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Patterns and Determinants of Educational Attainment

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Patterns and Determinants of Educational Attainment PATTERNS AND DETERMINANTS OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT A STUDY OF CHITTAURGARH DISTRICT A THESIS Submitted for the Award of Ph.D. Degree In Geography (Faculty of Social Science) To the University of Kota By Durga Kadel Under the Supervision of Dr. M.Z.A. Khan Department of Geography Government Arts College, Kota (Raj.) UNIVERSITY OF KOTA, KOTA (RAJASTHAN) 2019 CERTIFICATE I feel great pleasure in certifying that the thesis entitled "Patterns and Determinants of Educational Attainment–A Study of Chittaurgarh District" by Durga Kadel under my guidance. She has completed the following requirements as per Ph.D. regulations of the university. (a) Course work as per the University rules. (b) Residential requirement of the University, (200 days). (c) Regularly submitted Annual Progress Report. (d) Presented her work in the Departmental Committee. (e) Published/Accepted minimum of two research paper in a referred research journal. I recommended the submission of thesis. Date: Dr. M.Z.A. Khan Supervisor ANTI-PLAGIARISM CERTIFICATE It is certificated that Ph.D. thesis titled "Patterns and Determinants of Educational Attainment – A Study of Chittaurgarh District" by Durga Kadel has been examined by us with the following anti-plagiarism tools. We undertake the follows: a. Thesis has significant new work/knowledge as compared already published elsewhere. No sentence, equation, diagram, table, paragraph or section has been copied verbatim from previous work unless it is placed under quotation marks and duly referenced. b. The work presented is original and own work of the author (i.e. there is no plagiarism). No ideas, processes, results or words of others have been presented as author's own work. c. There is no falsification by manipulating research materials, equipment or processes, or changing or minting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. d. There is no fabrication of data or results which have been completed and analyzed. e. The thesis has been checked using “URKUND” software and found within limits as per HEC plagiarism policy and instructions issued from time to time. (Name & Signature of (Name & Signature and Seal of Research Scholar) Research Supervisor) Place: Place: Date: Date: ABSTRACT Literacy is one of the most important indicators of socio-economic and political development of a society. Literacy discharges many functions in the society, that is; Socialization, Communication knowledge and information, Contribution to social, political and economic development, Development of human resources, Character building and personality development, Social, ethical and democratic control. The study attempts to present the holistic picture of the pattern of literacy system in Chittaurgarh district. This study is an interpretative and analytical investigation of the impacts of literacy system on the community of the district, affecting the economic, social and cultural development of the place. The main objectives of the present research work to study the growth of literacy, various literacy programs and their consequences, current educational status, analyze the possibilities of future progress of literacy rate, suggest the appropriate strategies designed for the eradication of problems and develop a strategy to make Chittaurgarh district a complete literate district. During the last 60 years there has been an appreciable continuous increase in the level of literacy as from 7.07 percent in 1951; it has risen to 61.71 percent in 2011 Census. When we examine the progress of literacy in 20th Century, it was slow till 1951. The post 1951 period association with quickening pace of the urbanization process, opening of a very large number of new schools, social awareness about especially girls education development, new technology in schools and society, increasing educational facilities along with availability of female teachers in abundance particularly in rural areas, increasing value of female education for matrimony, increasing degree of socio- economic awareness, waning social taboos and prejudices against female education, Scheduled Tribe and Caste. The analysis has recorded wide range disparity among different types of literacy. The data shows not only that the rate of literacy is low case of female, rural, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe population but the difference among groups male-female, rural-urban and scheduled caste, scheduled tribe is critically high. Special efforts should be made not only to curb these gaps but also to increase overall literacy rate so that dream of making the district a complete literate division be fulfilled. Various schemes were introduced by the Central and State government through their own support and with external assistance from time to time, but their remained lack of continuity in terms of objectives, contents, mode of implementation and operationalization of schemes. More emphasis is being laid on development of education on in the area through various programmed for e.g. Adarsh and Utkrist Vidhyalaya Yojana, State Initiative for Quality Education, Activity Based Learning, Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidhyalaya, Sharda Girls Hostel, Residential Training, Community Mobilization, Information Communication Technology Scheme, Vocational Education Program, School Integration, Inclusive Education for Disabled at Secondary Stage, Staff Rationalization, Swami Vivekanand Government Model Schools, Transport Voucher Scheme, School Water Sanitation and Hygiene Education Program, Saakshar Bharat Program, Jan Shikshan Sansthan, Mid-Day Meal Scheme, Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Minority Institutes, Scheme to provide quality education in madrasas and Right to Education, Samagra Shiksha etc. Having reached an effective literacy rate of 61.71 percent (76.61 percent for males and 46.53 percent for females) in 2011, the area seems to have attained a respectable place in terms of literacy but the prospects in the area of education is that are-firstly, although in terms of effective literacy (aged 7 & above) the male-female differentials have squeezed down. Secondly, promoting higher education requires opening up higher education institutions, enrolling students and recruiting the faculty. Thirdly, distribution of educated workers in different sectors of economy holds the key to diversification of occupational structure of a society. Fourthly, of recent there had been a growing demand in the area to allow greater access to the private sector in the field of education with a view to achieve its expansion plans as well as to provide competition for improving the quality of education in the area. The government efforts for universalization of education and comprehensive literacy drive have yielded positive results. These efforts have helped in growth of literacy rates. There is necessity of addressing various policy issues, which need attention for sustainable growth of literacy rates. The objective of the program is to include all children under education, where the number of non-nominated children is low and all the illiterates are up to 35 years of age. However the situation of growth of literacy is not an issue to covers only through the allocation of funds and opening of new primary, upper primary, secondary and senior secondary schools as well as literacy centers. There are various constraints in literacy program, which need to be addressed in the requisite manner. For this purpose various policy measures are required to be taken at the national and State level for addressing the quantitative and qualitative issues of literacy, which are equally important and overlooking those would reflect over the growth of literacy rate in sustainable manner, that are addressing the lacking areas, quality of education, quality issues, the use of ICT in education remains limited, teacher development and management, equity issues, drop out issues, governance and management, budgetary constraints, coordination in government and private efforts etc. The overall result of the present research has shown that the total literacy has increased over the years. Though the literacy rate has increased in the district yet there are only certain sections of society which have been benefited by this overall increase. For example, in case of female, rural, scheduled caste and scheduled tribe, the position of literacy is still critical. The present study divided into six chapters. Chapter I deal with the introduction and importance of literacy in society and economy, discussion on cartographic and statistical techniques used. In chapter II, detailed service of literature has been made. This chapter also contains the choice of study area; Chapter III is devoted to “Pattern of literacy-1981, 1991, 2001 & 2011". Besides discuss the level and changes of total literacy, male-female literacy. This chapter consists of not only the level of rural- urban literacy but also about the changes of rural-urban literacy. This chapter discussing the level and changes of scheduled caste and scheduled tribe. Chapter IV deals with education facilities and efforts for literacy in Chittaurgarh district begins with a detailed discussion on various State and centre sponsored programs to increase the levels of literacy in Chittaurgarh district. Chapter V is devoted to “Educational Parameters” for Village sample survey and describes the variations in Village area. Chapter VI deals with the conclusions and policy issues drawn from the whole study and recommendations are made to make Chittaurgarh a complete
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