xx xx Nomenclature – Nomenclature – what’s in a name? what’s in a name? Cypripedium reginae Read Payne 2016 Cypripedium hirsutum Cypripedium spectabile showy lady’s-slipper queen lady’s-slipper Nomenclature - Using Names Common Names Two of the goals for Systematics: Advantages? 1. Identify and name species • descriptive, colorful 2. Classify or place the species in groups • easy to remember • only names for most people Plantae Kingdom Magnoliophyta Phylum Disadvantages? Liliopsida Class • one species = many common names Asparagales Order classification Orchidaceae Family Moccasin flower Pink lady’s slipper Cypripedium Genus Cypripedium acaule Species Hierarchical Cypripedium acaule Stemless lady’s slipper Stemless lady slipper 1 Common Names Common Names Advantages? • 15 names in English • descriptive, colorful • 44 in French • easy to remember • 81 in Dutch • only names for most people • 105 in German Disadvantages? • one species = many common 245 common names but names only 1 Latin name • one common name = 2+ species Chamerion — evening Erectites — Nymphaea alba L. e.g., fireweed primrose family aster family European white waterlily Common Names Common Names Advantages? Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • easy to remember • only names for most people • only names for most people Disadvantages? Disadvantages? • one species = many common • one species = many common names names • one common name = 2+ • one name = 2+ species species • names can be confusing Lythrum — e.g., loosestrife loosestrife family Sweet fern Lysimachia — (not a fern!) primrose family 2 Common Names Common Names Advantages? Advantages? • descriptive, colorful • descriptive, colorful • easy to remember • easy to remember • only names for most people • only names for most people Disadvantages? Disadvantages? • one species = many common • one species = many common names names • one name = 2+ species • one name = 2+ species • names can be confusing • names can be confusing Pineapple Welcome-home-husband-no- (not a conifer or apple!) matter-how-drunk-ye-be (also called Hen & chicks) Common Names Scientific Names Advantages? Necessary • descriptive, colorful • all species need names • easy to remember • only names for most people • uniform system of naming to avoid confusion Disadvantages? • one species = many common names • one name = 2+ species • names can be confusing • most plants have no common name ? Buxbaum’s sedge Carex buxbaumii Carex buxbaumii Wahlenb. 3 Scientific Names Scientific Names Necessary Necessary • all species need names • all species need names • uniform system of naming • uniform system of naming to avoid confusion to avoid confusion • facilitates information - • facilitates information - retrieval retrieval • International Code of Nomenclature for fungi, algae, and plants (ICN) Arabidopsis thaliana adopted – 2011 Melbourne Scientific Names Scientific Names New Yorker Matthew Pace Scientific names - why binomials? Descriptive! (at least some times) Serratula– Botany 2015 foliis Ph.D. grad lanceolato oblongis May-apple serratis pendulis Podophyllum peltatum - “umbrella foot “The species of leaf” Serratula with leaves oblong to lanceolate shaped, serrate edged, and drooping” Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials – describing the New York ironweed 4 Scientific Names Scientific Names Scientific names - why binomials? Serratula foliis Scientific names - why binomials? lanceolato oblongis binomial polynomial serratis pendulis “The species of Serratula with leaves oblong to lanceolate trivial name shaped, serrate edged, and drooping” Carolus Linnaeus on a field trip - using polynomials – describing the New York ironweed Scientific Names Scientific Names Scientific names - why binomials? The species name – 2 names binomial polynomial Species name = binomial (2 names): Serratula noveboracensis Genus name: Serratula Serratula noveboracensis L. Which would you rather learn? • capitalized Serratula foliis lanceolato • italicized or underlined • plural = genera oblongis serratis pendulis Specific epithet or trivial or name: noveboracensis Serratula noveboracensis • not capitalized • italicized or underlined • Latin ending agrees in gender with genus name 5 Scientific Names Scientific Names The scientific name - 3 names Synonyms - duplicate names Scientific name = species name + authority: Serratula noveboracensis L. Species name: Serratula Serratula noveboracensis L. Serratula noveboracensis L. noveboracensis Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. Authority: Linnaeus • (abbreviated “L.”) - the synonym name of the person or persons who provided this binomial for this species Scientific Names Type Method Synonyms - duplicate names Because of synonomy - proliferation of scientific names - the type method is French botanist Andre Michaux used to track names and lessen transfers New York ironweed to confusion Serratula tinctoria L. genus Vernonia Serratula noveboracensis L. Every species name must be linked to Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Vernonia noveboracensis (L.) Michx. an herbarium specimen and deposited Michx. in an herbarium Authority = Michaux Holotype: the particular specimen (came up with this designated by the author, which binomial) automatically fixes the application of the name Parenthetical authority = Linnaeus (first used the ----type: other specimens to replace specific epithet for this holotype when lost or unknown (e.g., species) syntype, neotype, lectotype, paratype) 6 Type Method Type Method So, how do you name a new species? The Berlin Herbarium – 3rd largest herbarium in the world – lost over Melody thinks she collected 20,000 holotypes in May 1944 due to a new species of Cannabis Allied bombing Holotype: the particular specimen designated by the author, which automatically fixes the application of the name ----type: other specimens to replace holotype when lost or unknown Type Method Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: putative new species of Cannabis: • Find binomial not already taken • Find binomial not already taken Specific epithets occupied in Cannabis Name after someone important? Cannabis americana Cannabis chinensis Cannabis erratica Cannabis foetens Cannabis generalis Cannabis gigantea Cannabis indica C. obamaei C. sytsmae Cannabis intersita X X Cannabis kafiristanica Cannabis lupulus Cannabis macrosperma Cannabis ruderalis Cannabis sativa Cannabis trumpii 7 Type Method Type Method Required steps in authoring a name for a Required steps in authoring a name for a putative new species of Cannabis: putative new species of Cannabis: • Find binomial not already taken • Published =/ Accepted Cannabis trumpii Sain Specific epithets occupied in Cannabis • Make a type specimen & deposit in Cannabis americana Wisconsin State Herbarium Cannabis chinensis Cannabis erratica Sain 3162 (WIS) Cannabis foetens Cannabis generalis • Latin or English description of new species Cannabis gigantea Cannabis indica • Publish in journal or visible paper product Cannabis intersita seen in libraries OR now electronically! Cannabis kafiristanica Cannabis lupulus = VALID species name, but not necessarily Cannabis macrosperma “ ” Cannabis ruderalis good or ACCEPTED species name! Cannabis sativa – only accepted Cannabis trumpii – ? Sain 3162 Sain 3162 Type Method Type Method Canada goldenrod Canada goldenrod The type method means that there is a The type method continues up the type specimen for every named species hierarchical system of classification! Solidago canadensis L. has a type specimen in the Linnean collection in London Solidago canadensis L. is the first named species of the genus Solidago the Linnean type specimen for the species is also the type specimen for the genus Solidago 8 Type Method Aster renaming Solidago belongs to family Asteraceae, . and here the story gets messy! typified by the genus Aster What if “Aster” is not “natural”? – This herbarium specimen of Aster then only Aster amellus and relatives amellus also typifies the order Asterales and the subclass Asteridae remain in genus Aster Italian aster Italian aster Aster amellus L. - type Aster amellus - type Aster amellus L. - type specimen from species of the genus Aster specimen from Linnaeus’ collection in AND family Asteraceae Linnaeus’ collection in London London Aster renaming Aster renaming North American asters related to other North American genera Erigeron - daisy fleabane Heterotheca - golden aster Aster novae-angliae – Grindelia - gumweed New England aster Italian aster related to other Solidago - genera in Eurasia goldenrod Euthamia - grass- leaved goldenrod Aster amellus - aster Aster amellus - aster 9 Aster renaming Phylocode – lessens confusion? Aster novae-angliae L. • Alternative nomenclatural code (New England aster) enacted in Paris, 2004 = Symphyotrichum novae- • Rankless, only phylogenetic angliae (L.) Nesom lineages or clades named above species level • Therefore, no genus, family & therefore no “binomial” necessary Confusion can be an issue Kevin DeQueiroz & Phil Cantino with ICN rules of synonymy • More on this later . 2 architects of the Phylocode and ranks Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Rules of Botanical Nomenclature 1. Names based on In this classification system, what nomenclatural types species is the type for flowering plants? Magnolia virginiana L. Species Genus A special species from SE United States — represents the Family type specimen for the phylum etc. Magnoliophyta or flowering plants .