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Kineska Kaligrafija Chinese Intermezzo Vladimir Živanović Far East Society Belgrade, Serbia Chinese Characters (汉字) One character = one syllable = one semantical unit (≈ one word) More than 60.000 characters in existence Zhoghua zihai has collected 85.568 characters Three to five thousand characters actually needed and used in everyday communication Used outside of China Universal written language Wade-Giles and pinyin Pictograms 人 Man 女 Woman 子 Child Pictograms 馬 Horse 鳥 Bird 龜 Turtle 象 Elephant Transformation Creation of contemporary Chinese characters Misinterpretations are possible: Original pictogram: sheep 美 big A man (shaman) wearing ceremonial Beautiful head gear Ideograms 木 Tree 林 Forest 森 Jungle Ideograms axe or shield hand 我 Me man woman too too He She 他 (other) 她 Ideograms child woman 好 good woman roof/house pig roof 安 peace 家 home Ideograms field strength 男 male eye eye lose damaged blind blind 盲 (figuratively) 瞎 (for real) Ideograms ≠ 鳥 烏 bird crow man roof dark mouth dark 夜 night 名 name Ideograms (rare ones, though) (dot) stone water stone water 砅 砯 to cross the river by sound of the water jumping on stones hitting rocks Rare and complex characters zhé biáng talkative (traditional dish) out of use since used rarely V century AD (local dialects only) Phono-semantic characters horse (mǎ) old (gǔ) 妈 姑 女 mother (mā) girl (gū) however (qiě) to be (nǎi) woman Semantic component in: 姐 奶 elder sister (jiě) breasts, milk (nǎi) Phono-semantic characters 苦grass woman姑 古 bitter (kǔ) girl (gū) surround corpse, body in horiz. position ancient (gǔ) Phonetic component in: 固 居 certain, firm (gù) live (јū) Simplification Non-standard simplification – calligraphy Standards after the 1949 revolution 馬 马 龍 龙 Horse Dragon Simplifications Misunderstandings can occur here too... stop, cease ear (phonetic value) heart Shame Shame 耻 恥 Simplified Traditional And some more issues… Some characters have been altered in such a way that their phonetic component was lost phonetic (píng) serve, trust, anyone (rèn) heart Rely on 憑 凭 (píng) small table Traditional Simplified Phonetic only ya 娅 噶 ga hulu 呼噜 (snoring) Do we really need all this? Alphabet cannot convey the meaning mā má mǎ mà ma 妈 麻 马 骂 吗 抹 蟆 码 唛 嘛 玛 杩 蚂 Link between Far Eastern Peoples Used all over Far East (Chinese cultural sphere) 我去学校 学校に行っています 学校에 가고있습니다 (Tôi đi trường học) 焠移場學 In Korea (South) there are special teachers who teach just Chinese characters to students Oracle Bone Inscriptions Inscriptions on Bronze Greater Seal Script Inscription on a ritual sword, Spring and Autumn Period Lesser Seal Script Li Si, Qin Dynasty Li Si, Qin Dynasty Lesser Seal Script Copy of Daodejing Copy of Yijing Han Dynasty Han Dynasty Clerical Script Inscriptions from Han Dynasty Regular Script Tang Dynasty examples Semi-Cursive Script Wang Xizhi, Jin Dynasty Semi-Cursive Script Wang Xizhi, Jin Dynasty Semi-Cursive Script Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty Semi-Cursive Script Zhu Da, Qing Dynasty Cursive (Grass) Script Dong Qichang, Ming Dynasty Zhang Zhi, Han Dynasty Cursive (Grass) Script Zhang Xu, Tang Dynasty Cursive (Grass) Script Li Bai, Tang Dynasty Thank you! tongue, verbal 谢谢！ xièxie! shè contemporary (phonetic) universal punctuation mark repeated as a sign of respect .
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