes recently developed by Meisei atmospheric turbulence, its sources Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Electric Company, LTD for high reso- and its interactions with larger scale Spatiales, CNRS, France) are part of lution (16 Hz, ~30 cm) temperature dynamics and clouds by means of re- these activities and focused on the es- measurements. These radiosondes mote sensing and in situ observations. timation of turbulence statistics from should meet our expectations because The Middle and Upper atmosphere complementary balloon and MU ra- they have the necessary resolution for (MU) radar operated by RISH is one dar data. The ongoing resolution and accessing the small-scale temperature of the most suitable instruments for accuracy improvements of operation- fluctuation field. In addition, the MU detecting turbulence and stable inter- al WMO radiosondes now make it radar was operating with a new digi- faces in the free atmosphere at any possible to detect reliably turbulence tal receiver for testing an improved time and in clear air or cloudy condi- and to estimate some turbulence pa- version of range imaging technique tions. Moreover, the MU radar is reg- rameters from measured temperature with oversampling. A 1.3-GHz ularly upgraded for being operated profiles. Outer scales of turbulence boundary layer radar, a 95-GHz mete- with advanced technologies and pro- that specify the largest scales of the orological radar and Rayleigh-Mie li- cessing techniques. In the early inertial domain of fluctuation spectra dars were also simultaneously operat- 2000s, I participated to the explorato- can now be estimated independently ed by RISH so that a large variety of ry phase and applications of a radar from radar and balloon data and can atmospheric phenomena can be in- interferometry technique, now com- be compared. One of our most signif- vestigated. The data are presently un- monly called “range imaging”, on the icant outcomes of our studies is to der analyses and we hope to make MU radar. Based on the transmission have shown the statistical equiva- new decisive conclusions regarding of several closely spaced carrier fre- lence between the Thorpe scale (an small-scale processes and radar/bal- quencies, this technique is devoted to outer scale of temperature turbulence loon measurement physics in general. improve the range resolution of pulse estimated from balloon data) and the Also while at RISH, I collaborat- Doppler radars. The signals received buoyancy scale (defined for stratified ed with Dr Kudo from JMA (Japan at the various frequencies are pro- turbulence and mainly estimated from Meteorological Agency, Tokyo) on a cessed using methods inspired by op- radar data), at least for the deepest project devoted to study the charac-

5 International Newsletter teristics and the generation mecha- on MU Radar and EA Radar), at Fu- ometry techniques at the Department nisms of turbulent events underneath kuoka (2014 Autumn Meeting of the of Communications and Computer clouds below upper-level frontal Meteorological Society of Japan) and Engineering. zones. Successful comparisons be- at Matsumoto (136th SGEPSS fall It is of course always a great plea- tween MU radar observations collect- meeting) where I presented my re- sure for me, and my wife Kie, to ed in 2011 and three-dimensional nu- sults of research conducted with spend time in Japan and to enjoy the merical simulations initialized with RISH and LATMOS colleagues. The Japanese daily life. The soothing at- balloon data and performed by JMA MUR-EAR symposium gave me the mosphere of Kyoto and its surround- suggested that convective instabilities opportunity to pay tribute to Prof. Fu- ings strongly contributes to a reward- due to cooling of precipitating snow kao with an invited review about ra- ing working environment. I would in a dry and weakly stratified sub- dar imaging techniques. I also gave a like to express my gratitude especial- cloud layer can be the dominant presentation at the 51st GCOE-ARS ly to Dr Hashiguchi for hosting my source of turbulence rather than shear Seminar and the 6th Atmospheric Sci- visit in 2014 and for the opportunity instabilities, more commonly sug- ence Seminar organized by RISH. Fi- to meet with other colleagues and the gested in frontal zones. nally, I gave a lecture to students of excellent support given to me at I attended three symposiums and the Graduate School of Informatics of RISH. meetings, held at Uji (8th Symposium Kyoto University on radar interfer-

=International Activity Report= Collaborative study in ICMN CNRS /University of Orleans Senior Lecturer Toshimitsu Hata RISH, Kyoto University

The Institute for Scientific Instru- scattering (SAXS), and a polarizing mentation and Techniques and Mate- microscope. Research staff teams are rials Characterization (l’ICMN, UMR specialists in each apparatus and have have been attracting attention as sub- 7374 CNRS / Université d’Orléans, positions in Orleans University and stitutes for platinum in catalytic elec- ex-CRMD), where I have worked CNRS. Nanostructured carbon mate- trodes. For example, the Toyota Com- temporarily as a researcher on collab- rials and other metal or inorganic sub- pany has recently decided to increase orative studies on functional wood- stances have been intensively studied the production of their fuel cell vehi- based carbon materials, has many ad- for many years, and enormous theo- cle (FCV). The substitution of Pt with vanced apparatus, such as furnaces retical and practical knowledge has N-doped carbons will be more and for carbonization and graphitization, been accumulated there. The highest more important, and will eventually a high-resolution transmission elec- information in the fields of mathemat- lead to the economical production of tron microscope (TEM), an X-ray ics physics, basic engineering, envi- FCV. photoelectron spectroscopic analysis ronment protection, and biomaterials, I have performed tests to charac- device (XPS), an atomic force micro- as well as materials science has been terize the samples of functional car- scope (AFM), a small-angle X-ray gathered at this institute. bonized wood with Dr. Sylvie BON- Dr. Sylvie BONNAMY, the direc- NAMY, and have made clear the tor of ICMN, is a colleague with mechanism by which nanostructured whom I have studied and discussed carbons show high-oxygen reduction the electrochemistry application and reactivity of cathode catalysts, mainly new features of wood-based carbons. by TEM-EELS and XPS. About Polymer electrolyte fuel cells, which twenty communications on diamond/ are devices to convert chemical ener- graphite composites, silicon carbide gy to electricity by electrochemical nanorods, lithium-ion cell, and nitro- reactions, are recognized as a poten- gen-doped carbons for fuel cells tial future source of power. However, based on carbonized wood have been Dr. Sylvie BONNAMY, director of ICMN exclusive use of platinum in the cath- presented by our research team (T. CNRS on the balcony of the royal Château at ode catalysts needs to be overcome. HATA, S.BONNAMY, and others) in Amboise in the Indre-et-Loire département of the Loire Valley in France Recently, nitrogen-doped carbons the CARBON International Confer-

6 No. 29 March 2015 ence and other international meetings studying with the experts in ICMN is study and the experimental facilities every year since 2005. The experi- the driving force of my study, and is in RISH to promote international col- ence and knowledge obtained by important for maintaining my level of laborative research projects.

=RISH Mission Research Fellow= Research on atmospheric transport and mixing processes in the troposphere and stratosphere based on trace gas observations Dr. Yoichi Inai

Greenhouse gases (GHGs), ozone carbon dioxide, itself a major GHG, Members of the observation team in 2014 depleting substances (ODSs), and has a very long chemical life in the (Biak Island, Indonesia, February 2014). other atmospheric pollutants are troposphere and stratosphere, carbon emitted into the atmosphere near the dioxide abundance does not change mation of the origins of air masses. surface of the ground (including the by chemical processes in the upper Although such trajectory analysis sea) in association with human eco- atmosphere away from the source and generally does not have high reliabil- nomic activities. Those GHGs, ODSs, sink region of carbon dioxide. Thus, ity, we can check the reliability our- and atmospheric pollutants are wide- carbon dioxide abundance is mostly selves since we can compare the re- ly transported throughout the tropo- controlled by dynamical transport sults of trajectory analyses to sphere and stratosphere by large-scale and mixing processes in the upper at- observed distributions of atmospheric dynamical processes such as thermal mosphere, and the spatial and tempo- compositions, including carbon diox- convections, global wind fields and ral distribution of carbon dioxide re- ide. So far in our study, we have circulations driven by several scales flects temporal variation of shown that there is good agreement of waves, and atmospheric diffusion. atmospheric transport processes, as between atmospheric transport esti- Once there, they cause environmental well as temporal variation of carbon mated from trajectory analysis and problems all over the world. dioxide emission/absorption in the temporal-spatial distribution of car- Our study takes a dynamical and source/sink region. This fact may bon dioxide in the lower troposphere chemical point of view to examine help our understanding of atmospher- over the eastern Pacific, and the upper how GHGs, ODSs, and atmospheric ic transport and global environmental troposphere over Asia and the west- pollutants are carried throughout the problems. ern Pacific. However, we have also atmosphere of the earth using a mete- In particular, we are examining found that the measures do not agree orological dataset. Those data com- carbon dioxide concentration ob- over Asia during the boreal winter. bines observations from balloons, served in the upper troposphere, and Thus, further analysis and observa- aircraft, ships, and satellites, as well the origins of those air masses. Tra- tion, as well as improvement of our as and objective analysis from a su- jectory analysis based on the objec- method, are needed. percomputer. For example, because tive analysis dataset is used for esti-

>60 µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1 inhabit mesic =RISH Mission Research Fellow= and hygric habitats, respectively. The Developmental instability of Heterobostrychus CP value of the immature stages and -2 -1 aequalis adults lay within the 0 – 30 µg cm h mmHg-1 range (Table 1), indicating Dr. Lee-jin Bong that this insect is capable of surviving in a dry environment. The % TBW A problem often arises during the metrically (Appel and Tanley 1999) loss in the insect after 24 h was low, rearing of the insect Heterobostry- to better understand the water re- only about 12% at most in the adult chus aequalis (Waterhouse) for ex- quirements of the insect. According male. This indicated that a dry envi- perimental purposes: low survivor- to Edney (1977), insects with CP val- ronment was not the cause of low sur- ship. Thus, two studies were carried ues between 0 – 30 µg cm-2 h-1 vivorship during insect rearing. out to assess the fitness of the beetle. mmHg-1 are adaptable to xeric habi- A second experiment to observe A cuticular permeability (CP) tats, where those with CP values be- the developmental consequences of study examined H. aequalis gravi- tween 31 – 60 µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1 and larvae handling for H. aequalis was

7 International Newsletter

weight range: a) handled, and b) un- turning into pupae. The development handled; 12 – 17 larvae were tested of the handled larvae was slow and for each treatment. Each larva was impaired. Only approximately 50% fed an artificial diet made from a mix- of the handled larvae underwent ture of starch, wood particle, and molting and turned into pupae, but yeast (Titik and Yoshimura 2013) in a failed to develop into adults (Figure plastic container. Briefly, a hole (2.5- 1). Additionally, a greater number of mm diameter × 1.0-mm depth) was the larvae that failed to turn into pu- drilled in the center of the artificial pae had more than 2 moltings com- diet (2.5-cm width × 2.5-cm length × pared to those that managed to turn 0.5-cm depth). A larva was placed in into pupae. The late instar larvae the hole. The diet was staked with an- demonstrated a wide range of weight, other piece of diet to cover the hole. ranging from 0.012 g to 0.082 g, be- The larva was weighed and checked fore turning into pupae (Figure 2). Figure 1 The development and weight of larvae for molting every week for handled The results showed that insect han- over time. M, molting; P, pupal stage; treatment. For unhandled treatment, dling in H. aequalis might impose (d) deformed, D dead larvae were left untouched until disturbances that cause asynchro- emerging into the adult stage. nized development patterns in the im- The larvae that weighed <0.002 g mature stage, and impaired growth to failed to develop into adults in both the adult stage. It was reported that the handled and unhandled treat- the low level of the endogenous juve- ments. Approximately 30% of the lar- nile hormone present during the last vae from handled and unhandled larval-larval ecdysis, and the short in- treatments molted once, then died at a crease in the prepupal stage ensured subsequent stage at week 4 – 5. One successful pupation (Newitt and of the larvae from the unhandled Hammock 1986). Thus, the delayed treatment molted twice before turning pupation and the pupal deformation Figure 2 Weight range of larvae and pupa into a pupa, but was unable to devel- of handled larva hinted that the dis- carried out in a chamber at 26 ºC, op into an adult. turbance caused an alteration in the 65% RH in the dark. Two ranges of Approximately 70% of the un- level of the endogenous hormone. larvae weight were used: a) <0.002 g, handled larvae weighing 0.002 – 0.01 The detection of the hormone level in and b) 0.002 – 0.01 g. In addition, two g developed into adults at week 13, both handled and unhandled larvae is treatments were employed for each undergoing 1 – 2 moltings before still ongoing.

Table 1. Physiological parameters of preadult and adult H. aequalis Species Stage n Initial mass (mg) Body water content (mg)a TBW content (%) TBW loss (%) CP (µg cm-2 h-1 mmHg-1) Larval 10 52.90 ± 2.85a(a) 32.4 ± 1.85a(a) 61.35 ± 1.40a(a) 5.93 ± 1.70ab(a) 2.52 ± 1.68a(a) Heterobostrychus Pupal 12 48.50 ± 2.78a(a) 29.5 ± 1.90a(a) 60.53 ± 0.92a(a) 4.28 ± 1.02a(a) 5.89 ± 3.45a(a) aequalis Female 5 40.60 ± 3.26ab(a) 24.2 ± 2.08a(a) 59.50 ± 0.64a(a) 11.55 ± 2.30b(a) 13.76 ± 4.78a(a) Male 5 32.00 ± 2.55b(a) 20.00 ± 1.76a(a) 62.36 ± 0.83a(a) 11.99 ± 0.51b(a) 15.57 ± 4.90a(a) Mean values followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different (Tukey’s HSD; α = 0.05). Mean values followed by the same letter (in bracket) within the same instar are not significantly different (Student’s t-test; α = 0.05). a Parameter analyzed using ANCOVA and separated by least significant difference with initial mass as a covariate.

ronment, how to find substitute re- =RISH Mission Research Fellow= sources in space to solve the problem Research associated to Mission 3 - Study of the of the Earth’s limited natural resourc- space environment and its utilization es. Although there has been great Dr. Yao Yao progress in the development and utilization of the near-Earth space environment, the general picture of it is The rising global population and tion to the near-Earth space environ- still far from fully understood. The growing demand for resources has ment. We have begun to consider how near-Earth space environment is also caused humans to pay greater atten- to develop and utilize the space envi- known as the geospace, and it con-

8 No. 29 March 2015 sists of the Earth’s magnetosphere, electro-jet current in the ionosphere, tro-jet currents, which have several ionosphere, thermosphere, and near- and in heating of the thermosphere. ten-minute scales. That is why Pu et by interplanetary space. It is difficult Therefore, understanding the sub- al. (1999) proposed a synthesis of the to understand the geospace as a single storm could be a breakthrough in sys- tail reconnection and cross-tail cur- system, because each region has a dif- tematic understanding on the near- rent disruption models. A global ferent spatial scale, physical proper- Earth space environment from a MHD simulation model developed by ties, and characteristic dynamic varia- global perspective. However, one- Tanaka et al. (2010) found that the tions. point satellite observation, or even formation of a high-pressure region in Like the ocean, geospace is not as multiple-point observations only re- the night-side magnetosphere can calm and peaceful as it looks. With veal local features of substorms. change the whole magnetospheric the deepening of our knowledge The goal of this study is to under- current system. This new current sys- about the geospace, we find ourselves stand the physical process of the sub- tem can reasonably explain many directly facing the threats contained storm based on a global magnetohy- substorm signatures. Comparing re- therein. In the geospace, a distur- drodynamics (MHD) simulation sults of the MHD simulation to obser- bance phenomenon called a “sub- together with satellite observations. vations from the THEMIS mission storm” (Figure 1) can be frequently From these we try to reveal the sub- shows that the MHD simulation re- observed. These events can have a storm’s role in the humanosphere. At produces well the observed spatial great impact on elements in the hu- the present stage, we are focusing on and temporal pressure variations. Fu- manospheric environment, such as a key question—what is the trigger- ture work will be carried out to re- spacecraft charging, GPS positioning ing mechanism of the substorm? Two veal, for example, the relation be- error due to ionospheric perturbation, major models have been proposed. tween substorm and ionospheric and disasters in power transmission One is the near-Earth neutral line response, how the energetic particles networks caused by telluric current. (NENL) model (e.g., Baker et al., are generated and vanish during the The substorm is a global phenome- 1996), which suggests that onset is substorm, and how to quantify the ef- non, whose signature can be traced in triggered by the process of magnetic fect of the substorm on the human en- the generation of high-energy parti- reconnection at ~20 Re in the near- vironment. cles in the magnetosphere, in aurora Earth magnetotail. The other is the I would like to express my grati- brightening and enhancement of the current disruption (CD) model (e.g., tude to Dr. Y. Ebihara for providing Lui, 1996), which suggests that bal- this opportunity to work with him on looning instability or cross-field cur- understanding the physical substorm (1) Growth phase Magnetosphere rent instability causes the CD at ~10 processes by comparing satellite ob- Re, resulting in dipolarization and servations and global MHD simula- formation of substorm current wedg- tion, and to Prof. Y. Omura for his es. These two models can partially part in fruitful discussions. I would explain the observed localized phe- also like to thank other members and nomena; however, it is difficult for students of the space group in RISH, Plasma flow : either model to fully describe the sub- and Ms. Ueoka and Ms. Ogawa for (2) Expansion phase Magnetosphere storm signatures, such as aurora their help in daily research life at brightening and ionospheric elec- RISH. Reconnection

(a) NENL model

Plasma flow :

(3) Recovery phase Magnetosphere

(b) CD model

Figure 3 Probes of Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Figure 1 Three steps of a whole substorm Substorms (THEMIS) mission in event, which includes (a) growth, (b) Figure 2 Two triggering models of the substorm orbit. (From NASA) expansion, and (c) recovery phases. onset (from Angelopoulos, 2008)

9 International Newsletter

pressure, systolic blood pressure, av- =RISH Mission Research Fellow= erage blood pressure, and diastolic Psychological and physiological effects of cedar blood pressure were measured with a cuff on the middle finger of subjects’ wood on humans non-dominant hand. Finally, for elec- Dr. Yoshika Takahashi troencephalogram, we calculated power values for α-wave and β-wave, Introduction experiments took approximately 60 then calculated α-wave band ratio (α/ It has been reported that cedar min. Temperature and humidity in the (α+β)) while subjects wore a electro- wood with slit processing (i.e., ex- room were set at 20 ℃ and 50%, re- encephalogram sensor on the fore- posed butt end on surface) purifies spectively. After entering the experi- head. and humidifies the air. Here, we in- mental room, study subjects were fit- Comparison between cedar slit vestigate the psychological and phys- ted with various sensors to measure wood and cedar wood iological influence of cedar wood in physiological values. Subjects rested A comparison of subjects’ reac- an actual space. In this study, slit-pro- for 5 min in the experimental booth tions to the slit-processed cedar and cessed cedar wood was applied to a with gray acrylic mat plate (control), cedar wood only revealed a signifi- private room booth. The study then then moved to the experimental booth cant difference in the “Restless-Calm” examined the influence of stimula- with cedar wood with slit processing, psychological index, but no signifi- tions received by various senses and and the cedar wood only for 3-min cant difference in the physiological how they are integrated in the human observations. Rest and observations indexes. The results suggested that psychological and physiological re- were repeated matched with the num- using slit-processed cedar wood sponse to cedar wood. ber of conditions. could produce more active psycho- Experimental method Measurement index logical processes compared to cedar The experiment was conducted For the psychological index, the wood. by measuring the psychological and study asked subjects to give their im- Interaction among senses physiological responses of study sub- pressions using the SD method. With A comparison of the effects jects to the inside of an experimental the reference to previous studies, sub- among various senses found that booth. The internal walls of the booth jects were asked to select from the there was no significant difference in were categorized into 3 types: gray following six adjective-pairs: Cold- the psychological indexes; a margin- acrylic mat plate (control), cedar Warm, Restless-Calm, Artificial-Nat- ally significant difference was found wood with slit processing, and cedar ural, Dark-Light, Vulgar-Elegant, for systolic blood pressure in the wood only. There were total 4 experi- Strict-Gentle. They also selected physiological indexes. A multiple mental conditions; “Observation of from seven scales (-3~+3). comparison test found that systolic cedar wood with slit processing — vi- Electrocardiogram, blood pres- blood pressure tended to be higher in sual only”; “Observation of cedar sure, and electroencephalogram were the tactile condition than in the visual wood only — visual only”; “Observa- consecutively measured as physio- + tactile condition. Since both the tac- tion of cedar wood —tactile only”, logical indexes. For the electrocardio- tile and visual + tactile conditions in- and “Observation of cedar wood — gram, heart-rate variability (HRV) cluded movement (touching the ex- both visual and tactile”. was measured with a belt sensor on perimental booth), it is possible that The study subjects were 10 the chest, and values obtained for the change in systolic blood pressure healthy male college students/gradu- both sympathetic and parasympathet- could have been caused by body mo- ate students (19~24 years old). The ic nervous system indexes. For blood tion. An active process could take place only if tactile information were given while blocking visual information. Furthermore, because an elevat- ing effect for systolic blood pressure could rarely be observed at the time of the visual + tactile or tactile-only condition, it is likely that the influence of the visual information would be much larger than that of the tactile information when visual and tactile information are integrated.

10 No. 29 March 2015

provide information on local density =RISH Mission Research Fellow= variations beneath the observation Seeing underground by a Galilean experiment of points. Gravity gradiometers can be used to detect, for example, soil mois- free fall ture, magma beneath a volcano, and Dr. Sachie Shiomi mining resources. Different types of gravity gradiometers have been de- The universality of free fall is a the universality to the level of 10−18; it veloped worldwide for various appli- postulate stating that every material could be sensitive enough to verify cations, including spring gravity gra- (a point mass) in a gravitational field some of the theories toward the unifi- diometers, superconducting gravity falls at the same rate. It is said that cation of the fundamental forces. gradiometers, and atom-interferome- Galileo Galilei dropped two balls of Imperfections in the STEP test ter-based gravity gradiometers. Our different masses from the top of the masses, such as density inhomogene- gravity gradiometer is different from Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate ity and thermal distortion, could pose those developed so far. Its working that the postulate was correct (Figure a problem to achieving the unprece- principle is similar to the drop tower 1). Currently, the postulate has been dented sensitivity of 10-18. My Ph.D. experiment; a pair of test masses is verified to the-13 10 level by various thesis was on the verification of the dropped in a vacuum tank and the dif- experiments, and is accepted as one STEP test masses (Test mass metrolo- ferential acceleration between the test of the most fundamental principles in gy for tests of the Equivalence Princi- masses is detected by a laser interfer- modern physics. However, theories ple, Ph.D. thesis, University of Bir- ometer. Because of this detection towards the unification of the four mingham, UK [2002]). I developed a method, our gravity gradiometer can fundamental forces in nature (i.e., device to check the thermal distortion be called a laser interferometric grav- gravitation, electromagnetism, weak of the STEP test masses nondestruc- ity gradiometer. The test masses for and strong forces) typically predict tively. The key technique developed our gravity gradiometer are made violations of the universality at levels for the device was the mounting sys- from the same material, as we are not smaller than 10-14 (e.g., Damour and tem, which allows test-mass samples interested in the differential accelera- Polyakov, Nucl. Phys. B 423, 532- to have sufficient resistance to vibra- tion caused by their chemical compo- 558 [1994]). Further experimental tion during the temperature cycle of sitions. It should be noted that the test verification is expected. measurements. By applying the prin- masses are dropped from different In the drop tower experiment ciple of this nondestructive mounting heights in the vacuum tank to detect (Figure 1), a violation of the univer- system, we have developed a new vertical differences in gravity (name- sality of free fall would result in a dif- type of gravity gradiometer. ly, vertical gravity gradients). ferential acceleration between the test Gravity gradiometers are devices masses. However, because of the lim- to detect gravity gradients, which ited height of the tower, the test masses would fall to the ground in a few seconds; it would be difficult to detect the tiny violation signal in such a short time. The longer the measurement time, the more sensitive the experiment. To acquire a longer time of measurement, test masses are to be Figure 2 A schematic view of an orbiting drop put in a low Earth orbit in a modern tower experiment (quoted from http:// version of the drop tower experiment, einstein.stanford.edu/STEP/ ; not drawn called STEP (Satellite Test of the to scale). A pair of test masses, made of different materials, is put in a low Earth Equivalence Principle) (Figure 2). orbit (about 500 km above surface); the The test masses are to fall toward the Figure 1 A schematic view of a typical Galilean test masses are in free fall in the Earth’s Earth while orbiting. As the test mass- experiment of free fall (not drawn to gravitational field. If the universality of scale). A pair of test masses, made free fall were violated, there would be es fall in the Earth’s gravitational from different chemical compositions, differential acceleration between the field, the differential acceleration be- is dropped from the top of the tower. test masses, as shown in this schematic tween them is to be detected by a po- The differential acceleration between figure (not drawn to scale). Any sition sensor. STEP is one of the most the test masses is monitored by a differential acceleration between the position sensor (not drawn) to check test masses is detected by a position ambitious proposals aimed at testing the universality of free fall. sensor (not drawn).

11 International Newsletter

We carried out the first measure- ter has high resistance to seismic vi- and fabrication of a new portable in- ments using our gravity gradiometer brations, and could be applicable for terferometric gravity gradiometer for on the active volcanic island of Mt. on-board measurements. A detailed fieldwork at RISH. The new gravity Sakurajima, Kyusyu, Japan. Our pre- description of our gravity gradiome- gradiometer could be used for map- liminary results showed that the grav- ter is given in the paper: S. Shiomi, et ping soil moisture of agricultural ity gradiometer could measure verti- al., Journal of the Geodetic Society of land. cal gravity gradients with a resolution Japan 58, No. 4, 131-139 (2012). I would like to thank all the staff better than a few Gal/m (=10-8 1/s2) on Among other gravity gradiome- at the Sakurajima Volcanologial Ob- the active volcano. This resolution is ters, our gravity gradiometer is small servatory of Kyoto University for better than commercial gravimeters; in size and could be designed to be their help during the measurements. it appears that our gravity gradiome- portable. I am working on the design

List of international MOU in FY2014 No. Institution Country 1 Nanjing Forestry University China 2 Center National de la Recherche Scientifique, Center de Recheerches sur les MacromoleculesVegetales France 3 The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space of the Republic of Indonesia (LAPAN) Indonesia 4 School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia 5 VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Finland 6 Zhejiang Forestry University China 7 The Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science (CRESS) of York University Canada 8 National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) India 9 The College of Atmospheric and Geographic Sciences, the University of Oklahoma USA 10 Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Bulgaria 11 Southwest Forestry University China 12 National Cheng Kung University (College of Planning and Design) Taiwan 13 Tanjungpura University (Faculty of Forestry) Indonesia 14 Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) (Research and Development Unit for Biomaterials) Indonesia 15 Chulalongkorn University (Faculty of Science) Thailand 16 College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University Korea The Research Institute for Human Settlements Agency for Research and Development Ministry of Public 17 Indonesia Works – Indonesia 18 Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia Indonesia 19 University of Riau Indonesia

The Committee of International Academic Exchange Sanga-Ngoie Kazadi (Chair), Toshimitsu Hata, Hiroshi Nishimura The Committee of Public Relations Junji Sugiyama (Chair), Kentaro Abe, Kei'ichi Baba, Jun-ichi Furumoto, Yoshimasa Kishimoto, Rika Kusakabe, Hajime Sorimachi, Kenshi Takahashi, Kyoko Ueji Published by T. Tsuda (Director of RISH) Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan Tel: +81-774-38-3601, Fax: +81-774-38-3600/31-8463 http://www.rish.kyoto-u.ac.jp/

Title Back : Illustrated by Chikako Noshi