DOCSLIB.ORG

Nomenclature – What's in a Name?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

xx xx Nomenclature – Nomenclature – what’s in a name? what’s in a name? Cypripedium reginae Read Payne 2016 Cypripedium hirsutum Cypripedium spectabile showy lady’s-slipper queen lady’s-slipper Nomenclature - Using Names Common Names Two of the goals for Systematics: Advantages? 1. Identify and name species • descriptive, colorful 2. Classify or place the species in groups • easy to remember • only names for most people Plantae Kingdom Magnoliophyta Phylum Disadvantages? Liliopsida Class • one species = many common names Asparagales Order classification Orchidaceae Family Moccasin flower Pink lady’s slipper Cypripedium Genus Cypripedium acaule Species Hierarchical Cypripedium acaule Stemless lady’s slipper Stemless lady slipper 1 Common Names Common Names Advantages? • 15 names in English • descriptive, colorful • 44 in French • easy to remember • 81 in Dutch • only names for most people • 105 in German Disadvantages? • one species = many common 245 common names but names only 1 Latin name • one common name = 2+ species Chamerion — evening Erectites — Nymphaea alba L. e.g., fireweed primrose family aster family European white waterlily Common Names Common Names Advantages? Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • easy to remember • only names for most people • only names for most people Disadvantages? Disadvantages? • one species = many common • one species = many common names names • one common name = 2+ • one name = 2+ species species • names can be confusing Lythrum — e.g., loosestrife loosestrife family Sweet fern Lysimachia — (not a fern!) primrose family 2 Common Names Common Names Advantages? Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • easy to remember • only names for most people • only names for most people Disadvantages? Disadvantages? • one species = many common • one species = many common names names • one name = 2+ species • one name = 2+ species • names can be confusing • names can be confusing Pineapple Welcome-home-husband-no- (not a conifer or apple!) matter-how-drunk-ye-be (also called Hen & chicks) Common Names Scientific Names Advantages? Necessary • descriptive, colorful • all species need names • easy to remember • only names for most people • uniform system of naming to avoid confusion Disadvantages? • one species = many common names • one name = 2+ species • names can be confusing • most plants have no common name ? Buxbaum’s sedge Carex buxbaumii Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. 3 Scientific Names Scientific Names Necessary Necessary • all species need names • all species need names • uniform system of naming • uniform system of naming to avoid confusion to avoid confusion • facilitates information - • facilitates information - retrieval retrieval • International Code of Nomenclature for fungi, algae, and plants (ICN) Arabidopsis thaliana adopted – 2011 Melbourne Scientific Names Scientific Names New Yorker Matthew Pace Scientific names - why binomials? Descriptive! (at least some times) Serratula– Botany 2015 foliis Ph.D. grad lanceolato oblongis May-apple serratis pendulis Podophyllum peltatum - “umbrella foot “The species of leaf” Serratula with leaves oblong to lanceolate shaped, serrate edged, and drooping” Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials – describing the New York ironweed 4 Scientific Names Scientific Names Scientific names - why binomials? Serratula foliis Scientific names - why binomials? lanceolato oblongis binomial polynomial serratis pendulis “The species of Serratula with leaves oblong to lanceolate trivial name shaped, serrate edged, and drooping” Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials – describing the New York ironweed Scientific Names Scientific Names Scientific names - why binomials? The species name – 2 names binomial polynomial Species name = binomial (2 names): Serratula noveboracensis Genus name: Serratula Serratula noveboracensis L. Which would you rather learn? • capitalized Serratula foliis lanceolato • italicized or underlined • plural = genera oblongis serratis pendulis Specific epithet or trivial or name: noveboracensis Serratula noveboracensis • not capitalized • italicized or underlined • Latin ending agrees in gender with genus name 5 Scientific Names Scientific Names The scientific name - 3 names Synonyms - duplicate names Scientific name = species name + authority: Serratula noveboracensis L. Species name: Serratula Serratula noveboracensis L. Serratula noveboracensis L. noveboracensis Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Authority: Linnaeus • (abbreviated “L.”) - the synonym name of the person or persons who provided this binomial for this species Scientific Names Type Method Synonyms - duplicate names Because of synonomy - proliferation of scientific names - the type method is French botanist Andre Michaux used to track names and lessen transfers New York ironweed to confusion Serratula tinctoria L. genus Vernonia Serratula noveboracensis L. Every species name must be linked to Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. an herbarium specimen and deposited Michx. in an herbarium Authority = Michaux Holotype: the particular specimen (came up with this designated by the author, which binomial) automatically fixes the application of the name Parenthetical authority = Linnaeus (first used the ----type: other specimens to replace specific epithet for this holotype when lost or unknown (e.g., species) syntype, neotype, lectotype, paratype) 6 Type Method Type Method So, how do you name a new species? The Berlin Herbarium – 3rd largest herbarium in the world – lost over Melody thinks she collected 20,000 holotypes in May 1944 due to a new species of Cannabis Allied bombing Holotype: the particular specimen designated by the author, which automatically fixes the application of the name ----type: other specimens to replace holotype when lost or unknown Type Method Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: putative new species of Cannabis: • Find binomial not already taken • Find binomial not already taken Specific epithets occupied in Cannabis Name after someone important? Cannabis americana Cannabis chinensis Cannabis erratica Cannabis foetens Cannabis generalis Cannabis gigantea Cannabis indica C. obamaei C. sytsmae Cannabis intersita X X Cannabis kafiristanica Cannabis lupulus Cannabis macrosperma Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis trumpii 7 Type Method Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: putative new species of Cannabis: • Find binomial not already taken • Published =/ Accepted Cannabis trumpii Sain Specific epithets occupied in Cannabis • Make a type specimen & deposit in Cannabis americana Wisconsin State Herbarium Cannabis chinensis Cannabis erratica Sain 3162 (WIS) Cannabis foetens Cannabis generalis • Latin or English description of new species Cannabis gigantea Cannabis indica • Publish in journal or visible paper product Cannabis intersita seen in libraries OR now electronically! Cannabis kafiristanica Cannabis lupulus = VALID species name, but not necessarily Cannabis macrosperma “ ” Cannabis ruderalis good or ACCEPTED species name! Cannabis sativa – only accepted Cannabis trumpii – ? Sain 3162 Sain 3162 Type Method Type Method Canada goldenrod Canada goldenrod The type method means that there is a The type method continues up the type specimen for every named species hierarchical system of classification! Solidago canadensis L. has a type specimen in the Linnean collection in London Solidago canadensis L. is the first named species of the genus Solidago the Linnean type specimen for the species is also the type specimen for the genus Solidago 8 Type Method Aster renaming Solidago belongs to family Asteraceae, . and here the story gets messy! typified by the genus Aster What if “Aster” is not “natural”? – This herbarium specimen of Aster then only Aster amellus and relatives amellus also typifies the order Asterales and the subclass Asteridae remain in genus Aster Italian aster Italian aster Aster amellus L. - type Aster amellus - type Aster amellus L. - type specimen from species of the genus Aster specimen from Linnaeus’ collection in AND family Asteraceae Linnaeus’ collection in London London Aster renaming Aster renaming North American asters related to other North American genera Erigeron - daisy fleabane Heterotheca - golden aster Aster novae-angliae – Grindelia - gumweed New England aster Italian aster related to other Solidago - genera in Eurasia goldenrod Euthamia - grass- leaved goldenrod Aster amellus - aster Aster amellus - aster 9 Aster renaming Phylocode – lessens confusion? Aster novae-angliae L. • Alternative nomenclatural code (New England aster) enacted in Paris, 2004 = Symphyotrichum novae- • Rankless, only phylogenetic angliae (L.) Nesom lineages or clades named above species level • Therefore, no genus, family & therefore no “binomial” necessary Confusion can be an issue Kevin DeQueiroz & Phil Cantino with ICN rules of synonymy • More on this later . 2 architects of the Phylocode and ranks Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 1. Names based on In this classification system, what nomenclatural types species is the type for flowering plants? Magnolia virginiana L. Species Genus A special species from SE United States — represents the Family type specimen for the phylum etc. Magnoliophyta or flowering plants .
Recommended publications
  • International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

    International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

    International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature INTERNATIONAL CODE OF ZOOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE Fourth Edition adopted by the International Union of Biological Sciences The provisions of this Code supersede those of the previous editions with effect from 1 January 2000 ISBN 0 85301 006 4 The author of this Code is the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature Editorial Committee W.D.L. Ride, Chairman H.G. Cogger C. Dupuis O. Kraus A. Minelli F. C. Thompson P.K. Tubbs All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise), without the prior written consent of the publisher and copyright holder. Published by The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 c/o The Natural History Museum - Cromwell Road - London SW7 5BD - UK © International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature 1999 Explanatory Note This Code has been adopted by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature and has been ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS) acting on behalf of the Union's General Assembly. The Commission may authorize official texts in any language, and all such texts are equivalent in force and meaning (Article 87). The Code proper comprises the Preamble, 90 Articles (grouped in 18 Chapters) and the Glossary. Each Article consists of one or more mandatory provisions, which are sometimes accompanied by Recommendations and/or illustrative Examples. In interpreting the Code the meaning of a word or expression is to be taken as that given in the Glossary (see Article 89).
  • Tracing History

    Tracing History

    Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 911 Tracing History Phylogenetic, Taxonomic, and Biogeographic Research in the Colchicum Family BY ANNIKA VINNERSTEN ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS UPPSALA 2003 Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Lindahlsalen, EBC, Uppsala, Friday, December 12, 2003 at 10:00 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. Abstract Vinnersten, A. 2003. Tracing History. Phylogenetic, Taxonomic and Biogeographic Research in the Colchicum Family. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 911. 33 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-554-5814-9 This thesis concerns the history and the intrafamilial delimitations of the plant family Colchicaceae. A phylogeny of 73 taxa representing all genera of Colchicaceae, except the monotypic Kuntheria, is presented. The molecular analysis based on three plastid regions—the rps16 intron, the atpB- rbcL intergenic spacer, and the trnL-F region—reveal the intrafamilial classification to be in need of revision. The two tribes Iphigenieae and Uvularieae are demonstrated to be paraphyletic. The well-known genus Colchicum is shown to be nested within Androcymbium, Onixotis constitutes a grade between Neodregea and Wurmbea, and Gloriosa is intermixed with species of Littonia. Two new tribes are described, Burchardieae and Tripladenieae, and the two tribes Colchiceae and Uvularieae are emended, leaving four tribes in the family. At generic level new combinations are made in Wurmbea and Gloriosa in order to render them monophyletic. The genus Androcymbium is paraphyletic in relation to Colchicum and the latter genus is therefore expanded.
  • International Buuetin Status of the Generic Name

    International Buuetin Status of the Generic Name

    Page 16 INTERNATIONAL BUUETIN STATUS OF THE GENERIC NAME BACTERIUM, THE SPECIFIC NAME BACTERIUM COLI .9M) THE FAMILY NAhE B.4CTERIACEAE Preliminary Statement, File No. 5 The Editorial Roard has prepared the followinq preliminary state- ment for consideration by the Judicial Commission and for the in- formation of the members of the Intervational Committee on Bact- eriological Nomenclatiire. It is a revision of a statement earlier circulated,and disciissed at the meetings of the Commission and of the Committee held at the time of the International Microbiolog- ical Conyress at Rio de Janeiro (1950). The Judicial Commission, through its Editorial Board, will he pleased to receive comments, criticisms and siiqqestions from any person interested. The Judicial Comnission has reveals much confusion with been asked to prepare and issiie reference to the use of the an opinion fixinp, the statiis of generic name Bacterium and of the qeneric name Bscteriurn Ehr- the family name Bacteriaceae. enbere;, of the specific name Proposal No.1 as submitted to Bacterium coli,and of the fam- the Commission seeks to elimin- ily name Bacterinceae. ate the conftlsion by the re- jection of these names,the F'ROPOSALS.Two proposals have second proposal would eliminate been received. the confusion by the careful definition of these names. 1.It is proposed that the ?en- eric nape Bacterium and the The following topics require family name Bacteriaceqe be de- examination : signated as nomin.7 rejicienda. A.Rejection or conservation of the generic name Bacterium Ehr- 2.It is proposed that the gen- enberg; 1828. eric name Bacterium and the R.Rejection or conservation of family name Bacteriaceae be de- the generic name Bacterium as signated as nomina conservanda, proposed or emended by later that the genus Bacterium be authors.
  • Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use

    Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use

    Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013, 14, 11713-11741; doi:10.3390/ijms140611713 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Molecular Sciences ISSN 1422-0067 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms Review Towards a Molecular Understanding of the Biosynthesis of Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids in Support of Their Expanding Medical Use Adam M. Takos and Fred Rook * Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +45-3533-3343; Fax: +45-3533-3300. Received: 28 April 2013; in revised form: 26 May 2013 / Accepted: 27 May 2013 / Published: 31 May 2013 Abstract: The alkaloids characteristically produced by the subfamily Amaryllidoideae of the Amaryllidaceae, bulbous plant species that include well know genera such as Narcissus (daffodils) and Galanthus (snowdrops), are a source of new pharmaceutical compounds. Presently, only the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid galanthamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used to treat symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease, is produced commercially as a drug from cultivated plants. However, several Amaryllidaceae alkaloids have shown great promise as anti-cancer drugs, but their further clinical development is restricted by their limited commercial availability. Amaryllidaceae species have a long history of cultivation and breeding as ornamental bulbs, and phytochemical research has focussed on the diversity in alkaloid content and composition. In contrast to the available pharmacological and phytochemical data, ecological, physiological and molecular aspects of the Amaryllidaceae and their alkaloids are much less explored and the identity of the alkaloid biosynthetic genes is presently unknown. An improved molecular understanding of Amaryllidaceae alkaloid biosynthesis would greatly benefit the rational design of breeding programs to produce cultivars optimised for the production of pharmaceutical compounds and enable biotechnology based approaches.
  • Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: the Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History

    Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: the Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History

    Journal of the History of Biology (2016) 49:135–189 Ó The Author(s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com 2015 DOI 10.1007/s10739-015-9410-y Suppressing Synonymy with a Homonym: The Emergence of the Nomenclatural Type Concept in Nineteenth Century Natural History JOERI WITTEVEEN Descartes Centre for the History and Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected] Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Department of Psychology Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands Abstract. ‘Type’ in biology is a polysemous term. In a landmark article, Paul Farber (Journal of the History of Biology 9(1): 93–119, 1976) argued that this deceptively plain term had acquired three different meanings in early nineteenth century natural history alone. ‘Type’ was used in relation to three distinct type concepts, each of them associated with a different set of practices. Important as Farber’s analysis has been for the historiography of natural history, his account conceals an important dimension of early nineteenth century ‘type talk.’ Farber’s taxonomy of type concepts passes over the fact that certain uses of ‘type’ began to take on a new meaning in this period. At the closing of the eighteenth century, terms like ‘type specimen,’ ‘type species,’ and ‘type genus’ were universally recognized as referring to typical, model members of their encom- passing taxa. But in the course of the nineteenth century, the same terms were co-opted for a different purpose. As part of an effort to drive out nomenclatural synonymy – the confusing state of a taxon being known to different people by different names – these terms started to signify the fixed and potentially atypical name-bearing elements of taxa.
  • Describing Species

    Describing Species

    DESCRIBING SPECIES Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists Judith E. Winston COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK Columbia University Press Publishers Since 1893 New York Chichester, West Sussex Copyright © 1999 Columbia University Press All rights reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data © Winston, Judith E. Describing species : practical taxonomic procedure for biologists / Judith E. Winston, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-231-06824-7 (alk. paper)—0-231-06825-5 (pbk.: alk. paper) 1. Biology—Classification. 2. Species. I. Title. QH83.W57 1999 570'.1'2—dc21 99-14019 Casebound editions of Columbia University Press books are printed on permanent and durable acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of America c 10 98765432 p 10 98765432 The Far Side by Gary Larson "I'm one of those species they describe as 'awkward on land." Gary Larson cartoon celebrates species description, an important and still unfinished aspect of taxonomy. THE FAR SIDE © 1988 FARWORKS, INC. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Universal Press Syndicate DESCRIBING SPECIES For my daughter, Eliza, who has grown up (andput up) with this book Contents List of Illustrations xiii List of Tables xvii Preface xix Part One: Introduction 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Describing the Living World 3 Why Is Species Description Necessary? 4 How New Species Are Described 8 Scope and Organization of This Book 12 The Pleasures of Systematics 14 Sources CHAPTER 2. BIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE 19 Humans as Taxonomists 19 Biological Nomenclature 21 Folk Taxonomy 23 Binomial Nomenclature 25 Development of Codes of Nomenclature 26 The Current Codes of Nomenclature 50 Future of the Codes 36 Sources 39 Part Two: Recognizing Species 41 CHAPTER 3.
  • Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments

    Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments

    U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Native Plants for Wildlife Habitat and Conservation Landscaping Chesapeake Bay Watershed Acknowledgments Contributors: Printing was made possible through the generous funding from Adkins Arboretum; Baltimore County Department of Environmental Protection and Resource Management; Chesapeake Bay Trust; Irvine Natural Science Center; Maryland Native Plant Society; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; The Nature Conservancy, Maryland-DC Chapter; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Cape May Plant Materials Center; and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office. Reviewers: species included in this guide were reviewed by the following authorities regarding native range, appropriateness for use in individual states, and availability in the nursery trade: Rodney Bartgis, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Ashton Berdine, The Nature Conservancy, West Virginia. Chris Firestone, Bureau of Forestry, Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Chris Frye, State Botanist, Wildlife and Heritage Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Mike Hollins, Sylva Native Nursery & Seed Co. William A. McAvoy, Delaware Natural Heritage Program, Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control. Mary Pat Rowan, Landscape Architect, Maryland Native Plant Society. Rod Simmons, Maryland Native Plant Society. Alison Sterling, Wildlife Resources Section, West Virginia Department of Natural Resources. Troy Weldy, Associate Botanist, New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Graphic Design and Layout: Laurie Hewitt, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Chesapeake Bay Field Office. Special thanks to: Volunteer Carole Jelich; Christopher F. Miller, Regional Plant Materials Specialist, Natural Resource Conservation Service; and R. Harrison Weigand, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Maryland Wildlife and Heritage Division for assistance throughout this project.
  • Nomenclature – What's in a Name?

    Nomenclature – What's in a Name?

    xx Nomenclature – what’s in a name? Read Payne 2016 xx Nomenclature – what’s in a name? Cypripedium reginae Cypripedium hirsutum Cypripedium spectabile showy lady’s-slipper queen lady’s-slipper Nomenclature - Using Names Two of the goals for Systematics: 1. Identify and name species 2. Classify or place the species in groups Plantae Kingdom Magnoliophyta Phylum Liliopsida Class Asparagales Order classification Orchidaceae Family Cypripedium Genus Hierarchical Cypripedium acaule Species Cypripedium acaule Stemless lady slipper Common Names Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • only names for most people Disadvantages? • one species = many common names Moccasin flower Pink lady’s slipper Stemless lady’s slipper Common Names • 15 names in English • 44 in French • 81 in Dutch • 105 in German 245 common names but only 1 Latin name Nymphaea alba L. European white waterlily Common Names Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • only names for most people Disadvantages? • one species = many common names • one common name = 2+ species Chamerion — evening Erectites — e.g., fireweed primrose family aster family Common Names Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • only names for most people Disadvantages? • one species = many common names • one common name = 2+ species Lythrum — e.g., loosestrife loosestrife family Lysimachia — primrose family Common Names Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • only names for most people Disadvantages? • one species = many common names • one name
  • Wildflowers and Ferns Along the Acton Arboretum Wildflower Trail and in Other Gardens FERNS (Including Those Occurring Naturally

    Wildflowers and Ferns Along the Acton Arboretum Wildflower Trail and in Other Gardens FERNS (Including Those Occurring Naturally

    Wildflowers and Ferns Along the Acton Arboretum Wildflower Trail and In Other Gardens Updated to June 9, 2018 by Bruce Carley FERNS (including those occurring naturally along the trail and both boardwalks) Royal fern (Osmunda regalis): occasional along south boardwalk, at edge of hosta garden, and elsewhere at Arboretum Cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamomea): naturally occurring in quantity along south boardwalk Interrupted fern (Osmunda claytoniana): naturally occurring in quantity along south boardwalk Maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum): several healthy clumps along boardwalk and trail, a few in other Arboretum gardens Common polypody (Polypodium virginianum): 1 small clump near north boardwalk Hayscented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula): aggressive species; naturally occurring along north boardwalk Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum): occasional along wildflower trail; common elsewhere at Arboretum Broad beech fern (Phegopteris hexagonoptera): up to a few near north boardwalk; also in rhododendron and hosta gardens New York fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis): naturally occurring and abundant along wildflower trail * Ostrich fern (Matteuccia pensylvanica): well-established along many parts of wildflower trail; fiddleheads edible Sensitive fern (Onoclea sensibilis): naturally occurring and abundant along south boardwalk Lady fern (Athyrium filix-foemina): moderately present along wildflower trail and south boardwalk Common woodfern (Dryopteris spinulosa): 1 patch of 4 plants along south boardwalk; occasional elsewhere at Arboretum Marginal
  • Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2014 Data Summary

    Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2014 Data Summary

    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park 2014 Data Summary Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2016/1016 ON THIS PAGE Tiny, bright yellow blossoms of Hypoxis hirsuta grace the forest floor at Congaree National Park. Photograph courtesy of Sarah C. Heath, Southeast Coast Network. ON THE COVER Spiraling compound leaf of green dragon (Arisaema dracontium) at Congaree National Park. Photograph courtesy of Sarah C. Heath, Southeast Coast Network Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park 2014 Data Summary Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2016/1016 Sarah Corbett Heath1 and Michael W. Byrne2 1National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network Cumberland Island National Seashore 101 Wheeler Street Saint Marys, GA 31558 2National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network 135 Phoenix Drive Athens, GA 30605 May 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed.
  • Biological Nomenclature

    Biological Nomenclature

    Semester II Core Course (CC 8) Biosystematics and Evolution Unit 1: Biosystematics 2. Hierarchy of categories, outline of classification of animals, important criteria used for classification upto classes in each phylum and 4. International code of Zoological nomenclature (ICZN): operative principles and important rules, Zoological nomenclature and scientific names of various taxa. Biological Nomenclature Nomenclature: nomen (name) and calare (to call) -- to call by name One of the primary responsibilities of systematic biology is the development of a system of biological nomenclature and classifications. Nomenclature is of utmost importance in systematics and taxonomy and is necessary in organizing information about the vast biodiversity (Nomenclature functions to provide labels (names) for all taxa at all levels in the hierarchy of life. Carrolous Linnaeus was the first to establish a system of organizing the diversity of life in a hierarchical classification and developed a consistent binomial system of naming. He established latin as the common language for the scientific naming of all organisms as latin used to be an important language at the time of Linnaeus. Therefore, latin came to be a critical language for international communication. As will be seen below the various Codes for nomenclature consider Latin to be an essential language. • Taxa at the level of species are named with binomials, consisting of generic and specific epithets or names that together equal the species name • Taxa above the level of species are Supraspecific Taxa and are Uninominals. • Taxa below the level of species are Subspecies and are Trinominals. The binomial system has been a successful system because it is the only system that has been universally accepted.
  • International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes

    International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes

    2019, volume 69, issue 1A, pages S1–S111 International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes Prokaryotic Code (2008 Revision) Charles T. Parker1, Brian J. Tindall2 and George M. Garrity3 (Editors) 1NamesforLife, LLC (East Lansing, Michigan, United States) 2Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH (Braunschweig, Germany) 3Michigan State University (East Lansing, Michigan, United States) Corresponding Author: George M. Garrity ([email protected]) Table of Contents 1. Foreword to the First Edition S1–S1 2. Preface to the First Edition S2–S2 3. Preface to the 1975 Edition S3–S4 4. Preface to the 1990 Edition S5–S6 5. Preface to the Current Edition S7–S8 6. Memorial to Professor R. E. Buchanan S9–S12 7. Chapter 1. General Considerations S13–S14 8. Chapter 2. Principles S15–S16 9. Chapter 3. Rules of Nomenclature with Recommendations S17–S40 10. Chapter 4. Advisory Notes S41–S42 11. References S43–S44 12. Appendix 1. Codes of Nomenclature S45–S48 13. Appendix 2. Approved Lists of Bacterial Names S49–S49 14. Appendix 3. Published Sources for Names of Prokaryotic, Algal, Protozoal, Fungal, and Viral Taxa S50–S51 15. Appendix 4. Conserved and Rejected Names of Prokaryotic Taxa S52–S57 16. Appendix 5. Opinions Relating to the Nomenclature of Prokaryotes S58–S77 17. Appendix 6. Published Sources for Recommended Minimal Descriptions S78–S78 18. Appendix 7. Publication of a New Name S79–S80 19. Appendix 8. Preparation of a Request for an Opinion S81–S81 20. Appendix 9. Orthography S82–S89 21. Appendix 10. Infrasubspecific Subdivisions S90–S91 22. Appendix 11. The Provisional Status of Candidatus S92–S93 23.