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Home , Curcuma, Curcuma amada, Curcuma angustifolia, Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma caesia, Curcuma comosa

JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 16, 2020

A REVIEW ON GOLDEN OF FAMILY:

Abdul Mubasher Furmuly1, Najiba Azemi 2

1Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kabul University, Jamal Mina, 1001 Kabul, Kabul, Afghanistan 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education, Balkh University, 1701 Balkh, Mazar-i-Sharif, Afghanistan Corresponding author: [email protected] First Author: [email protected]

Received: 18 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 20 June 2020

ABSTRACT: The genus Curcuma pertains to the Zingiberaceae family and consists of 70-80 species of perennial rhizomatous . This genus originates in the Indo-Malayan region and it is broadly spread all over the world across tropical and subtropical areas. This study aims to provide more information about morphological features, biological activities, and phytochemicals of genus Curcuma for further advanced research. Because of its use in the medicinal and food industries, Curcuma is an extremely important economic genus. Curcuma species are the source of a yellow dye and have traditionally been utilized as and food preservers, as a garnishing agent, and also utilized for the handling of various illnesses because of the chemical substances found in them. Furthermore, Because of the discovery of new bioactive substances with a broad range of bioactivities, including antioxidants, antivirals, antimicrobials and anti-inflammatory activities, interest in their medicinal properties has increased. Lack of information concerning morphological, phytochemicals, and biological activities is the biggest problem that the researcher encountered. This review recommended that collecting information concerning the Curcuma genus may be providing more opportunities for further advanced studies lead to avoid wasting time and use this information for further research on bioactive compounds which are beneficial in medicinal purposes

KEYWORDS: genus Curcuma; morphology; phytochemicals; pharmacological

1. INTRODUCTION The family of or Zingiberaceae contains more than 1,500 species in 53 genera around the world. The Zingiberaceae family composed of elegant fleshy with rhizomatous that occur terminally and laterally. Among 120 species, Curcuma is considered the largest genera and commonly utilized as spices, medicinal items, colorants, and ornamental plants (Leong-Škorničková et al., 2007). Therefore, the Curcuma genus is standard for its commercial value, for example, Curcuma longa used as a flavor, coloring, drug, and makeups. The genus is also known for its ornamental and medicinal importance (Nopporncharoenkul et al., 2020). Curcuma is naturally spread across the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia (Maknoi, 2006), China, South Pacific region, Thailand, Indochina, Malaysia, Indonesia in , West , South America, and eventually spread to northern (Kaliyadasa & Samarasinghe, 2019). Twenty species were recorded from South India and one variety (Sabu, 2006). Out of the 70 species, approximately 40 are recorded in India (Bhutia & Sharangi, 2017). Due to their medicinal activity, most of the Curcuma rhizomes are commonly utilized in indigenous medication, primarily antimicrobials (Santhoshkumar & Yusuf, 2019), anticancerous (Upadhyay et al., 2013), antidiarrheal and anti-inflammatory. As the rhizomes are more similar in whole species, they are typically utilized with the common name Curcuma (Santhoshkumar & Yusuf, 2019). The term "Curcuma" comes from the Arabic word "curcumin" meaning a yellow color (Xu et al., 2017). Curcuma species have been used in Indian and Southeast Asian traditional medicine to treat numerous human illnesses, and are supposed to have many organic activities. (C. longa) is an effective yellow coloring source (Srivilai et al., 2018). In many Asian countries, different parts of such species of plants were consumed either cooked or raw as vegetables (Devi et al., 2014). Besides, they are also found healthy foods in nutrition. Since turmeric plants provide a rich power supply of carbohydrates, proteins, , fats, minerals, and vitamins (Yadav & Tarun, 2017). Moreover, they utilized for the remedy of different ailments such as hepatic disorders, skin diseases, diabetes, chest pain, blood purifier, enlarged liver, cough, stomach ulcer, spleen, boils, and rheumatism (Saikia & Borthakur, 2010). Because of its promising potential and a wide variety of uses, plants belonging to the Curcuma

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genus are gaining popularity worldwide and have been subjected to many investigations and explorations in the last years. Therefore, appropriate physicochemical and morphological recognition is required, although, still not being investigated systematically. This research aims to gain an overall overview of morphology, pharmacology, and phytochemistry of the genus Curcuma.

2. GENUS CURCUMA Nature has been exploring by human beings since ancient times, particularly plants looking for new drugs. This has contributed to a large quantity of medicinal florae with healing properties being used to treat numerous diseases (Anjusha & Gangaprasad, 2014). Around a third of all pharmaceutical products currently on the market come from natural sources (Kingston, 2011). Also, curative plants are significant nowadays for the global economy. Many florae are main sources of beneficial secondary metabolites used in the pharmacological, agrochemical, flavoring, and fragrance industries (Cowan, 1999). Phytochemical screening of remedial plants is very useful in discovering new sources of compounds that are of therapeutic and industrial significance. An urgent step to screen the plants for secondary metabolites is imperative (Anjusha & Gangaprasad, 2014). Several secondary metabolites are important commercially and find use in a variety of pharmaceutical compounds (Cowan, 1999). The medicinal components of the rhizomes have been recorded from various aspects of Curcuma species via different authors (AL-Reza et al., 2011). Owing to the various biologically dynamic molecules existing in them, medicinal florae in their innate and administered form have been extensively used in traditional medication over the years (Hajimehdipoor et al., 2014). Typically, members of the Curcuma genus are rich in phenolic compounds such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin(Jung et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014). It is empirically observed that the Curcuma rhizomes have several benefits. One potential advantage is the antioxidant activity related to the curcuminoids (Inayatilah, 2017). These also comprise essential oils with various types of oil and content (Jung et al., 2012; Zhang et al., 2014; Awin et al., 2016). Curcumin gained attention because of its anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects (Baspinar et al., 2017). There is a strong traditional significance of the turmeric (C. longa), black turmeric (C. cassia), and wild turmeric (C. aromatic). C. longa is called " Indian" due to its golden hue. It is commonly utilized in, Unani, Siddha, , and Chinese medication for the treatment of different illnesses. C. longa is the most shared old-style medication in Indian and Chinese medicinal products utilized as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-HIV, antifungal, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, colic and chest pain relief and menstrual problems (Aggarwal et al., 2007). More than 100 components of the rhizomes and turmeric were isolated. The impact of C. longa is due to the existence of diarylheptanoid compounds known collectively as curcuminoids (Inoue et al., 2008). Black turmeric has been utilized in India to cure allergies, jaundice, liver disease, nausea, asthma, inflammation, diarrhea, heartburn, muscle relaxing sprains, hemorrhoids, stomach pain, leprosy, cancer, rash, chronic cough, wound, vomiting, snakebite, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, epilepsy and gonorrhoeal discharges (Arumozhi et al., 2006) Products rhizomes of C. comosa was developed for use in traditional Thai medication as an anti-inflammatory remedy and to treat uterine disorders and ovarian deficiency (Tabboon et al., 2019). C. cassia and C. amada, the neglected plant, also contains a large variety of pharmaceutical properties. is popularly identified as black turmeric, a perpetual growing in the Himalayan region, Northeastern, and Central India (Sahu & Saxena, 2013). Traditionally, paste is used to treat the tumor, asthma, piles, leucoderma, etc. The of C. Cassia for its antifungal role has been identified. is known generally as - has a distinctive mango- like odor and used in pickles, dumplings, salads, sauces, and chutneys as the main ingredient (Yogamaya et al., 2012). Therapeutically, mango ginger is used in conventional and ayurvedic medication to treat a variety of mood and medical conditions (Policegoudra et al., 2011).

3. OTHER USAGES OF CURCUMA SPECIES It has been documented that the Curcuma genus comprises 70-80 annual rhizomatous plants, widely spread worldwide along with tropical and subtropical areas. Curcuma rhizomes are yellow and have been commonly used as spices and food preservatives (Ferreira et al., 2013), as a flavoring agent and as a cure for the remedy of various diseases because of chemical constituents. Regardless of their volatile oils, certain plants have economic value and are used as spices, drugs, colors, foods, colognes, tonics, and tropical ornamentals. Numerous types of this genus are widely utilized in traditional medication and have vital cultural significance in East Asia. Among all, C. longa has a wide variety of uses and is

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considered to be the primary source of curcumin. C. longa, the well-known plants of this genus, historically have a long usage in Asia as medicinal items as well as pigments, cosmetics, spices, , dyes, and pesticides. The work on Curcuma has generated considerable interest because of the considerable pharmaceutical, economic benefit, and reduction of wild populations (Gui et al., 2020). In India, several other types found such as C. aromatica, C. zedoaria C. amada and C. cassia have also economic importance. C. amada is utilized in the culinary arrangements as pickles, salads, and stomach and carminative. C. aromatic is utilized as a cure and in preparations for toilets and is also utilized as a supplement to C. longa. C. cassia rhizomes are then applied to the sprains and bruises externally. C. zedoaria tubers comprise of shot starch which is utilized for nutrition (De et al., 2019). Turmeric is one of the main crops in India and is crucial to the national economy. Turmeric spice is derived from underground rhizomes, resulting in a bright yellow powder used as a natural food dye after drying and refining. Furthermore, the presence of various compounds such as curcumin, the yellow-colored pigment, with pharmacological activities has broadened this crop's commercial value (Ravindran et al., 2007). The Chinese and Ayurvedic systems of medicine have a long tradition of using turmeric (Roy et al., 2011). Traditionally, C. mangga rhizomes have been used apart from its use as a vegetable, salad, and spice is utilized to prepare pickles, sauces, candy, etc. (P Sirirugsa et al., 2007; Singh, 2017). The C. amada rhizome has been used as a traditional medication for the handling of rheumatic illnesses in the northern part of and has also been used in the Ayurvedic and Unani medicine classifications for the treatment of inflammation and fever. The shrub is mainly grown for use as a in India (Hossain et al., 2015). C. aromatica has been confirmed to perform numerous curative activities, such as endorsing blood circulation for blood stasis removal and cancer treatment (AL-Reza et al., 2010). C. comosa known in Thailand as 'Wan Chak Motluk,' is one of the most shared plants, and it is a well-recognized herbaceous shrub used in restorative medicines for women (P Sirirugsa et al., 2007). It was used as an indigenous medicinal drug to treat postpartum uterine bleeding (Nakamura et al., 2008).

4. MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CURCUMA SPECIES There are several morphological and physicochemical studies of widely used herbal sections of the Curcuma like rhizome, and buds, stems, roots, and whole species (Maikhuri & Gangwar, 1993).The plant, , fresh and dry rhizomes are essential from all evidence for obtaining various phytochemical effects as medications as well as for other applications. Curcuma plants are perpetual rhizomatous plants growing round to oval, short, tuberous roots contained starch and aromatic rhizomes. The has a 20–200 cm long, linear, elliptic to ovate leaf blade (Leong-Škorničková & Newman, 2015). Morphologically, genus Curcuma has a various shape such as the shape of stylodial glands, the presence and absence of stylodial glands, and apices (P Sirirugsa et al., 2007). The rhizomes of the Curcuma species were known as the main source of essential oils that contain medicinal value and a good aroma (Padal & Sandhyasri, 2013). Flowers develop a spiral bract and one smooth anther with a big compound spike is a major feature when identifying the genus Curcuma (Nguyêñ Xuãn Dũng et al., 1995). There are two separate flowering periods to this. Late-flowering plants commonly developed terminally from the leafy shoots grow and early flowering plants grow lateral rhizomes flowers before leafy shoots. (Puangpen Sirirugsa, 1999). The species are typically between 50 and 200 cm tall. As they display great Intra- and inter-specific morphological variety, different early flowering morphology contributes to the recognition of the drawback. Curcuma longa is a rhizomatous herb originated to southern China, , New Guinea, the , and northern Australia and is typically grown in some tropical area of the world consisting , Florida, tropical Africa, and various Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Ocean islands (Kress et al., 2002). In India and Thailand, the highest diversity occurs, with at least 40 species in each region. C. longa rhizome is middle size, either in a conical and aromatic form. The color of the interior rhizome is dark yellow-orange (Abdel-Lateef et al., 2016). It contains split and cylindrical sessile tubers. The leaves are an oblong- lamina featuring thin ligules and wavy margins. The inflorescence is located at its center. the peduncle Concealed under Spike's blade sheath with a distinct from light green and white coma. The broad flowers 'corolla tube has unequal lobes and is white. The labellum has a dark yellow median line that is light yellow. There are anthers spurred and linear lateral staminodes (Kress et al., 2002). Curcuma manga is grown in tropical Asia nation which is an important medicinal plant. From the botanical description side, Curcuma manga is usually referred to as "turmeric mango" as in C.amada, it has a mango-like rhizome aroma (A. Sharma, 2012) that comprises lateral routine and bold

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aromatic rhizomes (Ravindran et al., 2007). The cut rhizome gives off a raw mango smell and is thus recognized as mango ginger (Leong et al., 2010). It is a recurrent, that produces clumps. Erect pseudostems emerge from an underground rhizome branched out (Liu et al., 2014). It was originally grown in Java and spread out Andaman and Nicobar Island of, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, and India (R. Pandey & Diwakar, 2008; A. K. Singh, 2017; S. Singh et al., 2016; Waman et al., 2018). Curcuma xanthorrhiza popularly known in Indonesia as Temulawak or Javanese turmeric has been found both wild and cultivated in Indonesia (Lin et al., 1996). Java turmeric (C. xanthorrhiza) grown mainly on Java Island and originated in Indonesia (Rohaeti et al., 2015). Also, it is planted in the Philippines, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. C. xanthorrhiza is a low-growth, ginger-like rhizome with an fragrant, pungent flavor and acrimonious taste. Alternatively, temulawak is a branched rhizome herb, inside orange or orange-red, outside dark yellow to reddish-brown; leaf sheaths till to 75 cm long, vanes elliptical-oblong to oblong-lanceolate; corolla 4-6 cm long; 25 – 100 cm x 8 -20 cm, green with a reddish-brown bridge along the midrib; pale red; labellum 2-2,5 cm x 1,5-2 cm, Yellowish with a dark yellow median band, other staminodeslongitudinally folded, yellowish-white, separate shooting inflorescence, purple coma bracts, longspurs anther; batch light green. C. xanthorrhiza is recognized naturally in thick and teak trees, mostly in dense, damp, humus-rich soils up to 750 m above sea level. (Sri Adi Sumiwi, 2008). The temulawak plant typically has heights of 50 to 200 cm (Kaliyadasa & Samarasinghe, 2019). Within an underground rhizome, the species have a group of erect pseudostems up to 2 m long, and each pseudostem has around eight blade leaves with blades of 15–21 cm wide and 40– 90 cm long (Rajkumari & Sanatombi, 2017). popularly known as zedoaria originating in Indian, though cultivated in Brazil today. It is extensively cultivated as a kind of pepper in South and Southwest Asian countries, and in those countries as well as in India (Shinobu-Mesquita et al., 2011). C. zedoaria composed of a broad dark yellow rhizome. However, this specie is found in Indonesia and India, but it is naturally grown elsewhere consisting of Florida's U.S. state. The dense and branched type of sessile tubers is found (Newman et al., 2004). Morphologically, the roots look fusiform in fleshy pearl and white root tubers look fleshy and thick. The leave lamina has violet-colored areas at the top part around the entire midrib, disappearing in older plants. Inflorescences have peduncle laterally and are aligned. There is a distinctive coma fusing at the base in the spike with dark purple colors. Fertile bracts have a green color with a pink margin and are oval. Each bract has 4–5 flowers. Corolla tube is white, shaped like a funnel. The labellum has a dark yellow line that is pale yellow (C.-c. Chen et al., 2013). Curcuma caesia contains a mainly aromatic rhizome. It is natural to Central and Northeastern India. The plant is usually erect, between 0.5 and 1.0 m in height (Paliwal et al., 2011). The rhizome is blue in the center, based on age and the nature of the soil, varying towards grey. The rhizome is tuberous with a camphoraceous sweet odor, with a diameter of about 2–6 cm. Rhizome's surface (cork) is dark brown, bluish-black, or colored buff; It shows circular patterns of scaly leaf residues. The fleshy root has many sessile, branched root tubers (Sarangthem & Haokip, 2010). The leaves are in 10–20 groups, each leaf being wide oblong-lanceolate and glabrous. The lamina reveals dark farraginous violet-colored clouds in the middle field. Distichous leaves of petioles are rectangular with an acute billed and sharp basis. Reddish-brown patch or glabrous violet is located on the sides at the top of the distal (Paliwal et al., 2011). Within the inflorescence, broad coma bracts have pink to purple. It is a thick spike of 15-20 cm long that occurs long leaf, the bracts are white, the coma bracts are dark red, and become cherry when aged. It has slightly shorter flowers than the bracts. Flowers have light yellow with reddish margin, smaller compare to the bracts. Corolla tube is long with unequal lobes, pink in color (Vairappan et al., 2013). Particularly, Calyx: 10–15 mm long, obtuse, 3 dented, and Corolla: long, pale yellow lip – 3 semi-elliptic lobes (Paliwal et al., 2011). Curcuma amada Roxb is normally referred to as "Amada" or "Mango Ginger" because the rhizomes have a mango-like flavor. It is one of the most used curative plants, from , India, and , in the Indian subcontinent. Additionally, in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and China, this plant is widely available (Hossain et al., 2015). C. amada includes a big rhizome, white in the periphery, light yellow in the middle, with a green mango fragrance found in the south of India (Policegoudra et al., 2010). It has cylindrical, or ellipsoidal, sessile tubers in shape and branched thick. The roots have no tubers and are fleshy. Pseudostem counts 30 to 35 cm in height. The leave lamina with a glabrous upper surface and a lower puberty surface are lanceolate or oblong. The inflorescence is middle or lateral, with a peduncle sheath. Spike has a light purple color with coma bracts that are fused at the base. The bracts look green, and the color is obtuse. Wide flowers Corolla tube with unequal white lobes is funnel-shaped and light yellow (Rao, Rajanikanth, & Seshadri, 1989; Rao et al., 1989). The labellum has a dark yellow median band is elliptical with and light yellow. contain white thecae, and they converge with a basal

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spur. The is made of thick, hairy ovules. The style is filiform and long. within the anther lobes is profoundly appressed (Hossain et al., 2015). Curcuma aromatic contains yellow rhizome with an abundance of sessile tubers. The plant is originated in India, including Karnataka, , Bihar, and Orissa. Leave lamina is commonly lanceolate, acuminates, and composed of thick pubescent's in the lower surface (Choudhury et al., 1996). Inflorescent coma bracts are pink in color and broad dispersion (G. Singh et al., 2002). Corolla tube has pinkish-white color and has funnel-shaped. Fertile bracts with upper surface hairs are light greenish- white in color. The dorsal lobe is oval and hooded loosely, arching on the anther. The side lobes are tiny and oblong. The labellum has a dark yellow color. Lateral endurance is long, obtuse, and filiform (Jeon et al., 2015). Early in fall, the foliage dies down and the rhizomes stay dormant in winter. By initial spring, the inflorescence emerges from the root of the rhizome. The peduncle is approximately 8–10 in. tall. Leaves are turning up after the flowers. The plants will scope a elevation of about 1 m tall when they grow incomplete. Leaves are very decorative and wide. The Angustifolia Curcuma has long, black, glabrous leaves. In India, it is most usually recognized growing wild, particularly in the plains and hills of the northeast and west coast. This species is present also in Nepal, Burma, , and Pakistan. There are tiny inflorescences of yellow flowers of rose coma bracts (A. Sharma, 2012). Florae normally grow close to the ground when the raining season starts (Jena et al., 2017). Curcuma caulina is a rhizomatous specie that produces without branched, erect, and leafy pseudostems. The underground rhizome has prominent pink white or greenish-white branches and white or yellow flowers (A. Sharma, 2012) The plant is said to have originated in India and grown in the wild region with high per annum rainfall (Pukhrambam, 2002). Curcuma pseudomontana is found , in , Karnataka, and as a prospective ornamental plant, it is native to the eastern and western Ghats of peninsular India. The coma was well-formed and has dark yellow flowers and large oval and a predominantly sulcate leaf of pale green color (A. Sharma, 2012). Curcuma pierreana is an annual, rhizomatous plant. It emerged in Thailand and Cambodia (Tyagi, 2005). Rhizomatised rootstocks allow leafy stem clumps to grow. The inflorescences have large violet-blocked apices that are sessile and white (Huxley et al., 1992). Curcuma aeruginosa rhizome is broad (A. K. Pandey & Chowdhury, 2003). In the center, it is yellowish-green and mainly aromatic (Angel et al., 2014). The branching and condensing form of the sessile tubers is observed. Leaves are in shape oblong- lanceolate and distichous. The leave tip is sharp, and the base accuminates. There is lilac or reddish- brown area on the upper side of the distal partial of the midrib. The coma bracts contain pink to purple color. The flowers are shorter compare to the bracts (Kamazeri et al., 2012). Curcuma australasica, usually referred to as the Cape York lily is an endangered plant and just distributed in Australian (A. Sharma, 2012). The plants are spread mainly in the Gulf of Carpentaria, New Guinea, and in northern Queensland of the Cape York Peninsula (G. J. Sharma et al., 2011). Curcuma raktakanta rhizome to the periphery is medium in size, whitish, and aromatic. The specie is generally grown at Kerala, India. It has several fleshly roots. The leaf is petiolate and distichous. The leaf contains green lamina which has Reddish-violet covered, oblong-lanceolate with basis and tips sharp and long spikes on the coma sheet that has a distinct inflorescence. Flowers are long similar to bracts. Filiform and long are the styleStigma is regularly exercised from the anther (Kim & Han, 2007). Curcuma karnatakensis is an endemic perennial heart is recorded in Karnataka, India, in two regions with different geographical characteristics (Amalraj et al., 1991; Kotresha, 2008). The flowers staminodes have colorful and the anther has a white color. The completely grown herb contains a low, starch-rich rhizomatous rootstock with fusiform or conical tubers (Tejavathi et al., 2020).

5. PHYTOCHEMICALS OF CURCUMA SPECIES Curcuma species rhizomes are known as a rich in yellow coloring source and have traditionally been utilized as food preservatives and spices, as a flavoring agent and as a remedy for enormous diseases because of the chemical compounds they contained. (Rajkumari & Sanatombi, 2017). The most commonly used part of Curcuma species are rhizomes in chemical extractions (H. Xiang et al., 2018). The most active ingredients of the rhizome are volatile oils and non-volatile Curcuminoid. Curcuminoid (Nugroho et al., 2015) included curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin that are the key composition thought to be accountable for many biological actions such as antioxidants (Rajkumari & Sanatombi, 2017) C. longa is considered a source of bioactive compounds, which include glycosides, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins (Abraham et al., 2018). This also comprises large amounts of proteins (6.30%), lipids (5.10%), carbohydrates (69.40%), and fibers (2.60%). This is also rich in minerals such as

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phosphorous, calcium, iron, and vitamin A with a fattening value of 349 per 100 g rhizomes. In Srilanka, China, Indonesia, Peru, Jamaica, Bangladesh, and Ethiopia, Indian turmeric is also cultivated to a smaller extent (Girma et al., 2008; Guji & Woga). Curcumin (70-75 %), demethoxycurcumin (10-25 %), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (5-10 %) are the three main arrangements of curcuminoids leading to various amounts, which are diferuloylmethane group phenolic compounds (Maga & Katz, 1978; Patil & Rathod, 2020). A large number of composites are found in the vital oils extracted from C. longa such as; β-turmerone and ar-turmerone included remarkable quantities of santalenone, β-caryophyllene, curlone, α-zingiberene, α-phellandrene, α-turmerone, α-santalene, ar-curcumene, β-bisabolene, βsesquiphellandrene, (Z)-β-farnesene, (Z)-β-ocimene, etc. (Angel et al., 2014). Various authors have identified the phytochemical components of various Curcuma species rhizomes (AL‐REZA et al., 2011). , Flavonoids, saponins, sterols, and tannins, were extricated from the rhizome of C. xanthorrhiza and C. aromatica via methanolic and aqueous extraction (Anjusha & Gangaprasad, 2014). As the major compounds α-curcumene, curcumene, and β-curcumene were extracted from C. amada (Venugopalan et al., 2014). β-Element is found as the main compound in C. brog, C. raktakanta, C. aromatica, and C. zedoaria have tumouricidal activity (Fu, 1984; Q. Q. Li et al., 2013). Germacrene is an important component of the Curcuma genus for curing the breast tumor cell lines throughout causing cell growth arrest and natural process with antiproliferative activity (Li et al., 2013). The greatest volatile constituents from C. xanthorrhiza are curzerenone (13.70%) and 1,8-cineol (37.58%) while ar-curcumene (23.18%,) camphor (26.94%), and xanthorrhizol (18.70%) were obtained in the essential oil of C. aromatica. For C. aeruginosa 1,8-cineol (9.64%), β-pinene (7.71%), and curzerenone (41.63%) are major compounds (Jarikasem, Thubthimthed, Chawananoraseth, & Suntorntanasat, 2003). The essential oil of C. aeruginosa comprised of β-pinene (27.5%) and curcumenol (38.7%) as major components. Other components were ZZ-farnesol (2.0%), β-eudesmol (3.6%), zingiberene (1.2%), ß-farnesol (1.5%), The major compounds in C. aromatica oil were consisted of camphene (10.2%), camphor (18.8%), 1, 8-cineole (10.1%) β-element (7.5%), and borneol (8.2%). The primary components in C. brog is β-element (8.2%), ZZ-farnesol (5.2%), 1,8-cineole (28.2%), camphor (6.9%), caryophyllene (3.8%), and α-farnesol (6.3%) while camphor (15.2%), and for C. malabarica oil, of which curcumenene (18.7%),1,8-cineole (40.8%), camphor (10.2%), and ar- curcumene (14.8%), were the main substituents; mphene (8.2%) were the main components in C. Cäsia. 11 compounds were found. The most important components in C. Rakthakanta is β-sesquiphellandrene (21.5%), 1,8-cineole (30.1%), 1,8-cineole (24.6%), and elemenone (13.6%), respectively. the essential oil of C. sylvatica had α-fenchene as the main compound (70 %). C. Zedoaria oil analyzed and showed epicurzerenone (19%), curzerene (8%), zingiberene (12%), germacrene (6%), β-sesquiphellandrene (9.8%), and ar-curcumene (12.1%) as the major components (Angel et al., 2014). Although, different species of Curcuma composed of a broad range of volatile monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and other aromatic components (G. Singh et al., 2010). Curcuma essential oils are greatly variable in composition. Different factors will significantly demonstrate the chemical profiles of various oil such as; variety, maturity storage, geographical location, genotype, maturity or stress during growth, environment, season, application of fertilizers, stage, cultivation practices, harvesting period, extraction and analysis methods (Sandeep et al., 2015).

6. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CURCUMA SPECIES Curcuma species phytochemicals exhibit a broad variety of pharmacological actions such as insecticidal, anti-hepatotoxic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, hypocholesterolemic, antiproliferative, and antidiarrheal, activities. Curcuma essential oils are also recognized to increase immune system strength, assists the elimination of toxins, promote circulation in the blood, and stimulate digestion (Raut & Karuppayil, 2014).

Table 1.1: Biological Activities of Curcuma Species Plant Species Biological activities References Anti-arthritic; anti-inflammatory; antifungal; (Hossain et al., insecticidal; antioxidant; CNS depressant; Curcuma amada 2015)(Policegoudra et al., analgesic; antiulcer; anti-tubercular; antimicrobial; 2010) cytotoxic; antiplatelet; anticancer and larvicida Curcuma aeruginosa Antimicrobial; cytotoxicity; (Suphrom et al., 2012)

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ant nociceptive; antipyretic (Asem & Laitonjam, 2014) reserve of nitric oxide production; uterine relaxant; antioxidant; anti-inflammatory Antimicrobial; antiulcer genic; antioxidant; (T. I. Devi & Singh, 2015) antifungal and antibacterial (Jena et al., 2017) Hypoglycemic; anti-proliferative anti-proliferative; gastroprotective; antioxidant; cytotoxicity; (Kim et al., 2007) (B. Liu et insecticidal;hypoglycemic; antibacterial reserve of al., 2014) nitric oxide production; anti-inflammatory and anti- Alzheimer’s Prostaglandin production and Inhibition of nitric (Niyomploy et al., 2010) Curcuma australasica oxide; cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory (Wohlmuth, 2008) Flat muscle relaxant anxiolytic, CNS depressant and Curcuma caesia neuropharmacological antimicrobial antiulcer genic (Karmakar et al., 2013) (J.- antitumor and antioxidant; anticancer ant J. Chen et al., 2016) hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (Linthoingambi et al., 2013) Curcuma leucorrhiza Antibacterial; antifungal; and antioxidant (L. R. Devi et al., 2012) Anti- carcinogenic and chemopreventive; anti- Alzheimer’s; disease; ant allergic; antioxidant; α- amylase inhibitor; neurotoxin-inhibitory; anti- inflammatory;anti-obesity; antidiabetic; ant Curcuma longa proliferative; hypoglycemic; (Ahn et al., 2012) (Duvoix hypolipidemic; ant arthritic; immunomodulation et al., 2005) gastroprotective, antiulcer genic larvicidal; antigenic; antivasoconstrictive; antibacterial; neuroprotective; scolicidal; antifungal and anti- aflatoxigenic Inhibition of nitric oxide production; anti-allergic; Curcuma manga antioxidant; cytotoxicity ant proliferative and (Tewtrakul & antitumor; antimicrobial; anti-proliferative; Subhadhirasakul, 2007) apoptotic Antiplatelet; anticoagulant; and antitumor antifungal; antiulcer genic; antioxidant and (J. Ma et al., 2015) (Oh et cytotoxic and antioxidant; inhibition of nitric oxide al., 2014) production; anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative Curcuma pierreana Antibacterial and antifungal (Nhan, 2012) Curcuma (Muniyappan & Nagarajan, pseudomontana Cytotoxicity 2014)

Antifungal; cytotoxicity and ant proliferative; gastro Curcuma purpurascens protective, antioxidant angiogenesis; and (S.-L. Hong et al., 2014)

apoptogenic (Hwang et al., 2000) Antimicrobial; ant metastatic; anticandidal; (Rukayadi et al., 2006) antimitotic; chemopreventive;e estrogenic; (Saputri & Jantan, 2011) Curcuma xanthorrhiza antinociceptive; anti-inflammatory antiulcer genic; (M. Lee & Hwang, 2009),

hepatoprotective antioxidant and hyperglycemic; (Park et al., 2008) (Devaraj and gastroprotective; antibacterial and cytotoxicity et al., 2010)

Anti-nociceptive; antihypertensive; antioxidant antinociceptive and; ant mutagenic analgesic Curcuma zedoaria hemagglutinating and; antiulcer genic; ant allergic; (Goto et al., 2005) ant proliferative; antifungal; anti-inflammatory; (Sangvanich et al., 2007) larvicida; pupicidal cytotoxicity; antibacterial; and antiplatelet aggregation

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7. CONCLUSION Based on the review, Curcuma species are very important consisting of numerous bioactive compounds. To use these bioactive compounds in medicinal and industrial purposes, isolation and identification of them are required. However, enormous varieties of Curcuma species with chemical components and bioactivities have been reported. There is a lack of literature related to the food and nutritional purposes, health advantage, and cosmetic industries from genus Curcuma. Sever al types of research on food nutritional and medicinal studies have been investigated by researchers as finding new novel compounds is desirable. This review paper can create opportunities for improvement of new plant nutritional food and medicinal products. Furthermore, lack of systematic information to differentiate plants with their genera is the main problem that researchers encountered to find Curcuma plants inside native countries and pharmacological or phytochemical investigations, although many species have been recognized in India. Besides, this study provides more beneficial information in pharmaceutical alternatives to remedy more illnesses.

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