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Zingiberaceae for Florida 382 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1958 ZINGIBERACEAE FOR FLORIDA T. J. Sheehan Agricultural Experiment Station Gainesville Members of the ginger family, Zingibera- ceae, are outstanding conversation pieces and ideally suited for culture throughout most of Florida. These tropical herbs are grown in the tropics not only for their excellent foliage and flowers, but also for dyes, perfumes, spices, condiments and medicinal products which are obtained from various plant parts. There are 40 genera and over 400 species in the ginger family, and the majority are native in tropical regions of the Eastern hem isphere. There are several genera well adapted to our climate and these will be discussed herein. The gingers are rhizomatous perennials, generally with simple unbranched stems. The leaves are entire, linear lanceolate or oblong. They are either petiolate or sessile sheathing the stem. (See Fig. 1.) The flowers, terminating either leafy or leafless shoots, are borne in bracteate, cone- like spikes, heads or panicles, each bract sub Fig. 1. A. Typical Flower of Hedychium. B. Typical Flo- wer of Phaeomaria. C. Stamen with protruding anther. D. tending one or more flowers. The irregular Fruit of Phaeomaria. E. Inflorescence terminal on a leafless stem. F. Inflorescence terminal on a leafy stem. 6. Sessile flowers vary considerably among genera. The leaf sheathing stem. calyx is either tubular or bract-like, three parted or not. The corolla is tubular and Many of the gingers are rank-growing three parted. It contains one stamen and one plants, especially so if they are fertilized heav to four staminodes, the latter fused to form ily. Gingers can be handled the same as garden a lip or labellum. The stigma usually protrudes perennials as far as fertilization is concerned. beyond the anther. (See Fig. 1.) The ovary An application of a 6-6-6 fertilizer at 1 to Vk is inferior, one to three celled, and contains pounds per 100 sq. ft. or 100 feet of row in many ovules. The fruit is a thick or fleshy early spring when growth begins and then capsule containing many seeds. Flowering oc two more applications at the same rate during curs during the summer and early fall. the growing season is recommended. Ferti Culture lizer applications should be spaced six weeks apart. Gingers are relatively easy to culture, and once established require little care. They grow Planting or transplanting can be done at on a wide range of soil types from sand to any season of the year. The most advantageous lava soils, as long as the soil is moist at all time for moving is in early spring before ac times. Stream banks, land adjacent to lakes tive growth begins. The parent clumps may or near boggy areas, where the soil is con be divided as any rhizomatous herb, such as tinually moist are choice situations and will gloriosa lily. The fleshy underground root- support the best growth. If gingers are planted stock or tuber can be severed at any point, on high dry soils, frequent applications of as long as each piece has at least one good water are necessary. eye to produce a new plant. The size of the sections is determined by the genus being Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series, No. 836. divided, and may be as small as one inch SHEEHAN: ZINGIBERACEAE 383 (Kaempferia) to over six inches long (Phaeo- ger or Shell Flower (Fig. 2). An excellent meria). Plants established from divisions often ornamental forming a dense clump of leafy do not flower until the second or third year stems of light green oblong leaves up to two of growth. Large divisions, composed of three feet in length. The irregular bell-shaped flo to five canes, will often flower the first year. wers are borne on 6 to 12 inch loose terminal Gingers may be raised from seed, but are clusters. The inflorescence is gracefully pen seldom propagated by this method, chiefly dant. The flowers are white, tinged with red because it is slower and seeds are not readily and yellow and up to two inches long, with available for most species. most of the color found on the broad curved up. The gingers are susceptible to frost injury The plants are used to make paper in Asia and are frequently frozen back to the soil and the leaf sheaths are a source of fiber line in north Florida, and occasionally in cen used in making rope. Alpinia speciosa is well tral Florida during severe winters. Plants in suited as a border or hedge plant especially jured by frost generally break again from the along waterways or lakesides. underground rootstock when the weather warms up in the spring. Since the rootstocks Alpinia mutica Roxbg., the Small Shell Gin are close to the soil surface, a mulch of pine ger or Orchid Ginger (Fig. 3), is similar to straw or leaves is desirable to protect the shal A. speciosa, but is a more diminutive spe low rootstocks from cold injury and help con cies. The inflorescence is erect with fewer serve moisture in the soil and hence foster and smaller flowers. After flowering, clusters better growth. of felt covered red fruits develop and remain Key for a long time, adding to the esthetic value This generic key is designed to cover only of the plant. those species described below, and not for Alpinia purpurata (Vieill) K. Schum., Red all species which are grown in Florida. Ginger (Fig. 4), is very popular in the Ha waiian Islands where it is grown as a com Leaves spirally arranged Costus (2) mercial cut flower. The plants are similar to Leaves, 2 ranked Inflorescence terminal on a leafy stem Flowers extremely fragrant, butterfly- like, loose inflorescence, white or yel low Hedychium (4) Flowers with slight fragrance, not but- terfly-kke Stems 6 feet or more, leaves many Alpinia (1) Stemless or not over 6 inches, leaves 2 Kaempferia (5) Inflorescence terminal on a leafless stem Leafy stem 6 feet or more, leafless flowering stem to 5 feet, inflorescence subtended by loose leathery bracts Phaeomeria (6) Leafy stem, short to 4 feet, leafless flowering stem to one foot Inflorescence a tight imbricated cone Zingiber (7) Inflorescence cone-like, bracts not tightly imbricated Curcuma (3) 1. ALPINIA. The largest genus of the family is composed of some 200 species, three of which are suggested for Florida. Alpinia speciosa (Wendl.) K. Schum (Al pinia ntitans (Ande.) Roscoe), the Shell Gin Fig. 2. Alpinia speciosa. 384 FLORIDA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1958 the shell gingers and are often mistaken for them when they are not in flower. The termi nal inflorescence is composed of many large, loose, vivid-red bracts and will usually be up to one foot long. Each bract subtends a small white flower. One of the interesting features of this plant is the production of plantlets on the old florescence. After flowering, numerous plantlets will develop among the bracts which can be removed after they are four to six inches long and set out as individual plants. In some cases, if the plantlets are not removed, they, too, will flower. This secondary inflo rescence is usually small and may also develop a few plantlets. 2. COSTUS. This is another relatively large genus of about 140 species, but with relatively few in general cultivation. Two species, however, are definitely worthy of consideration. This genus is commonly referred to as the Spiral Flag Gingers, since the leaves are spirally arranged on the stems. Propagation of this genus is readly accomplished by stem cuttings. Costus igneus N. E. Br., Orange Costus (Fig. 5), is a very fine ginger from Brazil Fig. 3. Alpinia mutica. and one that deserves wider use than it has had in the past. It is a low-growing plant seldom more than one foot in height. The dark green oblong leaves, four to six inches long, are shiny above and have a dull pur plish cast beneath. The leaves are generally massed near the top of the stem and look like a rosette. The bracts of the inflorescence in this plant are inconspicuous and when in flower it appears that the florets arise directly from the terminal growing point. The bright orange flowers are two inches or more across, the showy portion being a four-parted lip which is petaloid. An orange stamen protrudes from the center of the lip. Usually only one flower appears at a time and a new flower appears daily during the flowering season. This plant should do well as a pot plant and has commercial possibilities as such. Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. Crape Gin ger (Fig. 6), is undoubtedly one of the more striking gingers. The oblong dark green leaves are smooth above and pubescent beneath, up to one foot long. The mature shoots grow to 10 feet in height. These shoots are topped by a dense inflorescence seldom over three to four inches long. The floral head is com posed of stiff, brownish-red bracts, each sub- Fig. 4. Alpinia purpurata. SHEEHAN: ZINGIBERACEAE 385 tending a very showy flower. The flower is composed of a white tubular corolla with a large, white, papery lip. The one-sided lip has a yellow center, is almost funnel shaped and up to three inches long. The stamen has a white petal-like stalk, up to two inches in length and the anthers are borne well below the tip of the stamen. This plant recovers rapidly in the spring after being cut to the ground by frost. 3. CURCUMA. This genus of some 50 or more species is native to India and Aus tralia.
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