City Development Plan for

Udaipur, 2041

(Interim City Development Plan)

June 2014

Supported under Capacity Building for Urban Development project (CBUD) A Joint Partnership Program between Ministry of Urban Development, Government of and The World Bank

CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited

Ministry of Urban Development

Capacity Building for Urban Development Project City Development Plan for – 2041

Interim City Development Plan

June 2014

Green Lake city of India... Education hub … Hospitality centre….

Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

BMTPC Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

BPL Below Poverty line

BRG Backward Regional Grant

BRGF Backward Regional Grant Fund

CAA Constitutional Amendment Act

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CBUD Capacity Building for Urban Development

CCAR Climate Change Agenda for

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CST Central Sales Tax

DDMA District Disaster Management Authority

DEAS Double entry accounting system

DLC District land price committee

DPR Detailed Project Report

DRR Disaster risk reduction

EWS Economically weaker section

GDDP Gross District Domestic Product

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Green House Gases

GIS Geo information system

HRD Human Resource Development

IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme

IIM Indian Institute of Management

INCCA Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment

LOS Level of Services

MLD Million Liter per Day

NLCP National Lake Conservation Programme

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NMT Non Motorised transport

NRW Non-revenue water

OHSR Overhead service reservoir

PHED Public health engineering department

PMU Project management unit

RIICO Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation RPCB Rajasthan Pollution Control Board

RSPM Respirable suspended particulate matter

SLB Service Level Benchmarling

STP Sewage treatment plant

UDT Urban Development Tax

URDPFI Urban & Regional Development Plan Formulation & Implementation WFPR Work force participation ration

WTP Water treatment plant

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Contents

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.1 Context ...... 1 1.2 Revised CDP under Capacity Building for Urban Development Project ...... 2 1.2.1 Preparation of Revised CDP under CBUD Programme ...... 3 1.3 Revised CDP Guidelines – Key Areas of Emphasis ...... 3 1.3.1 Vision-Led Planning ...... 4 1.3.2 Resource-based planning ...... 4 1.3.3 Participatory approach ...... 4 1.3.4 Equity concerns, poverty, and local economy development ...... 4 1.3.5 Capacity building in ULBs ...... 5 1.3.6 Sectoral action plans with goal-oriented targets ...... 5 1.3.7 Monitoring and evaluation arrangements ...... 5 1.4 Objective of the Assignment ...... 5 1.5 Approach and Methodology ...... 6 1.6 Brief of 1st Generation CDP ...... 7 1.6.1 Key facts at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP ...... 8 1.6.2 Projects envisaged under 1st generation CDP ...... 9 1.7 Brief scenario of city after 1st Generation CDP ...... 9 1.8 Key Process undertaken for CDP Preparation ...... 10 1.8.1 Committee Formation ...... 11 1.8.2 Stakeholder‟s consultation brief ...... 11 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY ...... 13 2.1 Regional Setting ...... 13 2.2 Administrative Boundary ...... 14 2.2.1 Location and connectivity ...... 14 2.3 Defining the Study Area ...... 15 2.4 Physical Setting ...... 15 2.4.1 Topography and geology ...... 15 2.4.2 Climate ...... 16 2.4.3 Agriculture, mineral, and industry ...... 16 2.4.4 Water resources...... 16 2.4.5 Forest resources ...... 17

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3. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE TOWN ...... 19 3.1 Background ...... 19 3.2 Population and Urbanization ...... 19 3.2.1 ...... 20 3.2.2 Udaipur city ...... 21 3.3 Population Growth Trend ...... 21 3.4 Population Density ...... 24 3.5 Average Household Size ...... 27 3.6 Literacy Rate ...... 27 3.7 Sex Ratio ...... 28 3.8 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population ...... 28 3.9 Population Projections ...... 29 3.9.1 Methodology adopted for estimation of population ...... 29 3.9.2 Summary of Population Projection through various methods ...... 31 3.10 Key Issues ...... 32 4. ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE CITY ...... 33 4.1 Background ...... 33 4.2 Overview of Economic Situation of the State and the Town ...... 33 4.2.1 Rajasthan‟s Economic Profile ...... 34 4.2.2 Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) ...... 35 4.2.3 Per Capita Income ...... 35 4.2.4 Industrial Policies and Incentives ...... 35 4.2.5 Udaipur District‟s Economic Profile...... 38 4.2.6 Udaipur City ...... 39 4.3 Industrial and Commercial Activities ...... 40 4.3.1 Market Yard ...... 41 4.3.2 Informal Commercial Activity ...... 41 4.4 Workforce Participation Rate (WFPR) ...... 42 4.5 Workers‟ Classification ...... 42 4.6 Horticulture ...... 43 4.7 SWOT Analysis ...... 43 4.8 Issues ...... 44 5. PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT ...... 45 5.1 Background ...... 45

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5.2 Constitutes of Planning Area ...... 45 5.3 Projected Population under Master Plan ...... 45 5.4 Spatial Growth Trends ...... 46 5.5 Spatial Distribution of Population ...... 47 5.6 Land use Analysis ...... 47 5.6.1 Comparison with UDPFI guideline (for large cities) ...... 49 5.7 Critical Appraisal of the Master Plan/Development Plan ...... 50 5.7.1 Land use analysis Master Plan Provisions ...... 50 5.7.2 Comparison with URDPFI Guidelines ...... 51 5.7.3 Development Proposals ...... 53 5.8 Urban Planning Functions and Reforms ...... 55 5.9 Roles and Responsibilities of ULB and Parastatals ...... 55 6. Social and Cultural Resources ...... 56 6.1 Background ...... 56 6.2 Health Facilities ...... 56 6.2.1 Existing Situation ...... 56 6.2.2 Basic Public Health Indicators ...... 58 6.2.3 Role of Municipal Body in Health Programmes ...... 58 6.2.4 Comparison with URDPFI Norms ...... 58 6.2.5 Issues ...... 59 6.3 Educational Facilities ...... 59 6.3.1 Existing Situation ...... 60 6.3.2 Comparison with URDPFI Norms ...... 61 6.3.3 Key Issues ...... 61 6.4 Recreation Facilities ...... 62 6.4.1 Sports facilities ...... 62 6.4.2 Key Issues ...... 62 7. Infrastructure and Services ...... 63 7.1 Water Supply ...... 63 7.1.1 Existing Water Supply Situation ...... 63 7.1.2 Water Supply – Future Demand ...... 68 7.1.3 Critical Analysis of Water Supply System post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ..... 69 7.1.4 Institutional Framework for Water Supply System ...... 71 7.1.5 Key Issues ...... 72

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7.2 Sewerage and Sanitation ...... 72 7.2.1 Existing Sewerage and Sanitation System ...... 72 7.2.2 Future Sewage Generation ...... 75 7.2.3 Critical Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation System Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ...... 75 7.2.4 Institutional Framework for Sewerage and Sanitation System ...... 77 7.2.5 Key Issues ...... 77 7.3 Solid Waste Management ...... 78 7.3.1 Existing Solid Waste Management System ...... 78 7.3.2 Future Solid Waste Generation ...... 79 7.3.3 Critical Analysis of Solid Waste Management Systems: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ...... 80 7.3.4 Institutional Framework for SWM ...... 81 7.3.5 Key Issues ...... 81 7.4 Storm Water Drainage ...... 82 7.4.1 Existing Drainage System ...... 82 7.4.2 Operation and Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage ...... 82 7.4.3 Critical Analysis of Drainage System: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ...... 82 7.4.4 Key Issues ...... 83 8. Traffic and Transportation System ...... 84 8.1 Existing Road Infrastructure ...... 84 8.1.1 Road Hierarchy System in the City ...... 84 8.1.2 Important Junctions ...... 85 8.1.3 Bridges, Flyovers and Interchanges ...... 86 8.1.4 NMT Facilities ...... 87 8.1.5 Issues and Key Challenges ...... 87 8.2 Existing Traffic and Transportation System ...... 87 8.2.1 Traffic Volume ...... 87 8.2.2 Modes of Transport ...... 88 8.2.3 Existing Transportation Infrastructure ...... 89 8.2.4 Parking Facilities ...... 89 8.2.5 Safety and Traffic Management Measures ...... 90 8.2.6 Issues and Key Challenges ...... 90 8.3 Review of Institutional and Investments ...... 91 8.3.1 Review of Institutional System ...... 91

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8.3.2 Budgetary and Expenditures ...... 91 8.4 Analysis of post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ...... 92 9. Housing and Urban Poverty ...... 96 9.1 Overall Housing Scenario in the City ...... 96 9.1.1 Present availability of Housing Stock ...... 96 9.1.2 Quality of Housing Stock ...... 96 9.1.3 Housing requirement as per the future Projected Population ...... 96 9.1.4 Housing in Inner city, Unplanned areas, Urban Villages and Unauthorized Colonies 97 9.1.5 Overview of growing Housing sector in the town ...... 97 9.2 Urban Poverty and Slums ...... 97 9.2.1 Number of Slums ...... 98 9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Slums (ward-wise distribution) ...... 99 9.2.3 Average Slum Size ...... 99 9.2.4 Available Infrastructure for Slum Communities ...... 100 9.2.5 Land tenure-ship of Slums ...... 100 9.2.6 Housing Stock (slums) ...... 100 9.2.7 Government Initiatives in Slum Improvement ...... 100 9.2.8 Critical Analysis of Housing and Urban Poverty Sector under 1st Generation CDP Scenario ...... 102 9.2.9 Policy, Regulation and Institutional Framework ...... 102 9.2.10 Key Issues ...... 103 10. Baseline Environment: Urban Environment and Disaster Management ...... 104 10.1 Pollution Level in the Town ...... 104 10.1.1 Ambient Air Quality ...... 104 10.1.2 Noise Pollution ...... 104 10.1.3 Water Pollution...... 105 10.2 Water Bodies ...... 107 10.2.1 List of Water Bodies ...... 108 10.2.2 Existing Condition of Water Bodies ...... 108 10.3 Gardens, Open Spaces, and Urban Forests ...... 108 10.4 Identification of Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...... 109 10.5 Disaster Proneness Assessment of the City ...... 110 10.6 Disaster Management Mitigation Measures ...... 111 10.7 Key Issues and Concerns ...... 114

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11. Climate Change and Sustainable Development ...... 115 11.1 Climate Change and the City ...... 115 11.2 Carbon Footprint Mapping – Application of Estimation Models ...... 116 11.3 Impact and Imperatives ...... 117 11.4 Climate Resilience and Carbon Reduction Strategy ...... 118 12. Cultural Resources, Heritage, and Tourism ...... 120 12.1 Historical Importance of the Town ...... 120 12.2 Existing Situation for Heritage ...... 120 12.3 Heritage Conservation Initiatives ...... 125 12.4 Tourism Scenario ...... 126 12.4.1 Major Tourist Spots ...... 126 12.4.2 Tourist Arrival ...... 126 12.4.3 Existing Tourist Supported Infrastructure ...... 127 12.4.4 Existing Tourism Development Initiatives ...... 128 12.4.5 Role of Agencies Involved in Tourism Development ...... 128 12.5 Fairs and Festivals ...... 129 12.6 Traditional – Handicrafts, Silk, and Cuisine ...... 129 12.7 Key Concern Areas for Tourism Development ...... 130 13. Assessment of Institutions, Systems and Capacities ...... 131 13.1 Urban Governance System ...... 131 13.2 Urban Reforms/Transfer of Function (CDP Post 1st Generation Scenario) ...... 133 13.2.1 Status of JNNURM Implementation ...... 133 13.2.2 Progress in Implementation of Reforms – State-Level Reforms ...... 134 13.2.3 ULB-Level Reforms – Mandatory and Optional ...... 135 13.3 Roles and Responsibilities of various Institutions ...... 136 13.4 Key Issues ...... 137 14. Financial Assessment ...... 139 14.1 First-Generation CDP: Key Features of Municipal Finance ...... 139 14.2 Key Financial Indicators ...... 140 14.3 Assessment of Municipal Finance...... 140 14.3.1 Status of Municipal Finance ...... 140 14.4 Revenue Account ...... 141 14.4.1 Revenue Income ...... 142 14.4.2 Revenue Expenditure ...... 144

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14.5 Capital Account ...... 145 14.5.1 Capital Income ...... 145 14.5.2 Capital Expenditure ...... 146 14.6 Key Issues ...... 146 15. SWOT Analysis ...... 148 16. Stakeholder Consultation ...... 150 16.1 Consultative Meetings ...... 150 16.2 Workshop Process ...... 150 16.3 Issues Identified ...... 152 16.4 Sector analysis and Strategies formulation ...... 153 17. Annexure ...... 156 17.1 Attendance Sheet of Workshop ...... 156 17.2 Workshop – Issues and Strategies provided by stakeholders ...... 159 17.3 Water user charges ...... 163 17.4 Maps of Udaipur City ...... 165

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List of Tables

Table 2-1: Major Lakes and Catchment Area ...... 17 Table 3-1: Rajasthan State Profile ...... 19 Table 3-2: Urban Structure of Rajasthan 2001 ...... 20 Table 3-3 Population of growth rate – Rajasthan city, Udaipur district and Udaipur city ...... 20 Table 3-4: Comparative Population of Udaipur City - 2011 ...... 21 Table 3-5: Population Growth Trend – Udaipur City ...... 21 Table 3-6: Population Growth Trend – Census Towns ...... 22 Table 3-7: Total Population (Udaipur City + Census Towns) ...... 22 Table 3-8: Migration Status – Udaipur City ...... 23 Table 3-9: Tourist Arrival Statistics - Udaipur ...... 23 Table 3-10: Population Density – Udaipur City ...... 24 Table 3-11: Ward Density ...... 25 Table 3-12: Household Size ...... 27 Table 3-13: Literacy Rate – Udaipur City ...... 27 Table 3-14: Literacy Rate Comparison ...... 27 Table 3-15: Sex Ratio ...... 28 Table 3-16: SC and ST Population – Udaipur City* ...... 28 Table 3-17: Share of SC and ST Population – District and State Level ...... 28 Table 3-18: Projected Population in Different Documents ...... 29 Table 3-19: Population Projections by Various Methods for 2nd Generation CDP ...... 30 Table 3-20 Projections for tourist population ...... 30 Table 3-21: Projected Tourist Population ...... 31 Table 4-1: Details of existing micro, small and artisan units – Udaipur ...... 38 Table 4-2: List of existing micro and macro-enterprises – Udaipur city ...... 41 Table 4-3: Work force Participation Rate – Udaipur city ...... 42 Table 4-4: Main and Marginal Workers ...... 42 Table 4-5: Occupational Pattern ...... 43 Table 5-1: Projected population under Draft Master Plan and 1st -generation City Development Plan 45 Table 5-2: Existing Land Use – 2011, Udaipur ...... 47 Table 5-3: Comparison of land use from 1971 to 2011 ...... 48 Table 5-4: Existing land use and comparison with URDPFI guidelines ...... 49

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Table 5-5 Key planning pareameters – Master plan of Udaipur ...... 50 Table 5-6: Land use comparison – Master Plan 2022, Draft Master Plan 2031 ...... 51 Table 5-7: Proposed land use comparison with URDPFI guidelines ...... 51 Table 5-8: Proposed bus stands in Draft Master Plan, 2031 ...... 54 Table 6-1: Medical/Health facilities in Udaipur ...... 57 Table 6-2: Basic Public Health Indicators ...... 58 Table 6-3: Comparison of healthcare facilities with URDPFI guidelines ...... 59 Table 6-4: Educational facilities, Udaipur 2011 ...... 60 Table 6-5: Existing education facilities in comparison with URDPFI norms ...... 61 Table 7-1: Water supply sources ...... 64 Table 7-2: Details of transmission and distribution zones ...... 64 Table 7-3: Details of water treatment plants in Udaipur ...... 65 Table 7-4: Type of connections and connection charges ...... 67 Table 7-5: User charges (metered and unmetered connections) ...... 67 Table 7-6: Service-level indicators for water supply sector - Udaipur ...... 68 Table 7-7: Water demand estimation ...... 68 Table 7-8 Key Features of Water Supply System as per 1st Generation CDP ...... 69 Table 7-9: Water supply system indicators – Post 1st Generation CDP ...... 70 Table 7-10: Service-Level Indicators – Sewerage and Sanitation ...... 74 Table 7-11: Rating and Categorization of Cities based on Sanitation practices ...... 74 Table 7-12: Sewage generation estimation ...... 75 Table 7-13: Present Status ...... 76 Table 7-14: Service-Level Indicators ...... 79 Table 7-15: Changes over the last few years ...... 80 Table 7-16: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ...... 83 Table 8-1 Distribution of road network in Udaipur city ...... 84 Table 8-2: Number of Street Lights ...... 86 Table 8-3: Details of Public Transport facilities - Udaipur ...... 89 Table 8-4: Post – 1st generation CDP Scenario ...... 93 Table 8-5: Udaipur Current situation ...... 93 Table 9-1: Details of housing stock in Udaipur city - 2001 ...... 96 Table 9-2: Projected housing stock in the city ...... 97 Table 9-3: Ward wise slum population ...... 98 Table 9-4: Ward wise distribution of slums ...... 99

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Table 9-5: Basic services to Urban Poor ...... 100 Table 9-6 IHSDP project details ...... 101 Table 10-1: Trend in noise levels ...... 104 Table 10-2: Noise pollution levels in Udaipur ...... 105 Table 10-3: Water quality of major lakes in Udaipur – 2013 ...... 106 Table 10-4: Ground water quality at different locations in Udaipur ...... 106 Table 10-5 Water bodies, Udaipur ...... 108 Table 11-1: Sectoral impacts and imperatives in Rajasthan ...... 117 Table 11-2: Sectoral climate resilience and carbon reduction strategy – sector wise ...... 118 Table 12-1: List of Heritage Structures - UMC ...... 121 Table 12-2: Tourist Arrivals in Udaipur ...... 126 Table 13-1: Status of projects implemented under JNNURM ...... 133 Table 13-2: City-level status of mandatory reforms under JNNURM ...... 135 Table 13-3: Optional Reforms at ULB level ...... 136 Table 13-4: Roles and Responsibilities of Various Institutions ...... 137 Table 14-1: Changes in Municipal Finance ...... 140 Table 14-2: Income and Expenditure of UMC...... 140 Table 14-3: Revenue Income Constitutes ...... 142 Table 14-4: Number of properties in Udaipur...... 143 Table 14-5: DCB Statement of Urban Development Tax (in crores) ...... 144 Table 14-6: Overview of expenditure constitutes ...... 144 Table 16-1: Key requirements in the city ...... 150 Table 16-3: Sectoral suggestions by stakeholders ...... 153

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List of Figures

Figure 2-1: CBUD Project Components ...... 3 Figure 2-2: CDP Approach ...... 6 Figure 2-3: Approach and Methodology ...... 7 Figure 2-4 Investment identified under 1st generation CDP ...... 9 Figure 2-5 Kick off meeting at UMC ...... 10 Figure 2-6 1st city level stakeholder consultation ...... 11 Figure 3-1: Udaipur – Regional Setting ...... 13 Figure 3-2: Location and Connectivity – Udaipur city ...... 14 Figure 4-1: Udaipur district ...... 20 Figure 4-2: Population growth trend – Udaipur city ...... 21 Figure 4-3: Tourists arrival in Udaipur ...... 23 Figure 4-4: Udaipur Ward Map ...... 24 Figure 5-1: GSDP – Rajasthan State ...... 34 Figure 5-2: Sectoral contribution of GSDP (current price) ...... 34 Figure 5-3: District-wise GDP contribution ...... 35 Figure 5-4: Udaipur District – GDDP (current price) ...... 38 Figure 6-1: Spatial growth trend over a time period ...... 47 Figure 6-2: Existing Spatial Structure ...... 50 Figure 6-3: Master Plan 2022 and Draft Master Plan 2031 ...... 52 Figure 8-1: Water supply network map - Udaipur ...... 66 Figure 8-2 Administration framework for water supply ...... 72 Figure 9-1 Vehicular registration growth ...... 88 Figure 11-1: Biodiversity map – Rajasthan ...... 110 Figure 11-2: State- and district-level disaster management institutional framework ...... 113 Figure 13-1: Tourist arrivals in Udaipur ...... 127 Figure 13-2: Important tourist spots in the city ...... 127 Figure 14-1: Existing organizational structure of UMC ...... 132 Figure 15-1: Overview of Financial Position of UMC ...... 141 Figure 15-2: Tax and Non-tax sources of Revenue Income ...... 142 Figure 15-3: Revenue expenditure ...... 144 Figure 15-4: Capital income ...... 145 Figure 15-5: Capital expenditure ...... 146

[xiv] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Figure 17-1 Pictures of stakeholders‟ meeting...... 151 Figure 17-2 Key issues identified by stakeholders ...... 152

[xv] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Context

The need for overall urban improvement and development to sustain the economic growth momentum post the liberalization era first found its expression in the mandate of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) launched by the Government of India in 2005. The project endeavoured to bring about an improvement in urban areas for their quality of life and make them as investment destinations. The programme derived its initial rationale from the „National Common Minimum Programme‟ of the Government of India that laid stress on the expansion of physical infrastructure, and therefore, comprehensive urban renewal and slum development could be taken up. The second rationale for such a large-scale programme was derived from India‟s international commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and therefore, the Government of India (GoI) proposed to:  Facilitate investments in the urban sector; and  Strengthen the existing policies in order to achieve these goals. In recognition to the above mandate, the JNNURM programme was conceived. The scale of the programme was aimed to be on a mission mode, primarily to make the cities to realize their full potential and become engines for growth. It was opined that the urban sector contributes to over 50% of the country‟s gross domestic product (GDP), and therefore, focused attention is required for urban infrastructure development. As already mentioned above, JNNURM is the first flagship national programme for urban development of this nature and size launched by the Government of India. The programme sought to bring about a change in the very manner of looking at urban development. It recognized the importance of two major aspects for urban development in the country including:  The need for urban infrastructure improvement in order to improve quality of life and sustain the local economy as well as to attract more investments; and  The need for investment for carrying out the urban infrastructure improvements. In doing the above, the programme brought about the necessary awareness among the urban local bodies (ULBs) regarding planning and implementation of projects, need for systematizing the urban services and their management, the need for involving stakeholders in project planning, and raising revenues for the urban areas that can sustain the urban infrastructure. Significant emphasis was given to urban governance reforms and the need to link reforms with investments. Assistance therefore to the state governments and ULBs was proposed to flow through a reform-linked plan. Introduction of such reforms was considered crucial for developing sustainable infrastructure that would include:  Efficient management of created physical assets so as to increase self-sustainability and  Enhance efficient service delivery. Both these aspects were to be achieved through the agenda of reforms in the cities. Progress Over the past seven years, the programme has committed over Rs. 286 billion for 552 projects involving a total investment of over Rs. 620 billion. Some of the key achievements of the project include:

[1] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 The mission has been successful in catalyzing multi-year investments and reformed development in urban infrastructure.  There has been visible improvement in the delivery of municipal services in many cities.  Some cities have prepared development/master plans for the first time. There is also greater awareness in the ULBs regarding the need to develop systematic plans for improvement in infrastructure. There is also an increase in the aspiration levels among communities and a demand for better infrastructure and services.  Several projects, especially in the transport sector, have been taken up within the JNNURM framework that has significantly improved the quality of life in the cities.  There has been good progress in the implementation of reforms at state and central level. Most of the states have framed their policies on reforms and started implementing the same. ULBs have started implementing the reforms in the areas of accounting and e-governance. While there has been significant change in the urban sector due to JNNURM, at the same, there have been challenges, which need to be addressed going forward:  City development plan (CDP) was seen as an investment plan for projects in the immediate term, and not as a vision document for the city, with very limited cities revising the same.  While preparing the CDP, consultations with the stakeholders were limited and mostly restricted to the line departments and parastatal agencies.  The pace of project execution has been found to be slow. Some states have been able to take greater advantage of the programme than others.  Cities have not been very successful in leveraging JNNURM funds to raise finances on their own or to attract private or PPP-based investment.  The ULBs are not in a position to take over all the functions mentioned under the 12th schedule of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA) at present. Most of the ULBs are also not in a position to take over functions like roads and bridges, water supply, sewerage, drainage, and urban forestry due to their present incapacity to do so.  Institutional strengthening and capacity building initiatives are yet to be initiated in most of the ULBs. Most of the ULBs are facing capacity related issues such as lack of staff (staff recruitment has not been carried out since long). The Planning Commission of Government of India, through a committee, has devised a framework for JNNURM-II. This framework has been prepared after studying and analyzing the success and challenges arising from JNNURM-I and the initiatives taken by other ministries in urban development.

1.2 Revised CDP under Capacity Building for Urban Development Project

In order to give an impetus to the reforms under JNNURM, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) have launched a new project called „Capacity Building for Urban Development’ (CBUD). The project has been launched with support from the World Bank (WB). The Government of India (GoI) has received financing from the World Bank / International Development Association (IDA) towards the CBUD project. The broad aim of the CBUD project is to address the major constraints of urban development and specifically focus on the capacity building requirements for successful urban management and poverty reduction across the selected ULBs in India.

[2] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

The project will contribute to GoI‟s overarching objective of creating economically productive, efficient, equitable, and responsive cities. Achieving this objective will help sustain high rates of economic growth, accelerate poverty reduction, and improve services, especially to the urban poor. The project has the following three components.

Figure 1-1: CBUD Project Components

1. Capacity Building for Strengthened Urban Management. This component is aligned with the infrastructure and governance sub-mission of JNNURM and will thus support the technical assistance across several urban management topics. 2. Capacity Building for Effective Urban Poverty Monitoring and Alleviation. These capacity-building initiatives are aligned with the basic services to the urban poor sub-mission. They reflect the need for building information systems, sharing experiences, and designing strategies on urban poverty alleviation. 3. Implementation Support. This component will support a national Project Management Unit (PMU) for providing overall technical and managerial support during the implementation of the programme. The PMU will play a critical role in promoting and supporting the project.

1.2.1 Preparation of Revised CDP under CBUD Programme

In order to identify the broader issues for intervention and areas of assistance pertaining to the development of city, CDPs, which were already available for most of the cities under JNNURM, are required to be revised as per the revised CDP Guidelines (April 2013) issued by the Ministry of Urban Development. MoUD has identified 30 cities across India under the CBUD project to facilitate the support. MoUD invited proposals and entrusted CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solutions with the responsibility of preparing the CDP.

1.3 Revised CDP Guidelines – Key Areas of Emphasis

The revised guidelines issued by MoUD further incorporate additional aspects, which shall be covered while preparing both the Fresh and Revised CDP. The aspects to be incorporated are:  Formation of CDP committees – policy and technical  Inclusion of heritage, health, and education sector in the CDP  Stress on infrastructure management aspects

[3] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Outcome parameters of projects  Revenue enhancement initiative, expenditure management initiatives, and asset management initiatives  Special emphasis on PPP projects  Transit oriented development. Apart from the above points, some of the other key areas of importance in the revised guidelines are as follows.

1.3.1 Vision-Led Planning

The revised guidelines specify that unlike the past CDPs, the vision for city needs to be more detailed. The vision need to be based on understanding the SWOT for the city and the needs and priorities of the people of the city. The people must be encouraged at workshops and consultation sessions to visualize the future of the city, their aspirations, and the consequent growth that they anticipate in the city. This vision finally can be translated into respective sectoral visions.

1.3.2 Resource-based planning

Every city in India in the context of its regional location has particular strengths in terms of its resource endowments. Such resources need to be assessed and their strengths realized for city development. The approach for plan preparation could be: a) national resource led planning for cities endowed with natural resources like water bodies OR b) Economy based (for an industrial or trading city), OR c) Tourism based for heritage cities OR d) combination of the above. This helps in settling the city apart from the rest. This approach can be identified based on:  Existing city strengths and opportunities;  Regional role of city in the context of state development, and  Needs of the city

1.3.3 Participatory approach

As already mentioned above, the revised CDP guidelines have specified that the CDP be treated as a „living document‟. For this, periodic revision and up-dation of the CDP is necessary. Such revisions have to and must be conducted with a participatory planning approach. The CDP outlines that local area plans need to be prepared in consultation with the ward committees to fulfil the expectations of the citizens. Also, the guidelines specify that such an approach is necessary to ensure that equity concerns and poverty issues are integrated in the CDP. Consultations also need to be carried out at every stage of the plan preparation and implementation. The citizens must be able to prioritize and choose their needs for infrastructure development.

1.3.4 Equity concerns, poverty, and local economy development

Poverty and local economy development go hand in hand. Understanding of the local economy would help in devising appropriate infrastructure development strategies that can help in/be conducive to the growth of local economy and thereby nurture local talent and resources. These need to be given adequate focus in the present CDP exercises and therefore help in not just local economy development but also in regional economy development. The 12th Five Year Plan has also started a mission for National Urban Poverty Alleviation (NUPAM) for targeting housing and poverty alleviation based on recommendations of the NUPAM identifying the

[4] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development issues of poverty and housing in city and implementation status of programmes such as Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY), Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), etc. Integration of these aspects would be crucial in making the CDP relevant to state and central government policies.

1.3.5 Capacity building in ULBs

The ULBs presently face serious human resource shortage for planning, development, and urban management activities (including operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation, financial management, and procurement). This issue has been highlighted by the study on appraisal of JNNURM projects as well. The guidelines have proposed that the CDPs must address this issue. Also, it has been suggested in the guidelines that urban reforms need to be undertaken with greater participatory approach. The strategies to arrive at the vision for the city should be linked to the reform agenda. ULBs should be asked to furnish the reforms and propose a timeline to achieve the same. Administrative and structural reforms should be made mandatory and carried out as soon as possible. Financial thresholds need to be decided and adhered to for the central assistance under JNNURM being given as a soft loan or a grant. This approach would help in designing an appropriate capacity building strategy.

1.3.6 Sectoral action plans with goal-oriented targets

The revised guidelines specifically outline the need for preparation of sectoral action plans that have targets oriented towards specific goals. Action plans are specifically required f such as Local Economic Development Plan, Infrastructure Development Action Plan, Housing and poverty alleviation action plan, City Mobility Plan, Heritage Management Plan (Where needed), Financial Management Plan, Institutional and Capacity Building Action Plan and Environment Management Plan (including disaster management). Such sectoral plans would be based on clearly identified goals. Also, inter-sectoral as well as intra-sectoral linkages need to be addressed through the CDP.

1.3.7 Monitoring and evaluation arrangements

The guidelines clearly outline the need for monitoring and evaluation at regular intervals for implementation of the CDP. Also, development of such monitoring arrangements would go a long way in securing community participation in the process of monitoring.

1.4 Objective of the Assignment

The CDP aims to identify an integrated solution to the challenges facing the city. It recognizes the economic growth strategy as well as the actions that would be required by various agencies to ensure sustainable development of the city. The CDP is the ULB‟s strategy that presents the vision of a desired future for the city, and the mission statements on how the ULB, together with other stakeholders, intends to work towards achieving this long-term vision. The CDP incorporates the assessment of city on majorly four levels: socio-cultural and economic environment; physical environment; infrastructure services and institutions; and urban poverty and heritage. The primary objective of this assignment is to revise and update the existing CDP. The scope of work in brief shall entail the following:  Profiling the present status of the city, giving an in-depth analysis of its demographic, economic, financial, infrastructure, physical, environmental, and institutional aspects

[5] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Based on the above analysis, the consultant shall develop a perspective and a vision for the city, which would be prepared in consultation with its relevant stakeholders. In order to achieve the vision, a formulation strategy for bridging the gap between where the city is at present and where it wishes to reach need to be prepared.  The CDP should provide for a City Investment Plan (CIP), based on which the concerned ULB will be able to access funds under central/ state government schemes as well as from own and other sources based on priority actions and projects identified in the CDP.  The document should also provide Financial Operating Plan (FOP) to direct the ULBs for mobilizing various financial resources to implement the identified projects. The inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral issues need to be addressed by the CDP.  Preparation of the CDP will consist of city development strategies that will emerge out of a structured consultative process. The process will enable elected representatives, key staff of departments of Municipal Corporation/ Municipal Corporation, Parastatal agencies and other institutions, policy makers and the citizens to participate and plan for spatial, social and economic development of the concern cities.  The CDP has to adhere to the latest revised toolkit prepared by the MOUD for CDP preparation published on its website www.jnnurm.nic.in in April 2013.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

The approach to the assignment would be based on the consultative and analytical assessment of the existing situation. The inputs from stakeholders would be used to prioritize areas of development and formulate strategies, in order to make the revised CDP an implementable document. The approach of revised CDP preparation is presented in the figure below.

Figure 1-2: CDP Approach

The revised CDP would be prepared for the period of next 30 years, i.e., 2041. It will be a forward- looking consensus programme for the city that outlines the path with respect to the following aspects:  Infrastructure Development – Assessment, gap analysis, arriving at investment requirement (short term and long term), and prioritization of various services provided by the municipal

[6] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

corporation - water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage, roads, traffic and transportation, street lighting, solid waste management, fire fighting, education, health, etc.  Slum Development – Preparation of a programme for the development of slum pockets in the city. This includes access to all the basic services as well as housing for urban poor.  Economic Development – The revised CDP will focus critically on tapping the strengths of the region and identifying key economic development opportunities for the city.  Social Development – The revised CDP will take into account the social development needs of the city such as the need for hospitals, education institutes, and recreational centres.  Institutional Development – Assessment of capacity-building needs of ULBs to undertake development of city  Financial Sustainability - The revised CDP will assess the revenue sources, areas of expenditure and current and future investment requirement of the city. Based on this, it would arrive at a sustainable investment capacity and would suggest measures to improve revenues and control expenditures.  Reform Assessment Plan – The revised CDP will also discuss status of various reforms undertaken by the ULBS to bring about improvements. These reforms are in the areas of accounting, e-governance, property tax, user changes, building bye laws. Moreover, the approach will be based on the philosophy of developing workable solutions. The methodology for the preparation of revised CDP is presented in the figure below. Broadly, there are five stages in the process. Each of the tasks and the components are further discussed in detail in this chapter.

Figure 1-3: Approach and Methodology

1st Step Inception meeting

2nd Step Data collection as required for CDP Committee Formation

CDB Policy st Committee Review of 1 Generation CDP

CDP Technical Committee Submission of Inception Report

3rd Step City level Assessment, SWOT Analysis, Review of SLB indicators and ongoing projects & reforms

Stakeholder Submission of Interim Report Meeting

4th Step Preparation of FOP and CIP, framing Vision, Goals, Identification of priority sectors and identification of Infrastructure projects.

Submission of Draft Report

5th Step Stakeholder Final City Development Plan Meeting

1.6 Brief of 1st Generation CDP

The 1st generation CDP for Udaipur town was prepared in the year 2006-07. The preparation of CDP involved consultations with UMC officers, the elected body, and representatives from other parastatals

[7] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development dealing with urban infrastructure and service provisioning in the town. An important and essential component of the CDP preparation process is stakeholder consultation. In order to effectively capture the needs and priorities of the stakeholder, a three-stage consultation process was adopted. The consultant had arranged for presentations and discussions at different stages, where necessary inputs were provided by the officers. The CDP report mentions that it was prepared in consultation with:  Udaipur Municipal Council (UMC),  Urban Improvement Trust (UIT),  Public Health Engineering Department (PHED),  Public Works Department (PWD). Moreover, consultations were conducted with NGOs, the Chamber of commerce, Hotelier‟s Association, transport associations, key industrialists, and eminent citizens. The city vision of Udaipur is an amalgamation of voices of several cross sections of the civil society. It is defined ensuring representation of views and aspirations shared by stakeholders. The vision of Udaipur as developed after taking the above factors into account is: “A city of lakes that provides for its residents an environmentally friendly, economically vibrant ambiance, providing large amounts and a variety of opportunities along with a sustainable infrastructure that takes care of all of its citizens giving equal importance to urban poor of city”

The CDP notes that the stakeholder consultations were attended by participants from various government offices, public representatives, journalists, builders and engineers, trade and commerce institutions, academicians, members of the civil society, non-governmental organizations, etc. However, most of the officials involved in CDP preparation are not with UMC now, and the present UMC officials seem to be unaware of the vision and projects identified for Udaipur under the CDP. The discussion with the honourable mayor of city revealed that elected representatives have contributed extensively in the preparation of the CDP. The UMC officials are interested in developing a comprehensive document for the development of Udaipur city. They intend to increase the role of UMC in developing and implementing infrastructure projects, as they would be better equipped with data for managing the infrastructure, which has been designed and developed by them. The local government of Udaipur has recently got upgraded to a municipal corporation from a municipal council. A technical and managerial capacity enhancement programme may be covered under revision of CDP. The UMC officials are specifically looking forward to in-house capacity building, e-governance for all municipal services, projects under social amenities and traffic management that can improve the quality of life and inclusion of issues related to flood/ disaster mitigation.

1.6.1 Key facts at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP

The CDP report for the city of Udaipur projects a population of 8.41 lakhs for the year 2031. The status of infrastructure then in the town was inadequate. The intermittent availability of water supply was 74 lpcd. An underground sewerage network was present in select areas of the city; septic tanks and soak pits were used for the disposal of sludge at the household level where underground drainage is not laid. Door-to-door solid waste collection not implemented. The waste was being collected at community MSW containers and dumped at dump site without treatment.

[8] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

1.6.2 Projects envisaged under 1st generation CDP

For improving service delivery, the previous CDP has proposed capital investment plan for the Year 2006-12. It defined the demand and investment needs across different sectors. It envisaged projects to the tune of Rs. 742 crores under various sectors. Nearly half of the investment was planned for water supply and followed by sewerage. Other major sectors include traffic and transportation, drainage (including development of the Ayad River), lake conservation, and heritage and tourism. The table below presents the cost break-up for each proposed project and the key components under each sector.

Figure 1-4 Investment identified under 1st generation CDP

Source: 1st Generation City Development Plan for Udaipur

1.7 Brief scenario of city after 1st Generation CDP

The 1st generation CDP is a detailed and comprehensive documentation of the city‟s urban infrastructure, municipal services, and other specific sectors such as urban environment, heritage etc. It focused on a consultative approach to finalize and prioritize the projects. As proposed in the 1st generation CDP, the water supply project was taken up, and related service levels have shown improvement over the years. The water supply project was implemented by PHED. Even though proposed, projects of solid waste management and sewerage projects were not taken up by UMC due to lack of technical knowhow for designing and implementing large infrastructure projects. It is important to note that the ULB of Udaipur has been recently upgraded to a municipal corporation from a municipal council. The staffing of UMC is being upgraded, which will help in improving the capacity for developing infrastructure projects. Presently, UMC has limited role in the provisioning of urban services. Water supply is provided by PHED. UIT plays an important role in developing new projects for sewerage and roads. Recently, maintenance of sewerage been transferred to UMC. UMC is providing SWM and roads. Hence, UMC has comparatively lower financial responsibility, and with the available financial resources, it could manage the services and achieve a stable operating ratio in last few years. In future, role and responsibility of UMC in service provisioning will increase, which will require more financial resources.

[9] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

In state of Rajasthan, urban development tax (UDT) is levied instead of property tax. It is known that UD tax allows for higher exemption as compared to property tax. The Urban Development tax collection performance of UMC is nearly 10%, which needs to be improved on priority. Implementation of property tax in true sense is necessary. The service provisioning levels for SWM and sanitation facilities need to be improved, and user charges need to be levied. The 1st generation CDP highlighted need for lake conservation, heritage conservation, and tourism development. The lake conservation has been taken up under National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP). The heritage listing has recently been initiated. These efforts need strengthening for supporting tourism economy of city.

1.8 Key Process undertaken for CDP Preparation

The revision of CDP was initiated with a kick-off meeting in September 2013. The Municipal Commissioner of the Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC) chaired the meeting and was attended by key city officials to be involved in the CDP preparation process. The following aspects were discussed during the meeting:  Objective and coverage of the CBUD project  Need for revising CDP  Revised CDP guidelines  Process of preparation of revised CDP  Formation of committees  Importance of consultation process and city level stakeholder workshops  Timelines and deliverables The support and information needed from UMC officials was discussed in detail which was followed up by responding the queries of UMC officials.

Figure 1-5 Kick off meeting at UMC

A meeting with the honourable mayor of Udaipur city was conducted post kick off meeting. A briefing was given to her about the CBUD project, objective of revision of CDP, and role of the elected body. Data collection After the kick-off meeting, CRIS team members visited Udaipur city several times to collect data from different organizations such as UMC, UIT, PHED, Pollution Control Board, Education and health

[10] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development department etc. Other major documents such as Udaipur Master plan, detailed project reports of various urban services, municipal budget, slum free city plan of action and physical progress of on- going projects was collected. CRIS team has carried out the consultations with various stakeholders of the city and carried out City level assessment which includes the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis.

1.8.1 Committee Formation

One of the important aspects in the revised CDP guidelines is the formation of committees -- CDP Policy Committee and CDP Technical Committees. These committees would guide the overall CDP revision process. The UMC is in process of formation of these committees.

1.8.2 Stakeholder’s consultation brief

To ensure a participatory and inclusive development process CRIS team carried out wide range of stakeholder consultations and focus group discussions with the city stakeholders of the city. The exercise involved mapping of the key stakeholders in the city followed by discussions on city level issues. As indicated in the figure below, one to one consultations were carried out with the Government officials, business and trade organisations. Further, CRIS in association with UMC organised a city level stakeholder workshop on 9th June 2014 at UMC. The Objective of the workshop was to discuss about status and performance of service delivery mechanism in Udaipur, City SWOT analysis, to understand aspirations of the citizen on city development and framing of the vision for Udaipur city. The workshop was attended by 48 participants who include the representatives from parastatal agencies, NGOs, academicians, trade association, hotelier association, UMC council member and UMC officials etc.

Figure 1-6 1st city level stakeholder consultation

[11] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

[12] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY

Udaipur city is considered as one of the oldest cities in India. Foundation of the present day Udaipur, which is the capital city of kingdom, was laid in 1559 by Maharaja Udai Singh. The city continued to be the capital of Mewar till it became a princely state of British India in 1818. When India got independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Udaipur granted the place to the Government of India Udaipur was constituted as a municipality in 1922 by the Mewar dynasty. In 1960, Udaipur was connected with through a meter gauge railway line, which has increased the tourist traffic from to Udaipur and has also increased the trade between these two important regional trading hubs. In April 2013, it got the status of Municipal Corporation.

2.1 Regional Setting

The city is a district head quarter of Udaipur district. Udaipur also serves as a market centre Figure 2-1: Udaipur – Regional Setting for smaller towns in the region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale market for grains. After the partition of India, a large number of refugees migrated to Udaipur, which increased the city‟s population and eventually its extent. Important educational institutes offering graduate and post-graduate degrees, such as universities, agriculture colleges, polytechnics, medical colleges, rural institutes, ayurvedic colleges, and Railway Research Institute, were established. During this time, it was discovered that Udaipur city and surrounding region were rich in mineral resources. The important metals and non-metallic minerals found in the district were ore of copper, lead, zinc, and silver. Among industrial minerals, phosphate, asbestos, calcite, limestone, barites, emerald, and marble were also found in the region. With the availability of these important minerals, Udaipur and its surrounding region witnessed industrial development. The city has witnessed multi-fold development in the last two decades. It acts as an industrial, administrative, and educational centre of the region. It is also an important tourist destination for local as well as foreign travellers; however, the city is facing competition from other cities of Rajasthan. The city‟s connectivity and historic significance play a major role in making it an important city of the region.

[13] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

2.2 Administrative Boundary

Udaipur city is the administrative capital of Udaipur district having a total area of 11,724 sq km. As of today, there are 17 urban centres comprising Municipal Corporation, municipalities, and census towns. The UMC is the only municipal corporation in the district. UMC has an area of 64 sq km after the city‟s expansion, and is divided into 55 election and revenue wards. The city has witnessed growth in peripheral areas during the last few years, owing to which 4 adjoining towns are being notified as census/urban towns. These urban centres are , Bargaon, , and Bicchri.

2.2.1 Location and connectivity

Udaipur city is a part of of Udaipur district in southern Rajasthan, which is located at an altitude of 1962 feet from mean sea level. It is located at longitude 24.58°N and latitude 73.68°E. On its southwest state capital city of , in west city of Kota, and in northeast city of Ahmedabad are located.

Figure 2-2: Location and Connectivity – Udaipur city

Udaipur is directly linked to major cities of India like New , Jaipur, Ahmedabad, and through roads, railways, and air routes. It is located at a distance of about 450 km from Jaipur and 250 km from Ahmedabad on National Highway 8. It also has the distinction of being the only city in the country to have both the East-West and North-South Corridors of the Highway Project passing through it. Udaipur is well connected to the major cities of India by land, rail, and air. The city lies on the Golden Quadrilateral National Highway (NH-8), midway between Delhi and Mumbai. The East-West Corridor, which starts from and ends at Silchar, passes from Udaipur and shares the common space from Udaipur to Chittor. Udaipur city has direct trains on the broad gauge network to most of the major cities in Rajasthan and the rest of India such as , Jaipur, Kota, , , Delhi, and other cities and a meter gauge network to Ahmedabad. Famous luxury trains, the , Royal Rajasthan, Maharaja Express, and Indian Maharaja, make a scheduled stop in Udaipur. The city is a famous tourist attraction, with approximately 15 to 18 thousand daily tourist arrivals and is often called as the „Venice of the East‟ as well as the „Lake City‟. The lakes Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Udai Sagar, and Swaroop Sagar in the city are considered as the most beautiful lakes in the state.

[14] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Maharana Pratap Airport is situated in a satellite town about 20 km from Udaipur city. Daily flights are operated by various airlines, which connect Udaipur with , Jaipur, Mumbai, and Delhi. The airport was constructed by the Airports Authority of India and is going to be upgraded to an international airport.

2.3 Defining the Study Area

A key step in the preparation of CDP is the delineation of its limits, i.e., the geographic extent to be considered in the plan. Spatial limits considered for developing the revised CDP include area under the ULB and the outer growth areas. As per the 2011 census, Bedla, Bargaon, Bhuwana, and Bichhri towns are classified as census towns – outer growth areas. As per the Udaipur Draft Master Plan for 2031, other than the Udaipur city area, total 121 revenue villages have been added in the planning area.

2.4 Physical Setting

2.4.1 Topography and geology

Udaipur is strategically guarded by the spectacularly green, lofty, and mineral-rich Aravalli hills and steel-blue lakes. The old city is mostly on a hillock, and new extensions are on a plain terrain, which is enclosed by a massive wall 5-feet thick and about 20 feet high and having about a 6-mile circumference, which was constructed during 1615-1734 AD. The wall has 10 gates. The Udaipur district is divided into three regions based on physiographic and geological characteristics: tribal, desert, and plain regions. It has undulating topography, towards the western part of the district; series of Aravalli hills run along north east and south west direction. A typical plain of gneisses and granites without any alluvium cover is observed to the east of Aravalli ridges. Soil characteristics of the district vary from clay loam to heavy clay. Geomorphologically, the district is divided into the following units:

Origin Land forms Occurrence

Fluvial Valley Fill Scattered in the entire district Main concentration in the northeast and scattered in the Denudation Pediment entire district Main concentration in the east and scattered in the entire Buried pediment district

Hill Structural Hill Cover the entire district, except the northeast

The hydrogeological formations occurring in and around Udaipur city being mainly graywackes and phyllites, generally have poor ground water potentiality. The average yield of the tube wells in is 6000- 9000 per hour1.

1 http://www.geologydata.info/udaipur_water_resources.htm

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Ministry of Urban Development

2.4.2 Climate

Winter season is the favourable season to visit Udaipur. During the coldest month of January, days are bright, sunny, and warm with maximum temperature around 28.3°C. Mornings, evenings, and nights are cold with the minimum temperature around 11.6°C. During summer months, the average maximum temperature is around 40°C. Monsoon arrives in the month of July, and the average annual rainfall is about 637 mm. Monthly precipitation varies between 3.5 mm in January to 205 mm in the month of August.

2.4.3 Agriculture, mineral, and industry

Agriculture Udaipur district falls under the humid southern plain as per the agriculture and water map of the state2. The majorly crops grown in the district include wheat, malt, corn, guar, pulses, sugarcane, cotton, oil seeds, rice, and tobacco. Udaipur serves as a market centre for smaller towns of the region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale market for grains. UIT has also planned to develop a large sub-city centre. This is essential to meet the growing need for a formal and organized commercial space in the heart of city and decentralization of commercial activities from the walled city. Mineral and industry Industrially, Udaipur‟s development originated in the 1950s. Prior to the 1950s, only about 15 units were registered in Udaipur. These units were largely associated with the processing and manufacturing of mineral ores, metals, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, as well as wooden toys, oil, and food products. The most important milestone in the development of mineral-based industries was the formation of Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited. On the basis of the development in the industrial sector, Udaipur is considered to be one among the leading districts of the state. This is merely due to the fact that Udaipur has a large variety of mineral resources as well as it is connected through rails and roads from all important trade centres of the state as well as country. There are around 14678 commercial establishments in the city as on 2011 (covering shops and workshops). After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and near the railway station along the Udai Sagar Road. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, stone grinding, and auto-repair workshops.

2.4.4 Water resources

The Rajasthan state constitutes 10% of the country‟s area, but is bestowed with only 1.17% of its water resources. Ground water table all over the state is going down3. Major water resources for the city are lakes; Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources, tourism, and the ecosystem at large.

2 In absence of city level information, information is derived from this source http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Departments/Agriculture/index_hnd.asp 3 http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/SoE%20report%20of%20Rajasthan_0.pdf

[16] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

The Udaipur lake system comprises lakes Pichola, Rang Sagar, Fateh Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, Badi, Madar, and Udai Sagar. All the lakes form a chain in the saucer shaped Udaipur valley. The inner Girwa plain of Udaipur is surrounded by the western and central hill, and its water drains into the . Important lakes of this basin are Badi, Fateh Sagar, Pichola, Rang Sagar, and Swaroop Sagar.

Table 2-1: Major Lakes and Catchment Area

Lake name Catchment Area (Ha) Pichola lake 12700 Fatehsagar lake 2315 Bada Madar lake 7290 Chotta Madar lake 2534 Badi lake 1820 Chikalwas lake 6450 Total 33190

Source: Brief Note on Urban Environment – Rajasthan Pollution Control Board Fatehsagar Lake The lake is situated in the north of Udaipur city, as a part of the western lake frontage. The lake was constructed in the year 1678 AD and then renovated in 1889 AD by Maharana Fateh Singh. The dam of this reservoir is 720 m in length and about 100 m in breadth. The lake has a catchment area of 53.66 km. The greatest depth of lake lies near the middle of the dam, i.e., 13.4 m. The total spread is 4.0 sq km. The lake was initially constructed in the 14th century. Rana Udai Singh further raised its embankment in 1560 AD. Water spread of the lake is 6.96 sq km, and it has a maximum depth of 10.5 m towards the west where the Kotra River drains into the lake. The lake is the main source of drinking water. The Sisarma River, a tributary of Kotra, is the chief source of water to the lake. Rang Sagar This lake was constructed by Amar Singh Badava and is also called „Amarkund‟ after him. Constructed in 1668, this lake has a length of 1030 m, a width of 245 m, and a maximum depth of 7 m. It is one of the smallest lakes along the western waterfront of Udaipur, and connects Pichola and Swaroop Sagar. Swaroop Sagar is located in south of Rang Sagar and it is a part of Lake Pichola. The lake provides a combined water weir for Pichola and Rang Sagar. The lake also links Pichola and Rang Sagar with adjoining through a canal. In monsoon, this canal is sometimes used to draw water in Fateh Sagar from Pichola Lake when Pichola reaches a high water level.

2.4.5 Forest resources

Forests constitute an important component of the physical environment of the state. Rajasthan state is largely arid. It has only 9.5% of the total geographical area recorded as forest. Most of the forests are dry deciduous type and concentrated in the Aravalli and Vindhyan hill systems in eastern

[17] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Rajasthan with the western part having many grasslands. The forests are rich in flora and fauna. The forests of Rajasthan are spread unequally in the northern, southern, eastern, and southeastern parts. As per 2001 information, 37% of the total geographical area of Udaipur district is under forests. As compared to other districts of Rajasthan, the Udaipur district has higher forest resources . The per capita forest area is 0.17 Ha, as per the census 2001 population4. A strong social forestry programme is underway, to preserve forests and biodiversity, since the 1980s. There is extreme exploitation of forests and biodiversity in the state.

4 Presented data in the report is sourced from this website: http://rajforest.nic.in/?q=district-forest-geo1.

[18] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

3. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE TOWN

3.1 Background

Rajasthan is a state in western India, which is known as „the land of kings‟. The state was formed on 30th March 1949; the region was until then known as Rajputana. As per Census 2011, the population of Rajasthan was about 6.86 crores, spread over an area of 342239 sq km. The state is administratively divided into total 33 districts, 7 divisions, 249 blocks, and 44672 villages. Rajasthani is the widely spoken language in the state, although and English are used for official purpose. Rajasthan is pre-eminent and the leading investment destination in India after Maharashtra and Gujarat because of peaceful environment, better law and order situation, excellent infrastructure, and investment friendly climate.

3.2 Population and Urbanization

As per Census 2011, the total population of the state was 6.86 crores, which accounts for 5.67% of the total population in India. Share of urban population has increased minimally from 23.39% in 2001 to 24.89% in 2011. As compared with the national average (about 33%), the rate of urbanization in the state is marginally low. Over the last decade, the net addition of urban population has been about 38.66 lakhs. Of the total 33 districts, 4 districts, viz., Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, and Ajmer, have reported higher percentage share of urban population of the state). Districts like Pratapgadh, , , and have reported almost nil urban population.

Table 3-1: Rajasthan State Profile

Particular Details Administrative Districts (No.) 33 Total Population (2011) 68.62 million % Urban Population 24.89% % Rural Population 75.11% Area (Sqkm) 342,239 Per capita GSDP 2005-06 (Rs Current price) 18,565 Per capita GSDP 2010-11 (Rs Current price) 39,967 State Capital Jaipur Sex Ratio 926 Literacy Rate 67.06% Population as % of total population in India 5.67% (2011)

Further, urban centres in the state is categorised into municipal corporations, municipal councils, and municipalities. As of now, there are 6 municipal corporations, 166 municipalities, and 12 municipal councils in the state. As per the 2001 census, there were total 216 urban centres in Rajasthan having [19] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

132.05 lakh population, 20 class I cities accounting for 57% of the urban population,. Class I cities include Jaipur, Jodhpur UA, Kota UA, , Ajmer UA, Udaipur, and others.

Table 3-2: Urban Structure of Rajasthan 20015

Class of Towns Population No. of Towns Population (in Growth rate % range lakhs) (Person) Class I above 100000 20 75.58 49.5 Class II 50000-100000 26 18.40 34.1 Class III 20000-50000 90 27.47 27.1 Class IV 10000-20000 59 9.14 -29.3 Class V and VI below 10000 21 1.16 -26.6 Total 216 132.05 31.17

For 2011, information regarding class of towns is not yet available, hence not presented here. However, as per the 2011 census, cities of Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Kota come under the category of million-plus cities.

3.2.1 Udaipur district

Udaipur district is an important administrative, Figure 3-1: Udaipur district commercial, and educational centre in the state. It is the 5th largest district in terms of total population and holds the 8th position in terms of urban population in the state. As per the 2011 census, population of Udaipur district was 30.68 lakhs, which accounts for only 4% of the total state population. Population of the district has increased from 24.80 lakhs in 2001 to 30.68 lakhs in 2011, registering a decadal growth of 23.7%. Share of urban population is about 26.8%, which is lower than state average of 29%. The district is divided into 11 tehsils and 2123 villages. 19.83% of the total district‟s population lives in urban regions of the district. There are total 5 urban centres in the district. Udaipur city accounts for 74.14% of the total district‟s urban population, which indicates that Udaipur city has a significant presence in the district.

Table 3-3 Population of growth rate – Rajasthan city, Udaipur district and Udaipur city Administrative unit Population (2011) (in lakhs) Growth Rate (%) Rajasthan 68.62 21.51 Udaipur District 30.68 16.54 Udaipur City 4.51 15.83

5 http://iuc2011.in/sites/default/files/presentations/Small-and-Medium-Towns-Of-Rajasthan.pdf

[20] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Administrative unit Population (2011) (in lakhs) Growth Rate (%) Udaipur UA 4.75 18.00

Source: Census of India 2011

3.2.2 Udaipur city

As per the Census of India, the population of Udaipur in 2011 was 4.51 lakhs, and it is the 6th largest city among cities having more than 1 lakh population in the state. UMC population accounts for 2.65% of the urban population of the state and 74.14% of the urban population of the district. Area of the city has increased from 37 sq km in 2001 to 64 sq km in 2013.

Table 3-4: Comparative Population of Udaipur City - 2011

Administrative Population (lakhs) % of urban population Urban population unit w.r.t. total population comparison Total Rural Urban Rajasthan 685.48 515.00 170.48 24.87 2.65 Udaipur District 30.68 24.59 6.08 19.82 74.14 Udaipur City 4.51 0 4.51 100 100

Source: Census 2011

3.3 Population Growth Trend

The city has witnessed considerable Figure 3-2: Population growth trend – Udaipur city population growth in the last four decades while acting as a magnet city for the surrounding region. The growing economy and growing tourism sector have attracted both urban as well as rural populace. The city has witnessed high growth rate during 1971-1981 and 1981-1991 due to increased economic activities. The decadal growth rate from 2001 to 2011 was 15.83% which is near to natural growth rate of population. It has reduced from previous decades, due to growth of outer peripheral areas. Areas outside the core city started developing during the last few years. Another reason for this scenario is less or stagnated work opportunities for marginal jobs in core city area.

Table 3-5: Population Growth Trend – Udaipur City

Year Population (Municipal Corporation) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth Rate (%) 1971 161278 - - 1981 232583 71305 44.21 1991 308571 75988 32.67 2001 389438 80867 26.21

[21] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Year Population (Municipal Corporation) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth Rate (%) 2011 451100 61662 15.83

Source: Census 2011 Categorized as villages in 2001, Bedla, Bargaon, Bhuwana, and Bicchri have become census towns in 2011. There has been a drastic change in the decadal growth rate in these towns, as shown in the next table.

Table 3-6: Population Growth Trend – Census Towns

Year Population (census towns) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth rate (%) 2001 24531 - - 2011 36919 12388 50.50

Source: Census 2011

Name of town Year (population) Decadal variation (No.) % decadal growth rate 2001 2011 Bedla 4478 5766 1288 28.76 Baragaon (rural) 5779 9193 3414 59.08 Bicchri 4052 4295 243 6.00 Bhuwana 10222 17665 7443 72.81

The decadal growth rate in Baragaon and Bhuwana was more than 50%. Bhuwana is located along NH-8, while Baragaon (rural) is near SH-76.

Table 3-7: Total Population (Udaipur City + Census Towns)

Total population (Udaipur Year Population (Nagar nigam) Population (census towns) UA) 2001 389438 24531* 413969* 2011 451100 36919 488019

Source: Census 2001, 2011

Note: *In 2001, census towns were considered as villages. Migration Status/Floating Population Migration is movement from one place to another place during a time period. It is thus place and time specific. It also has direction, from and to. Migration is one of the most important components of population change. The city is a growth pole for the region. It is evident from the in-migration statistics published under Census 2001 that Udaipur has witnessed 34% rural-to-urban and 49% urban-to-urban migration of the total migration.

[22] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Table 3-8: Migration Status – Udaipur City6

Percentage of total 1981 2001 migrants Outside Within Others Outside Within Others State State State State Total Migrants - - Rural to Urban 30 34 Urban to Urban 40 49 Migration within State 24 - 2 24 74 30 Migration within District 20 16 30 31 43 26

Source: Primary Census Abstract and Migration Tables 2001; City Development Plan, Udaipur 2007 Tourist Population Figure 3-3: Tourists arrival in Udaipur Udaipur city is a well-known tourist destination globally, which is famous for its lakes, culture, architecture, and heritage. Tourism sector is the largest contributor to Udaipur‟s economy. Tourist season in Udaipur starts by August and lasts until March. The period between October and February is the peak season for tourism activities. Most of the fairs and festivals are held during this season. There is also a large religious tourist inflow during these months. The number of foreign tourists has increased during the last four years, and the number of total tourists have also increased. Foreign tourists comprise around 22-24%, while domestic tourists comprises 76–78%. It has been observed that the tourist population has not grown significantly in last few years. It has remained in the range of 7 to 7.5 lakh tourists.

Table 3-9: Tourist Arrival Statistics - Udaipur

Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists (No.) (% of Total tourists (No.) (No.) (% of total) total) 2000 735333 (90.50) 77174 (9.50) 812507 2001 662826 (92.11) 56760 (7.889) 719586 2002 471576 (82.32) 101303 (17.68) 572879 2003 440702 (73.74) 156928 (26.26) 597630 2004 460774 (69.89) 198556 (30.11) 659330 2005 566076 (76.51) 173804 (23.49) 739880 2006 582504 (75.60) 188026 (24.40) 770530

6 Migration data for then census 2011 is not available; hence migration data of 1991 and 2001 years is taken into consideration.

[23] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists (No.) (% of Total tourists (No.) (No.) (% of total) total) 2007 578643 (78.27) 160627 (21.73) 739270 2008 572415 (75.55) 185261 (24.45) 757676 2009 547102 (76.81) 165210 (23.19) 712312 2010 582297 (77.09) 173016 (22.91) 755313 2011 575444 (76.41) 177699 (23.59) 753143 2012 588239 (75.65) 189373 (24.35) 777612

Source: Rajasthan State Government Tourism Department website

3.4 Population Density

Population density within the city has decreased from 10525 persons per sq km (2001) to 7048 persons per sq km (2011), due to inclusion of census towns.

Table 3-10: Population Density – Udaipur City

Year Population Area (sq km) Population density (persons per sq km) 2001 389438 37 10525 2011 451100 64 7048

Source: Census 2001, 2011 Density in the core city is about 7048 persons per sq. km, whereas density in census towns is about 1515 persons per sq km. Previously, these areas were rural settlements where the population would be concentrated in one residential area (Abadhi) and the remaining area would be either agricultural land or vacant land. Population Density – Ward wise The ward-wise population has been analysed to understand the spatial distribution of population. The Municipal Corporation of Udaipur is divided into 55 wards.

Figure 3-4: Udaipur Ward Map

[24] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Source: http://www.udaipurmc.org/ The population distribution and density at disaggregated level are given in the following table.

Table 3-11: Ward Density

Ward Population Ward Population Ward Population Ward Population No. area (Ha) density No. area (Ha) density (pph) (pph)

1 9112 232 39 31 12443 543 23

2 8124 448 18 32 8151 204 40

3 6178 194 32 33 10596 55 194

4 6549 117 56 34 4617 79 58

5 8341 63 132 35 8856 69 129

6 9092 115 79 36 6182 270 23

[25] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

7 10881 53 204 37 17182 213 81

8 12990 192 68 38 6957 41 169

9 6774 496 14 39 7176 136 53

10 6538 15 439 40 8625 133 65

11 6488 43 150 41 7278 52 141

12 6357 7 882 42 6837 37 183

13 5510 12 475 43 5069 10 497

14 6804 100 68 44 5620 11 504

15 7327 91 80 45 6105 20 301

16 12964 172 75 46 6107 12 519

17 10941 110 99 47 6640 13 520

18 8864 108 82 48 4963 8 651

19 12124 193 63 49 5895 10 601

20 13829 167 83 50 6066 105 58

21 9488 64 149 51 6779 57 120

22 9589 134 72 52 7929 108 73

23 13379 140 96 53 6752 44 152

24 7671 38 201 54 9428 93 102

25 3314 20 164 55 6928 154 45

26 10874 139 78

27 6468 46 142

28 8533 65 131

29 5829 29 198

30 10987 122 90 As seen from the table above there is large variation in population distribution among 55 wards. Population density is high in ward no. 12, 48, 49, and 10.

[26] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

3.5 Average Household Size

In UMC, the number of households has increased from 78557 in 2001 to 94704 in 2011, recording a decadal growth of 21%. However, almost negligible change is noted in household size, i.e., 4.96 in 2001 to 4.76 in 2011. The household size in the district and state is larger than that in the city; however, there has been an overall decrease in household size from 2001 to 2011 at all levels.

Table 3-12: Household Size

Year State District City 2001 6.06 5.19 4.96 2011 5.45 4.92 4.76

Source: Census 2001, 2011

3.6 Literacy Rate

According to the 2011 census, literacy rate if the city is 80%, while in the census towns, it accounted for 75%. Male literates accounted for 84%, while female literates accounted for 76% in 2011. As compared to 2001, the overall literacy rate has increased with an overall Improvement in male and female literacy rate.

Table 3-13: Literacy Rate – Udaipur City

Year Male literacy rate (male Female literacy rate (female Total literacy literates/ total male literates/ total female rate population) population) 2001 83 72 77 2011 84 76 80

Source: Census 2001, 2011 The literacy rate is compared with that of the district and state to analyse the trends in the city.

Table 3-14: Literacy Rate Comparison

Year Udaipur city Udaipur district State 2001 87 59 60 2011 80 61 66

According to the census 2011, UMC‟s literacy rate is higher than the district (61%) and state (66%) literacy rates. The reason could be availability of adequate educational facilities within the city. Further, efforts have been made by the district education department to improve public education facilities in the city. During last few years, there has been a substantial increase in private educational institutes in and around the city, which would have affected the literacy rate. The district literacy rate has also increased from 59% in 2001 to 61% in 2011, and the state literacy rate increased from 60% to 66% in the same period.

[27] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

3.7 Sex Ratio

Sex ratio has significantly improved over the decades in UMC, from 844 in 1981 to 925 in 2011. This indicates a healthy gender composition in the city.

Table 3-15: Sex Ratio

Year Udaipur city Udaipur district State 1981 844 - - 1991 845 - - 2001 907 971 922 2011 925 958 928

Source: Census The district sex ratio decreased from 971 to 958 during the decade 2001-11. At the same time, the sex ratio of the state has increased from 922 to 928. It is to be noted that the sex ratio of the district is higher than the city and state average.

3.8 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population

The city has a sizeable scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) population. As per Census 2011, SC population (0.47 lakhs) and ST population (0.22 lakhs) accounted for 10% and 5% of the total population, respectively. SC population has increased from 0.36 lakhs in 2001 to 0.47 lakhs in 2011, registering a decadal growth of 28%. ST population has increased from 0.18 lakhs in 2001 to 0.22 lakhs in 2011, registering a decadal growth of 22%.

Table 3-16: SC and ST Population – Udaipur City*

Category 2001 2011 Decadal Growth (%) SC 36879 47308 28 ST 18553 22633 22

Source: Census 2001, 2011

*Note: Only Udaipur city’s population is taken into consideration. SC and ST population in census towns has increased at a decadal growth rate of 68% and 25% respectively.

Category 2001 2011 Decadal Growth (%) SC 1656 2788 68 ST 4394 5505 25

Further, SC and ST population levels are compared with that of the district and state to understand their share in total population. According to Census 2011, in Udaipur district, SC population accounts for 6% and ST accounts for 50% of the total district population.

Table 3-17: Share of SC and ST Population – District and State Level

Unit Total population (lakhs) % of SC population % of ST population

[28] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

UMC 4.511 10 5 Udaipur district 30.68 6 50 Rajasthan state 685.48 19 14

Source: Census 2011 As far as the state is concerned, SC population accounts for 19% and ST population accounts for 14% of the total state population. The share of ST population in the district is high as compared to the city and state.

3.9 Population Projections

Population projections play a vital role in the assessment of future needs of the city. Projected population would assist in estimating the demand for water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, and social infrastructure facilities, such as schools, hospitals, and parks, in the ensuing years. Projection is carried out for the next 30 years using various methods. Following sections describe the methodology adopted for population projections.

3.9.1 Methodology adopted for estimation of population

In order to estimate the population for the next 30 years, initially, the population projections provided in the 1st generation CDP, water supply project, and draft Master Plan 2031, were reviewed. In the 1st generation CDP, population projections were made based on the population growth trends and migration pattern for the city. In draft Revised Master Plan for 2031, population projections were also made based on past growth trends. The review indicates that projected population in 1st generation CDP and draft master plan project report were almost near.

Table 3-18: Projected Population in Different Documents

Year 1st generation CDP Draft Master Plan 2031 Water supply project DPR 2021 8.36 7.59 - 2031 10.8 10.02 - 2041 - - 11.02

Note: Population in lakhs The appropriate method for population projection has been adopted to estimate the population for the years, i.e., 2021, 2031 and 2041. Based on this, infrastructure requirement in water supply, sewerage and sanitation, solid waste management, storm water drainage, traffic and transportation, and other amenities would be forecasted. Further, based on the population trends during the past decades, CRIS has projected the population for the study area using the following methods:  Arithmetic;  Geometric;  Incremental increase;  Exponential;  Power;  Log;  2nd order polynomial; and  3rd order polynomial

[29] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Basic Assumptions Made for Population Projection While estimating the population for the next three decades, following factors were considered, which would influence city‟s future growth:  Past growth trends of population and its patterns  Growth of various economic activities such as trade and commerce, industrial development, agriculture and tourism related activities  Urbanization of surrounding villages

Table 3-19: Population Projections by Various Methods for 2nd Generation CDP

Year Census Projected Population Population 2nd Order 3rd Order Arithmetic Incremental Geometrical Polynomial Polynomial Increase Increase Progression method method method 2011 488019 - - - - - 2021 522341 2708248 569704 594350 680653 2031 588788 1488719 651390 725325 949325 2041 715508 -1141184 733075 880946 1324049

Year Census Projected Population Population Exponential Method Power Method Log Method 2011 488019 - - - 2021 - 5657250 3285756 2556129 2031 - 7723270 3638220 2689661 2041 - 10543799 3980370 2807444

Source: CRIS analysis It can be observed from the table above that population projected through power, exponential, log, and geometrical methods are on the higher side. The 3rd order polynomial method projects the population on a lower side as compared to other methods. It is estimated that the population would increase to 13.24 lakhs by the end of 2041, as per geometrical progression method. Using the incremental increase method, it is expected to reach up to 8.80 lakhs by 2041. Tourist Population Projections Tourist population projection is carried out, considering the fact that tourism sector plays an important role in Udaipur‟s economic development. Tourists visiting Udaipur also put pressure on the existing infrastructure and basic services; hence, for the 2nd generation CDP, tourist population is projected.

Table 3-20 Projections for tourist population

Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists (No.) Total tourists Annual growth (No.) (% of total) (% of total) (No.) rate (%) 2000 735333 (90.50) 77174 (9.50) 812507 - 2001 662826 (92.11) 56760 (7.889) 719586 -11.44

[30] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Year Domestic tourists Foreign tourists (No.) Total tourists Annual growth (No.) (% of total) (% of total) (No.) rate (%) 2002 471576 (82.32) 101303 (17.68) 572879 -20.39 2003 440702 (73.74) 156928 (26.26) 597630 4.32 2004 460774 (69.89) 198556 (30.11) 659330 10.32 2005 566076 (76.51) 173804 (23.49) 739880 12.22 2006 582504 (75.60) 188026 (24.40) 770530 4.14 2007 578643 (78.27) 160627 (21.73) 739270 -4.06 2008 572415 (75.55) 185261 (24.45) 757676 2.49 2009 547102 (76.81) 165210 (23.19) 712312 -5.99 2010 582297 (77.09) 173016 (22.91) 755313 6.04 2011 575444 (76.41) 177699 (23.59) 753143 -0.29 2012 588239 (75.65) 189373 (24.35) 777612 3.25

Source: UMC As seen in the table above, there is a wide fluctuation in annual tourist arrival in Udaipur from 2000 to 2012. Hence, it is not feasible to project future tourist population based on this trend and on decadal basis. The average annual tourist arrival in Udaipur is 720589 (based on data), and the average annual growth in tourist arrival is 6% (considering only positive growth). Hence, assuming an annual increase of 13% for 2021, 15% for 2031, and 20% for 2041 based on the past trends, the estimated tourist arrival in Udaipur will be as given below.

Table 3-21: Projected Tourist Population

Year Assumed annual increase (%) Projected tourist population 2021 13 812507 2031 15 828677 2041 20 864707

Source: CRIS analysis

3.9.2 Summary of Population Projection through various methods

The population projected through various methods has been compared with population projections estimated provided in the 1st generation CDP, detail project report for water supply project, and draft Master Plan 2031. Based on the above comparison, population growth trends during past four decades, and population forecast from various methods, it is observed that the population forecast arrived at using incremental increase method is most appropriate. As per the incremental increase method, population of the Udaipur would increase to 7.25 and 8.80 lakhs in 2031 and 2041, respectively. Further, population projection methods were presented during 1st city-level stakeholders‟ workshop. The results of all the population projection methods were discussed with UMC officials.

[31] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

3.10 Key Issues

 Lower growth rate of Udaipur city as compared to district‟s and state‟s growth rate. Bikaner, Badmer, Jodhpur are the other few rapidly growing districts of Rajasthan.  City holds 6th position in terms of urban population (among cities having more than 1 lakh population).  Lower household size as compared to the district and state  Out-migration of male population in search of job due to less availability of work opportunities  Number of tourist arrival in Udaipur has increased however; growth rate has remained stagnant during last few years. This may be due to increasing competition among other cities of the state such as Jodhpur, Jesalmer etc.

[32] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

4. ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE CITY

4.1 Background This chapter presents a detailed assessment of the economic profile of Udaipur covering aspects such as key economic drivers of the city, spatial distribution of economic activity, industrial profile, workforce participation rate, workers‟ classification, state-level economic policies which impact the city‟s economy, key economic indicators with reference to state and district, and a brief on informal sector activity in the city etc. The sector-wise workforce projections have been carried out for future years. Further, key issues with respect to the city‟s economic base have been detailed out at the end of the chapter. Udaipur city has a diversified economic base. The four pillars of the city‟s economy are tourism, education, administration and trade, and commerce and industrial sectors. Industrial development in Udaipur started way back in the 1960s when only 15 units were registered. These units were largely associated with mineral ores‟ processing and manufacturing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wooden toys, and food products. The most important milestone in the development of mineral-based industries was the formation of Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Corporation. After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and near the railway station. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, soap stone grinding, and repair workshops. It is a headquarters of comprising five districts of division. The city is host to several state and regional public offices. These include the offices of the Director of Mines and Geology, Commissioner of Excise, Commissioner of Tribal Area Development, Hindustan Zinc Limited, and Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited. Other district-level offices include the Collectorate, Public Works Department, Public Health and Engineering Department, and Office of Senior Town Planner. Udaipur serves as the market center for smaller towns of the region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized whole-sale market for grains. Moreover, Udaipur is also an educational hub with 3 universities, 6 colleges and more than 160 high schools.

4.2 Overview of Economic Situation of the State and the Town

Rajasthan, the largest (area-wise) state in India, is located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. It is surrounded on the north and north-east by the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar

[33] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Pradesh; on the east and south-east by the states of Uttar Pradesh and ; and on the south-west by the state of Gujarat.

4.2.1 Rajasthan’s Economic Profile

The economy of the state is mainly agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane and oil seeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state‟s main cash crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producer of edible oils in India and the second-largest producer of oil seeds. There are mainly two crop seasons. Water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks. Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and consumer. It is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The state is the second-largest source of cement. Tourism and handicrafts industry are also important to the state‟s economy. The main industries are mineral-based, agriculture-based and textiles. Rajasthan is the sole producer of lead concentrate, zinc concentrate, gypsum, calcite, selenite and wollastonite as well as the leading producer of silver, gold, copper, marble, sandstone, rock phosphate, lignite, etc. It accounted for 9.6% of the total value of minerals produced in 2012-13.

The state‟s economy is analyzed at a current price Figure 4-1: GSDP – Rajasthan State based on available data. As per the Economic Review 2012-13 report of the state, GSDP has increased over the years. However, GSDP‟s growth rate declined in 2011-12 and 2012-13 both at current and constant prices in comparison to previous years. GSDP is the total monetary value of all the final goods and services produced by an economy during a given period of time accounted without duplication. As seen in figure 4-2, the service sector‟s contribution to GSDP is higher than agriculture and the industrial sector. Contribution from industry is lower than agriculture, which indicates low development of industrial activities in the state.

Figure 4-2: Sectoral contribution of GSDP (current price)

Source: Economic review 2012-13, Rajasthan State

[34] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

4.2.2 Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP)

Average gross district domestic product of the state at current price in 2009-10 is Rs.805,530 lakhs. The economy of Udaipur, Jaipur, and Jodhpur is largely driven by the tourism sector. The economy of other districts is largely dependent on agriculture activities, and educational, service and tourism sectors. As shown in the accompanying figure, Udaipur stands at the 6th position in GDP contribution.

Figure 4-3: District-wise GDP contribution

Source: Economic review 2012-13, Rajasthan State

4.2.3 Per Capita Income

Per capita income of the state and district has been reviewed from the period 2012-13. It is derived by dividing the net state domestic product by the total population of the state. As per advance estimates, per capita income for the year 2012- 13 at current prices is estimated at Rs.60,552. This has registered an increase of 12.87 percent over the previous year.

4.2.4 Industrial Policies and Incentives

Rajasthan has been ranked 12th in India (2010) on the basis of its macro-economy, investment environment, infrastructure, agriculture, primary education and consumer market. The share of Rajasthan in industrial investments as a percentage to India‟s total industrial investment has been steady; it has been increased from 1.26 percent in 2006 to 1.7 percent in 20107. Rajasthan enjoys a strategic geographical position – it is situated between the northern and western growth hubs in the country and 40 percent of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor runs through it. The state has been successful in attracting a large number of multinationals as well as domestic companies to set up operations in the state. Investors have set up ventures in fields as diverse as information technology, electronics, textiles, chemicals, agro-processing, cement, granite, and engineering. As in 2010, there are 322 industrial areas. The state is one of the favored

7 http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Rajasthan-state-profile.pdf

[35] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development destinations for the cement industry, being endowed with limestone which acts as the base for cement production and also on account of the concessions provided by the state to the industry. The state boasts of tremendous bio-diversity which is rarely to be found in other states. It has the potential to create immense industrial activity in the field of biotechnology and modern biotech products like recombinant DNA products and Bio-Informatics. Construction of four state-of-the-art biotech parks is under consideration. The state has identified immediate and long-term actions necessary for economic growth. It has initiated facilitation steps aimed at streamlining the approval processes, promotion of exports, and promotion of knowledge-intensive industries and better quality infrastructure. The key measures aimed at are:  Improving Business Climate -- Focus on reducing the cost of delays and doing business  Developing High-Quality Infrastructure -- Enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises by providing high-quality infrastructure  Enhancing Skill Levels and Employability -- Setting up different types of training institutes in partnership with the private sector  Ensuring easy availability of land for projects -- Simplification of the process of land use change, conversion of land and approvals of building plants  Encouraging Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) -- The state facilitates cluster- based development of MSMEs to make the produce competitive for the world market.  Promotion of thrust areas -- Special emphasis to be given to the promotion of mining and mineral processing, IT, tourism, handicraft, cottage and agro-based industries

Initiatives on improving business and business climate8  Establishment of Economic Policy & Reforms Council  Establishment of Board for Infrastructure Development and Investment  Strengthening and deepening of electricity sector reforms  Approval of Special Economic Zone policy  Establishment of a venture capital fund for promoting technology and knowledge-intensive businesses  Establishment of an investment commissioner office in New Delhi, to facilitate better interface with industry and business

The Rajasthan Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy 2010 and the Rajasthan Investment Promotion Scheme 2010 have been introduced in the state to achieve global competitiveness, accelerate the overall pace of industrial growth, increase employment opportunities, ensure sustainable development, and strengthen small, medium and large-scale industries. The scheme offers a package of financial incentives, subsidies and exemptions to the enterprises in the state, which has greatly increased the attractiveness of the state as an investment destination. Medium-Scale and Large-Scale Industries

8 http://pppinindia.com/state-policy-rajasthan.php

[36] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

In all, there are 89 medium-scale industries in the state, as on 31st March 2013, employing 10,508 persons. The types of industries present are textile, food, and plastic. As on 31st March 2013, there are 306 large-scale industrial running units, employing around 161,234 persons. The major categories of industries include textile, chemical, cement, food, and iron and steel9. Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) The state has a scheme for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Assistance Scheme, 200810. It has the following characteristics:  Exemption from entry tax on inputs (raw materials, processing materials, and packaging materials except fuels)  Reduction of CST to 0.25 percent only  Exemption of 75 percent electricity duty for units located in rural areas  30 percent of the plots will be reserved for micro, medium and small enterprises in new industrial areas, to be developed by Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation (RIICO).  The state government will encourage private sector investment for setting up industrial parks and clusters by providing level playing field.  The state government will suitably augment „Critical Infrastructure Fund‟ and 50 percent of this fund will be earmarked for infrastructural needs of the micro and small enterprises‟ clusters such as providing road connectivity, power lines and water availability.

There are in all 297,403 MSME industrial working units in the state, with an investment of Rs. 7,650 crore and employing around 12 lakh employees. Agriculture

Agriculture and allied sectors play an important role in the state‟s economy. Agriculture in Rajasthan is primarily rain-fed. The period of monsoon is short. Due to unstable weather conditions, farmers have to depend on both rain-fed and ground water agriculture. During 2012-13, the following major programmes were initiated by the department:  12 new soil-testing labs with the creation of micro-nutrient testing facilities in 32 labs  Ensuring fodder availability  Providing nutritional security through intensive millet promotion  Promoting farm mechanization  Weather-based crop insurance scheme is being implemented in the state for all major rabi and kharif crops.  Special campaigns are being organized before each crop season at the level to disseminate technical knowhow and ensure timely availability of agriculture inputs at the door step of farmers.  Increasing the seed replacement rate and productivity of maize in tribal areas

9 http://rajind.rajasthan.gov.in/Medium_Scale_Ind_2012-13.pdf 10 http://www.rajcluster.com/pdf/msmepolicy.pdf

[37] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 A World Bank-funded project, namely „Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project,‟ has been launched during 2012-13. This project is mainly emphasizing the judicious use of irrigation water including ground and surface water and efficient use of water in rain-fed areas.  Promotion of organic farming incentives for cultivators

4.2.5 Udaipur District’s Economic Profile

Udaipur is known for its picturesque Figure 4-4: Udaipur District – GDDP (current price) surroundings and its royal past. The district is rich in mineral resources as a large variety of important minerals are found in the district. The secondary and tertiary sectors are prominent in the district. Industries, agriculture activities, and service sectors are the key contributors to the district‟s economy. Udaipur accounts for 9 percent of the state‟s industrial output while Jaipur is at the top with a share of 39 percent. The Gross District Domestic Product of Udaipur has increased from Rs.6627.59 crores in 2004-5 to Rs. 11,936.4 crores in 2009- 2010, at the current price. Per capita income of Udaipur district was Rs.17,925 in 2004-05 which is higher than the state average in the same year. 11 Trade, hotels, and restaurants followed by the manufacturing sector are the largest contributors to GDDP (at current price for 2000-01). Latest information for the same was not available and hence has not been presented here. Minerals and Industries

Important metals found in the district are copper ore, lead, zinc and silver. Among industrial minerals, rock, phosphate, asbestos, calcite, lime stone, barites, emerald and marble are important. The total quantity of minerals produced in the district is around 30 MT, as in 2010-11. There are eight industrial areas in the district (31st March 2012) with 4,021 industrial units. Of these, registered medium and large units are 29. Details of the same are given in the table below.

Table 4-1: Details of existing micro, small and artisan units – Udaipur12

Sr. No. Industrial categories No. of units 1 Agro-based 174 2 Beverage and tobacco-based industry 2 3 Textile other than handloom industry 680 4 Handloom 31

11 Economic review 2012-13, Rajasthan State 12 http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf

[38] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Sr. No. Industrial categories No. of units 5 Wooden-based 317 6 Paper-based 55 7 Rubber plastic, petroleum and chemical-based 230 8 Leather-based 115 9 Mineral-based 634 10 Basic metal and non-ferrous metal-based 132 11 Machinery and machine tools 174 12 Electrical appliances industries 46 13 Transport, equipment and parts 3 14 Service and repairing 1016 15 Miscellaneous manufacturing industry 412 Total 4021

Source: http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf As seen in the table above, service and repairing, textile other than handloom industry and mineral- based industry form the larger number of industries in the district. Sixteen large-scale and 14 large and medium-scale industries operate in the district. There are four major clusters in the district, viz., the terracotta cluster, Marble cutting and Polishing, Imitation jewelry, and white metal wooden furniture. Of the total geographical area of the district, 29 percent of forest area to reporting area, 31 percent of net irrigated area to net area sown and 23 percent of gross irrigated area to gross area sown is there as per 2011 census. Rice, maize, small millet, urad, arhar, and sugarcane are some of the crops grown in the district.

4.2.6 Udaipur City

The city can be described as a multi-functional city, as of today, though it was initially regarded as an important tourist, culture, and heritage destination. Over a period of time, the city has grown across various economic sectors. The tertiary / service sector has contributed more than 90 percent of the total workforce of the city. The major tertiary sector activities are trade, commerce, services, health and education. The secondary sector is the next major contributor; major industrial clusters and industries are located along Chittoragadh Road. Service sector The city being the district headquarter houses offices such as those of the Collectorate, taluka and revenue office, block development office, magistrate courts and other government and semi-government offices. Trade and Commerce

Udaipur serves as a market center for smaller towns of the region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities

[39] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale market for grains. The major trade areas are around Circle, Jagdish Temple Street, Hathi Pole, Bada Bazaar, and Road. UIT has also planned to develop a large sub-city center. This is essential to meet the growing need for a formal and organized commercial space in the heart of the city and decentralization of commercial activities from the walled city. Health and Education sector

Further, there are several educational and health institutions in the city operated either by the government or the private sector. The majority of these institutions are located along Chittorgadh Road and in outer city growth areas. Tourism sector With its picturesque landscape, lakes, and historic significance, Udaipur is a major destination for most tourists visiting Rajasthan. Udaipur abounds in places of tourist interest like manmade lakes Pichola, Fatehsagar, City Palace, Lake Palace, , Sajjangarh, and Shilp gram. Udaipur receives the fourth-largest number of tourists in Rajasthan following , Jaipur and . Industrial areas

The major industrial areas in and around Udaipur are , and Madari. Others include the Mewar IT park, Pratap nagar, and Bhamashah kaladwas. Gudli has been developed by Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Ltd. It is located at a distance of 15 km from the core city area of Udaipur, which was set up in 1991. The top industries in Udaipur are M/s. Murli wala Agrotech, M/s. Econ Industries, M/s. Vakratunda Pharma, M/s. Friends Engg. and M/s. Ranka Organics.

4.3 Industrial and Commercial Activities

Industrial development in Udaipur started way back in the 1960s wherein only 15 units were registered. These units were largely associated with mineral ores processing and manufacturing, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wooden toys, and food products. The most important milestone in the development of mineral-based industries was the formation of the Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals Corporation. After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and near the railway station. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, soap stone grinding and repair workshops. There are in all 18,127 industrial units in eight industrial areas in Udaipur District (31st March 2013); of these, 40 are registered medium and large units. Even though the registered small-scale industries‟ data is not available, it was estimated that in all, 27,423 workers were employed in these industries. These micro and small-scale industries were mostly engaged in agro, textile other than handloom, mineral, service & repairing, and wooden-based industries. The details of the small-scale industry, which is one of the largest contributors to employment in Udaipur District and Udaipur town, are given below.

[40] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Table 4-2: List of existing micro and macro-enterprises – Udaipur city

Sr. No. Category of industries No. of units Employment (nos.) 1 Agro-based industry 1602 6300 2 Beverages and Tobacco-based industry 2 43 3 Textile other than handloom industry 3055 6471 4 Handloom 45 351 5 Wooden 2605 6532 6 Paper 82 963 7 Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum, and Chemical-based 769 8945 8 Leather 2287 4563 9 Mineral 2402 20627 10 Basic Metal and Non-ferrous metal 1267 6254 11 Machinery and machine tools 221 2475 12 Electrical appliances 55 1889 13 Transport and Equipment and parts 4 42 14 Service and repairing 3255 13927 15 Miscellaneous manufacturing industry 476 1997 Total 18127 81379

Source: http://udaipur.nic.in/DIC/Brief%20Industrial%20Profile%20of%20Udaipur.pdf

Udaipur Phosphates and Fertilizers, Secure Meters, Hindustan Zinc limited and Rajasthan Petro Synthetic are some of the major industrial units located in these industrial areas near Udaipur city. There are around 14,678 commercial establishments in the city as in 2011 (covering shops and workshops). After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and near the railway station along Udai Sagar Road. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, soapstone grinding and repair workshops.

4.3.1 Market Yard

Krishi Upaj Mandi is a regulated market, which was established in 2005. It is located at a distance of 2 km from Udaipur railway station. Facilities and services available in the market include storage, canteen, water and sanitation, post office, banks, auction platform, parking, and rest houses.

4.3.2 Informal Commercial Activity

Informal / street-vending activities are mainly located along the bus stand, railway station, and on major roads. UMC is planning to give permits to street vendors as well as to hawkers and camel and horse-riders, operating in various tourist and public places.

[41] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

4.4 Workforce Participation Rate (WFPR)

Udaipur being the district headquarters, there are a number of employment opportunities for people. As per 2011 Census, workforce participation is 34 percent at the city level, which is equal to the district‟s urban WFPR.

Table 4-3: Work force Participation Rate – Udaipur city

Year Work Force Participation Rate 1981 28.83 1991 29.71 2001 32.12 2011 34

Source: Census of India Of the total WFPR, male workforce participation rate is 81 percent while female workforce participation rate is only 19 percent. A large percentage of female workers fall into other workers‟ category. As compared to 2001, female workforce participation rate has increased in 2011 (i.e., it is 16 percent in 2001) while male workforce participation rate has decreased.

4.5 Workers’ Classification

As per census definition, workers are classified into mainly two categories, main workers and marginal workers. Main workers are those workers those had worked for the major part of the reference period, i.e., six months or more. Marginal workers are those workers those had not worked for the major part of the reference period, i.e., less than six months. The main workers account for 93.90 percent of the total workforce and marginal workers for only 6.10 percent while non-workers constitute 65.59 percent of the total population. The percentage of non-workers has decreased in 2011 from 68 percent in 2001.

Table 4-4: Main and Marginal Workers

Description 2001 2011 Udaipur district 2011 (urban) WFPR 32 34 34 Main 114980 145750 193355 Percentage % 93.06 93.90 92.21 Marginal 8580 9464 16325 Percentage % 6.94 6.10 7.79 Total workers 123560 155214 209680 Source: Census 2011

Workers have been classified into those engaged in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Primary sector workers comprise agriculture and cultivation laborers. The secondary sector comprises manufacturing and household industries. The tertiary sector comprises workers involved in the service sector, trade and commerce, and informal business. On the basis of industrial category of workers, the occupational pattern of workers is as mentioned below.

[42] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Table 4-5: Occupational Pattern

Details Udaipur city Udaipur district (urban) Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of Percentage of total workers total workers total workers total workers (2001) (2011) (2001) (2011) Cultivators 0.58 0.55 2.50 2.90 Agriculture laborers 0.46 0.91 1.16 2.21 Household workers 5.65 5.60 6.12 5.41 Others 93.31 92.94 90.21 89.48 Total workers 100 100 100 100 Source: Census 2011

The occupational pattern of the city as per the 2011 Census reveals that about 93 percent of the total number of workers is engaged in other economic activities (tertiary, service sector). This indicates diversification of workforce from agriculture to non-agriculture activities. Not much variation is observed in the occupational pattern of Udaipur city from 2001 to 2011. In comparison to the city, in district (urban) cultivators, agriculture laborers and household workers are more. This shows the continued prevalence of agriculture and related activities in other urban areas.

4.6 Horticulture

The Rajasthan state has a National Horticulture Mission in 2005. The horticulture sector has contributed significantly to GDP in agriculture. The objectives of the National Horticulture Mission are to double horticulture production (300 million ton by 2011-12). The mission would adopt an end-to-end approach covering production, post-harvest management, and processing and marketing. It would assure appropriate returns to producers, promote research and development of technologies for production, ensure post-harvest management and processing in potential belts/clusters, enhance coverage and productivity in potential belts, adopt a coordinated approach, and promote partnership, convergence and synergy among R&D processing and marketing agencies in the public as well as the private sectors. Varied agro-climatic conditions favour growing of large numbers of horticulture crops in the state. The majorly-grown horticulture crops include fruits, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, vegetables and flowers.

4.7 SWOT Analysis

Strength Weakness . Regional market center for surrounding region . Concentration of major commercial . Highly conducive environment and regional activities in the city center, causing economic catalysers congestion problems . Trade, commerce, service sector, tourism, industries, health, education are key and potential economic drivers . WFPR is equal to that of the district (urban) and higher than the state average

Population Population

[43] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

. The city is part of the golden quadrilateral . Congestion in inner city area project which boosts industrial development – it . Depleting resources like marble and other can develop as logistics hub; gateway of minerals due to lack of resource Rajasthan to southern India and Gujarat management and overuse . Improving city linkages . Competing investment in tourism . Promotion of agro-based, non-polluting infrastructure in other cities of Rajasthan industries . Newly merged areas lack infrastructure . Udaipur can be a part of tourist circuits which facilities, which would hamper the promote tourism in this area. development of economic activities in these region.

4.8 Issues

 Share of agriculture sector has declined mainly due to lack of irrigation water availability.  Women workers account for merely 19 percent of the total workforce.  There is a need for promotion of agro-based and non-polluting industries, to strengthen the economic base of the city.  Economic activity majorly relies on the tourism-related sector which is directly dependent on the city‟s heritage, culture and natural ecosystem. Competition is arising from other tourists centers in the state; this would be a threat for the city‟s growth and economic base.  Improving the city‟s linkages and providing basic infrastructure facilities will help in boosting up industrial and economic activities.

[44] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

5. PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT

5.1 Background

The Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) and UMC are responsible for urban planning functions within Udaipur city. UIT was established by the Government in 1960 to achieve its objectives under the Rajasthan Urban Improvement Act 1959. This trust is responsible for the overall development of Udaipur and also for planning the future of the city. The first master plan for the city was prepared in 1997 for the year 2022. The projected population was 8.30 lakh for 2022 and the plan was prepared for an area of 351 sq. km, covering 62 villages. Recently, the Udaipur Draft Master Plan for 2031 was prepared and notified, which is open to comments and suggestions. It has projected a population of 10.2 lakh and planning area of 456 sq. km, covering 121 villages. The existing and proposed land use analysis have been carried out on the basis of data available.

5.2 Constitutes of Planning Area

In 1946 area of Udaipur Municipality was 17 sq.km. Till March 2013, the UMC area was 37 sq. km. In March, the city area has been extended to 64 sqkm . It now covers the four surrounding census towns – Bedla, Baragaon (rural), Bicchri, and Bhuwana. While the area included in the Draft Master Plan of 2031 is the core city area, Ashoknagar, Bhuwana, Hiranmagari, Goverdhan Villas, Ambamata, Highway control, Gudli–Dabok growth center (near the airport, in the eastern direction), Umrada growth center (to the south of Udaipur city) and fringe area. These areas are divided into nine zones for planning purpose.

5.3 Projected Population under Master Plan As per the Draft Master Plan prepared in 2011, Udaipur city has reported a growth rate of 32.67 percent in 1991, followed by 26.18 percent in 2001 and 47.70 percent in 2011 (includes the city as well as villages). Further, the master plan has considered natural growth patterns as well as tourism and other developmental activities to project the population for 2031. As per the projected population in the master plan, the population would increase to 10.02 lakhs by the end of 2031. The population for 2021 is projected as 7.59 lakhs.

Table 5-1: Projected population under Draft Master Plan and 1st -generation City Development Plan

Year Population (as per draft Master Plan, Population (as per 1st generation CDP) 2031) (includes UMC + Peripheral villages) 2001 389317 500202

[45] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Year Population (as per draft Master Plan, Population (as per 1st generation CDP) 2031) (includes UMC + Peripheral villages) 2011 575000 646575 2021 759000 835781 2031 1002000 1080354

Note: Except for 2001, for rest of the years population is projected

Source: Draft Master Plan Report for 2031, UIT, 1st generation CDP Udaipur

5.4 Spatial Growth Trends

The spatial growth pattern examined from the satellite imagery shows the urban sprawl along the Airport Road (i.e. the Chittorgadh Road) and on NH-8 towards Ahmedabad with varying levels of development intensity. The total urbanized area is 26,925 acres, of which 53.7 percent is developed area. Rest of the land is under mountains, lakes, agriculture, and forests or vacant land. In the old city area, due to high density, the residential area accounts for 55.56 percent of the developed area. The area under industrial use is 10.7 percent while the area under recreation and entertainment is 14.3 percent. The area under public and semi-public use is 14.3 percent. The area under commercial use is only 4.6 percent while the area under institution is 1.5 percent. The old city was established neighboring Pichola lake on east. Fatehsagar lake is located to the northwest of the old city area. The railway line passes from the east of the old city area. Development Trend: The city‟s growth direction is towards the east, north-east and south-east. The city did not grow to the west and north-west due to the presence of the Aravalli hills. From the year 1946, the municipal area has increased from 17 sq. km to the existing 64 sq. km. In the pre- Independence period, the majority of the land was under agriculture. But with changing time, land usage has shifted towards residential use, which now occupies almost half the area of the city. With increased needs, the area under transportation and commercial spaces has also increased. The main commercial mode of Udaipur has been developed immediately next to the old city area to its east, and extends up to the railway station. The city has already developed to a great extent in areas outside its municipal jurisdiction. The core city area/ old city area is narrow, highly dense and congested. These areas are characterised by narrow lanes, low-rise structures, and low infrastructure services. Udaipur city has largely developed in the eastern and southern directions. Several large institutions are located northeast of the old city area. The important regional linkages NH-8 and NH-76 have triggered growth in the north, south, and west direction. Development has happened along the bypass road (Udaipur–Pindwada), which was proposed in the master plan of 2022. The northeast part of Udaipur has plain area, so secondary and tertiary activities are increasing in this direction. Small-scale industries and a mineral-based industry is developing in this region. Hindustan Zinc Ltd. established near Lake Udai Sagar in the eastern direction of the Udaipur urban area. Presently, development activities have increased near water bodies and the highways of Udaipur. The airport in the east of the city has also had a significant effect on the city‟s development.

[46] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Figure 5-1: Spatial growth trend over a time period

Source: 1st generation CDP

5.5 Spatial Distribution of Population

The city can be described as a ribbon-shaped linear spread which is governed by the transport network. There is marked growth along the national highway and roads connecting the city radially in all directions. The main arteries along which the sprawl is taking place include the Ahmedabad route, Rajasamand, Ajmer route, part of the National Golden Quadrilateral, and the Chittorgadh route east west corridor. The core city area is highly developed as tourist destinations with guest houses and restaurants. The new Udaipur city is developed towards the south-east and the eastern direction. These areas have mid-rise residential, several institutions.

5.6 Land use Analysis

Existing land use

The city has about 53.7 percent of its area under the developed/built category and the rest 46 percent of the area is under undeveloped categories such as agriculture, water bodies or forests, government- reserved, and other open areas.

Table 5-2: Existing Land Use – 2011, Udaipur

Land use Details Area (Acre) 2011 % of developed land % of total area

[47] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Land use Details Area (Acre) 2011 % of developed land % of total area Residential 8052 55.7 29.9 Commercial 659 4.6 2.4 Industrial 1553 10.7 5.8 Institutional 212 1.5 0.8 Entertainment 534 3.7 2.0 Public and Semi-public 2066 14.3 7.7 Circulation 1387 9.6 5.2 Developed area 14463 100 53.7 Government reserved 929 3.5 Agriculture, Forest 1579 5.8 Water bodies 2394 8.9 Other open areas 7560 28.1 Total 26925 100

Source: Udaipur Master Plan - Draft (2011-2031)

In existing land use, residential development occupies around 56 percent of the developed area, while industrial use spreads over 11 percent. Public/semipublic use accounts for around 14 percentage of the developed area which is high mainly because Udaipur is a regional administrative hub. Areas outside the city‟s main area like Ashok Nagar, Madhuban, and Bhupalpura, have less residential density. The outskirts are developed in a planned way and under various schemes due to which the average density in these areas is around 25 persons per acre. Wholesale trade and commercial areas are mainly located in the core city area. The main commercial areas stretch from to Jagdish Chowk, Suraj Pole to and Gulab Bagh, Delhi Gate to Dhanmandi, and Sashtri Circle. Hotels and guesthouses are located on main roads such as the bus stand to Udaipole and the railway station road. Five-star hotels, resorts and farm houses are largely located along Lake Front, in vicinity of lakes and outside the city. One military area (680 acres) is located in the south-west direction of the city, near Govardhan Villas Village, and another one is near the city railway station (20 acres). In the village Dewari, around 136 acres of land have been allocated to RAC which is under development.

Table 5-3: Comparison of land use from 1971 to 2011

Land use Area (Acre) (% of total) 1971 1988 1997 2011 Residential 1585 (37) 2565 (30) 4988 (22) 8052 (30) Commercial 115 (3) 295 (3) 548 (2) 659 (2) Industrial 170 (4) 910 (11) 1152 (5) 1553 (6) Institutional 75 (2) 92 (1) 96 (0.4) 212 (1) Entertainment 365 (8) 302 (4) 358 (2) 534 (2) Public and Semi-public 1010 (23) 1615 (19) 1632 (7) 2066 (8)

[48] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Land use Area (Acre) (% of total) 1971 1988 1997 2011 Circulation 540 (13) 995 (12) 1105 (5) 1387 (5) Developed area 3860(90) 6774 (80) 9879 (44) 14463 (54) Government reserved 130 (3) 800 (9) 865 (4) 929 (3) Agriculture, Forest 75 (2) 255 (3) 285 (1) 1579 (6) Water bodies 85 (2) 135 (2) 1900 (8) 2394 (9) Other open areas 150 (3) 531 (6) 9672 (43) 7560 (28) Total 4300 (100) 8495 (100) 22601 (100) 26925 (100)

Source: Udaipur Master Plan - Draft (2011-2031)

As seen from the table above, the developed area percentage has decreased over the years, from 1971 to 1997. However, it increased again in 2011. Residential land use occupies the larger percentage of developed area. The area under other open areas is observed to be very high in 1997, in comparison to the 2011. This scenario may be due to the inclusion of new areas/villages within the municipal area in the master plan of 1997.

5.6.1 Comparison with UDPFI guideline (for large cities)

Existing land use has been compared with URDPFI guidelines to assess the adequacy of the existing areas under various categories/zones. As indicated in the table below, the city lacks adequate land use share under various categories, i.e., residential, industrial, commercial, traffic and transportation/ circulation, public and semi-public, and recreational.

Table 5-4: Existing land use and comparison with URDPFI guidelines

Land use Details UDPFI Guidelines Existing Meets the benchmark Residential 40-45% 29.9 No Commercial 3-4% 2.4 No Industrial 8-10% 5.8 No Public and Semi–Public 10-12% 8.5 No Recreational 18-20% 2.0 No Transportation 12-14% 5.2 No Agriculture/ Forest/ Government Balance - - reserved/Water bodies/Other open areas

Source: URDPFI guidelines, 2014

[49] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Figure 5-2: Existing Spatial Structure

Source: Google image and CRIS

5.7 Critical Appraisal of the Master Plan/Development Plan

5.7.1 Land use analysis Master Plan Provisions

The first master plan for Udaipur region was prepared in 1976-1996. The Master Plan, 1976-96 had proposed a land use pattern, whereby 5,512 ha area was demarcated as urbanizable. It has proposed 4153 Ha as developed area. 47.6 percent was allocated for residential use, 13.6 percent under circulation, 14.1 percent for public and semi-public use, 10.5 percent for industrial, 5 percent for commercial, and 1.2 percent for governmental. The plan was subsequently revised and a new master plan for the year 2001-2022 was prepared. The Master Plan, 2001 proposed a land use distribution of developed area in between; 37.42 percent was allocated for residential use, 18.8 percent for transportation, 12.3 percent for public and semipublic use, 10.5 percent for industrial, 3.82 percent for commercial, 25.41 percent for recreational, and 1.2 percent for governmental. Recently, the draft master plan for the horizon year of 2011-2031 was published; public opinion, objections and recommendations are invited currently.

Table 5-5 Key planning pareameters – Master plan of Udaipur

Details Master Plan 2022 Master Plan 2031

[50] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Details Master Plan 2022 Master Plan 2031 Projected population (lakh) 8.30 10.02 Total Area covered (Ha) 10,999 (including Municipal 20,012 (including Municipal area area + 62 villages) + 121 villages) Planning zones 6 9 % of developed area 86 89.75

Source: Udaipur Master Plan 2022, Udaipur Draft Master Plan 2031

The Master Plan for 2031 estimates that the population of Udaipur will reach up to 7,59,000 in 2021 and 10,02,000 in 2031. Considering the town will cross 10 lac population, the plan proposes to increase the urbanisable area to around 20,012 ha. Of this, around 17,960 ha area is proposed to be developed under various urban activities while the remaining 2,052 ha will be under government reservations, water bodies and plantation. To accommodate the growing population, the Master Plan proposes to incorporate nine planning zones within an area of 27,738 ha in addition to fringe area development of 18,239 ha. The plan envisages developing a growth centre around Dabok airport in the east of the city at a distance of 15 km.

Table 5-6: Land use comparison – Master Plan 2022, Draft Master Plan 2031

Land use (area in acre) Master Plan 2022 (% of total area) Draft Master Plan 2031 (% of total area) Residential 13380 (49) 27788 (56) Commercial 1220 (4) 1382 (3) Industrial 1110 (4) 2852 (6) Institutional /Govt. 340 (1) 451 (1) Entertainment/Recreation 2430 (9) 4512 (9) Public and Semi-public 2420 (9) 2783 (6) Circulation 2480 (9) 4610 (9) Developed area 23380 (86) 44380 (90) Government reserved 950 (3) 1195 (2) Agriculture, Forest 800 (3) 1520 (3) Water bodies 2000 (7) 2354 (5) Total 27180 (100) 49451 (100) The total developed area is proposed to increase from 86 percent to 90 percent, from 2022 to 2031. The percentage area under residential land use has increased in the proposed draft Master Plan 2031, as compared to the Master Plan 2022.

5.7.2 Comparison with URDPFI Guidelines

As per population projections carried out in the demography section, the city would have a population of around 8 lakhs by 2041. Hence the comparison has been carried out with URDPFI guidelines for large cities with 5 to 10 lakh population.

Table 5-7: Proposed land use comparison with URDPFI guidelines

Land use Details UDPFI Guidelines Existing Meets the benchmark Residential 40-45% 56 Yes

[51] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Commercial 3-4% 3 Yes Industrial 8-10% 6 No Public and Semi – Public 10-12% 7 No Recreational 18-20% 9 No Transportation 12-14% 9 No Agriculture/ Forest/ Government Balance - - reserved/Water bodies/Other open areas

As indicated in the table above, the proposed land use is meeting the requirement only in the case of residential and commercial categories. In all other categories, the proposed land use share is grossly deficit with respect to URDPFI guidelines. This is due to the fact that except for Udaipur city, the rest of the area was rural when the master plan was prepared.

Figure 5-3: Master Plan 2022 and Draft Master Plan 2031

Source: Proposed Master Plan 2022

[52] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Source: Proposed Draft Master Plan report 2031

Areas in the draft master plan of 2031 include the following.

Sr. No. Name of planning area Area (Acre) 1 City area 866.69 2 Ashoknagar 3281.79 3 Bhuwana 15042.42 4 Hiranmagari 13644.53 5 Govardhan villas 11259.0 6 Ambamata 5437.0 7 Highway control zone 5500.0 8 Gudli growth center 9239.73 9 Umrada growth center 3036.09 Urbanizable area 67307.25 10 Fringe area 45399.0 Proposed urbanizable area 1,12,706

Source: Proposed Draft Master Plan report 2031

5.7.3 Development Proposals

The following various major development proposals are given under the Draft Master Plan, 2031.

[53] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

International Entertainment City

In all, 1,814 acres of land are proposed on the north-east side of Maharana Khel village, in which there is a proposal to develop international-level entertainment facilities. This entertainment city will have the latest technologies and infrastructure facilities, and comprise the following:  Amusement park  Green buildings/ Eco-friendly houses/farm houses/Cottages  Resort/ Holiday cottage resort/ Health resort  Multi-specialty hospital/medical facilities  Public utilities and facilities  Modern exhibition center

International Sports City

There is a proposal to develop an international sports city or stadium on a land of 1,149 acres near Hathidhara village. It will have:  An amusement park/ I.T. Park  Sports ground  Golf course  Green building/ Eco-friendly houses/Farm houses/Cottages  Resort/ Holiday cottage resort/ Health resort  Multi-specialty hospital/Medical facilities  Public utilities and facilities  Modern exhibition center

Proposal for bus stands and Transport Nagar

Considering the existing scenario and future development, it is proposed to have bus stands connecting various city roads to the outer areas.

Table 5-8: Proposed bus stands in Draft Master Plan, 2031

Sr. No. Name of roads Location Area (acre) 1 road Near highway crossing 35.4 2 Ahmedabad road On land of roadways workshop 2.5 3 Ahmedabad rod In front of IIM 19 4 Jaisamand road Savina Khera 3.3 5 Chittorgarh road At circle of pratapnagar chauraha 13.3 6 Sisarma road Near Sisarma chauraha 2.0 Total 75.5

Source: Proposed Draft Master Plan report for Udaipur 2031

Other than these, one interstate bus stand is proposed at Amberi chauraha on National Highway 8 and State Highway 27. It will have all modern facilities –roadways, buses, private buses, taxi stands, filling station, accommodation facilities for tourists, and parking facilities will be provided. [54] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

5.8 Urban Planning Functions and Reforms

As per the 74th CAA, the urban planning function in Rajasthan has been transferred to urban local bodies. Provisions have been made in the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 (Chapter 10, section 156-157 and chapter 11, section 159 to 199). The preparation of a detailed City Development Plan with the assistance of other parastatal agencies (Chapter X) and preparation of a city-scale master development plan with detailed surveys in coordination with chief town planner of the state and district town planning committee (Chapter XI) have been prescribed. However, actual implementation of the transfer has not taken place. The preparation of regional-level master plans (including city-level planning) is done by the Town Planning Department (TPD) which is a state-owned body. UIT and UMC act as its executing institutions. The preparation and execution of the master plan is governed as per the provisions of the Rajasthan Urban Improvement Act, 1959 (Chapter II, Section 3). The Town Planning Department of UMC is headed by the district town planner (DTP).The total staff includes one DTP and two surveyors. The DTP holds the charge for both Udaipur and . The Town Planning Department in UMC undertakes the functions of building plan approvals. There are no sanctioned posts for architects or assistant architects in UMC. The function of regulation of land use and construction has been transferred to the corporation through the Rajasthan Municipalities Act 2009, Chapter IX (182). However, the above-mentioned functions as well as approval for land use conversion provided by UIT for land within municipal limits and UIT boundary. For any other major changes in land use, the approval of Chief Town Planer, Rajasthan has to be taken.

5.9 Roles and Responsibilities of ULB and Parastatals

The roles and responsibilities of UMC and UIT in the preparation of the Master Plan are limited to consultations and meetings with the Town Planning Department and the appointed external agencies. For the preparation of the Udaipur Master Plan 2031, three interdepartmental meetings have been held, which were attended by administrative and technical officers from UIT and UMC. UIT is entitled to submit a detailed account of all the land use changes that have happened in the past year at the beginning of the planning process. The Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for all aspects relating to urban water supply, right from development to O&M. PHED is also responsible for the development of a sewerage system while O&M is the responsibility of the respective ULBs.

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Ministry of Urban Development

6. Social and Cultural Resources

6.1 Background

Udaipur is considered as the hub for education and medical facilities in the district. The city has a wide range of education institutions like universities and colleges which were established by the Government and private organizations. The Department of Health and Education plays a major role in the provision of basic facilities in the city.

6.2 Health Facilities

The through the Department of Medical, Health and Family Welfare and Department of Education is responsible for the provision of medical and educational infrastructure. The major health and education facilities are located in Udaipur. In order to promote healthcare in Udaipur, UMC shall provide the following facilitating services:  Supply clean and safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for maintaining hygienic conditions;  Control mosquito breeding;  Control stray dogs; and  Regulate hotels and roadside food vendors

6.2.1 Existing Situation

Health care facilities in the city are provided by many hospitals which are supported by both government and private institutions. There is a dominance of allopathic facilities in both the government and private sectors and a significant presence of homeopathic facilities in Udaipur city. Government health facilities include a government hospital, a women‟s hospital, a child hospital, a T.B. sanatorium, a referral hospital, a primary health center, a satellite hospital and a dispensary. Private health facilities include a hospital and a dispensary. There are two major hospitals in the city, i.e., the Maharana Bhupal Public Hospital with 1,146 beds and the Ayurvedic hospital with 75 beds. Near Badi village is the T.B. sanatorium with 230 beds which caters to patients from Udaipur and other districts. There is one multi speciality satellite hospital which has gynecologist, physician, surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, pediatrician and dentists. Facilities provided by this hospital include consultation, drug dispensing and inpatient care13. In different areas of the city, there are around 12 dispensaries. Other than this, there are 45 private hospitals with 550 beds. The number of beds in different hospitals and dispensaries is not adequate for the population of the city.

13 http://arth.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/census-of-health-facilities-final-report-10mar05.pdf

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Ministry of Urban Development

Table 6-1: Medical/Health facilities in Udaipur

Sr. No. Details Number Available beds Avg. beds per facility 1 Allopathic A Government Government hospital 1 1146 1146 Women hospital 1 350 350 Child hospital 1 135 135 T.B. Sanatorium 1 230 230 Referral hospital 20 685 34 Primary Health Center 71 426 6 Satellite hospital 1 100 100 Dispensary 12 - B Private Hospital 45 550 12 Dispensary 105 - 2 Ayurvedic Ayurvedic hospital 1 75 75 Natural hospital 1 50 50 Detection center 1 20 20 Dispensary 6 - 3 Homeopathic 6 - 4 Uninani 3 - Total 276 3767 14

Source: Udaipur Draft Master Plan – 2031 Report

Private facilities outpatient care compared to the government sector, government institutions have greater caseloads. Government facilities provide a wide range of primary health services, as compared to the private sector. Private sector facilities provide a range of specialized medical and surgical services. Brief on the major Hospitals

Maharana Bhupal Hospital: This is the main hospital of the city which is well-equipped with new areas of medical science. The hospital consists of 37 wards, 6 operation theaters and a well-equipped central laboratory. Mewar Group of Hospitals: The Mewar Hospital was established in 1998; it has various sectors like orthopedics, spine, neurology, urology, gynecology and trauma care. It has become a multispecialty hospital in 2013. Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital: A multi-super-specialty hospital, it offers a wide range of services to the population of the state. The hospital is equipped with the latest and state-of-the-art

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Ministry of Urban Development facilities for diagnosis and treatment of common as well as rare diseases. It is located near Manwakhera, NH-8 bypass.

6.2.2 Basic Public Health Indicators

Basic public health indicators include infant mortality, fertility, life expectancy, birth rate and death rate indicators. According to the latest Udaipur district report, infant mortality rate in Udaipur district is 62 (2012-13), while state-level infant mortality rate is 60. Maternal mortality ratio is 285 which is higher than the state average of 264.

Table 6-2: Basic Public Health Indicators

Health Indicators Udaipur District Rajasthan State India Birth rate (per thousand persons) 30 28.6 23.1 Death rate (per thousand persons) 7.0 7.0 7.4 Infant mortality rate (per thousand live births) 62 65 55 Life expectancy at birth (years) Male - 62.2 63.7 Female - 62.8 66.9

Source: http://ppp.rajasthan.gov.in/Rajasthan_171109.pdf

A number of initiatives such as the Chief Minister‟s Jeevan Raksha Scheme and the World Bank- assisted Rajasthan Health System Development Project have been taken up to improve health care facilities in the state.

6.2.3 Role of Municipal Body in Health Programmes

The main responsibility of UMC as an urban local body is to carry out cleaning operations and make the city clean and livable. In association with the Health Department, it carries out fogging of medicines to curb seasonal diseases, control flies and insects. Other than this, no major role is played by the municipal body in health-related programmes.

6.2.4 Comparison with URDPFI Norms

The existing health care facilities have been compared with the URDPFI guidelines to check the current status of health care infrastructure and further identify the gap in health care facilities. As on date, the demand for dispensaries, nursing homes, polyclinics and general hospitals has met the requirement. Moreover, the existing facilities are on the higher side as compared to URDPFI guidelines. As indicated in the table below, the city has only seven diagnostic centres while the requirement is for about 16. However, this would not be an issue since the majority of the private hospitals have their own diagnostic labs. Further, as per the guidelines, the city lacks veterinary hospitals and dispensary facilities for pets.

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Ministry of Urban Development

Table 6-3: Comparison of healthcare facilities with URDPFI guidelines

Health care facility URDPFI Requirement Existing Met the guidelines as per situation benchmark guidelines Dispensary 1 for 15000 30 123 Yes population Nursing home, child welfare 45000 to 1 lakh 10 73 Yes and maternity centre population Polyclinic 1 for 1 lakh 5 population General Hospital (NBC) 1 for 2.5 lakh 2 1 No population Diagnostic centre 1 for 0.5 lakh 9 population Veterinary Hospital for pets 1 for 5 lakh 1 0 No and animals population Dispensary for pet animals 1 for 1 lakh 5 0 No and birds population

6.2.5 Issues

 The city is a pioneer in terms of overall healthcare facilities. However, in the area of public health care facilities, intermediate hospitals and specialty hospitals could be developed for the BPL population within the district.  The major prevailing diseases in the city are malaria, diarrhea and general diseases.  There are few pathology diagnostic laboratory facilities; the private sector dominates in the field of laboratory and imaging services

6.3 Educational Facilities

The city is a regional hub and pioneer in higher education and graduate programmes in the state. The Department of Education, Government of Rajasthan, is responsible for the development of education in this state. The state has a high dropout rate, and the Government has undertaken various measures to reduce the dropout rate to ensure that all children attend classes and stay in school. The renowned institutions in the city are as follows:  Mohanlal Sukhadia University: This university is a state university established by an act in the year 1962 to cater to the needs of higher education. Graduate, post-graduate, PhD and professional courses are being offered at the university. Courses offered are also offered in the field of commerce.  Pacific University: The Pacific University came into existence by virtue of a special act of the Rajasthan State Assembly in 1997. It provides higher education and professional courses in dental science, management, pharmacy, engineering, hotel management, arts, science, fashion technology, media and mass communication. The campus is spread over an area of 100 acres on the Airport Road, Pratap Nagar extension.

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Ministry of Urban Development

University of Agriculture and Technology: Established in 1964, it offers an undergraduate course in agricultural engineering. It was transformed by the state government to a college in 1975-76. It offers bachelors, masters and PhD programmes along with MBA in engineering. The types of courses offered include agricultural engineering, electrical engineering, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, mechanical engineering, information technology and electronics and communication engineering.

6.3.1 Existing Situation

Udaipur is famous for its educational institutes. Vidhya Bhawan and Vidhyapith are the old and famous educational institutes in the city. Bhopal Nobles College was established by Maharana in the 1930s. After Independence, several educational and training institute has been in Udaipur including a professional training institute by Western. During the last three decades, a medical college, an agriculture college, the Udaipur Polytechnich College and an industrial training institute have been established. There are in all 13 colleges in the city.

Table 6-4: Educational facilities, Udaipur 2011

Sr. No. Details Number of schools Number of students Govt. Pvt. Govt. Pvt. 1 Primary school 23 309 75994 - 2 Upper primary school 57 355 31991 - 3 Secondary school 13 53 2026 10518 4 Higher secondary school 21 49 6587 20268 5 College 13 8 - - 6 ITI 2 - - - 7 University 3 3 - - Total 132 777

Source: Udaipur Draft Master Plan – 2031 Report

The major colleges in the city are located on Chittorgadh Road. Educational facilities in the city have improved due to the establishment of an IIM in gram, Singhania University near Bhatevar, Gitanjali University and Pacific University. About 576 teachers are working in primary and upper primary government schools according to information. Hence, the student-teacher ratio in primary and upper primary schools is 1:53, which is higher than the preferred norm of 1:30 as per the Right to Education Act. The salaries of staff in the municipal schools are being taken care of by the state government. School buildings are constructed and maintained by PWD of the state government.

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Ministry of Urban Development

6.3.2 Comparison with URDPFI Norms

The existing education facilities have been compared with the URDPFI guidelines to check the current status of education facilities and further identify service gaps. It is observed that the city has adequate facilities in terms of higher education and graduation schools.

Table 6-5: Existing education facilities in comparison with URDPFI norms

Health care facility URDPFI Requirement as Existing Met the guidelines per guidelines situation benchmark Pre-primary, nursery school 1 for 2500 180 - - population Primary school 1 for 5000 90 332 Yes population Senior secondary school 1 for 7500 60 70 Yes population Integrated school (with 1 for 90000 to 1 5 - - hostel facility) lakh School for physically 1 for 45000 10 - - challenged population School for mentally 1 for 10 lakh - - - challenged population College 1 for 1.25 lakh 2 21 - Technical education 1 for 10 lakh - - - population Engineering college 1 for 10 lakh - - - population Medical college 1 for 10 lakh - - - population Other professional college 1 for 10 lakh - - - population Nursing and paramedical 1 for 10 lakh - - - institute population Source: CRIS analysis It is observed that the city has adequate facilities in terms of primary schools, senior secondary schools and colleges. There is an absence of information related to pre-primary and nursery schools, schools for the physically/mentally challenged, technical education, medical colleges and other professional colleges. However, there are several private institutions, colleges and universities which offer medical courses, technical education, and other professional courses.

6.3.3 Key Issues

 The city has adequate higher education facilities largely provided by private institutions; however, it lacks adequate government educational facilities, i.e., primary and elementary schools.  The student-teacher ratio is higher than the recommended norms for primary and upper primary school level government schools.  Infrastructure status in government schools is poor in terms of substandard buildings and basic facilities.

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Ministry of Urban Development

 High dropout rate among girls in government schools is a matter of concern.

6.4 Recreation Facilities

As far as recreational facilities are concerned, the city of Udaipur has many parks and gardens which form a major source of attraction for both locals as well as tourists. Other than this, there are theaters for entertainment in the city.

6.4.1 Sports facilities

Due to the availability of lakes, water parks are being developed in different areas of the city. Gulab Park and Saheliyo ki baadi are beautiful parks and raise the aesthetic appeal of the city. After Independence, various parks were developed which include the Nehru park in Fatehsagar lake, park, Town hall garden, sukhadiya circle garden, manikyalal verma garden, dindayal upadhyay garden, sanjay park, aravalli vatika, and bhamashah garden(Please use capitals for the first letter of words that are specific names of places, people and things). Surrounding the lakes, various gardens and parks are being developed. There are in all, 199 small, medium and big parks in the city, as per information provided by UMC. Gulab Bagh is the largest garden of Rajasthan, spread over an area of 100 acres. Maharaja Sajjan Singh took the initiative to build this beautiful garden. It has an abundance of roses due to which it is known as the Gulab Bagh. It is situated right beneath the banks of Pichola Lake on the Lake Palace Road. Tourists from all over come to visit this garden. UMC has started an initiative by which people or a community or a society can adopt a park within their area or society. The municipality provides funds every month for maintenance and management of adopted parks to the community, based on the park‟s size. Necessary infrastructure in the park/garden is being provided by UMC. In all, 33 parks/gardens have been given on adoption basis and the amount spent for their maintenance and management in 2013-14 was Rs.780,000. In the financial year 2014-15, 36 new parks/gardens are proposed to be given on adoption. Estimated amount to be spent on the same would be Rs.11, 04,000.

6.4.2 Key Issues

 Apart from parks, the city lacks other recreational facilities, especially for children, like sports grounds and stadiums.  The entertainment zones, folk centres, cultural villages etc. need to be developed for catering to the evening entertainment need of tourists.

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Ministry of Urban Development

7. Infrastructure and Services

UMC, UIT and PHED together provide basic infrastructure facilities to the Udaipur city. UMC is responsible for providing basic services such as sewerage and sanitation (up to a certain extent, mainly O&M), SWM, streetlights, roads, housing, and basic services in slum areas within UMC jurisdictions. Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for planning, designing, construction, operation, and maintenance of the water supply system. The Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) is responsible for the provision of sewerage facility in UIT areas. There is an overlap in service provisioning by UMC, UIT, and other parastatals at different levels. This section provides a snapshot of the pre-JNNURM scenario and key highlights of each sector based on the earlier CDP. It also highlights the progress made under each sector and the existing situation.

7.1 Water Supply

Lakes are the major sources of water supply in Udaipur city. Initially, the water supply scheme was commissioned from Pichola Lake as a source in 1968. The water supply scheme from Fatehsagar Lake as a source was subsequently commissioned in the year 1970. Further, in 1976, the Pichola Lake water supply scheme was augmented. During 1987, Badi Lake was considered for augmentation of the water supply scheme for the city. Pichola and Fatehsagar lakes were only reserved for water supply distribution in Udaipur since 1985. During 1988, when there was a drought, an emergency scheme for water supply was prepared, considering Jaisamand as the source. This scheme was commissioned in the year 1995 and was designed for 21 MLD. The water supply schemes from Pichola and Fatehsagar lakes were further augmented in 1996. Another scheme was taken into consideration as a result from dewatering of Jhamerkotra mines in the year of 1996. Thus water from tube wells of Jhamarkotra mines played considerable role in water supply in the city. Water from 8 tube wells of Kharbadiya mines were pumped to Purohito ki Madri. The Mansi Wakal I project was initiated in 2000, which has been completed recently. The gross storage capacity of the dam is 24.37 million cum with 50% dependability. 23.35 MLD water supply started in the year 2007-08. The state government sanctioned the Dewas Stage II project in the year 2005. It involved construction of Akodra dam having a net storage capacity of 8.15 M.cum, Madri dam having a net storage capacity of 2.39 M.cum, a tunnel from Madri dam 1.33 km, and a tunnel from Akodra dam 11.05 km. The net storage of both dams with 90% dependability is 10.84 M.cum, which will assure availability of water for the whole year.

7.1.1 Existing Water Supply Situation a) Water Supply Source and Storage At present, the city relies on surface as well as ground water sources for its daily water needs. The water supply system in the city is dependent on surface water to a large extent. Fatehsagar Lake, Pichola Lake, Jaisamand, and Mansi Wakal dam are the major sources of water for the city. Besides this, PHED has 53 tube wells and 29 open wells/baories/step wells, which supplement the existing water supply system. The total ground water production is estimated to be 11 MLD. About 108 punghats and 2100 hand pumps have been developed in various localities of the city. Water from hand pumps and punghats is used for domestic purpose and is provided free of cost to the users. The

[63] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development present water supply scheme covers Udaipur city as well as seven peripheral villages (i.e., Bedla, Bargaon, Bhuvana, Sobhaggar, Saveenkhera, Saveenaand Govardhan villas). The existing average production from all sources is 70 MLD against the demand of 86 MLD. This need to be augmented.

Table 7-1: Water supply sources

No. Source Normal Drawl (MLD) Drawn in Lean period (MLD) 1 Lake Fatehsagar 13.50 2.00 2 Lake Pichola 19.50 10.00 3 Dewas – I (flow reaches Lake Included in 2 Included in 2 Pichola) 4 Tube wells in Jhamarkotra and 10.60 10.00 Kanpur 5 Bawadies -- -- 6 Lake Jaisamand 21.65 21.00 7 Mansi Wakal Dam (stage I) 24.07 23.35 8 Lake Badi -- 4.00 Total 89.33 70.35

Source: Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and operation of water supply and sewerage system in Udaipur through PPP There are 30 clear water reservoirs (CWR)/ground level reservoirs (GLR) with a storage capacity of 26738 kilolitre. Many of these structures need repair and maintenance, while some of the structures need replacement. There are 35 overhead service reservoirs (OHSR)/service reservoirs (SR) with a total storage capacity of 66001 kilolitre. b) Water Transmission and Treatment Facilities The entire city is divided into total 9 transmission and distribution zones. There are 38 water supply subzones at present. These water supply zones are divided into Division 1 and Division 2, based on the area. More distribution zones need to be defined and developed for growing outer areas of the city.

Table 7-2: Details of transmission and distribution zones

Sr. No. Name of transmission and distribution zones 1 Doodh Talai water supply zone 2 Mansi Wakal water supply zone 3 Patel Circle water supply zone 4 Jhamar kotra water supply zone 5 Teetardhi water supply zone 6 Neemachmata water supply zone 7 Gulab bagh water supply zone 8 Fatehsagar water supply zone 9 Kanpur water supply zone

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Ministry of Urban Development

Source: Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and operation of water supply and sewerage system in Udaipur through PPP The length of the pipeline network is more than 900 km, and that of the transmission main is approximately 250 km. Many of the pumps in 30 pumping stations need to be replaced as the pumps are running below the desired optimum efficiency. Pumps in 20 pumping stations don‟t have efficiency more than 60%. There is no record of „unaccounted-for water‟. As informed, the distribution loss will be around 20% of the water supplied. Water is supplied at an interval of 2 days. The city has 10 water treatment plants (WTP) with a total treatment capacity of 84.24 MLD and 89% utilization. Of the 10 treatment plants, 6 plants are based on rapid gravity filters (RGF), while 3 are based on pressure filters (PF). The following table presents details about the existing water treatment plants in Udaipur, their capacities, and the year of construction. Present treatment facilities are adequate; however, efficiency of the same requires to be increased.

Table 7-3: Details of water treatment plants in Udaipur

Sr. Name of Water Treatment Capacity Year of Source of Raw No. Plant (MLD) construction water 1 Doodh Talai RGF 13.64 1976 Pichola 2 GulabBagh RGF 4.54 1968 Pichola 3 GulabBagh PF 2.27 1968 Pichola 4 Doodh Talai PF 2.85 1996 Pichola 5 Neemuch Mata RGF 11.35 1996 Fatehsagar 6 Fatehsagar WTP 3.45 1970 Fatehsagar 7 Fatehsagar PF 1.72 1968 Fatehsagar 8 Nandeshwar RGF 23.35 2007-08 Mansi Wakal-I 9 Teetardi RGF 13.5 2007 Jaisamand 10 Patel Circle RGF 7.57 1997 Jaisamand/ Pichola Total 84.24

Source: Information provided by PHED

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Ministry of Urban Development

Figure 7-1: Water supply network map - Udaipur

Source: Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and operation of water supply and sewerage system in Udaipur through PPP c) Water Distribution System, Consumer Connections, Metering System and Policy There are total 77,835 water connections in the city, which include connection provided to domestic (metered and flat), industrial, institutional, commercial, and govt. buildings. At present, consumer connection is provided with GI pipes. These connection pipes are old and have point of water contamination. Hence, these connections need to be replaced with MDPE pipe connections. Almost, 50 per cent connections need replacement. All water connections are metered as per the PHED policy, and new water connections for domestic use are charged as per the type of service line to be laid. New connections provided by PHED are

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Ministry of Urban Development with an option for consumers to either purchase or maintain their own meters and donate meters to PHED, which are then maintained by the department.

Table 7-4: Type of connections and connection charges

Type of connections Connection Charges Domestic Rs. 20 per connection (for 15 mm service line) Rs. 11245 per connection (for 150 mm service line) Non-Domestic Rs. 51 per connection (for 15 mm service line) Rs. 11245 per connection (for 150 mm service line) Industrial Rs. 120 per connection (for 15 mm service line) Rs. 11240 per connection (for 150 mm service line)

Source: Information provided by PHED official More than 20% of the total metered connections need replacement (as informed). More bulk meters are required at the pump end and on the inlet and delivery mains of reservoirs. Unauthorized tapping be in the trunk main or distribution main are without which difficult to locate. NRW can be controlled if bulk meters are installed. Meter reading is done once in two months. An inspector from the department undertakes door-to-door visits for meter reading. PHED has hired an external consultant for the generation of demand and bills, who is stationed at Jaipur. The generated bills, after approval, are sent in printed format to PHED, which are then distributed by hired courier service providers. User charges are levied at volumetric rate for metered connections and and on flat rate charges for unmetered connection (based on the pipe diameter of connection). Unmetered connections are provided only for domestic purpose usage.

Table 7-5: User charges (metered and unmetered connections)

Type of connections User charges Rate Domestic For consumption up to first 15,000 L Rs. 1.56 per 1000 L (Gross) For consumption exceeding 15,000 L and Rs. 3 per 1000 L (Gross) up to 40,000 L For next consumption above 40,000 L Rs. 4 per 1000 L (Gross) Flat rate charges for 15 For each connection per family up to two Rs. 20 mm domestic tape connection (unmetered) Non Domestic For consumption up to first 15,000 L Rs. 4.68 per 1000 L (Gross) For consumption exceeding 15,000 L and Rs. 8.25 per 1000 L (Gross) up to 40,000 L For next consumption above 40,000 L Rs. 11 per 1000 L (Gross) Industrial For consumption up to first 15,000 L Rs. 11 per 1000 L (Gross) For consumption exceeding 15,000 L and Rs. 13.75 per 1000 L up to 40,000 L (Gross) For next consumption above 40,000 L Rs. 16.50 per 1000 L (Gross) Source: Information provided by PHED official

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Ministry of Urban Development d) Service-Level Indicators As per service-level benchmarks prescribed by MoUD in consultation with the 13th Finance Commission, every ULB has to report, plan, and achieve service-level benchmarks (SLB) for basic services/functions in their respective city. SLBs for the water supply system of Udaipur are shown below.

Table 7-6: Service-level indicators for water supply sector - Udaipur

Indicator Benchmark Service level (2011-12) Coverage of water supply connections 100 % 79% Per capita water availability at consumer end 135 lpcd 124 lpcd Extent of metering 100% 99% Extent of NRW 15% Not available Continuity of water supply 24x7 hours Every two days Efficiency in redressal of complaints 80% 70% Adequacy of treatment and quality of water supplied 100% 99% Cost recovery 100% 29% Collection of water charges 90% 83% e) Water Account – O&M Recovery The O&M cost incurred by PHED for supplying water to the consumers is Rs. 8.60/kL. But, cost recovery is only Rs. 2.58/kL (around 29%). The annual O&M cost incurred for water supply is Rs. 25 crores, and recovery is only Rs. 7 crores (as on 2013 data).

7.1.2 Water Supply – Future Demand

Total water demand for Udaipur city with a population of 451100 (2011) and a floating population of 30000, comes to about 65 MLD, considering 135 lpcd water supply. However, the total water demand for all sectors, i.e., domestic, industrial, institutional, tourist, and floating population, was 115 MLD (as per the information provided by PHED) in 2011. The raw water demand is calculated on the basis of per capita water supply norms of 135 lpcd and average water supply losses. Water supply loss is assumed to be 20% of water supplied. Hence, the per capita raw water demand is determined as 162 lpcd. The raw water demand has been forecasted on basis of the population projections provided in demography section of the report. Accordingly, the city would require around 101 MLD of raw water by 2021, 122 MLD by 2031, and 148 MLD by 2041. A detailed gap analysis has been discussed under sector plans. Water supply demand projection for the horizon year is presented in the table below.

Table 7-7: Water demand estimation

Year Projected population* Estimated water demand (MLD) 2021 624350 101 2031 755325 122 2041 910946 148

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Ministry of Urban Development

* Projected population includes Udaipur city population, surrounding 4 urban centres’ population, and floating population of 30000. While, as per „Draft Feasibility Report for Rehabilitation, Augmentation and Operation of Water Supply and Sewerage system in Udaipur town through PPP model‟ estimated water demand for the year of 2041 is 278 MLD.

Year Projected population Estimated water demand (MLD) 2041 1,101,562 (includes Udaipur town and 7 278 (including domestic, industrial, peripheral villages) institutional, tourist, and floating population)

Source: Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and operation of water supply and sewerage system in Udaipur through PPP

7.1.3 Critical Analysis of Water Supply System post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

The first generation CDP was prepared in the year 2007. The table below provides an overview of the water supply system at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP.

Table 7-8 Key Features of Water Supply System as per 1st Generation CDP

Parameters Description Sources of water Source of water for Udaipur city was its various lakes (Pichola – 13700 supply million litres, Fatehsagar – 12100 million litres, Jaisamand – 300000 million litres), ground water from Jhamarkotra mines (8 nos.) and local tube wells and bowaries (50 tube wells and 32 step wells/open wells) Water Treatment There were 9 water treatment plants having total treatment capacity of 47.59 MLD. Out of this, three water treatment plants had outlived their lives and would be defunct. Hence, the actual capacity of water treatment plants was expected to be about 40.18 MLD. Storage and Treated water was being supplied through a network of 11 storage facilities, Distribution 3 booster stations, and about 400 km of distribution lines. Water was distributed through 8 water supply zones and was being distributed for two to four hours in all areas, with a distribution gap of 48 hours since December 1998. House service Total 53826 house connections; and all connections were metered. connections Per capita 74 lpcd consumption/duration of water supply User charges For domestic as well as non-domestic purposes, it was minimum Rs. 100 per connection (for 20–mm diameter service line) and maximum Rs. 11,245 (for 150 mm diameter service line). For industrial use, it is minimum Rs. 240 (for 200–mm diameter service line) and maximum Rs. 11,250 (for 150 mm diameter service line) per connection. For domestic consumers, the usage up to first 15 kL per month was charged a minimum of Rs. 1.50 per kL and more than 15 kL, it was Rs. 3 per kL. For commercial purpose, it was Rs. 4.68 per kL to Rs. 8.25 per kL. Cost recovery 20%

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Ministry of Urban Development

Projects in pipeline Under ADB assisted RUIDP Mansi-Wakal project was planned. It was estimated that the per capita water supply should be maintained at 135 lpcd. Key Observations The discussion with various stakeholders identified the following challenges:  Paucity of source  Pumping machinery and conveyance main  Ground water depletion  Treatment and disinfection facilities  Inadequate distribution infrastructure  Worn out pipelines  Uncovered areas  Power transmission system  Rejuvenation of assets  Lack of communication facilities The earlier CDP had set different goals for the horizon year 2021:  Per capita water supply at a rate of 135 lpcd  Daily water supply  Reduction of non-revenue water up to 10%  100% piped water supply  Water supply for 6 hours/day  100% cost recovery

An investment plan to improve the water supply system/infrastructure was identified under CDP with an investment of Rs. 346 crores. The project proposed covering various aspects such as strengthening of the distribution system and coverage of the existing uncovered areas, up-gradation of filtration facilities, rehabilitation of worn out pipeline, strengthening of head works, bulk metering, consumer metering, up-gradation of the transmission system, GIS mapping, and capacity building etc. Proposed water supply identified was sanctioned under UIDSSMT. The total sanctioned amount was Rs. 379.19 crores under the same. The project has been implemented.

Source: 1st generation CDP The table below provides a comparison of how the service level has improved from preparation of the 1st generation CDP to till now.

Table 7-9: Water supply system indicators – Post 1st Generation CDP

Indicator Benchmark Status at the time of Present Status preparation of 1st generation (2012-13) CDP (2006-07) Coverage of water supply 100% 69 79 connections Per capita water 135 lpcd 74 lpcd 124 lpcd availability at consumer end Extent of metering 100% 24% 99% Extent of NRW 15% Not available Not available Continuity of water supply 24x7 hours 1.5-3 hours Every 2nd day Efficiency in redressal of 80% Not available 70% complaints

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Ministry of Urban Development

Adequacy of treatment 100% 85% 99% and quality of water supplied Cost recovery 100% 20% 29% Collection of water 90% Not available 83% charges

Source: 1st generation CDP, PHED, and Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and operation of water supply and sewerage system in Udaipur through PPP Since the preparation of 1st generation CDP the following parameters have improved:  Coverage of water supply connections from 69% to 79%  Extent of metering from 24% to 99%  Adequacy of treatment and quality of water supplied from 85% to 99% Water Supply: New Project The Government of Rajasthan with PHED, Udaipur, has proposed the „Rehabilitation, Augmentation and Operation of Water Supply and Sewerage System in Udaipur town through PPP‟ project. The DPR for the same has been prepared; however, the project has not been approved so far. The estimated project cost is Rs. 918 crores. The project has been designed for the horizon year of 2041.

7.1.4 Institutional Framework for Water Supply System

The water supply is provided by PHED regional office, Udaipur. PHED manages complete cycle of water supply provisioning for the city covering sourcing of water, treatment, transmission and distribution, providing connections, operation and maintenance, and billing-collection for water charges. The Udaipur PHED regional office is headed by the Chief Engineer. Udaipur region includes Udaipur and Chittorgarh zones, which are headed by Superintending Engineers (SE). The SE office has four departments: Production and Distribution, Revenue, Udaipur District Department, and Zonal Department. PHED has divided the Udaipur city into two zones – city zone 1 and city zone 2 – for providing water supply. In 2009-10, for streamlining the process of water supply, the city was divided along the ridge line, passing through the city. Both divisions have separate technical and class IV staff. And both city divisions are headed by Executive Engineers who report to the SE. Project identification and planning is done at the zonal office and is approved by regional office. Technical staff largely does works related to planning, development, and designing of the water supply system.

[71] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Figure 7-2 Administration framework for water supply

7.1.5 Key Issues

 Inadequate water sources: The large component of water for city supply is sourced from lakes. These lakes are dependent on rain for water. Therefore, additional water sources need to be explored for reducing dependability over rain.  Ground depletion: Tube wells draw water from a limited aquifer. It is mostly dependent on water level in lakes. Most of the tube wells have very low or negligible yield in summers when the demand is heavy.  Old Infrastructure: In some areas, the water supply infrastructure is very old, resulting in water leakages and sudden breakdowns. Due to undulating topography of the city, there are many low-pressure points affecting the water supply pressure at the customer end. The storage facilities need augmentation.  Water supply time and duration: Water is supplied at 2 to 3 day intervals. The daily water supply should be ensured.  Metering: Even though 99% percent of water connections are metered there is no record available for non-revenue water.  Replacement of meters: More than 20% of the metered connections need replacement in order to have correct meter reading.  Cost recovery: Cost recovery is only 29%, which is very low and has an impact on the operation and maintenance of infrastructure.

7.2 Sewerage and Sanitation

Sewerage and sanitation is one of the key areas of concern for UMC. The city lacks an organised sewerage system and treatment facility. Also, till date, UMC has not taken steps towards the preparation of a city sanitation plan (CSP) in line with the National Urban Sanitation Policy. A detailed assessment of the existing sewerage system includes assessment of sewage generation, sewerage network, treatment facility, and sanitation system. Further, key issues in sewerage and sanitation system is also highlighted.

7.2.1 Existing Sewerage and Sanitation System a) Sewage Generation and Collection System

[72] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

As per the DPR, the estimated population of Udaipur was 526,892 persons in 2011. The estimated sewage generation is 82.11 MLD and is projected to be 118.52 MLD for 2026 and 174.10 MLD for 2041. However, as per today‟s population and quantity of water supply, estimated amount of sewage generation is 65 MLD (approximately). Generated sewage is collected through sewerage network, and soak pits since city doesn‟t have underground sewerage network. The city has 21 public toilets, which are maintained by external agencies hired by UMC. b) Sewerage Network and Coverage The total area covered by the underground sewerage network in the city is 23.5 km, and entire city is divided in to three sewer zones. Only 13% of the population is directly connected to the sewerage network. The sewerage system in the city is managed by UMC and UIT. In the year of 1976 to 1985, the first sewerage scheme was introduced by PHED for the walled city area, having a network length of 21.30 km and covering an area of 4.93 sq km. The diameter of the sewer pipe ranges between 150- 800 mm. The internal network diameter ranges from 150 to 300 mm, while the trunk and outfall sewer line diameter ranges from 400 to 800 mm. The outfall sewer is laid from Suraj Pole to Manwa Kheda. The sewerage network collects wastewater from the following areas of the city:  Chand Pole area  Ganesh Ghati  Bhupal Wadi  Delhi Gate  Hathi Pole  Shivaji Nagar  Shakti Nagar  Ashok Nagar  Subhash Nagar  The second scheme was implemented by UIT in 2004-05 and was aimed at the rejuvenation of lakes in old city and laying of the sewerage network. Length of the same was 23.50 km, covering an area of 3.18 sq km with 5 sewage pumping stations. The sewerage system in the catchment area of lakes consists of 3500-m-long sewers of diameters 150-350 mm and covering a population of about 10,000 in Amba Mata, Brahmapol, Lalghat, Navghat, and Chand Pole area. Chand Pole and Amba Mata are regular sewage pumping stations and other three pumping stations at Gariya Devra, Nag Nagri, Ramdwara, Maharaja Ghat are manhole lift stations. Sewage is pumped from the Chand pole sewage pumping station through a 300-mm-diameter pumping main up to Jhatwadi (ridge line) from where it is flowing to Hathi pole through 400 mm dia. gravity sewer. Sewers are laid along the eastern and western bank of Pichola Lake, for a length of 9.3 km and 11.50 km respectively and rest 2.6 km. The sewer in the peripheral areas has a length of about 8.50 km, which is presently being maintained by UMC. For remaining area of lake periphery and upcoming development thereafter, sewer lines of about 60 km length has been taken up as a new project under National Lake Conservation Plan by Government of India. c) Sewerage Treatment On 30th March 2014, a 20 MLD sewage treatment facility has been established by Hindustan Zinc Limited started functioning. The project has been implemented through PPP. It is a wastewater recycling plant. The Hindustan Zinc imited is using the treated water for its industrial utilisation.

[73] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development d) Sewerage Operation and Maintenance The PHED provides new sewerage connections in the city. Sewerage charge is levied and collected along with the water supply bills by PHED. 20% of water tax is levied as sewerage tax for areas where the sewer system has been provided. PHED is supposed to share the collected sewerage charge with UMC, However, as of now, PHED is not sharing the collected sewerage charges with UMC. For the year 2012-13, total Rs. 50 lakhs were due to be shared with UMC, but no amount has been transferred so far. The total number of sewerage connections in the old city area is 13,057; from 2011, no new connections have been given. e) Service-Level Indicators As per the service-level benchmarks prescribed by the Government of India in consultation with the 13th Finance Commission, every ULB has to report, plan, and achieve the SLBs for basic services/functions in their respective city. SLBs for sewerage and sanitation are shown below.

Table 7-10: Service-Level Indicators – Sewerage and Sanitation

Indicator Benchmark Service level (2011-12) Coverage of toilets (%) 100% 91% Coverage of sewerage network system (%) 100% 13% Efficiency in collection of sewage (%) 100% 19% Adequacy of capacity for treatment of 100% Recently treatment plant sewage (%) started functioning Quality of treatment (%) 100% Recently treatment plant started functioning Efficiency in redressal of customer 80% 80% complaints Extent of cost recovery in sewage 90% Not available management (%) Efficiency in collection of sewage charges 20% 0%

Source: 1st generation CDP, and Report – Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, City level interim report, October 2013 f) Present Sanitation Level

Table 7-11: Rating and Categorization of Cities based on Sanitation practices

Category Marks Description No. of cities in each category Red <33 Cities on the brink of public health and environmental 204 “emergency” and that need immediate remedial action Black 34 - 66 Needing considerable improvements 228 Blue 67 – 90 Recovering but still diseased 4 Green 91 - 100 Healthy and clean city 0 Total 436 Udaipur Rank - 262 <33

[74] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Udaipur Red Category Red

Source: http://moud.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moud/files/rank_cities_0910.pdf g) Demand and supply gaps of household toilets As per the present status, 91% households have toilet facilities; however, as per the SLB, 100% households should be covered by household toilet facilities. Hence, there is an existing gap of 7% in the provision of household toilets.

7.2.2 Future Sewage Generation

Sewage generation is estimated based on the assumption that 80% of the water supplied is used and thrown back to the sewers as sewage. Accordingly, sewage generation has been projected as 81 MLD for 2021, 98 MLD for 2031, and 118 MLD by 2041.

Table 7-12: Sewage generation estimation

Year Projected population* Estimated water demand (MLD) 2021 624350 81 2031 755325 98 2041 910946 118

Based on the draft DPR prepared for sewerage, the estimated sewage generation is 222 MLD by 2041 (at a rate of 80% of water supply).

Year Estimated water demand (MLD) Estimated sewage generation (MLD) 2041 278 (including domestic, industrial, 222 institutional, tourist, and floating population)

7.2.3 Critical Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation System Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Following table shows the sanitation situation at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP.

Key Features of Sewerage and Sanitation System as per 1st Generation CDP Sewerage system The sewerage system covered 13 wards out of 50 wards of the municipal area. The old sewerage system in the catchment areas of lakes consists of 3500 m of sewers with diameters from 150 to 350 mm and covering a population of about 10,000. UIT undertook the execution of the sewerage project to protect Pichola Lake from pollution. It also laid down a network of 24-km sewer line under the NEERI project, and about 3400 sewer hose connections have been done simultaneously. Sewage The city did not have a sewage treatment facility. Treatment Plant PHED was in the last stage of acquiring land in the village Manwa Kheda along the bank of the Ayad river for developing STP. The project could not be implemented due to public unrest for land acquisition for the project. Network coverage The sewage network and collection system was not covering all areas of the

[75] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

city. House service Only about 3600 odd sewer connections exist in the entire city as against connections 75000 households (2001). Key Observations Based on the discussion with various stakeholders, following issues have been identified:  Inadequate coverage  House connections  Sewage treatment plants An investment plan to improve the sewerage system/infrastructure in the city was envisaged with an investment of Rs. 137.22 crores covering various aspects such as provision of a new sewerage system, sewers, house connections, 3 STPs etc. Works proposed to be taken up for the design period – 2011  For an immediate solution for collecting waste water and to prevent pollution of lakes, it was proposed to provide a sewerage network for entire city and also develop sewage treatment facility. This involved laying of about 400 km network of sewer lines of sizes 200 mm to 1600 mm and about 74000 house connections.  A modular treatment plant of 20 MLD capacity was to be built in the first instance, and another module of the same capacity can be added towards the end of first phase. Provision of all above activities is covered in the project proposal, and the cost envisaged is Rs. 19041.20 lakhs. Works proposed to be taken up for the design period – 2041  For providing sanitation facilities in the city and to prevent pollution of lakes, it was proposed to provide a sewerage network in the development area and in the proposed development area of the city till the year of 2041. This will involve laying of about 100 km network of sewer lines and about 25000 sewer house connections. A sewage treatment plant of a total treatment capacity of 120 MLD is proposed to be developed in a phased manner. Extensive IEC campaigns shall have to be taken up to motivate the people for taking house connection and stop using soak pits. The total project proposal cost is Rs. 5272.14 lakhs.

Under the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), Rs. 41.50 crore has been sanctioned and project is started on 11th April 2013 for lake conservation.

Source: 1st generation CDP The table below provides a comparison of the status of service level noted at the time of 1st generation CDP and now . It provides an overview of service level across various indicators.

Table 7-13: Present Status

Indicator Benchmark Status at the time of Present Status (2012- preparation of 1st 13) generation CDP (2006- 07) Coverage of toilets (%) 100 % 42% 91% Coverage of sewerage 100% - 13% network system (%) Efficiency in collection of 100% 4.8% 19%

[76] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

sewage (%) Adequacy of capacity for 100% Not available a waste water treatment of sewage (%) recycling plant of 20 MLD recently started operation Quality of treatment (%) 100% No treatment a waste water recycling plant of 20 MLD recently started operation Efficiency in redressal of 80% Not available 80% customer complaints Extent of cost recovery in 90% Not available Not available sewage management (%) Efficiency in collection of 20% Not available Not available sewage charges

Source: 1st generation CDP, and UMC A comparison based on today‟s situation reflects the following changes across the following parameters:  Coverage of toilets and sewerage network system increased from 42% to 91%  Efficiency in collection of sewage  Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints  Operationalisatio of waste water recycling plant However, there is no improvement in areas such as extent of cost recovery, and efficiency in the collection of sewage charges.

7.2.4 Institutional Framework for Sewerage and Sanitation System

As per the Rajasthan Municipal Act, provisioning of sewerage services in the city is the responsibility of UMC. However, UIT and PHED also play important role in service provisioning. The PHED has designed and implemented first sewerage project. UIT is still designing and implementing new sewerage and sanitation projects for city. UIT is implementing the sewerage project taken up under NLCP. The function of operation and maintenance of sewerage system is transferred to UMC. UMC does not have adequate technical know-how and staff for operating and maintenance of the system. A separate department is to be defined under UMC for managing the function. PHED continues to levy and collect user charge for sewerage. 33% of the water charge is collected as sewer charge. The collected charges are not transferred to UMC. Such coordination and capacity limitation of institution affects the delivery of sewerage services in the city.

7.2.5 Key Issues

 Absence of planned underground sewerage network in the city  Existing sewerage system in the old city area is defunct and needs refurbishment  Fragmentation of responsibilities between UMC, UIT and PHED  Technical and coordination issues in operation and maintenance of the existing system  Lack of technical staff at UMC for maintaining the sewerage system  As per PHED, no new sewerage connections are issued after year 2010.

[77] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 PHED charges 33 per cent of water user charges as a sewerage charges however collection of the same is not transferred to UMC.  There is no citizen charter system been defined and implemented.

7.3 Solid Waste Management

The Public Health Department of UMC is responsible for SWM services along with other key health related services like cleaning of drains, issue of trade licences, food safety concerns, and spraying of insecticides. The department is headed by the medical officer, who is assisted by an assistant medical officer, sanitary supervisors, sanitary inspectors, and public health workers. This section presents a detailed assessment of the existing SWM system, which includes the waste generation, collection, transportation, and treatment facility. Further, the section highlights key issues in the SWM sector.

7.3.1 Existing Solid Waste Management System a) Solid Waste Generation The city at present generates about 405 MT of waste per day at an average rate of 0.89 kg per capita per day. UMC is responsible for the collection, transportation, and safe disposal of solid waste within the UMC jurisdiction except biomedical waste. b) Type of Waste Generated waste includes all kind of waste geenrated from different sources such as residential, commercial, institutional, and markets. Around 50% of the population stores waste at source, while the rest throws waste on streets and open spaces. There is an absence of waste segregation practices in the city. c) Street Sweeping Street sweeping in Udaipur is carried out by 1605 sweepers; of this, around 715 sweepers are permanent, while the rest are hired on a contract basis. Tools used for street sweeping include brooms, handcarts, and Surpi etc. 70% of the streets are swept on a daily basis; 20%, on alternate days; and the rest, once in a week. The minimum road length covered by sweepers is 100 to 200 m. Street sweeping is carried out during morning (6 am to 10 am) and evening hours (2 pm to 5 pm). Street sweeping is carried out on all days except on Wednesday and Sunday (half day). d) Solid Waste Collection and Transportation System Primary waste collection is done through door-to-door waste collection and street sweeping. Door-to-door waste collection facility is provided in some areas of the city. Around 43% of the population is covered for waste collection. Of the total waste generated in the city per day, only 50% is collected. UMC has hired 40 contractors for street cleaning and door-to- door garbage collection. Contractors have been hired for 29 out of 55 wards in the city, while waste collection in rest of the wards is managed by UMC. Approximately 39,062 households are served with door-to-door waste, with a coverage of nearly 43% of total properties in the city.

[78] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

There are 23 waste stands and 223 dustbins in the city with a total capacity of approximately 200 MT. The average distance between two bins is 500 m and the bin to population ratio is 1 bin per 1000 population. The frequency of cleaning the bins varies from daily (25%), alternate days (25%), and twice in a week (50%) depending on the area. This indicates that UMC doesn‟t have sufficient number of vehicles for daily secondary waste collection. Around 200 MT waste is transported daily. The vehicles used by UMC for waste transportation include 14 dumpers, 1 tricycle, 3 mini lorries, 9 trucks, 4 tractor trailers, and 500 handcarts. Per day, 4 trips are made by trucks and lorries for waste disposal. Total 42 drivers are deployed for the waste transportation activity, which is sufficient considering the amount of waste generated. e) Processing, Disposal System, and Landfill site Presently, there is no waste processing facility. Waste is dumped at Titri and Savina Kheda trenching ground, which is approximately 15 km away from the city. f) SWM – User Charges Udaipur doesn‟t levy user charges for SWM services. A Samekit kar is collected along with urban development tax which is not adequate to manage operation and maintenance of SWM services. g) SWM – Operation and Maintenance Cost Recovery The SWM operating cost per MT waste is Rs. 790. The sanctioned budget for SWM services for the year 2012-2013 was Rs. 20 crores; however, the total operation and maintenance cost exceeded the sanctioned amount. h) Service-Level Indicators

Table 7-14: Service-Level Indicators

Indicator Benchmark Service level (2011-12) Household-level coverage of SWM services 100% 40% through door-to-door collection of waste Waste collection efficiency 100% 50% Extent of waste segregation 100% Nil Extent of recovery of waste collected 80% Nil Extent of scientific disposal of waste at landfill 100% Nil sites Extent of cost recovery for the ULB in SWM 100% Nil services Efficiency in collection of SWM charges 90% Nil Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 80% 70%

Source: 1st generation CDP, and UMC

7.3.2 Future Solid Waste Generation

Based on projected population, estimated waste generation by 2041 will be 820 MT @ 0.9 kg per capita per day.

[79] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

7.3.3 Critical Analysis of Solid Waste Management Systems: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Key Features of Solid Waste Management System as per 1st Generation CDP Generation  Around 160 MT of solid waste was generated .  As per UMC, 120 MT of waste was being collected and disposed off daily.  Waste was being collected and transported in open vehicles.  Primary collection of waste was done while street sweeping.  Absence of door-to-door collection system in Udaipur except for a few colonies. Only 0.5% of the total population was served by house-to-house collection through a private contractor or the NGO Astha. Segregation Was was not segregated. Treatment Plant waste was being dumped in a crude manner at Titri. Waste treatment and disposal facilities were not developed. Use Charges No user charges were levied for SWM Key Observations The discussion with various stakeholders identified the following challenges in the sector.  Institutional weakness  Unavailability of skilled manpower for design, implementation, and maintenance of the SWM facility  Lack of adequate waste transportation facilities  No designated site for waste disposal and no scientific waste disposal methods adopted  Poor public participation and cooperation, waste thrown in streets and drains

An investment plan to improve solid waste management is collection, segregation and secondary storage, transportation, treatment (palatization plant) and other IEC activities was proposed for an investment of Rs. 12 crore. However, no detailed project report has been prepared due to lack in technical knowhow.

Source: 1st generation CDP The table below provides a comparison of how the service level has changed since preparation of 1stgeneration CDP (2006-07). It provides an overview of the service level across various indicators. Other than household coverage there is minimal improvement in SWM system.

Table 7-15: Changes over the last few years

Indicator Benchmar Status at the time of Present k preparation of 1st generation Status (2012- CDP (2006-07) 13) Household-level coverage of 100% 0.5% 43% SWM services through door- to-door collection of waste Waste collection efficiency 100% 60% 50% Extent of waste segregation 100% Nil Nil

[80] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Extent of recovery of waste 80% Nil Nil collected Extent of scientific disposal of 100% Nil Nil waste at landfill sites Extent of cost recovery for the 100% Nil Nil ULB in SWM services Efficiency in collection of 90% Nil Nil SWM charges Efficiency in redressal of 80% Nil 70% customer complaints

Source: 1st generation CDP, and UMC

7.3.4 Institutional Framework for SWM

SWM is being managed at three levels (central, state, and ULB). Lack of coordination and follow up between these institutions is a matter of concern.

Level/Institution Responsibility Central level Ministry of Urban Development Recommendations for amendments in acts and Ministry of Environment and Forest rules/regulations and byelaws of the ULBs, implementation of centrally sponsored schemes, and inspection and monitoring State level Department of Urban Development Plan a comprehensive programme for prevention, Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board control, and abatement of pollution Local level Udaipur Municipal Corporation – Health Collection, transportation, and disposal of waste and Sanitation Department Private operators Door-to-door collection of solid waste collection There is no separate department for SWM service management. The health department manages the SWM function. The health department in UMC has a Health Officer, a Chief Health Inspector, sanitary inspectors, and 953 Jamadars/sweepers. The 40 contractors hired by UMC have employed 4,700 sweepers.

7.3.5 Key Issues

 Inadequate coverage of door-to-door waste collection facilities and lack of adequate waste transportation facilities  Absence of waste segregation, waste processing, and scientific waste disposal facilities  UMC doesn‟t have a separate department for sanitation and SWM services. Existing staff doesn‟t have skills for planning and implementing large SWM project. There is no dedicated and distinguished staff for SWM functions.  This service is not properly performed, resulting in problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation.  Lack of financial resources, and institutional weakness

[81] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Poor public participation and awareness of citizes for waste management are the major factors affecting MSW management in Udaipur

7.4 Storm Water Drainage

Detailed assessment of existing SWD systems includes assessment of existing drainage network, water logging areas and existing institutional arrangement. The same has been presented here.

7.4.1 Existing Drainage System

The Ayad River and its tributaries drain Udaipur city. The Kotra river, one of the biggest tributaries of Ayad, commands an extensive catchment area in the south western part of the city. Most of the rainwater in Kotra river pour into Pichola Lake and enter the Ayad river through Swaroop Sagar Lake and Gumania drain. In general, undulating topography and existence of number of water bodies helps the storm water to drain and no major water logging issues are observed. Most of the existing city roads have lined drains alongside, and most part of the area runoff is discharged into the Ayad river. The city is generally free from prolonged drainage congestion, except in few places identified as problematic areas. Main drains leading to storm water are irregular and mostly unlined. Vents of the cross drainage works are choked most of the time and not functioning properly, resulting in sluggish flow. Moreover, service pipes in many places crossing through drains also impede the flow. Drains are full of weeds, vegetation, silt, and rubbish. Drains are insufficient to carry runoff during storm resulting flooding of adjacent roads and colonies. These drains carry runoff as well as domestic wastewater from the city. Ultimately, these drains lead storm water and waste to the Ayad river through agricultural lands with no definite alignment. The total drain length is 1,289 km, covering 80% of the total road length in the city. Primary drains are 176.69 km long; secondary, 439.50 km; and tertiary, 665.26 km.

7.4.2 Operation and Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage

The storm water drainage system is managed by the Engineering Department of UMC. The department has 26 staff members to manage the drainage system, of which 1 is the technical head and the rest are class IV employees. New projects for laying drains in the city are identified by ward committees or elected representatives or from customer complaints while planning for a new road network. Funding for the drainage project is raised from UMC‟s own budget.

7.4.3 Critical Analysis of Drainage System: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Key Features of Storm Water Drainage System as per 1st Generation CDP Network coverage  Length of primary drains is 31 km, while length of secondary drains is 1000 km.  The existing major drains are mostly irregular and unlined.  The drains are full of weeds, vegetation, silt, and rubbish. Key Observations The discussion with various stakeholders identified the following challenges in the sector: . Haphazard expansion of the settlement

[82] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

. Drains encroached by illegal construction, and solid waste thrown waste into drains blocks flow of water . High siltation . Poor motivation, lack of regulation, and poor public awareness An investment plan to improve storm water drainage covering various aspects including construction of new drains, improvement of existing drains, and Ayad river development project was proposed for Rs. 66.79 crore.

Source: 1st generation CDP The table below provides a comparison of how service level has changed since the preparation of 1st generation CDP (2006-07) to now. It provides an overview of service-level indicators.

Table 7-16: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Indicator Benchmark Status at the time of Present Status preparation of 1st (2012-13) generation CDP (2006-07) Coverage of storm water 100% Not available 80.84% drainage network Aggregate number of 0 times Not available 10 incidents of water logging reported in a year Proportion of roads with Not available 69.70 of road pucca drains length in the city

Source: 1st generation CDP, and Report – Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, City level interim report, October 2013 Due to the absence of information on coverage of storm waste drainage and aggregate number of incidents of water logging in the 1st generation CDP, it is not possible to tap changes over the last few years.

7.4.4 Key Issues

 Inadequate or no drainage facilities in many areas  Inadequate and irregular maintenance of existing storm water drains.  Most of the drains in the city is in dilapidated condition and/or choked due to silting.  A comprehensive plan for repair, revamping and de-silting of drains is required.  Lack of motivation and public awareness

[83] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

8. Traffic and Transportation System

Transport infrastructure forms the backbone of economy. It plays a very significant role in growth and development of city. It is major factor, besides others, for spatial growth of the city. A well-developed transport infrastructure provides increased accessibility to various areas of a city and opens up remote areas on the periphery of the city, which is necessary from the point of future development and orderly growth of any town. The objective of studying transport sector is to analyze its role in the context of present scenario and thereby identify its strengths and weaknesses.

8.1 Existing Road Infrastructure

Udaipur city has ring radianl model with linear growth system along corridors. The road network system within the city center and in periphery of the city center has a curvilinear road network. The city is well connected by national and state highways. National Highway (NH) -76, NH-76A and NH-8 pass through the city. National Highway Authority of India and Ministry of Road and Transport are responsible for maintenance of NH. State PWD department is responsible for maintenance of the state highways and major district roads that pass through the city. Role of UMC is to maintain urban roads within the limits of Municipal Corporation.

8.1.1 Road Hierarchy System in the City

Total road length in the city is 1585 km. More than 85% roads are bituminous roads. Water-bound macadam roads are present in certain parts of the old city and cement concrete roads have been constructed in slum areas. Only 1%of roads are un-surfaced roads in the city. Udaipur has 11 arterial roads covering 84.17 km length. Most arterials form regional linkages to neighbouring major cities and towns. There are 26 sub-arterial roads connect the major residential areas to commercial and other areas of the city. Most sub-arterials are undivided, except a few that connects major junctions. About 3%of road length has over 35 meter right of way (ROW), 18%has ROW of 25 meter to 35 meter, 56% has ROW between 10.1 M to 25 M and rest 23% roads have ROW below 25 M. Following table provide the length and width of the various roads in the city.

Table 8-1 Distribution of road network in Udaipur city Road category Length (km) Width of the % to total roads (m) Arterial Roads (National Highway, State Highways) 44 30- 50 4% Sub Arterial Roads (District Roads, and other Major Roads 175 20 to 25 16% Collector roads 200 15 18% Other roads 685 10 62% Total length of the Roads 1585 100%

[84] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Major road in the city include NH road which passes through the city and carries the large volume of vehicular movement. Other major roads include Hathi pol, Suraj pol, road leading to Delhi gate chauraha, Udai pol chauraha, and Chetak circle. These roads connect to the various parts of the city and have high vehicular movement. Most of these roads caters intra and inter city traffic. Most of the roads are having black top surface types having bituminous wearing coat, all major roads are covered under this. Water bound macadam roads exist only in certain parts of the old city area while cement concrete roads exists in slum areas.

8.1.2 Important Junctions

There are several rotary intersections in the city that provide one way circulatory system around a central island. These intersections provide high capacity, cause little delay in off peak hours, result in orderly movement and require little maintenance. Cycle and animal drawn vehicle create problems on large rotary intersections. There are large number of road junctions and rotary intersections where encroachment, informal activities cause disruption of traffic inside the city. These rotary intersections are developed and maintained by different authorities.

[85] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Many intersections of city roads have control system with traffic lights. Regulation and phasing of traffic signals is however unplanned and not in proportion to the requirements of approaching traffic. Absence of planned traffic system in the city has led to traffic problems and high probability of accidents. Footpaths are being curtailed indiscriminately for road widening. This makes pedestrian unsafe. Moreover encroachment and ill planned location of hand-pumps, electricity poles, and transformers also results into frequent accidents besides adversely affecting the aesthetic look. Following crossings of the city roads have traffic signal:  Surajpol Chauraha  Delhi Gate  Chetak Circle  Court Choraha  Paras Cinema Chauraha  Salumber Chauraha  Pratap Nagar Chauraha

Street lights The Electrical Department of UMC manages street lights in the city. Since, last 12 years UMC has hired private agencies for operation and maintenance of street lights. Eleven contractors have been hired for 55 wards. Per month approximately Rs. 12.5 lakh is paid for maintenance of street lights by UMC. The new projects are being financed from own budget of UMC. There are 28,246 street lights in the city, over a road length of 1585 km. The average spacing between street light is 56.11 meter which exceeds the standard norm of 30 meter. 63 percent roads in the city don‟t have any street lighting facility. There is a need for installing new street lights for adequate illumination on roads.

Table 8-2: Number of Street Lights

Types of lamps Total number installed High Mast Lamps 16 Sodium Vapour Lamps 7653 Tube lights 18657 Others (energy savers) 1920 Total 28246

Source: UMC

8.1.3 Bridges, Flyovers and Interchanges

At present there are no bridges and flyovers in the city. However, there are seven under passes in the city. All these underpasses seem to be constructed with narrow openings are proving to be highly inadequate and looking at the pace of development happening in Udaipur these would require capacity augmentation in near future. Location of underpasses is as follows:  Udiyapol  RCA Hostel  Sikh Colony  Sewashram Choraha

[86] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 HiranMagri Sector-11  Eklingpura  Debari village Pedestrian movements There is an absence of organized pedestrian facilities/footpaths in the city. However there is a provision of footpaths on newly constructed roads. Large volume of pedestrian are found at chauraha followed by Delhi gate chauraha, Pratap nagar chauraha and Udaipol chauraha (as per low carbon mobility study report). There is a need for improvement in pedestrian crossing facilities at these locations.

8.1.4 NMT Facilities

City lacks an organized public transport system and non motorized transport infrastructure. Only 3% of all trips in Udaipur are being made using public transport whereas private vehicles are used for 51% of total trips. Footpaths are found on only 4% of road network, compelling pedestrians to compete with motorized vehicles for road space. As a result NMT users are vulnerable, around 50 percent of accidents victims are NMT users.

8.1.5 Issues and Key Challenges

 Underdeveloped road network: Old city doesn‟t have well developed road network, these roads are extremely narrow and in zigzag pattern. Irregular development of city has resulted in roads being constructed in unplanned fashion, and incomplete links to major roads.  Over used carrying capacity of roads: Large number of roads is already operating beyond their carrying capacity.  Improper junction design: Junction development has taken place in very irregular fashion. Majority of junctions have not been designed properly, adding to congestion and incidences of accidents.  Encroachment by shops: Encroachment of roads and footpaths has come across as a major problem in smooth flow of traffic. People have encroached upon ROW by construction of various types of structures.  Pedestrian system: Absence of safe and comprehensive system of pathways exposing pedestrians to risks.

8.2 Existing Traffic and Transportation System

8.2.1 Traffic Volume

Number of registered vehicles in Udaipur has increased from 1,60,431 in 2004-05 to 3,39,594 in 2011-12. As seen from the graph above, number of registered vehicles have increased from 2004- 2005 to 2011-2012. 2 wheelers constitute 90%of total registered vehicles. Car constitutes 9%while buses constitute only 1%. Delhi gate, Udia pol chauraha, Chetak circle, Suraj pol and Pratap nagar chauraha are having heavy traffic. Pratap nagar chauraha holds the traffic of buses, and trucks going to Chittorgarh, Bhilwara and Jaipur. It is also the connecting route of the Dabok airport to the city. Moreover traffic from Madari industrial area worsens and messes up the condition. Delhi gate

[87] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development connects major commercial areas like Bapu bazaar, Ashwini market with court circle, Shastri circle, and Suraj pol lead to a heavy traffic situation on this through ought the day.

Figure 8-1 Vehicular registration growth

8.2.2 Modes of Transport

Major modes of transportation include shared auto taxi, mini buses operated by private transporters, RSRTC buses, auto rickshaws and private cars, two wheelers. Share of two wheelers is more among private vehicles like any other city in India

[88] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

8.2.3 Existing Transportation Infrastructure

Public transport in Udaipur is composed of a limited supply of city bus service which is managed by Udaipur City Transport Services Limited, company formed by UMC. Currently city bus service is plying along 5 routes. There is large supply of tempos and auto rickshaws. Although tempos and auto rickshaws belong to intermediate public transport, they operate under fixed route and fixed fare mechanism and thus providing service of public transport.

Table 8-3: Details of Public Transport facilities - Udaipur

Route no. Origin Destination Route length (km) Bus tops (No.) 1 Amabmata Badgaon 18 25 2 Rampura Dabok 14 23 3 Amberi Balicha 14 22 4 Chetak circle Matoon 18 28 5 T.B.Hosp. Gitanjili Hosp. 25 35

Source: UMC Absence of robust public transport system in the city has paved the way for intermediate public transport. Despite being permitted, mini buses don‟t operate within the city due to lack of profitability. Instead, they operate from Udaipur to peripheral towns. People usually rely on shared auto rickshaws for point to point journeys. Presently, there is 6313 auto rickshaws (on area permit basis) and another 2637 tempos ply on 27 designated routes. Numerous private buses operate from Udaipur for short as well as long distance travel. Currently, an authorized private bus terminal doesn‟t exist. Therefore, private buses operate from on street facilities near Udaipol, Surajpol and Delhi gate junctions. Route wise distribution of RSRTC bus movement from Udaipur is as follows:  26 percent towards Jaipur/ Ajmer, along NH-8  25 percent towards Chittorgarh/ Kota, along NH-76  20 percent towards Ahmedabad, along NH-8  13 percent towards Mt. Abu  11 percent towards Banswara  5 percent towards Jharol Travel Speed Average journey speed was found to be 38 kmph. In bottleneck points such as old city area, bapu bazaar, ashwani market, area near pratap nagar journey speed is as low as less than 10 kmph. 4 percent of road network has a journey speed of less than 20 kmph, 13 percent of total road network is between 21 to 30 kmph, 21 percent of road network has the journey speed between 31-35 kmph, while about 62 percent of road network has journey speed more than 35 kmph during peak hour.

8.2.4 Parking Facilities

On street parking exists along 33% of road network. Existing parking system of Udaipur is decentralized, unmanaged and largely dysfunctional. Parking is dominated by a large number of small parking lots. Many of these facilities are generally poorly maintained and lack basic infrastructure. Haphazard street parking in major markets reduces the traffic carrying capacity of roads. Walled city area has major parking problems. The tendency in Udaipur is of commercialization along main roads.

[89] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

It led to an increase in parking demand along these roads which in turn reduced the effective carriage way. Most of the commercial areas don‟t provide parking space hence vehicles are parked on roads thereby obstructing road traffic. This result in traffic bottlenecks especially in peak hours causing economic loss.Only 9% of road network has traffic signage, while 91% of road network does not have any signage.

8.2.5 Safety and Traffic Management Measures

Road safety in Udaipur has become a major concern due to rapid urban development and increased traffic. Major accident prone zone are; Delhi gate to Nehru bazaar, Parastirahe mod, Shakti nagar corner, Macchi cut from Bapu bazaar to Surajpole, Mewar motors gali mod, Hathipole, Teen khambhagali and Jagdishchowk marg. Various safety and traffic management measures include:  To improve transport system  Take safety measures at the busiest traffic areas and to bring down death rate by reducing accident prone areas  Setting up CCTV cameras at busy spots, all major junctions to keep a vigil on violation of traffic rules  Frequent checks to de-road the polluting vehicles  Tracking three wheelers operating without permits  Removing blind curves and  Penalizing overloading  Marking of yellow band, Zebra crossing and other markings  To create awareness  Clamping of illegally parked vehicles, which will be released after the offenders pay prescribed penal charges

8.2.6 Issues and Key Challenges

 Lack of parking space at commercial, institutional and tourist areas: Large number of parking lots is encroached by informal activities and is also being used as solid waste dumps. Commercial areas in high density zones of the city don‟t have adequate parking facilities resulting in spillovers to streets, thus adversely affecting through traffic.  Absence of mass transportation: Lack of good and public transport system in the city. Mainly 3 modes namely private bus, auto rickshaws, and shared auto cater the needs of people. Mini buses run by private operators don‟t have any fixed schedule and are not reliable. Shared autos have well defined spots for loading and off loading passengers and in order to maximize profit they usually carry more passenger than their capacity.  Vehicle growth: Rapid growth of vehicles is observed in the city and in absence of good mass public transportation system, it has increased exponentially.

[90] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

8.3 Review of Institutional and Investments

8.3.1 Review of Institutional System

Urban transport sector is managed by UMC, UIT and PWD within UMC and UIT area. Engineering department of UMC looks after of roads and transportation related works and projects. Road projects in the city including small patch construction or repairs of interior roads are undertaken by UMC. These areas are identified through general inspections by the assistant engineers, complaints or requests from public thorough toll-free numbers or applications, or suggestions of local groups, and elected representatives etc. PWD also constructs some major roads in the city. An office order was issued by the District Collector in 2009 which demarcated the lengths and areas of major roads to be maintained by UIT, PWD and UMC for avoiding overlapping and conflicts among agencies. UIT is also carrying out road construction, maintenance and management related works. Engineering and Technical branch of UIT looks after of all technical works related to development. Public Works Department (PWD) is mainly entrusted with construction and maintenance of roads, bridges and govt. Buildings. The department also act as Technical Advisor to the State Government in these matters. PWD Rajasthan has eight zonal offices, each is placed under control of an Additional Chief Engineer (ACE) having three to five circles each headed by a Superintending Engineer (SE) and each circle comprises of three to four divisions which are mainly responsible for execution of works. A Division, headed by an Executive Engineer, is further divided in four to five Sub-Divisions. The zonal office controls and allocates budget for various heads. Zonal office is the head of the field office organization and reports to the Chief Engineers of respective field. Circle office controls and monitors works executed by the division office as well as other responsibilities of the department. The various information and circulars go through circle office to division offices. The circle office reports to zonal office. Most of the Executive Engineers are responsible for both construction as well as maintenance works within the jurisdiction of divisions. Executive Engineer is the executive head of the works and major activity of the tendering process is done by the Executive Engineer. The works are supervised by him through Assistant Engineers and Junior Engineers. All the information regarding works/execution is available at division.

8.3.2 Budgetary and Expenditures

There is no separate head for roads and transportation related works in UMC. It is mainly covered under public repairs and development department. Capital expenditure under the same during last five years is as below:

Details Years (Rs. Lakh) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Public repairs and 859.79 728.98 142.48 358.80 181.37 development dept. Expenditure on 646.71 572.07 185.65 521.22 245.14 operation and maintenance

Proposed budget for public development works for the year of 2014-15 is Rs.785 lakh in UMC. Proposed works are;  Construction of roads: Proposed capital expenses: Rs. 400 lac

[91] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Construction of roads in kacchi basti: Proposed capital expenses: Rs. 50 lac  Compensation for development work: Proposed capital expenses: Rs. 20 lac As per the Master Plan 2031, one bypass road from village Debari to village Gudli which meets to National Highway 9 is proposed. There are other proposals of road widening, establishment of bus stands at 6 major locations in the city. There is also a proposal to for Fly over at Eklingpura Junction, and Expression of Interest (EOI) is invited by UIT for the preparation of DPR.

8.4 Analysis of post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Key Features of Traffic and Transportation as per 1st Generation CDP

Regional road network  Delhi – Mumbai (NH-8)  Chittorgarh – NH-76 Road length Total road length in Udaipur is about 822 km, of this total road length maintained by PWD is 116.60 km while UIT and Municipality have a total of 7000 km road network under their jurisdiction.  11 arterial roads: 84.17 km length  26 sub arterial roads connects major residential areas to commercial, and public /institutional areas of the city Type of roads Most of the roads are black top roads Vehicle growth and Share of two wheelers is 33 percent followed by cars. Buses and IPT composition shares 17 and 15 percent respectively. Truck terminals and 3 truck terminals are located in the city; however they are not stands completely developed. Bus stands and Bus At present Rajasthan roadways bus stand is located in Udaipol. This is stops a high density traffic corridor of Udaipur. Taxi, Pvt. Bus stands Absence of planned taxi and bus stands due to which private bus operators are more in the city. Auto rickshaw stands Total 82 auto rickshaw stands in Udaipur as identified by traffic police. It has a capacity to accommodate 558 three wheeler. Shared Auto Taxi stands Identified and located certain stoppages for shared auto taxi. Parking Existing parking system of Udaipur is decentralized, unmanaged, and largely dysfunctional. Parking is dominated by a large number of small parking lots. Key challenges Major challenges identified include;  Under developed road network  Overused carrying capacity of roads  Lack of parking space at commercial, institutional and tourist areas  Lack of mass transit modes in the city  Heavy traffic flow from city centre resulting in frequent congestion  Improper design of turn abouts/junctions; junctions have become major accident zones  Proper O&M of existing street lights is required

[92] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

An investment plan to improve traffic and transportation scenario in the city include specific road projects, parking projects, transport facilities (bus terminals, bus stops), and construction of missing link of roads. An investment of Rs. 93.04 crore covering mentioned aspects is proposed in the CDP. However basic services have given priority. Need to prepare comprehensive plan proposal.

Source: 1st generation CDP Table below provides a comparison of how the service level has changed since the preparation of 1st generation CDP (2006-07) and revision of CDP (2013-14). It provides an overview of service level across various indicators.

Table 8-4: Post – 1st generation CDP Scenario

Indicator Status at the time of preparation of Present Status 1st generation CDP (2006-07) (2012-13) Number of bus depots One bus stand 1 Per capita road length Not available 16.99 sqmt Proportion of surfaced roads 85 percent 90 percent O&M cost per km of road Not available Rs.5,595

Source: 1st generation CDP, and UMC Study conducted - Low Carbon Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Udaipur14 Udaipur was selected as a case study for preparing Low Carbon Comprehensive Mobility Plan by UNEP. Study area is about 347.91 sqkm and having a population of 637,717 (2011 census). A comparison based on today‟s situation reflects that city has improved in transportation system during last few years however decongestion still needs to be implemented. A low carbon comprehensive mobility plan for Udaipur is being prepared. It will be mobility plan that provides roadmap for infrastructure development options and investment requirement to provide a desirable level of mobility and accessibility while minimizing carbon emissions. Vision and Objectives of the plan include;

Low carbon comprehensive mobility plan for Udaipur Vision

The Mobility vision for Udaipur city is to “Provide safe, efficient and environmentally sustainable means of transportation system for improved mobility and accessibility of people and goods across gender and heterogeneous socio-economic groups”. Objectives To provide long term strategy, which ensures desirable mobility, safety and accessibility to people across gender and socio-economic groups while reducing carbon emission? Sustainable mobility can only be ensured if the solutions are environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.

Table 8-5: Udaipur Current situation

Indicators/ Values Base Year

14http://www.unep.org/Transport/lowcarbon/Pdf%27s/udaipur_lct_mobility.pdf

[93] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Mobility and Accessibility Modal share in percent 25 Modal share of walk 3 Modal share of cycle 48 Modal share of two wheeler 18 Modal share of IPT 3 Modal share of Car 3 Modal share of public transport 3 Trip length (km) Walk 1.18 Cycle 2.37 Two wheeler 5.54 IPT 4.52 Car 7.06 PT - Accessibility % of households within 10 minutes of walking to 69 access PT (IPT for base year) LOS of PT facilities as per MoUD SLB handbook 4 Land use Mix intensity Increase in the percent of infra – zonal trips as - compared to Base year (Base year value is 19 percent) Safety to use NMT (user per) Walk 7.50 Cycle 7 Total motorized vehicle km (thousand km) 880489 LOS of NMT facilities as per MoUD SLB handbook 4

Source: http://www.unep.org/Transport/lowcarbon/Pdf%27s/udaipur_lct_mobility.pdf Recommendations and Suggestions given under Low Carbon Mobility Plan Urban Mobility Plan a) Integrated Land use Transport Plan: Proposed scheme for Udaipur are:  Increase in area under commercial (retail), education and recreational such as parks by 40 percent.  Increase in residential density along public transport corridor by 3 times of existing gross density.  Provision of NMT friendly neighbourhood (development of pedestrian crossing facilities). b) Road Network Improvement Plan: The low carbon mobility plan has suggested of road network for overall enhancement of connectivity. Following aspects are covered:

[94] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Completion of bypass roads (in accordance with Udaipur Master Plan)  Widening of roads (in accordance with Udaipur Master Plan)  Development of Road Hierarchy system c) Public Transport Improvement Plan: Restructuring of IPT particularly 8 seater tempo through route rationalization and adoption of strategies for sustainable City Bus Service, Introduction of Public transport along 8 routes with coverage of 178 km and headway of 5 min along trunk routes and headway of 15 min along feeder routes, improvement and development of adequate infrastructure for promotion of public transport and multi-modal integration and implementation of ITS for improving reliability of public transport. d) Non-Motorised Transport Improvement Plan: Provision of infrastructural facilities for NMT users to provide safe NMT movement, to increase the public transport modal share and to increase share of NMT trips in total. Various measures has been suggested such as development of differently abled friendly footpaths, development of pedestrian crossing signals at 19 important intersections, improvement of old footpaths, development of cycle tracks, introduction of bike sharing scheme and provision of road markings, signage, and street lighting facilities among others..

[95] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

9. Housing and Urban Poverty

9.1 Overall Housing Scenario in the City

The city is characterized by low, medium and high density housing in the core city and low rise, moderate dense housing in peripheral areas. City has witnessed boost in development of multi rise residential and commercial structures during last few years.

9.1.1 Present availability of Housing Stock

City level housing stock data for 2011 is still awaited, hence not presented here. However 2001 census data is available as shown in table below.

Table 9-1: Details of housing stock in Udaipur city - 2001

Description 2001 census Census houses 102292 Vacant houses 9371 Occupied houses 92921

Source: Census of India 2001 District Housing Stock details In urban areas of the district, total 1.21 lakh census houses are noted. Of total houses, 77 percent houses are in good condition, followed by dilapidated housing stock.

9.1.2 Quality of Housing Stock

The quality of housing stock for residential and residential cum other use category has been analysed for 2011 for district urban. As per census 2011, district has 96% census houses under residence while rest 4 is under residence cum other use.

9.1.3 Housing requirement as per the future Projected Population

As per Master Plan, 2031, 54% of the area has been earmarked for residential use. This indicates that additional 25558 acre of area would require for the residential and mixed uses. In order to estimate the housing stock requirement for the next three decades, we have adopted the following assumptions. The assumptions are as follows:  Population projections as finalized in demography section  Household size is considered as 5 over the next three decades Based on the above assumptions, city will have 1.76 lakhs houses by the end of 2041. It indicates that city would require additional 0.74 lakhs houses by the end of 2041. Following table provide the assumptions and housing requirement in the city for next three decades.

[96] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Table 9-2: Projected housing stock in the city

Year 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041 Population / Projected (in lakhs) 3.89 4.51 5.94 7.25 8.81 Household size 5 5 5 5 5 Total houses (in lakhs) 0.78 0.90 1.19 1.45 1.76

Source: CRIS analysis

9.1.4 Housing in Inner city, Unplanned areas, Urban Villages and Unauthorized Colonies

The city developed towards east, south east and north east. Housing in the old Udaipur area is predominantly vernacular in nature with low rise and inters connected structures. It has a typical architecture and a Rajasthani style. These houses are converted into hotels and guesthouses for tourism purpose. In new city area, houses are mainly low rise and having a bungalow typology (individual houses). The fringe areas and newly merged areas are classified as urban villages. Medium to High-rise residential projects are coming up in these areas. The unauthorised areas have dilapidated housing with semi-permanent and temporary structures. The notified slums could be categorised as unauthorised colonies. The roof material of the houses is tiled or thatched.

9.1.5 Overview of growing Housing sector in the town

As per discussions with various officials, majority of the new housing layouts coming up along chittorgadh road, ahmedabad road, road, nathdwara road, goverdhan sagar lake, area. Economic development and other factors required for housing development has led to the development of housing projects in these areas. As per Master Plan 2031, for any new residential development density is fixed in order to promote the controlled development.  Lowest Density: 25 – 40 persons per acre  Low Density: 40 – 80 persons per acre  Medium Density: 80 – 120 persons per acre  High Density: More than 120 persons per acre

9.2 Urban Poverty and Slums

Increasing urbanization, industrialization has created negative consequences resulting into slums characterized by housing shortage, and critical inadequacies in public utilities, overcrowding and unhygienic conditions. In urban area, types of slums organized by urban local bodies namely, Notified, Recognized and Identified. All notified areas in a city notified as „slum‟ under „slum act‟ may

[97] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development be considered as „Notified slums‟. The slum areas recognised by urban local bodies but not notified by the state government as above are “Non-notified slum areas”.

9.2.1 Number of Slums

There are total 39 slum pockets in the city inhabiting 9529 households and 47636 people, accounting around 11% of total population. Total BPL population is 14% of total slum population15.

Table 9-3: Ward wise slum population

Populatio Sr. No. Name of Slum Population Sr. No. Name of Slum n 1 Aabri mata 2913 21 Mali colony 20 Ambat mata harijan 2 818 22 1196 basti 3 Amba vagat 1546 23 Math madari 1419 4 Ambedkar nagar 430 24 Neemach mata ka khera 3030 5 Bagri basti 1100 25 Nimachkheda 385 6 Banjara basti 1024 26 Oad basti 578 7 Bhilu rana 2481 27 Paneriyo ki madri 658 8 Bhopa magri 1825 28 Ramsingh ji badi 633 9 Comi ekta 641 29 Ratakhet 734 Gandhinagar harijan 10 1299 30 Roop nagar 1394 basti Gordhan vilash nahi 11 64 31 Raigar colony 30 basti 12 Hanuman colony 1138 32 Sahid Bhagat singh 2761 Indera nagar 13 1038 33 Sajjan nagar 1996 bheeda 14 Indira colony 952 34 Shanti nagar 1063 Khempura kacchi 15 306 35 Sukhadia nagar 571 basti 16 Kalbeliya colony 394 36 Vijay pathik nagar 3113 17 pura 261 37 Thakar bapa colony 47 18 Kishanpole dakshin 2913 38 Tekri kachi basti 145 19 Lohiya colony 1355 39 Kishanpole uttar 1570 20 Machala magra 3795 Total 47636

15 As per survey conducted in 2009.

[98] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Of all the slums, larger concentration of Population can be found in Machala Magra, Neemach Mata Ka Khera, and Vijay Pathik nagar. All slums are recognized as notified slums however land ownership remains with the local body.

9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Slums (ward-wise distribution)

Following table shows the spatial distribution of slums in the city. Most of the slum pockets are located along lakes, water bodies, in old city areas. Slum survey work is going to make due to which slum location map is not prepared, as per information provided by concerned official, UIT.

Table 9-4: Ward wise distribution of slums

Sr. Name of Slum Ward no. Sr. No. Name of Slum Ward no. No. 1 Aabri mata 1 21 Mali colony 26 2 Ambat mata harijan 7 22 Manoharpura 1 basti 3 Amba vagat 5 23 Math madari 31 4 Ambedkar nagar 27 24 Neemach mata ka khera 1 5 Bagri basti 41 25 Nimachkheda 14 6 Banjara basti 9 26 Oad basti 6,7 7 Bhilu rana 4,7 27 Paneriyo ki madri 8,9 8 Bhopa magri 26,29 28 Ramsingh ji badi 18 9 Comi ekta 6,7 29 Ratakhet 4,8 10 Gandhinagar harijan 6,7 30 Roop nagar 15,16 basti 11 Gordhan vilash nahi 16 31 Raigar colony 50 basti 12 Hanuman colony 55 32 Sahid Bhagat singh 54 13 Indera nagar bheeda 19,41 33 Sajjan nagar 7 14 Indira colony 19,41 34 Shanti nagar 8,23 15 Khempura kacchi basti 33 35 Sukhadia nagar 30 16 Kalbeliya colony 8 36 Vijay pathik nagar 8,10 17 Krishna pura 53 37 Thakar bapa colony 50 18 Kishanpole dakshin 14,16 38 Tekri kachi basti 26 19 Lohiya colony 7 39 Kishanpole uttar 14,16 20 Machala magra 16

Big slums are located in 54, 1, 8, 10, 4 and 7 number wards. Some of the slums are divided among two wards.

9.2.3 Average Slum Size

Since the slum survey is going on, hence some of the details are not available such as slum area in ward area. Average household size in slums is about 5 persons per family. [99] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

9.2.4 Available Infrastructure for Slum Communities

The provisioning of housing and infrastructure services for urban poor in Udaipur is done by UIT as well as UMC. As per survey carried out in slums, status of urban services in slums is as under:

Table 9-5: Basic services to Urban Poor

Sr. No. Services No. of HHs covered % of HHs covered 1 Water supply Individual taps 5029 52.78 Public taps 90 0.94 Tube well 490 5.14 2 Drainage and Not connected to 9529 100 Sewerage sewer 3 Sanitation Public septic tank 50 0.52 Service seat public 14 0.15 Own septic tank/flush 5293 55.55 Shared 29 0.30 Open defecation 1702 17.86

Source: Report – Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, City level interim report, October 2013 Above mentioned survey was done in 1998, and latest information for the same is still awaited. Only 55% households have access to drinking water and toilet facilities. Approximately 5000 households have individual taps and access to piped water supply. Other sources of water include public tap, tube well/bore well and hand pumps. Duration of supply is mostly less than 1 hour daily or at times no supply is there. There is an absence of underground sewerage network in slum areas. Septic tank/flush latrine prevails in these areas. Around 1702 households still practice open defecation. Solid waste gets collected either daily or once in 2 days by municipal contractor. Approach road to slum is motorable pucca road and street light is available on these roads.

9.2.5 Land tenure-ship of Slums

Land in slums is owned by the Urban Local Body. Under RAY programme, in situ slum development is under progress.

9.2.6 Housing Stock (slums)

There are total 9498 dwelling units in these slums; of this 62% are pucca in nature. Of total dwelling units, 6811 have electricity. 21% dwelling units have patta, 42% slum dwellers have possession certificate/occupancy right.

9.2.7 Government Initiatives in Slum Improvement

There are two central government projects under implementation in the city. Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) and Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). Two detailed surveys have

[100] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development been conducted till now, first in 1998 and second in 2009. Due to skill gap as well as lack of staff in UMC for project implementation, these schemes are being handed over to UIT. Among these schemes, RAY is still not initiated due to technical and human resources problems. Presently, project report on slum free city plan is under preparation stage which is supposed to be finished by June/July. The aim of the RAY scheme for Udaipur is to upgrade the existing slums to an acceptable level and to make the town slum free in the future. Objective of the scheme is existing situation analysis of nearby areas and slums, selection and planning to construct 763 in situ houses in three slums of Udaipur (i.e. Roop nagar, Shanti nagar and Vijay pathik nagar) and infrastructure planning. It covers total 5894 population having 1118 households; of total population 3991 beneficiaries will get benefit of the scheme. As per latest information provided by RAY official in situ development of these three slums have been completed. Identification of one slum for in situ development is under progress. IHSDP project in Udaipur was initiated in the year of 2007. The project components include relocation of total 1,242 housing units and in-situ development of 495 housing units in 17 slum pockets. UMC was initially nominated as the implementing agency for the project. Later, UIT was entrusted to undertake the project due to skill gap as well as lack of staff in UMC for project implementation. Subsequently, the relocation component is managed by UIT and in-situ development is managed by UMC. The project involves participation of slum inhabitants at two levels: bearing financial cost and in situ construction work. Twelve percent share of total unit cost (relocation / in-situ up gradation) is borne by the beneficiary. For the in-situ up-gradation, UMC sanctions fund to the applicant in four installments and each consecutive installment is released on the inspections of successful completion of work. For relocation of slums and construction of housing units, UIT has hired external consultants. Of total sanctioned project cost of Rs. 24.6 crore by GoI, cost sharing by beneficiaries is 4.85%, and by ULB is 3.46%. Total amount is released to UIT and not UMC because UMC is handling relocation component of the project. UIT shares a dedicated amount with UMC. A total of Rs.9 crore has been released to UIT and Rs.1 crore to UMC. However, during the course of project implementation, it was realized that sanctioned cost is not meeting the project requirements. The beneficiaries were not willing to take part in the project cost sharing, which resulted in delayed implementation. Hence, in February 2013, a temporary loan of Rs.2.4 crore was released by UMC and Rs.1.9 crore by UIT, which amounts total 17% of project cost. Even though UMC has sanctioned loan schemes to the beneficiaries, there is very little participation by slum dwellers. Out of the total 2,192 registered plots in slums only 336 applications are received for development of house. The construction for relocation units is still in progress. Total 29 units have been up graded and 222 units are in progress.

Table 9-6 IHSDP project details

Particular Cost Sharing Percent Amount received/ released by (Rs. lakhs) Share (%) UIT and UMC (Rs. lakhs) Government of India 1,606.71 65.44 803.36 Government of 527.45 21.48 100.42 Rajasthan UMC ( ULB share) 84.85 3.46 243.00 UIT (ULB share) 193.25 Beneficiaries 119.16 4.85 42.45

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Particular Cost Sharing Percent Amount received/ released by (Rs. lakhs) Share (%) UIT and UMC (Rs. lakhs) A & OE Administrative 116.91 4.76 0.00 and Other Expenses Total 2,455.08 1,382.48

9.2.8 Critical Analysis of Housing and Urban Poverty Sector under 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Key Features First Generation CDP: Housing and Urban Poverty Salient Features . As per 2001 census, approximately 11 percent stock is vacant. . Large number of units is being put in to commercial use. . Housing shortage, Udaipur faces the problem of overcrowding. . Nearly 28 percent population lives in one room houses, while 29 percent households live in two room houses. . Most of the buildings in inner city area have 3 to 4 storey structures, without proper access and ventilation. These houses have poor basic amenities. . Almost 25 percent of houses within inner city area are more than 100 years old, which require urgent renewal. Key Issues . Illegal constructions and encroachments . Relatively low vibrancy in housing economy . Inner city congestions . Group housing allowing less number of people entering in the housing market. In the 1st generation CDP, total Rs.15.93 crore investments envisaged, covering various components; slum housing and infrastructure improvement, provision of low cost housing, construction of 22 public toilets having 147 seats.

9.2.9 Policy, Regulation and Institutional Framework

State Government took various important initiatives for the housing sector such as Affordable Housing Policy – 2009, which has focused on EWS/LIG housing to create affordable and rental housing in urban areas. The policy has the following objectives16:  Rental housing is one of the objectives  To reduce the housing shortage in the State, especially in EWS/LIG categories.  To take up large scale construction of Affordable housing (with focus on EWS and LIG housing)  To bring down the cost of EWS and LIG categories of houses to affordable limits  To promote investments in housing in urban sector on PPP model

16 http://www.naredco.in/pdfs/g-s-sandhu.pdf

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 To involve private developers in the construction of EWS/LIG categories of houses by offering various attractive incentives  To create rental housing as transit accommodation for migrants to urban areas and,  To check creation of slums State Government started another initiative such as Sahbhagita Awas Yojana – To promote EWS/LIG housing through Public Private Partnership. Target of the scheme to provide 1,25,000 houses for EWS/LIG and MIG category to be constructed in next three years. Target revised upwards to 5.0 lacs houses looking to overwhelming response from private developers.

9.2.10 Key Issues

 The process of implementation of project for in situ up gradation of housing for urban poor is very slow and one of the reasons behind is the lack of administration and monitoring staff.  Delayed technical handholding to beneficiaries from UMC, absence of complaints registration system, and ineffective project costing, have resulted in unwillingness amongst beneficiaries which is affecting the proper implementation of the project.  IHSDP‟s basic component which is to include beneficiaries in project implementation is not being achieved. The financial capability of the urban slum dwellers is a major constraint. The loans given by UMC and UIT for this reason have no possibilities for being repaid.  The condition of basic services in slums is considerably alarming. Approximately 18% of the households in slums are still practicing open defecation. More than 45% households in slums are not connected with proper sanitation facilities.  Approximately 45% households have no water supply source.  UMC has one Kachi basti Department which has 5 staff members, out of which 3 are appointed as consultants under central and state government schemes. UMC does not have adequate staff strength for taking up large infrastructure projects.  Lack of technical, administrative staff in UMC the central government schemes have been taken up by UIT.

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10. Baseline Environment: Urban Environment and Disaster Management

10.1 Pollution Level in the Town

Udaipur is the most urbanised city in the district and witnesses a huge volume of traffic. Traffic is one of the major contributors of pollution in the city. Further, city lacks a safe disposal facility for sewage and municipal solid waste. This is affecting ground and surface water quality in the city.

10.1.1 Ambient Air Quality

Ambient air quality of Udaipur is being monitored regularly by the Rajasthan Pollution Control Board (RPCB) under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme, at three locations: two residential areas and one industrial area. Particulate matter at MIA area is higher, even crossing 500 µg/m3. Though the particulate matter concentration at Ambamata and Town Hall is lower than that at MIA area, it sometimes it crosses 400 µg/m3. The Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) values are also higher than 100 µg/m3. The overall air quality of the city shows a continuous increase in the pollution levels. Dust and vehicular movements are two major reasons for the declined air quality. Increased traffic, large-scale cutting of trees, deforestation along hill slopes, and burning of wood and charcoal in low income areas in the urban fringes of the city are the main reasons of air quality deterioration. Travel needs of the city are catered by various modes of transport like shared auto-taxi (tempo), mini buses, RSRTC buses, auto rickshaws, and private vehicles like two-wheelers and cars. Improved socio-economic conditions coupled with easy availability of vehicles have led to the growth of vehicles. Large-scale and uncontrolled mining of marble and other minerals has also led to heavy deforestation on hill slopes, contributing to air pollution. Though air quality is comparatively well, systematic efforts are required to sustain the same.

10.1.2 Noise Pollution

Due to various activities such as religious functions, festivals, and related celebrations, noise levels have been a matter of concern. To regulate and control noise pollution, the government has issued various notifications under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Under the same, to control community noise, the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, came into existence. The rules make it mandatory for the local authorities to control noise in their respective areas and empower the designated authorities to take legal action against the violators. Under the rules, the District Magistrate and police officers are responsible for the implementation of noise pollution rules and regulations. The recorded noise pollution (avg) for the last three years is given below.

Table 10-1: Trend in noise levels

Details 2008 Leq dB(A) 2009 2010 Avg. before On Diwali Avg. before On Diwali Avg. before On Diwali and after day and after day and after day

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Diwali Diwali Diwali Udaipur 63.3 74.9 64.1 70.6 73.0 82.9

Source: Annual Report, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board, 2010-2011 Noise pollution has increased over the years in the city. Following factors are considered responsible for the increasing noise pollution in the area:  Rapid expansion of urban and industrial areas  Increasing number of vehicles  Uneven land topography of the city and its environs  Traffic flow problems due to narrow roads  Commercial-cum-residential settlements  Increasing tourism activities  Depleting vegetation and tree cover  Cottage industries and small-scale industries in residential and mixed areas  National Highway No. 8 and its bye-passes through the city  Social and religious activities During Diwali (2010), noise pollution level was measured during the day and night at an interval of 30 min across residential, commercial, and silent places.

Table 10-2: Noise pollution levels in Udaipur

Details Average level of Noise Pollution Leq dB(A) Noise Pollution Standards Leq dB(A) Before and after Diwali On Diwali day Resid Com Silent Resi Commer Silent Resident Commerc Silent ential merci area denti cial/Indu area ial area ial/Indust area area al/Ind al strial rial area ustrial area area area Day Udaipur 72.3 80.7 66.6 83.2 83.6 74.6 55 65 55 Night 69.6 78.7 70.2 88.2 86.5 81.2 45 55 40

Source: Annual Report, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board, 2010-2011 As seen from the table above, noise pollution is high in all areas before and on Diwali both during day and night.

10.1.3 Water Pollution

Surface Water Quality Due to absence of an underground sewerage network and treatment facilities, sewage is discharged into lakes, leading to an increase in bacterial and organic load in lake water. 73 Ghats situated on the banks of lakes are traditionally used for bathing and washing purpose. This releases large amount of detergents in to the lakes, which increases phosphate content. Similarly, increased commercial activity, especially hotels in the vicinity of lakes, is also contributing considerably to water pollution. In the catchment area of Fateh Sagar Lake, chemical effluents from synthetic fibre mill are discharged.

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Ministry of Urban Development

Boating activity spreads an oil layer in waters near Navghat, Piplighat of Pichhola and boat booth of Fateh Sagar. In summers, vehicles are washed between filter house and hotel site of Fateh Sagar. In addition to the above, about 400-500 ton of solid waste is dumped on the banks of lakes. 100 MT solid waste is deposited at 8 different locations (i.e., around Navghat, Lalghat, Ghat, Ghat of Gadi Devra, Satapole, Bridge, Samla area, Hanuman Ghat, ki Haveli, and Naga Nagri of Pichola). Some other spots, worth mentioning, are near the public park at Yadav Colony and near new bridge. Kalalia tanks have 5 waste dumping points of 50 ton and Lake Swaroop sagar has 11 spots. Lake Fateh Sagar is being polluted at 7 spots with about 90 ton of waste. Lake water quality is monitored by RPCB under the NWMP programme. pH of Fateh Sagar Lake is always more than 8.5, which makes it unfit for drinking and aquatic life. pH of other lakes is in the range of 6.5–8.5, which is within the IS standard limits. Dissolved oxygen in the water of Udai Sagar Lake is lower than 4 mg/L, which makes it unfit for drinking and aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen in Fateh Sagar and Pichhola lake water is around 6 mg/L, which may be used for drinking purpose after disinfection. BOD in Udai Sagar Lake is always more than 4 mg/L, indicating continuous pollution. The threshold limit for BOD for drinking purpose is 2 mg/L. Comparatively Pichhola lake water is better than others with respect to BOD concentration. Fateh Sagar Lake has sometimes BOD concentrations more than 2 mg/L, which can be harmful for drinking. In fresh water, nitrate concentration seldom exceeds 0.1 mg/L. Higher concentrations indicate effect of human activities. Concentrations greater than 5 mg/L indicate significant level of pollution. Nitrates in all three water bodies is always below 1 mg/L. Total count of coliforms in unpolluted water generally varies between 10-100 MPN/100 mL. Values higher than 100 MPN/100 ML indicate contamination due to pollution. Udai Sagar Lake water is more polluted than other lakes. Total coliform counts in Udai Sagar Lake water sometimes touch 350 MPN/100 mL.

Table 10-3: Water quality of major lakes in Udaipur – 2013

Parameters Fateh Sagar Lake Pichola Lake Udai Sagar Lake pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 6 Less than 4 BOD More than 2 2 More than 4 Nitrates Below 1 Below 1 Below 1 Total coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 350

Source: Brief note on Environmental status – Udaipur, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board Ground Water Quality Ground water contamination is essentially due to the presence of septic tanks in the city, leakages and overflowing of existing sewer lines, and mixing of water and sewage due to faulty lines. The Rajasthan Pollution Control Board is monitoring ground water at five locations under NWMP; results are shown below.

Table 10-4: Ground water quality at different locations in Udaipur

Station Year pH Temp DO BOD Nitrate Cond FC TC Details °C mg/L mg/L N µS/cm MPN/ MPN/ mg/L 100 mL 100 mL

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Ministry of Urban Development

Near UIT 2006 7.4 27.5 6.2 0.8 0.8 1270 3.5 15.5 Bridge, 2007 7.8 27.5 2.5 0.6 0.9 1250 4.0 14.0 Udaipur 2008 7.9 26.5 3.7 1.5 0.7 1270 4.0 17.0 2009 7.2 29.0 3.5 0.8 0.7 1320 4.0 9.0 Near Fateh 2006 7.3 25.0 --- 1.0 1.0 2000 7.0 20.0 Sagar Lake 2007 7.7 27.0 4.2 0.9 0.9 1550 5.0 9.0 and Panchavati 2008 7.8 27.5 2.8 0.8 5.4 1515 3.0 5.5 Nallah 2009 7.1 28.0 2.0 0.4 1.0 1900 3.0 7.0 Sardarpura 2006 7.3 26.5 --- 0.5 0.6 2250 3.5 9.0 Village, 2007 7.9 26.5 4.1 0.8 0.5 1490 3.5 7.0 Udaipur 2008 8.0 26.5 2.1 0.9 2.7 1445 3.0 5.5 2009 7.3 29 3 0.3 0.5 1200 3.0 4.0 Near 2006 7.2 27.0 --- 1.0 0.3 3200 3.5 5.5 Railway Station, 2007 7.7 27.5 4.0 0.5 0.4 2050 3.0 5.5 Rana Pratap 2008 7.7 27.5 2.7 0.3 5.2 2395 3.0 4.0 Nagar 2009 7.2 29.0 3.1 0.5 2.3 2600 3.0 4.0 Subhash 2006 7.2 26.5 --- 0.6 0.3 2700 5.0 9.0 Nagar, Udaipur 2007 7.3 26.5 4.2 0.5 0.4 2750 4.0 17.0 2008 7.5 26.5 2.4 2.6 3.1 2500 4.0 10.5 2009 7.5 28 3.6 0.2 0.4 1680 4.0 7.0

Source: Brief note on Environmental status – Udaipur, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board In the process of decomposition, raw sewage undergoes a chemical process, and the end product is nitrate nitrogen. When nitrate nitrogen is produced, it is considered as evidence of pollution either from septic tank , cesspools or other sewage sources. Where a groundwater is known to contain little or no nitrate nitrogen naturally, appearance of any significant increase is a probable indication of pollution. Faecal coliform bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals and humans. The presence of faecal coliforms in water is a strong indication of sewage or animal waste contamination. The faecal coliform count in ground water of Udaipur was 3-7 MPN/100 ML, indicating contamination by sewage. Dissolved oxygen (DO) level was found to be between 2.0–6.2 mg/L. As per the IS standards, the tolerance limit for drinking water source is 6 mg/L. Lower DO levels indicate that the water is not fit for drinking.

10.2 Water Bodies

Lakes are the major water body in the city. Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources, tourism, and ecosystem at large. As per the existing land use, 2394 acre is under water bodies, which accounts for 8.9% of the total area.

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Ministry of Urban Development

10.2.1 List of Water Bodies

Water supply of Udaipur depends on surface and underground water sources such as lakes, step wells, tube wells, and wells. Udaipur has numerous lakes in its vicinity: Pichhola, Fateh Sagar, Bari, and Jaisamand lakes. These lakes along with step wells and tube wells have been Udaipur„s major sources of drinking water. These sources receive water during the rainy season. However, lack of rain during the last few years has prevented the natural overflow, and with a lot of filth being thrown in, there have been serious effects on lake ecosystem. Pichola is the largest lake followed by Fateh Sagar Lake.

Table 10-5 Water bodies, Udaipur

Lake name Catchment Area (Ha) Pichola Lake 12,700 Fateh Sagar Lake 2,315 Bada Madar Lake 7,290 Chotta Madar Lake 2,534 Badi Lake 1,820 Chikalwas Lake 6,450 Total 33,190

10.2.2 Existing Condition of Water Bodies

Physical setting of the city enhances the flow of pollutants into lakes. The city has hills on all sides, rising from 20 m to 150 m. Thus, natural drainage leads towards the lakes from all the sides. Most of the hotels (more than 50) along with 6,000 residential houses accommodating 33,000 population, are located on the lake slopes, releasing all sorts of dirt and drain water into the lakes. Even garbage collected from the roads, dirt thrown from the houses, debris of dilapidated houses, and small-sized dead animals are thrown on lake banks.

10.3 Gardens, Open Spaces, and Urban Forests

Under existing land use, other open areas account for 28.1% of the total area. Due to availability of lake water, parks are being developed in different areas of the city. Gulab Park and Saheliyo ki Baadi are very beautiful parks and increase the beauty of the city. After independence various parks are being developed which includes Nehru ark in fatehsagar lake, Moti Magri Park, Town Hall Garden, Sukhadiya Circle Garden, Manikyalal Verma Garden, Dindayal Upadhyay Garden, Sanjay Park, Aravalli Vatika, and Bhamashah Garden are the major ones. Surrounding lakes various

[108] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development gardens and parks are being developed. The city has 199 small, medium, and big parks, as per information provided by UMC. Gulab Bagh is the largest garden in Rajasthan, spread over an area of 100 acres of land. Maharaja Sajjan Singh took the initiative to build this beautiful garden. It has abundance of roses due to which it is known as Gulab Bagh. It is situated right beneath the banks of Pichola Lake on the Lake Palace Road. Tourists from all over come to visit this garden. UMC has started an initiative in which people or community or a society can adopt a park within their area or society. Municipality provides funds every month for maintenance and management of the adopted parks to the community, based on park size. Necessary infrastructure in the park/garden is being provided by UMC only. Total 33 parks/gardens have been adopted, and Rs. 780000 has been spent on the maintenance and management of these parks during 2013-14. In the financial year of 2014-15, 36 parks/gardens are proposed to be given on adoption. Estimated amount to be spent on the same would be Rs. 11,04,000.

10.4 Identification of Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Certain areas require a degree of protection as changes in natural processes associated with them or native communities residing in them could bring about a change in the system at large. These are laws at various levels of government which ascertain that industrial zoning /citing cannot be done in some specific zones such as reserved forests, protected forests, sanctuaries, mangrove and coral areas, breeding grounds, monuments of national/state and local significances, flood prone areas and seismic zones. These sites called „Sensitive Zones‟ which could be broadly refers to the „Environmentally Sensitive Areas‟. Some changes in these areas likely to produce a more recognizable response. The purpose of the ecologically sensitive zone is enhancement and protection of the native community and natural process over and above any other uses that might be contemplated. This zone restricts public use and development. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) introduced an environmental planning programme known as the „Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries‟ in 1995 for identifying environmentally sensitive zones and helping in achieving developmental objectives, especially those of industries, in an environmentally manner. Under this programme, zoning atlas for Udaipur district was prepared in 199817. The Spatial Environmental Planning Programme was conceptualized for ensuring environment protection and its resources through planned and sustainable development. The programme commenced in 1995 in 14 volunteer states, which was initially catered to siting of industries, but was expanded subsequently to cater siting of industrial estates, compilation of environmental information and environmental improvement of urban areas/mining areas/tourism areas. The , stretching from Palanpur in Gujarat to Delhi, divides Rajasthan into three distinct climatic regions. In this range, Udaipur zone is estimated to be around 300 million years old. The range is a unique amphitheatre of biological diversity. The important hills within the Udaipur area are Nimach Mata hill, Bhuwana hill, Balicha hill, Odi hill, Eklingpura hill, Chorbavari hill, Thoria hill, Macchala Magra, and Sajjangarh hill. Kumbhalgarh sanctuary in the most rugged of the Aravalli hills in Pali, Rajasmand and Udaipur district of Rajasthan is one of the environmentally sensitive areas.

17 http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/Publications/Publication_451_sec15_12.pdf

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Ministry of Urban Development

Jaisamand – located at about 50 km from Udaipur on the banks of Jaisamand lake, the sanctuary extends over an area of 52 sq.km. of thick forests. Flora includes rich dhok and salar forests. The fauna consists of chital, chinkara, sambhar, langur, leopard, hyena, fox, jungle cat, and wolf. Jaisamand Lake is an abode of crocodiles, turtles, and variety of fish. Phulvari ki Nal, located at about 82 km from Udaipur, covers 511 sq km. Among the carnivores, leopard is the chief species. Other common predators are hyena, wolf, and jungle cat. The main herbivores include chital, wild boar, four-horned antelope, and chinkara. Pangolin, palm civet, and ratel may also be spotted here. Udaipur Zoo is listed as one of the environmentally sensitive zones. Located in Sajjan Niwas Garden, the zoo is spread over an area of 5 Ha. It was started in 1878, and has about 500 animals18. The city has a number of parks and gardens, which house considerable floral diversity such as Saheliyo ki Bari, Gulab Bagh, Nehru Park, and Sajjan Niwas Garden.

Figure 10-1: Biodiversity map – Rajasthan

10.5 Disaster Proneness Assessment of the City

As per the National Disaster Act, 2005, disaster is a catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or grave occurrence in any area. It results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to and destruction of property or damage to or degradation of the environment, which is beyond the coping capacity of the community of the affected area. Major categories of disasters include:  Natural Disasters: Drought, Flood, and Earthquake  Anthropogenic Disasters: Accidents, Fire Rajasthan is the driest state in India. Due to low rainfall and geographical characteristics of the state, it faces drought problem repeatedly which creates a difficult situation. Common disasters in the state

18 http://210.212.96.134/searajasthan/reports/SEA%20-%20Rajasthan%20Report.pdf

[110] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development include drought, earthquake, flood (during the last few years), dust storm, and manmade related disasters. State has its own Disaster Management Policy in 2004, and the state disaster management plan is being prepared with the vision of a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster, multi-sector, multi- stakeholder, technology-driven, participatory, dynamic process to build Rajasthan a safe and disaster resilient state. Under supervision of the Chief Secretary prepared by each Nodal Department, the plan includes aspects of mitigation, preparedness, and response. Annual updation of the plan is institutionalized at the state level by all departments. Low rainfall coupled with erratic monsoon in the state makes Rajasthan most vulnerable to drought. Udaipur is prone to floods due to river basins. Based on historical data, the frequency of occurrence of droughts in Udaipur is once in 6 years. District Disaster Management Plan for 33 districts is prepared by the Disaster Management and Relief Department, Udaipur district is one of them. Disasters are classified into five categories covering total 31 disasters:  Water and air related: Flood, drought, storm, cloud burst  Earth related: Earthquake, land slide, Fire in mining  Chemical, industrial, and nuclear: Chemical, industrial, and nuclear disasters  Accidental: Fire, road and rail accidents, bomb blast  Biological: Epidemic, epidemic related to animals Of these, 5 disasters are classified as main disasters in Udaipur. A detailed disaster management plan has been prepared for each these disasters:  Drought  Flood  Accident  Fire  Earthquake District-wise Hazard Profiling*

District name Hazards Wind Flood Drought Earthquake Industrial accident Udaipur Low Moderate Moderate Low Low

*This inference has evolved from analysis of various disaster hazard maps in BMTPC and secondary information

10.6 Disaster Management Mitigation Measures

Disaster mitigation at city level is a holistic management of disasters (both manmade and natural). It involves management of events to minimize the damage during a disaster and development of preparedness to cope with disasters to reduce the risk and losses. As per the general disaster management structure in India, the district collector is responsible for disaster management within the district. The district would play the key role in disaster management and relief activities. In Rajasthan state, following institutional structure helps in disaster related matters: e) Institutional Co-ordination and Communication with Stakeholders The Relief Department came into existence in 1951 on establish the office of the Relief Commissioner. As per the directions from the state government, the name of the department was changed to Disaster Management and Relief Department in the year 2003.

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Ministry of Urban Development

The Relief Department is a permanent department of the state administration, which is functioning under the Commissioner and Secretary, Relief Department. Relief work and activities are carried out by different departments and organizations. District collectors and district-level officers of other organizations act as administrative, technical, controlling, and coordinating officers in their respective districts. Financial take care is being carried out the State Department which executing the process. The existing Town and Country Planning Act, Industrial Master Plan and land use zoning norms evaluated to make amendments. To ensure safe planning enforcement, Department of Disaster is a member of all the regulatory bodies in the State. State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA): The state has an SDMA, which is headed by the Chief Minister, while executive committee is headed by the Chief Secretary. It is responsible for laying down policies and preparing plans for disaster management in the state. It would approve the state plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by NDMA, coordinate the implementation of the state plan, recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures, and review the departmental plans of the different departments of the state, to ensure the integration of prevention, preparedness, and mitigation measures. State Executive Committee (SEC): SEC, headed by the Chief Secretary of the state government, assists SDMA in performing its functions. It coordinates and monitors the implementation of the National Policy, National Plan and the State Plan. State Disaster Response Force (SDRF): SDRF has been constituted in the state, with the assistance of the Rajasthan Armed Constabulary. Initially, it is comprised 150 trained and experienced personnel of RAC. The force has been provided with expertise training and equipment to serve as state‟s response team during disasters. Center for Disaster Management: The Center for Disaster Management, located in the State Administrative Training Institute, has been given the responsibility of capacity building in the state. It organizes trainings for trainers and other stakeholders and also serves as a centre of knowledge and documentation for disaster management in the state. District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA): DDMA is headed by the collector and acts as the planning, coordinating, and implementing body for disaster management at the district level. It is responsible for preparing the disaster management plan for the district. Local Authorities: In Urban areas, disaster is managed by Municipal Commissioner and Chief Executive Officer under the overall supervision of District Collector. It will be responsible for putting in place techno-legal regime and its compliance, awareness raising19.

19 http://www.sihfwrajasthan.com/ppts/full/Disaster%20management.pdf

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Ministry of Urban Development

Figure 10-2: State- and district-level disaster management institutional framework

State Disaster Management Authority

State Executive Committee

Line Departments / Relief Secretary Center for Nodal Department (Relief Commissioner) Disaster Management

DDMA / Collector

DLO's / ULB's / PRI's / NGO's

The Collector is responsible at the district level for providing relief and taking decisions related to that. He/she also directs other departments to provide relief during the time of disaster. One of the important stakeholders in disaster management is communities. Communities are always the first responders to disasters. Therefore, it is imperative to generate necessary awareness and knowledge about hazards/disasters and its effects. The print and electronic media would play an important role in information dissemination. At the community level, different information, education, and communication (IEC) methods and tools shall be used. Methods and tools for IEC20 are as follows:  Development of jingles in local dialects  Development of video spots  Panel discussions on DRR in local television and radio stations  Hoardings at strategic locations  Displaying of boards, banners, and /or wall paintings in panchayat bhawans/AWCs  Observation of DRR day  Development of posters, leaflets, pamphlets, notices  Folk media, street plays, kalajathas on DRR  Organizing various competitions on DRR among students

20 http://www.rajrelief.nic.in/sdmp/draft-sdmp.pdf

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Ministry of Urban Development

Other approaches include:  Community-based disaster management programmes  Access to disaster related tools and equipment  Documentation of best practices Mitigation measures can be classified into short- and long-term measures. It can be divided into two categories:  Structural measures: on site works, construction and engineering works  Non-structural measures: Studies, research, regulations, policy changes, and capacity building activities that support the structural measures

10.7 Key Issues and Concerns

 Polluted water bodies: lakes and river  Ground water pollution due to septic tanks, leakage, and overflow of sewerage pipelines  Increasing air pollution majorly due to increased vehicular movements and traffic, cutting of trees, deforestation along hill slopes, burning of wood and charcoal in low-income areas  The city faces high risk of fire accidents in the core city area due to congestion and narrow roads, restricting the movement of fire fighting services.  The city is prone to natural disasters like drought.

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11. Climate Change and Sustainable Development

Climate change and its effect on the environment, ecology, natural resources, and livelihoods of people are emerging as complex challenges for the coming years. Rajasthan is characterized by high climate sensitivity due to impacts on sectors like agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity, and human health. These sectors already face challenges due to pressures from growing population, rapid economic growth, and degradation of the environment and natural resources. Observation records for over 100 years indicate that the probability of occurrence of severe and very severe droughts is high over the western Rajasthan region.

11.1 Climate Change and the City

As per the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) 5th assessment report, cities across the world, due to their rapid population growth and large-scale developmental and economic investments, are at a high risk to the impacts of climate change. Most of the rapid growth will take place in the urban areas of Asia and Africa. In view of this, the cities should focus on developing adaptation capacity towards the climate variability. Indian cities are characterized by high density of population and housing stock and poor infrastructure, which make them all the more vulnerable to climate change. Given that the most valued infrastructure is usually located in cities, the economic and social costs of climate change will be much higher in cities. For example, cities house valuable communication infrastructure as they do physical infrastructure such as buildings, roads, bridges, and flyovers. Hence, any climate change impacts in the form of damage will be quite expensive. Climate change impacts the physical assets used within cities for economic production, the costs of raw materials and inputs to economic production, the subsequent costs to businesses, and thus output and competitiveness. f) Learnings from the Past Climate change risks are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of current hazards, increase the probability of extreme events, and spur the emergence of new hazards and vulnerabilities with different spatial and socio-economic impacts. During the last decade, the issue of climate change has been deliberated into Indian public policy agenda. With the formulation of the National Action Plan on Climate Change in 2008, the issue of climate change mitigation and adaptation has come to the forefront in the public policy agenda. Still the focus is largely on the mitigation of climate change rather than increasing the adaptive capacity of the people and places to deal with the impacts of climate change. So far, climate change concerns are not recognised as an important part in Indian cities and its planning process. India has certain institutional provisions such as disaster management authorities and state- and city-level integrated coastal zone management programmes, the JNNURM to deal with different aspects of climate risk related issues. However, there are very less components under these programmes that address climate change risk reduction and adaptation in the urban areas. A recent report using data collected over 193 years shows that since the 1960s, there has been a dip in India‟s annual rainfall; for instance, in the plains of Kerala, the peak rainfall declined from at least 3,700 mm received in the 1920s and 1930s to around 2,800 mm in the 1960s, a fall of 24%. In the

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Ministry of Urban Development plains of Punjab, there is a similar fall, from 1100 mm in the early years of the 10th century to around 687 mm, registering a decrease of 37.5%21. Evidence indicates that parts of South Asia have become drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts have major consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than the half of India‟s crop area and led to a huge fall in crop production. Glaciers in the northwestern Himalayas and in the Karakoram Range – where westerly winter winds are the major source of moisture – have remained stable or even advanced. On the other hand, most Himalayan glaciers – where a substantial part of the moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon – have been retreating over the past century. Many parts of India are already experiencing water stress. A study conducted by the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, has revealed that about 27% of country‟s geographical area has been directly impacted by climate change. g) Current Practices The adverse effects of climate change are being felt on more than a fourth of India‟s landmass over the last four decades. This has resulted into various mitigative and adoptive measures in order to tackle with climate change risks. Some of the measures include:  Improving energy efficiency  Diversifying energy resources  Modifying industrial processes

11.2 Carbon Footprint Mapping – Application of Estimation Models

GHG emissions are the by-product of emissions from our vehicles, heating our homes, using electricity and from other activities in our daily lives. Carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide equivalent of GHG emissions that is emitted by our direct or indirect actions into the atmosphere. The level of greenhouse gases emissions in carbon dioxide equivalents is the practice followed to review the level of GHG emissions. The reason for is that warming potential of the other gases is more powerful than carbon dioxide, but carbon dioxide emissions dwarf those of the other gases due to its large volume of emissions. Aggregate greenhouse gas emissions from the anthropogenic activities in Rajasthan in 1990 amounted to 18.6 MT of CO2, 827.9 thousand tons of CH4, and 6.6 thousand tons of N2O. In terms of CO2 equivalent, emissions amount to 38.0 million ton (Garg and Shukla 2002). According to similar estimates, the aggregate emissions from the anthropogenic activities in Rajasthan in 1995 amounted to 27.0 million tons of CO2, 1044 thousand tons of CH4, and 10.5 thousand tons of N2O. In terms of CO2 equivalent, emissions in 1995 amounted to 52.2 million ton. Rajasthan ranked 10th with 3.7% of India‟s emissions in 1990 and ranked 9th with 4.2% of India‟s emissions in 1995. On the sectoral basis, emissions were estimated from the energy sector, agriculture sector, industrial processes, waste disposal and from land-use, land-use change and forestry sector. Key districts with high emissions in 1990 include Ganganagar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, , Udaipur, Chittorgarh, and Kota (total emissions in the districts were greater than 1.5 million ton CO2 equivalent). In 1995, Alwar, , and Bhilwara were also added to this category. These estimates were made in the context of the first national communication to UNFCCC. The only other estimates or updated

21 http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/Chapter-21.pdf

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Ministry of Urban Development information on the GHG emissions is for the year 2007 as part of the Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) greenhouse gas emissions 2007 (GoI 2010a). These estimates suggest that there has been about 3% increase (combined annual growth rate) in 2007 as compared to 1994.

11.3 Impact and Imperatives

Major sectors such as water resources, agriculture and animal husbandry, forestry and bio-diversity, health, energy efficiency and sustainable habitats are identified in the State. Following table shows the likely sector-wise impact of climate change.

Table 11-1: Sectoral impacts and imperatives in Rajasthan

Sectors Likely impacts of climate change

Water  Adverse effects on hydrological cycle Resources In Rajasthan, the overall rainfall is projected to decrease, and evapotranspiration, to increase. The normal average annual evapotranspiration of Rajasthan is estimated as 1701 mm (CAZRI22, 2009). Goyal et al. (2004b) highlighted that the sensitivity of evapotranspiration to global warming for arid regions of Rajasthan is projected to increase by 14.8% with the increase in temperature. A small increase of 1% in temperature (0.42°C based on normal maximum temperature of Rajasthan) from the baseline could result in an increase in evapotranspiration by 15 mm, resulting in additional water requirements of 34.275 million cubic metre (mcm) for alone and 313.12 mcm for the entire arid zone of Rajasthan (Goyal et al., 2004).  Total available utilizable groundwater for Rajasthan is 11159 mcm, and the increase of 1% in temperature will put additional stress of 6.43% to 20.16% on the existing groundwater resources.  Increased drought occurrence in the state which would impact not only water resources but also have a cascading effect on dependent sectors.  Climate change will lead to acute water stress condition for the river Luni.

Agriculture and  Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-run crop Animal failures and production declines. Husbandry  Heat stress has an impact on the productive and reproductive performance of dairy animals.  Loss in milk production.  The GHG emissions from the agriculture sector are emitted mainly in the form of CH4. These are due to enteric fermentation and from rice paddy cultivation.

22 CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Research Institute

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N2O is also emitted from this sector and is mainly from the agricultural fields due to application of fertilizers. Livestock is a major anthropogenic source of methane emission from agriculture.

Forestry and  Increase in the aridity of the existing dry lands and sub-humid lands. Biodiversity  Water dependent and the higher and extreme temperature sensitive species diversity and habitats would face the danger of reduction in size or population or even face extinction.  Risks to structure and functions of the forest ecosystems that are already exposed to multiple stresses.

Health  Increasing the risk of exposure to vector, water, and food borne diseases, aggravating malnutrition and increasing injuries and deaths from extreme rainfall events and thermal stresses.

Sustainable  Rise in overall temperatures habitats  Reduction in mean annual rainfall  Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events, including droughts and floods

11.4 Climate Resilience and Carbon Reduction Strategy

The Rajasthan State Government established a „Climate Change and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) cell‟ in the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board to act as a nodal agency for coordinating issues related to climate change in the state. The cell was constituted in April 2010 and was involved in the drafting of the Climate Change Agenda for Rajasthan (CCAR). The vision of Rajasthan Climate Change Action Plan (RCCAP) is „to achieve sustainable development by reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and enhancing resilience of ecological, economic, and social systems in Rajasthan‟. The draft RCCAP, 2011, envisages adverse impact of climate change in four broad sectors: (1) water resources, (2) agriculture and animal husbandry, (3) forests and biodiversity, and (4) health. The plan presents broad strategies and enlists short- and long-term measures for mitigation of climate change impacts on all the four sectors and also outlines other measures to counter climate change, such as enhanced energy efficiency, building sustainable habitats, and increasing strategic knowledge of climate change.

Table 11-2: Sectoral climate resilience and carbon reduction strategy – sector wise

Sectors Strategies

Water  Development of a comprehensive database for the assessment of impacts Resources of climate change on water resources  Ground water management with focus on overexploited areas  Development of drought monitoring and early warning systems  Water conservation and demand management in urban and rural systems

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 Improving water use efficiency

Agriculture and  Development of climate hardy cultivators and livestock Animal Husbandry  Development of pasturelands and wastelands and restoration of grazing lands  Creation of a database for climate risk management  Enhancement of productivity of dry lands  Management of multifunctional agroforestry systems

Forestry and  Afforestation/restoration for maximizing the mitigation potential forests Biodiversity  Monitoring of likely shifts in forest types, species, especially in desert ecosystems and sand dunes  Integration of traditional knowledge in adaptation techniques

Health  Enhancement of disease monitoring and surveillance systems  Health impact assessments for vulnerable populations  Greater inter-sectoral convergence to enhance primary, secondary, and tertiary health care

Energy  Inventorisation and management of greenhouse gases Efficiency  Harnessing of the full renewable energy potential in the state  Focusing on energy efficiency

Sustainable  Integration of land use and transportation planning Habitats  Green building legislation  Reduction of GHG from the transport sector  Urban waste management

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12. Cultural Resources, Heritage, and Tourism

Cultural resources mean historic and cultural significance of the city. Cultural resources include tangible heritage in terms of built environment including monuments, public buildings, historic areas, and open spaces of social, ecological, and historical importance. Integrated tourism and culture development would benefit the local economy as well. A detailed assessment has been carried out on the heritage value, heritage management plan, and the projects being implemented. Key findings of the analysis indicate the status of heritage value and the need of the hour to conserver heritage monuments and heritage management plans. The chapter presents an overview of built heritage, fair and festivals, and tourism scenario in the city.

12.1 Historical Importance of the Town

Maharana Udai Singh, driven from the citadel of Chittor by the pursuing armies of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, decided to abandon the struggle and fled to the hills and ravines of the Aravalis. He founded Udaipur in 1567, one of the most romantic cities in India. Udaipur or the city of lakes nestles in a scenic valley, ringed by the green Aravali hills. It is built around three lakes – Pichola, Fateh Sagar, and Udai Sagar a little further out. Udaipur was the last of the capitals of Mewar. The former capitals were Ahar, Nagda, and Chittaur, and the Sisodia of the ruling house are the acknowledged head of the 36 royal clans. Claiming to be descents from the divine Lord Rama, King of Ayodhya and hero of the earliest Indian epic Ramayana (1500 BC), the Sisodia Rajputs have been ruling Mewar from 144 AD. But their dynasty was firmly established in the 8th century when , around whom several legends are woven, defeated the Mori prince of Chittorgarh and founded a kingdom (728 AD.) that was to blaze a trail of courage and chivalry and to make the name of Chittor synonymous with valour. It was at Udaipur that Maharana Uday Singh, son of the famous Maharana Pratap, was born and brought up. But the past glories of the Sisodia house so possessed the mind of this hero that he abandoned the opiate beauties of Udaipur to haunt the ravines and forests of the surrounding Aravalis in his relentless and continuous efforts to win back Chittor from the Moghuls.

12.2 Existing Situation for Heritage

The city was formerly surrounded by a circular defence wall from all four sides and western side is bounded by lakes. Eleven gates guard the walled city and most of them are in a bad condition and not maintained properly. As the city grows, one of the major concerns is conserving lakes, and history and the rich heritage. Important heritage sectors in the city include:  Royal palace complex

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 Fort/city wall/pols (gates)  Fort city wall pols (gate)  Temples  Memorials  Lakes and Islands  Embankments  Sites of natural beauty  Heritage streets  Heritage havelis and buildings  Parks and gardens Udaipur Municipal Corporation has carried out heritage listing for the city. These buildings are maintained by UMC.

Table 12-1: List of Heritage Structures - UMC Sr. No. Name of Structure Listing number Typology Ward No.

Gardens/Bagh

1 Sahalio ki Badi UDZ/2013/HL-01 Garden 3

2 Moti Magri UDZ/2013/HL-02 Garden 4

3 Jag Mandir UDZ/2013/HL-03 Garden 9

4 Samor Bagh UDZ/2013/HL-04 Garden 10

5 Meera Park UDZ/2013/HL-05 Garden 11

6 Hemraj Vyayamshala UDZ/2013/HL-06 Park 11

7 Sajjanniwas Bagh UDZ/2013/HL007 Garden 14

8 Champa Bagh UDZ/2013/HL-08 Garden 39

Sanctuary

1 Sajjangadh Wildlife UDZ/2013/HL-09 Sanctuary Sajjangadh Sanctuary hills

Archaeological sites

1 Dhul kot UDZ/2013/AS-01 Archaeological Site 34

Cultural Places

1 Shilpgram UDZ/2013/CP- 01 Craft village 2

2 Lok Kala Mandal UDZ/2013/CP-02 Cultural centre 52

Fort/ Palace

1 Shamshergarh UDZ/2013/RES-01 Fort 4

2 Jag Nivas (Lake Palace) UDZ/2013/ RES -02 Palace 9

3 City Palace Complex UDZ/2013/ RES -03 Palace 10

4 Eklingadh UDZ/2013/ RES -04 Fort 16

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5 Hejan Baika Mahal UDZ/2013/ RES -05 Palace 17 (Goverdhan Vilas)

6 Indragadh UDZ/2013/ RES -06 Fort 40

7 Ranika Mahal UDZ/2013/ RES -07 Palace 41

8 Sajjangadh Fort UDZ/2013/ RES -08 Fort

9 Bedla Mahal UDZ/2013/ RES -09 Palace

Source: http://www.udaipurmc.org/ Following are also included in the list: 1. Public Buildings and Structures: 12 nos. 2. Hospitals: 4 nos. 3. Institutional: 5 nos. 4. Sarais or Guesthouses: 10 nos. 5. Recreational and others: 4 nos. 6. City gates: 12 nos. 7. City walls: 5 nos. 8. Bridges: 4 nos. 9. Lakes: 8 nos. 10. Rivers: 1 no. 11. Step wells/Kunds: 33 nos. 12. Open spaces 13. Lake embankments 14. City squares 15. Open fields 16. Religious buildings 17. Havelis 18. Residence/Traditional houses

Heritage sites in the city

City Palace:  It was founded by Udai Singh and subsequently strengthened and augmented by rulers of the region.  The palace complex comprises many structures built by various rulers over the years. They include Bari pole, Dhuni Mata temple, Moti Mahal, Krishna Vilas, Bhim Vilas, and Amar Vilas.  It has striking architectural features with richly decorated motifs, cornices, and columns, typical to the Mewad region.  Another typical feature of the palace is the glass floorings, and tinted glass designs in the Moti Mahal.  The palace is famous for paintings by artists from the

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17th and 18th century.

Durbar Hall:  It was built under the British rule by Lord Minto, the viceroy of India in 1909  Striking features of the hall are the paintings of various Maharanas (royal portrait gallery and chandeliers of the British era).

Lake Palace:  It was built by Maharana Jagat Sinh II in 1746  Located in the middle of Lake Pichola, it was a summer residence for previous rules  Built of granite and marble  Remarkable architectural features are the intricately hand worked glass inlaid designs. The arched doors and balconies worked in marble.  The palace has been converted into a star hotel and extensions have been added to the old building. However, the old architectural character of the building has been maintained in the newly extended part also.

Bagore ki Haveli:  The haveli/mansion was built in 1751. In 1875, a triple arched gate was built that leads to the . The haveli consists of fine workmanship in glass inlay works, mirrors and frescos. Other interesting architectural features are the jharokas, balconies, cupolas, and archways, which are very typical to the architectural style in this region.

Ahar Museum:  Remains of 4000 ancient human civilization (2000 B.C. – 1400 B.C.)  Ahar village was the ancient capital of the Sisodia dynasty.  The striking architectural features in this site are the ancient cenotaphs and kunds typical to the Hindu architecture.  Also found at this site are coins, pots, statues, bronze objects, and other historic artefacts of the Indo Aryan civilization. Jag Mandir:

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 This island palace was built by Maharana Jai Singh-I who made several additions to it.  It is constructed amidst Pichola Lake.  Built in 1651, it is a yellow sand stone palace, lined by white marble from inside.  Three storied complex capped by domes. Flooring of white and black marble. Sahelio ki Bari:  Sahelio ki Bari, or the garden of the Maids of Honor, is situated below the embankment of Fateh Sagar Lake.  Originally built by Maharana Sangram Singh II in the 18th century, it was later reconstructed to its original form by Maharana Fateh Singh. The gardens contain ornamental lotus pools and finely sculptured chatries of soft black stone surrounded on all sides by fountains.  One of the main attractions in the garden is the four huge elephants, each one sculptured out of a single piece of stone, which spout out water from their trunk Sajjangarh Fort:  Sajjangarh – the „‟ of the Maharanas – is located within a wildlife sanctuary on one of the highest peaks in Udaipur.  The palace was built by Maharana Sajjan Singh between 1874-84 and is one of the best places to view the sunset.  The palace provides a spectacular view of the city.

Within the palace is a picture gallery exhibiting different wildlife species in the sanctuary. Nagda Temple:  The ruined temples of Nagda are the remains of the old city found by Nagaditya, the fourth ruler of the Mewad dynasty, in the 7th century.  The city, which was a flourishing merchant town, bore the onslaught of many Muslim invasions until it was finally devastated in the 13th century, leaving behind the ancient temples of Sas-Bahu dating back to the 11th century.  The interesting architectural features of this Indo- Aryan temple are the carved figures on its podium and mandapa

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Jagdish Mandir:  Jagdish Temple, dedicated to Lord , was built by Maharana Jagat Singh in 1651.  The temple is built on a rectangular podium that is 25 ft high.  It is built in the Indo-Aryan style, which has a pillared porch (mandapa), an intermediate anthrala, and the inner garbhagriha, covered by a shikhara.

 Raised platform of the temple is decorated by sculptured bands between the plasters.  Four small temples surround the main temple, viz., Lord Ganesha, Surya, Mataji, and Lord Shiva. Temple:  This is the first temple of the Mewar dynasty.  Built in 734 AD, the complex of 108 temples is enclosed by a high wall.  The temple of Eklingji, enshrining the chief deity „Lord Shiva‟, is situated at Kailashpuri.  The present structure however dates back to the days of Maharana Raimal.  Inside this shrine is the four-faced image of Lord Shiva in black marble.  Outside the porch, opposite the western face of the image are the statues of Nandi and Bappa Rawal – the founder of the temple.  Other shrines within the enclosure are that of Shyam, Ganpati, Amba, and Kali.

12.3 Heritage Conservation Initiatives

Various studies have been conducted on the heritage of Udaipur; one of the important studies is the „Field Workshop on Strategy for Heritage based Sustainable Urban and Territorial Development of Udaipur‟ supported by the Urban Development Department, Government of Rajasthan, French Ministry of External Affairs, France-UNESCO programme for heritage, and UNESCO, New Delhi. It focused on building a platform for sustainable policy for preservation and heritage management in the city that represents and reflects elements of its cultural, social, economic, architectural, and living heritage. Various recommendations, strategies, and objectives to improve condition of heritage structures in Udaipur include:  Setting up a heritage cell in the municipal corporation  Organising heritage walks on various themes: religious, historic, core, and living heritage  Marking heritage spots and heritage zones  Listing and mapping tourist spots  Restricting and controlling building activities in the walled city area and heritage monument premises  Providing financial as well as technical assistance to the owners of heritage buildings for maintenance/repair and conservation of heritage buildings A MoU has been signed between the Udaipur Municipal Corporation and the Government of France for heritage conservation in the city. In 2011, for a 2 year corporation project based on experience

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Ministry of Urban Development gained from exchanges between two cities since 2008. Objective of the corporation project is to develop a heritage-based urban development plan for Udaipur and to establish Udaipur Heritage House, providing technical advisory services and study tour opportunities.

12.4 Tourism Scenario

Udaipur city is a well-known tourist destination globally, which is famous for its lakes and is known as the „city of lakes‟. It receives fourth largest number of tourists in Rajasthan following Mount Abu, Jaipur, and Pushkar. Tourist growth in Udaipur has been higher than that of state average. Tourism, one of the key catalysts for Udaipur‟s economic growth, is heavily dependent on city‟s heritage resources. Tourism is dependent on lakes and hills, architectural heritage, and cultural and regional linkages. Tourist season in Udaipur starts by August and lasts until March. The period between October and February is the peak season for tourist activities. Most of the fairs and festivals are also during this season, which attracts a large number of religious tourists.

12.4.1 Major Tourist Spots

Various tourists places in the city include City Palace, Lake Palace, Jag Mandir, Monsoon Palace, Jadgdish Temple, Sagasji Mandir, Fateh Sagar Lake, Pichola Lake, Saheliyo ki Bari, , Doodh Talai, Nehru Garden, Ahar Museum, and Shilpgram.

12.4.2 Tourist Arrival

As per statistics, the number of tourist arrivals in 2012 was 7.77 lakhs annually, of which the share of foreign and domestic tourists was 76% and 24%, respectively.

Table 12-2: Tourist Arrivals in Udaipur

Domestic tourists Foreign tourists (No.) (% of Year Total tourists (No.) (No.) (% of total) total) 2000 735333 (90.50) 77174 (9.50) 812507 2001 662826 (92.11) 56760 (7.889) 719586 2002 471576 (82.32) 101303 (17.68) 572879 2003 440702 (73.74) 156928 (26.26) 597630 2004 460774 (69.89) 198556 (30.11) 659330 2005 566076 (76.51) 173804 (23.49) 739880 2006 582504 (75.60) 188026 (24.40) 770530 2007 578643 (78.27) 160627 (21.73) 739270 2008 572415 (75.55) 185261 (24.45) 757676 2009 547102 (76.81) 165210 (23.19) 712312 2010 582297 (77.09) 173016 (22.91) 755313 2011 575444 (76.41) 177699 (23.59) 753143 2012 588239 (75.65) 189373 (24.35) 777612

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Source: Rajasthan tourism website

Figure 12-1: Tourist arrivals in Udaipur

The number of foreign tourists has increased during the last four years, and number of total tourists has also increased.

Figure 12-2: Important tourist spots in the city

12.4.3 Existing Tourist Supported Infrastructure

Udaipur has a number of hotels across different categories (heritage, luxury, deluxe, and budget) and price ranges. There are around 244 hotels and 941 restaurants in the city. Major heritage hotels include Fateh Prakash Palace, , and Hotel Shikarbadi. Luxury hotels such as Lake Palace, Udaivilas etc., Deluxe Hotels such as Paras Mahal, India International, Lake Pichola Hotel etc. and Budget hotels such as Ashish Palace, Caravan Serai, Oriental Palace Resorts, Hotel Udai

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Kothi, and lots more have presence in the city. These hotels serve for social, tourism and business purposes with international level tourist infrastructure and facilities. In addition, there are around 75 paying guest accommodation facilities available, which offer reasonable accommodation below Rs. 1000 per night23. Other basic infrastructure such as water supply, sanitation, and transport facilities is also available to tourists.

12.4.4 Existing Tourism Development Initiatives

Presently there are no major tourism initiatives taken up in the city. Under the National Lake Conservation Programme, various works related to lake conservation and protection are underway. The project is being implemented by UIT. Heritage walk is designed to bring diverse culture, traditions, craftsmanship, and motivation for conservation, preservation of old buildings along with UMC. It is carried out during morning and evening hours. Fund for heritage walk is given by the Tourism department. There is a proposal to transfer Jagat Mandir to the Archaeological Survey of India, considering its importance and heritage value.

12.4.5 Role of Agencies Involved in Tourism Development24

The Tourism Department, Government of Rajasthan, and Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd are the major responsible agencies for tourism related development initiatives. The Department of Tourism is mainly responsible for; framing policy measures for establishing tourism as an industry in the state. The state Tourism Policy was framed in 2001. The mission statement of the Tourism Policy is to evolve a pragmatic policy designed to ensure optimum utilization of rich tourism resources of the state, to generate employment, especially in rural areas, to develop a ready market for the rich and varied handicrafts, to preserve varied bio-diversity, natural historical, cultural and cultural heritage of the state using scientific methods, and to accelerate the contribution of tourism industry in the socio-economic development of the state by making tourism a truly people's industry in Rajasthan. The state government is making numerous efforts to get maximum benefit from the tourism sector. The Department of Tourism is working as a separate entity for the execution of national and state- level policies and programmes and also as a coordinating agency for the Central – State Government Department/offices and private sector activities for the promotion of tourism in the state. Following efforts are being made at the department level:  Printing of tourism publicity literature  Advertising  International conferences  Films, photos, CDs  Exhibitions  Seminars and conferences  Hospitality  Library

23 http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur/Paying-Guest-Accommodation.aspx 24 http://www.north-india-tour-packages.com/tourism-department/department-of-tourism-rajsthan.html http://rtdc.in/artdc.htm

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 Souvenirs Under the control of Tourism Department, two public sector entities i.e. Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. and Rajasthan State Hotel Corporation Ltd. and one society i.e. Rajasthan Institute of Tourism and Travel Management are also operating and work for tourism development in region. Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (RTDC) RTDC is a registered company under the Companies Act, 1956, which is fully owned by the Government of Rajasthan. RTDC acts as a catalyst to establish, develop, and execute projects and schemes that accelerate tourism in the state. Functions of RTDC include managing numerous restaurants, cafeterias, motels, and bars. To enhance the experience of tourists, the corporation also organizes package tours, fairs, festivals, and entertainment, shopping, and transport services. Tourism related infrastructure is being developed by RTDC. It acquires land from the state government to undertake hotel development and other tourism related projects.

12.5 Fairs and Festivals

Colourful fairs and festivals depict the cultural prosperity of Udaipur. Shilpgram crafts fair, Shilpgram mela is held annually in the west of Udaipur city, during the months of November/December (for 10 days). It is organized to promote art and craft of Rajasthan. Since, the state has always been famous for its handicrafts and art work, this fair is a perfect destination to try out the hand-woven clothes, embroideries, mirror works, and handicrafts. The mela aids in encouraging the urban potters, visual artists, and designers too. Through this fair, local artists get a stage to show their creations not just in front of domestic but international tourists as well. Mewar festival is one of the major festivals celebrated in Udaipur with enthusiasm. It is celebrated to welcome the arrival of spring season with all zest and dedication. During festival days, the city of Udaipur gets drenched in colours of festivity. The festival is especially meant for women and offers the best time when they dress in their finest clothes and join the celebrations of the fest. To conduct the ceremony, women assemble to dress the images of Isar (Lord Shiva) and Gangaur (Goddess ). After dressing the idols, they carry them in a traditional procession passing through different parts of the city. The procession finally moves towards the Gangaur Ghat at Pichola Lake. At this point, the idols are transported in special boats and immersed in the deep waters of the lake. When this religious part gets over, people engage into various dances, songs, and other cultural events revealing the . Mewar festival concludes with a glittering show of fireworks. Mewar festival spreads a feel of gusto and fervour all over Rajasthan and people enjoy this festival to its full. This bright and colourful festival attracts tourists from all over to join its charming ceremony of tradition.

12.6 Traditional – Handicrafts, Silk, and Cuisine

Udaipur handicrafts are mainly categorized into paintings, marble articles, silver art, and terracotta articles. The paintings at Udaipur were created on cloth as well as on the wall of palaces. Miniature paintings and pichwais are in great demand in domestic as well as international market. Marble is found in large quantities at Udaipur and has always been a popular medium for creative artisans. Small statues made of marble, fountains, stair cases, decorative wall panelling, and marble furniture are very popular. Thin tiles of marble are used to paint attractive pictures using different

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Ministry of Urban Development types of colours, and these tiles are used as decorative wall hangings and tabletop decorative articles. Another art of Udaipur, which is known the world over, is sliver art. It is used to create a large number of articles. Traditionally, silver ornaments and sculptures were handcrafted and delicately carved. Silver utensils are another product that are popular, although among the more affluent class. Then there are small decorative items made of silver such as flower vases, picture frames, pen, ink pots, and a lot more. An entirely different art using silver as a wrap is also very popular. Wooden articles such as chairs, sofas, tables, cupboards, and even doors are prepared. A sheet of silver is wrapped around the articles. A variety of products is made using terracotta and is baked in hand made furnaces. These articles are delicately crafted and are an excellent piece of decoration. Big and small flower vases, lamp stands, attractive statues, and wall panelling are commonly available. Udaipur cuisine comprises vegetarian dishes as the place is highly dominated by Jainism and . Food is usually prepared from lots of vegetables and lentils. It is seasoned with a variety of spices that are unique to the land of Rajasthan. Dried mango by the name of 'ocra' and beans of 'sangri' is accompanied by many meals. Deep-fried breads and extensive use of chilli make the cuisine of Udaipur, a delicious one25.

12.7 Key Concern Areas for Tourism Development

 Limited air and rail connectivity of Udaipur to other Indian states restricting the development of tourism sector in the city.  Lack of proper and adequate parking facilities for tourist vehicles, leading to congestion and other problems (especially in old city area)  Lack of reasonable and efficient public transportation facilities within the city  Absence of footpaths for easy walk of tourists  Conservation and protection of heritage structures and lakes; lake water quality monitoring and strict implementation of monitoring measures  Absence of proper basic infrastructure facilities (water, sanitation, and waste management)

25 http://www.udaipur.org.uk/culture.html

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13. Assessment of Institutions, Systems and Capacities

13.1 Urban Governance System

Udaipur Nagarpalika Mandal was first established in December 1922 by the Mewar dynasty. In July 1948, political members were selected and nagar nigam was established. After Independence, in order to bring harmony at the nagar palika level, on 13th October 1959, a nagar parishad was constituted. The Municipal Council Udaipur (Nagar Parishad) was converted to Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC) in April 2013. It is governed by the Rajasthan Municipalities Act 2009. There are 55 wards under the jurisdiction of UMC. Executive Wing UMC consists of an elected body and an executive body. The elected body is headed by the mayor and includes corporators (parshad) representing 55 wards. The elections are conducted at a regular interval of five years. The elections are conducted as per the provisions of the Rajasthan Municipal Act 2009. The Act also provides for reservations for candidates from scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST) and women under Chapter II section (1). The next municipal elections are due in 2014. UMC has 14 divisional (ward) committees, out of which seven are mandatory under Section 55 of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009. These committees include elected members from wards, officials of respective departments from the corporation, and the nominated members. The major committees are the finance committee, health and sanitation committee, slum improvement committee, development committee, etc. The committees have been assigned responsibility for a department. The finance and executive committees are the financial decision-making bodies. Administrative Wing The Municipal Commissioner is the executive authority of the municipal corporation. The Municipal Commissioner is one of the authorities charged with carrying out the provision of Municipalities Act 2009. Presently, UMC has two commissioners, one for administrative/execution works and another for technical works. For administrative convenience, the corporation is organized into various functional departments such as Engineering, Public Health, Fire, Revenue, Law, Town planning and Accounting. The other functional areas are Public Relations and HRD.

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Figure 13-1: Existing organizational structure of UMC

Source: CRIS Engineering Department The Superintending Engineer (SE) is the technical head of the engineering wing. He is responsible for technical features and designs, and monitoring and inspection of works under his control. The executive engineer is the technical head of the division and in overall charge of the execution of engineering works pertaining to the subject/ jurisdiction allocated. The executive engineer is supported by an assistant and junior engineers. Fire Department The Fire Department is directly under the commissioner which is headed by the fire officer and supported by assistant fire officer. The department looks after fire-related emergencies in the city. Public Health The Public Health Department is headed by a health officer (HO). The HO is assisted by the chief sanitary inspectors of the respective zones. SWM has been taken care of by this department. The department is also involved in spraying medicines, managing health and environment aspects in Udaipur. Revenue Department The Revenue Department is another key department of UMC. It is responsible for collecting taxes such as the development tax, advertisement tax, and entertainment tax; issuing notices for recovery [132] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development of tax; and monitoring revenue collections of UMC. The department is headed by a revenue officer who is assisted by revenue inspectors and assistant revenue inspectors. Town Planning Department The deputy town planner heads the Town Planning Department (TPD) in UMC. He/she is responsible for the integrated and planned development of the city. The town planner has to ensure proper implementation of building rules, zoning regulations, layout rules, and other rules of town planning. The TPD has to initiate action against all unauthorized constructions and land use changes, illegal layouts and sub-division of plots. Law Department This department is headed by the law officer and legal advisor. It mostly looks after the legal matters of UMC.

13.2 Urban Reforms/Transfer of Function (CDP Post 1st Generation Scenario)

13.2.1 Status of JNNURM Implementation

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) is a key initiative of the Government of India to support urban development in the country. It is a seven-year-long reform- linked grant programme that was initiated in 2005-06. JnNURM was extended till March 2014 for a period of two years for completion of projects and reforms. Sixty-five Mission cities were selected to be covered under the programme and are being provided financial assistance to take up projects in the identified sectors. Assistance for investment in urban infrastructure is contingent upon the achievement of various mandatory and optional reforms by urban local bodies (ULB) and the respective state governments. The thrust of the JnNURM is to ensure improvement in urban governance and service delivery so that the ULBs become financially sound and can undertake new programmes in a sustained manner. Udaipur being the state capital is one of the Mission cities. Various sectoral projects are proposed under the 1st generation CDP; of these, only two projects are sanctioned for implementation. The water supply project was proposed and sanctioned under UIDSSMT; this project has been completed now. One more water project is underway which is funded by the water resources department of Rajasthan. A slum improvement project has been taken up under IHSDP. Sewerage projects were taken up, but could not be implemented due to a legal stay order and lack of capacity in UMC to undertake the work. Two sewerage projects have been initiated in the city in 2012-13 with funding assistance from the National Lake Conservation Programme (NLCP).

Table 13-1: Status of projects implemented under JNNURM

Sr. Project Approved Expenditure Physical Progress Amount Released No. Cost (till Dec 12) As on March 2013

(Rs in crores) (Rs in crores) 1 Water 379.19 317.11 Work is at finishing stage Supply with 85% of the work completed

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2 Sewerage 41.50 0 Sewerage project under NLCP. Construction work in progress 5 IHSDP 24.60 --- Project has got delayed. 10.00 29 Dwelling Units have been upgraded and 222 are in progress. Issues – overlapping of functions of parastatals in project development, low participation from beneficiaries, lack of staff in UMC Total 445.29 317.11 10.00

13.2.2 Progress in Implementation of Reforms – State-Level Reforms

Implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: As per the Act, all 18 functions have been transferred to the ULB. However, actually a few functions like Urban Planning, Regulation of land use and construction of buildings, Water Supply, Roads and Bridges, Urban forestry, Urban Poverty Alleviation.(Please use lower caps for these as these are common nouns.) are still with the parastatals. Efforts have been made for integration of these functions; the detailed steps under taken are mentioned below. Urban planning including town planning: Preparation of Master plan rests with the Town Planning Department. Implementation of the plan will be carried out by UMC and UIT. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings: This function is being performed by the Urban Improvement Trust. It has resulted in identification of zones as per land use, conservation of the heritage character of zones, and planned implementation of the newly emerged areas. Planning for economic and social development: This function is being jointly performed by MC Udaipur and UIT. Roads and bridges: Presently, some of the major roads in MC Udaipur are being maintained by UMC. In the UIT- developed area, UIT is responsible for the maintenance of roads. Water supply: Only distribution of water supply has been entrusted to the Public Health and Engineering Department. All schemes regarding lifting of water supply to Udaipur City have been executed and maintained by the PHED department. Public health, sanitation and SWM: This function except the function of hospitals and dispensaries lies with MC Udaipur. The hospitals and dispensaries within the MC area are being maintained by the State Health Department. Solid waste management and sanitation-related work is also being carried out by UMC. Fire services: This function rests with UMC. Urban forestry: Urban forestry function lies with the State Forest Department. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections: This function lies with UIT and UMC. Slum improvement/up-gradation: This function rests with MC Udaipur and UIT.

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Promotion of urban amenities and facilities – parks and gardens, cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects, burial grounds, public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops and public convenience, and regulation of slaughter house is the responsibility of UMC.

13.2.3 ULB-Level Reforms – Mandatory and Optional

Table 13-2: City-level status of mandatory reforms under JNNURM

Reforms Commitment Status Update Year/ Status L1 e-Governance Completed E-governance running in the department, 16 modules have setup been developed and implemented. It is very important to note that the UMC officers are dependent on E-governance module developer and its support staff for day-to-day use of modules. Some of the modules are not being used too. L2 Shift to accrual- Completed Completed based double- Asset register is updated on time-to-time basis. entry accounting L3 Property tax (85% Not Initiated Not implemented as yet coverage) No political will to implement the property tax system. Property Tax Arrears of Rs.32 crores in UD tax pending (90% collection GIS mapping for properties have not been done. A property efficiency) tax survey was last conducted in 2008. L4 100% cost Under 29.71 % of cost recovery in 2012-13 recovery (Water progress supply) 100% cost Not Initiated No user charges are levied for Solid Waste Management in recovery (Solid the city. waste Rs.2 crores has been allocated for SWM in the budget of management) 2012-13. However, O&M expenses are higher than the budget provisioning. L5 Internal Under No separate budget for urban poor is prepared. However, earmarking of progress under each subsection, relevant budget allocation for the funds for services urban poor has been made in Budget 2012-13. to urban poor These heads are as follows: Capital grant under Backward Regional Grant (BRG) Fund; Maintenance of Roads/Gutters In Kachhi Basti; Water Pipeline In Kachhi Basti; Misc Construction Works In Kachi Basti; Expenses against RAY and IHSDP L6 Basic services to Under RAY survey for the city has been completed in 2009 and urban poor progress detailed information regarding the physical infrastructure is available. No GIS mapping has been done as yet. An external consultant has been hired for drawing up a Slum-Free city plan and work is in progress, Under IHSDP, a sum of Rs.24.55 crores has been sanctioned for up-gradation /relocation of households.

Source: UMC

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Table 13-3: Optional Reforms at ULB level

Optional Reforms Commitme Remarks nt Year/ Status 01 Introduction of Property Title 2009-10 No initiative Certification System 02 Revision of building byelaws 2007-08 In progress – Streamlining the approval process 03 Revision of building byelaws Completed Rain Water Harvesting system has been included - Mandatory rainwater as mandatory for sanctioning of building plan. harvesting in all buildings 04 Earmarking 25% developed Completed For new colonies proposed and housing board‟s land in all housing projects new proposals, EWS housing is mandatory as per for EWS/LIG affordable housing policy in Rajasthan. 05 Simplification of legal and Under Process implemented by UIT. For the land falling procedural framework for Progress within municipal boundaries, the conversion conversion of agricultural authority is UIT. However, under the building land for non-agricultural bylaws, the process has been simplified and it takes purpose approximately one month for issuance of approval. 06 Introduction of computerized Under process of registration of Progress land and property 07 Byelaws on reuse of Completed A 20 MLD waste water recycling plant is developed recycled water on PPP basis 08 Administrative reforms Not Initiated No HR policy etc. The establishment section is facing a serious staffing issue. No track records of training/ workshop etc. are kept by a single department in UMC. 09 Structural reforms Not initiated There has been no such implementation as yet. 10 Encouraging public-private Completed Provision has been included in the Rajasthan partnership Municipalities Act. Many projects are being undertaken through PPP like street lights, water supply (PHED); Sewerage (DBOT basis to Hindustan Zinc Ltd.) and Solid waste collection. Officials are well aware of PPP. Workshops have also been conducted for PPP in urban services.

13.3 Roles and Responsibilities of various Institutions

The urban institutional setup in Udaipur comprises several agencies that are responsible for provision, operations and maintenance of the urban services in the city. UMC is the main civic body for the city municipal area. The other major departments involved in urban service provisioning and management are UIT, PHED, PWD, and the Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB). UIT is responsible for the preparation and implementation of development plans and infrastructure projects in UIT-notified rural as well as urban areas. It is one of the important institutions working in Udaipur. The functions of water supply and sewerage are undertaken by PHED. The Rajasthan

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Housing Board (RHB) is an autonomous parastatal body for providing urban housing in the Rajasthan state.

Table 13-4: Roles and Responsibilities of Various Institutions

Urban Planning Construction/ O&M Policy Regulation Infrastructure and Design Implementation making Service Water and PHED PHED PHED PHED PHED Sanitation Sewerage UIT PHED, UIT UIT PHED PHED (The first phase of UMC sewerage project in the city was undertaken by PHED and the second phase has been undertaken by UIT) Drainage UMC UMC UMC UMC UMC Solid Waste Management Urban UMC, UIT UMC, UIT UMC, UMC, UMC, UIT Transport UIT UIT Urban poor settlements Environment RPCB26, RPCB, FD RPCB, RPCB, RPCB, FD Protection FD27 FD FD Street Lighting UMC, UIT UMC ,UIT PWD UMC, UMC, UMC, UIT PWD UIT PWD UIT PWD PWD

Source: CRIS analysis

13.4 Key Issues

 UMC‟s technical and accounts departments are facing staff crunch. The state has recently revised the municipal cadre defined in 1968. It has issued orders for recruitment of officers as per the revised cadre in two phases.  Varying and short tenure periods of technical officers indicate lack of institutional memory at the corporation level.  The function of maintenance of sewerage services has been transferred to UMC. There is a serious technical/ skilled staff deficit in the Sewerage Department that is hampering its performance of its assigned functions.  Implementation of e-governance modules has improved database management and the speed of working in UMC. However, departments have become dependent on outsourced agencies for day-to-day working. This has delayed the initiation of other e-governance

26 RPCB: Rajasthan Pollution Control Board 27 FD: Forest Department

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reforms. Proper handholding support to the officers in operating e-governance modules and rationalized work management is required for efficient functioning.  The need for hand-holding for the newly framed property taxation rules is felt in Urban Development and the Tax Department.  There is lack of coordination, communication and management among the municipal corporation and other parastatal organizations.

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14. Financial Assessment

Financial management and accounts are the principal functions of the Accounts Department, headed by the Chief Accounts Officer. The Accounts Section also monitors grants, state government transfers and devolution, and manages debt servicing, provident fund accounts, pensions, salaries, and advances. Budgeting is an annual process at UMC. The process of budget preparation is initiated in the month of November every financial year. Heads of all sections/departments primarily submit receipts and expenditures along with a tentative budget for each of the sections to the department.

14.1 First-Generation CDP: Key Features of Municipal Finance

Key Features of Municipal Finance as per 1st Generation CDP Salient features  The financial status has been reviewed from 2001-02 to 2004-05.  Revenue income increased at a CAGR of 13.21 percent while revenue expenditure shows a CAGR of 5.10 percent. This indicates the Municipal Corporation has not been able to manage its revenue account well over the years.  Around 14 percent of the revenue income comes from charges/penalties. The rest comes from work credits.  Administrative charges, salaries and other work deductions account for a significant part of revenue expenditure. Salary constitutes a large percentage of revenue expenditure while only two percent is accounted for by office expenditure.  Capital income mainly comes from sale of land, plots and houses. This is followed by income from grants/loans and other heads.  A large percentage of capital expenditure is on non-scheme areas followed by scheme wise development works.  There is a large dependency on non-revenue based income. Key Issues:  UMC had an overall fiscal deficit during the assessment period. The operating ratio was 0.69.  During the assessment period, the income from tax was 68 percent of the total income. The growth rate for tax-based income was showing a declining trend and registered an average 10 percent.  Tax revenue share at an average was 68% of the total income, and non-tax was 32%. However, the growth rate of tax revenues in the last five years was negative as compared to 10% average growth rate in non-tax revenues.  The share of income from the urban development tax was low at an average of 0.52% of the total revenue income.  The average per capita income was Rs. 1,180 and per capita expenditure was Rs. 1,010 over the assessment period of five years.  The first-generation CDP does not provide a detailed analysis of the financial status of UMC.

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14.2 Key Financial Indicators

The table below provides the key financial indicators of UMC.

Table 14-1: Changes in Municipal Finance

Indicator Present status (2013-2014) Own revenues as a proportion of total revenue receipts 23% Per capita own revenues Rs.344 Non-tax revenues as a proportion of own revenues 64% Per capita property tax demand Rs.44 Operating ratio (revenue expenditure/revenue receipts) 0.64 Per capita O&M expenditure Rs.320 Salaries – percentage of revenue income 40% Salaries – percentage of revenue expenditure 61% Deb servicing coverage ratio -

14.3 Assessment of Municipal Finance

This section provides an understanding of the finances of UMC. The financial statements have been analyzed for a period of five years, from FY 2008-09 to FY 2012-13. The analysis has been done separately for the revenue account and capital account. UMC administers and maintains its finances and accounts as per the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 (Chapter VI to VIII, sections 90 to 151). Daily accounting matters are handled by the Accounts Department of UMC in coordination with other departments. The bills and invoices generated are sent to the e-governance department for double-entry book-keeping. The municipal budget is prepared in accordance with the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 (Chapter V, section 87). The budget estimate is prepared with the approval of the commissioner by the 15th or maximum by 31st January of every year or as per the date decided by the executive committee. The final budget estimates are passed by the corporation not later than 15th February of each year. The accounts of the Udaipur Municipal Corporation are being maintained under the Double-Entry Accounting System since 2005-06.

14.3.1 Status of Municipal Finance

An analysis of the revenues and expenditures of UMC during the assessment period FY 2008-09 to 2012-13 suggests that UMC has a revenue-surplus account. Revenue income has increased at a CAGR of 12.56%. Income has grown from Rs. 50.42 crores in 2008-2009 to Rs.91.09 crores in 2012- 2013. Expenditure has also increased from Rs.41.71 crores in 2008-2009 to Rs.49.89 crores in 2012- 2013. The capital account was in deficit in these years. Owing to a surplus on revenue account, the overall account of UMC has been in surplus during the assessment period.

Table 14-2: Income and Expenditure of UMC

Particular ( Rs in crores) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 CAGR%

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Particular ( Rs in crores) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 CAGR% REVENUE ACCOUNT Revenue income 50.42 56.74 62.01 78.75 91.10 12.56 Revenue expenditure 41.72 45.93 41.40 27.83 49.90 3.65 Surplus/ deficit - revenue account 8.70 10.81 20.61 50.92 41.20 Operating ratio 0.83 0.81 0.67 0.35 0.55 CAPITAL ACCOUNT Capital income 24.52 12.74 10.28 15.36 19.83 -4.16 Capital expediture 43.18 21.08 22.41 17.22 38.01 -2.52 Surplus/ deficit - capital account (18.66) (8.34) (12.13) (1.86) (18.18) Capital utilisation ratio 1.76 1.65 2.18 1.12 1.92

Source: UMC and CRIS analysis

Deviation from budget and actual (Rs. Crores) INCOME Total budget estimate 118.36 118.08 129.28 89.39 99.95 Actual income 76.84 70.02 73.84 94.80 111.83 EXPENDITURE Total budget estimate 140.52 105.02 130.33 95.85 135.75 Actual expenditure 89.06 69.64 65.43 45.18 90.38

Source: UMC budget 2008-09 to 2013-14

Figure 14-1: Overview of Financial Position of UMC

Source: UMC and CRIS analysis

14.4 Revenue Account

The trends in revenue income and revenue expenditure have been analyzed.

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14.4.1 Revenue Income

The major sources of revenue income for UMC are own sources of revenue – tax and non-tax income, assigned revenues, and grants from the Central and state governments. The breakup of the aggregate of revenue receipts from FY 2008-09 to FY 2012-13 shows that assigned revenue and compensation forms 68.61 percent of total income; 23.47 percent is accounted for by fees and licenses and only 5.50 percent by tax revenue sources.

Table 14-3: Revenue Income Constitutes

Revenue Item (Rs. Lakh) 2008-09* 2009-10 2010-2011 2011-12 2012-13 Taxes 112 424 320 440 501 Non-tax income 607 571 707 1505 2138 Assigned revenue, grants and 4323 4680 5174 6471 5577 contribution Total 5042 5674 6201 7875 9110

*amount in Rs. Lakh

Source: CRIS analysis and UMC  Tax Revenue: Urban development (UD) tax is the major tax revenue source for UMC. The UD tax is levied on land and buildings within the municipal area. It was introduced in 2007 with an amendment to the municipal act, while abolishing the earlier imposed house tax. The collection of UD tax increased from Rs. 1.12 crore in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 5.013 crore in FY 2012-13, contributing 5.50 percent of own revenue sources. The last survey of properties was done in 2007. Apart from the UD tax, UMC imposes four other taxes: taxes on boats, toy trains, advertisements and cattle ponds. Figure 14-2: Tax and Non-tax sources of Revenue Income

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Source: CRIS analysis and UMC  Non-tax income: Non-tax income is generated from sources such as building permission fees, building regularization fees, licenses (food licenses, garden licenses), fees from birth and death registration and marriage registration, parking fees, septic tank cleaning fees, fair fees, rent from municipal properties, and interests on investments.  Land-related income is a major source of revenue in Udaipur. Land prices in Udaipur are high due to its tourism potential. The breakup of the total tax and non-tax revenue sources in UMC shows that building regularization fees form the major own source of revenue income. It increased from Rs.4 crores in FY 2011-12 to Rs. 9.44 crores in FY 2012-13, and contributes 35 percent of the total own sources of revenue collected by UMC. Building permission fees contribute nine percent of own revenue sources.  Grants: The octroi compensation grant and 12th /13th Finance Commission grants are the key assigned revenues of UMC. They constitute 91% of the total grants and also share 66% of the total revenue income of UMC. Other grants contribute less than 9 percent of the revenue income.

14.4.1.1 Levy of tax on land and buildings The urban development tax is levied as per the Rajasthan Land Tax Rules 2006, based on the District-Level Committee (DLC) rate, taking into account the total area of land and the built-up area. Self-assessment of properties for property tax has been implemented in UMC. For collection of land tax, UMC has a separate department called the Urban Development Tax Department. The staff of the department constitutes of one revenue officer and three UDCs. Out of the three UDCs, two are retired officers and recruited on contract basis, and one is due for retirement next year. The assessment of properties is done by the UDT Department and generation of demand and billing is done by the e-governance department. Bills are distributed through courier service. Billing is done quarterly – bills are generated by April and reach the tax payers by mid-August every year. The UD tax for properties with area more than 2,700 sq. ft. (domestic) and 900 sq. ft. (industrial) is levied as per the prevalent District Land price Committee (DLC) rates of each area. The UD tax is collected as per the following formula: (Area of plot X DLC Rate) / 1000. The last survey of properties in Udaipur was done in 2007. A random survey of the properties is in progress. There are 97,530 assessed properties in Udaipur.

Table 14-4: Number of properties in Udaipur

Type Number of Properties Residential 77,370 Commercial 12,232 Industrial 22 Institutional 278 Mixed Use 7,628 Total 97,530

Source: UMC The total UD tax demand generated in 2012-13 for UD tax was Rs. 36.11 crore, out of which more than 80% was accounted for by arrears demand. Only 10 percent of the total demand was collected

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Ministry of Urban Development amounting to Rs. 3.75 crores. One of the reasons for the low collection ratios is that UMC does not follow up with defaulters for tax recovery.

Table 14-5: DCB Statement of Urban Development Tax (in crores)

Particular 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Demand Arrears 5.61 12.29 22.61 24.91 28.98 Current 6.87 13.55 4.69 7.15 7.14 Total Demand 12.47 25.83 27.31 32.06 36.11 Collection Collection 0.18 3.23 2.39 3.08 3.75 Collection Efficiency % 1.47 12.49 8.76 9.62 10.39

Source: UMC and CRIS analysis The urban development tax department has only four personnel for assessment, distribution of bills, collection and imposition of notices. The last survey of properties was conducted in 2007 and there is a potential to bring more properties under the tax net.

14.4.2 Revenue Expenditure

Revenue expenditure in UMC in FY 2008-09 was Rs. 41.72 crores which increased to Rs. 49.89 crores in 2012-13. The two major components of revenue expenditure are establishment and O& M expenses.

Figure 14-3: Revenue expenditure

Source: CRIS analysis and UMC

Table 14-6: Overview of expenditure constitutes

Revenue Item 2008-09* 2009-10 2010-2011 2011-12 2012-13 Establishment expenses 2386 2925 2904 1255 3465 O&M expenses 1785 1669 1236 1528 1524 Total 4172 4593 4140 2783 4990

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Source: CRIS analysis

* Amount in lakhs

 Establishment: Establishment expenditure is the largest component of revenue expenditure in UMC. In FY 2012-13, salaries and allowances paid to employees accounted for around 69 percent of the total revenue expenditure. This has grown from Rs. 23.86 crores in 2008-09 to Rs. 34.65 crores in 2012-13. On an average, for the last three financial years (2010-11 to 2012-13), expenditure on salaries has been 62 of the total revenue receipts of UMC.

 Operation and Maintenance: O&M expenditure is the second-largest component of revenue expenditure. It decreased from Rs. 17.85 crores in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 15.24 crores in FY 2012-13, thus showing a CAGR of (-2.60%). The major components of O&M expenditure related to public health (26%), lighting (23%), and public repairs (16%) in FY 2012-13. 14.5 Capital Account

The Capital Account comprises Capital Income (CI) and Capital Expenditure (CE). An analysis of each of the above elements is presented as under.

14.5.1 Capital Income

Income from land and capital grants is the main component of capital income of UMC. UMC receives capital grants from Central Government schemes such as Finance Commission grants, RAY, and IHSDP, and from state government schemes such as SJSVY, and special purpose grants. Backward Region Grant Funds (BRGF) and sales from land were the major sources of capital income. Capital income of the corporation decreased from Rs. 24.52 crores in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 19.83 crores in 2012-13, at a CAGR of (-3.48 percent). Central govt. grants including JNnURM and other grants have decreased over the years while state govt. grants and MLA/MPs have increased from FY 2008- 09 to FY 2012-13. The share of JnNURM grants is lower as UMC is not implementing projects approved under JnNURM. UMC is implementing in-situ slum development projects approved under the IHSDP scheme. A larger component of the IHSDP project for developing new buildings is being implemented by UIT.

Figure 14-4: Capital income

The income from sale from land contributed 20% of the total capital income in 2012-13. UMC also receives 18% of its total revenue collected by UIT from the sale of land, every year. All land under municipal jurisdiction has been transferred to UIT by the state government.

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Ministry of Urban Development

14.5.2 Capital Expenditure

Capital expenditure of the corporation increased from Rs. 43.18 crore in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 38.01 crore in FY 2012-13. On an average, in the last three years, the largest capital expenditure has been on capital works (60 percent), capital / developmental works like beautification of parks and public places, projects under the National Lake Conservation programme, and capital works of drainage, roads, sewerage projects, construction of public health, sports development, construction of dispensaries, and other buildings. Loans and liability – UMC has no outstanding loans and liabilities, as per the current financial year 2012-13.

Figure 14-5: Capital expenditure

14.6 Key Issues

Potential in taxation not realized: The UD tax levied on properties allows for higher exemption as compared to property tax. The state government has developed rules for levying property tax. The UMC should impose property tax for leveraging the real tax potential. Apart from UD tax, the other tax levied contributes only 6 to 7% of UMC‟s total revenue. These are from taxes on boats, toy trains, cattle pounds, and advertisements. Entertainment tax which was levied earlier has been repealed, for which UMC receives compensation from the state government. UMC may also impose a sanitation tax. No revenue generation through user charges: UMC does not collect user charges for providing solid waste management services. There is no separate provision for sewerage and SWM services and both are covered under sanitation. Insufficient financial allocations in budget for sanitation lead to inadequate service delivery. Water supply is provided by PHED and user charges for water are collected by PHED. Budget preparation: The budget documents are not published. A separate budget for urban poor is not being prepared. Implementation of accounting system: The department has adapted to DEAS. The clerical staff involved in day-to-day record-keeping and budget preparation does not have skills for managing DEAS.

[146] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

[147] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

15. SWOT Analysis

The competitive position of the city in terms of efficiency in governance, completive economic growth, sustainable development, infrastructure efficiency, and skilled labour has been analysed to understand the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the city. SWOT analysis gives a cursory snapshot of the existing potentials that favour growth in the city. Further, issues curbing the city‟s development are discussed. The ranking of importance in a scale of high to medium has been developed through interactions with stakeholders and officials. In the case of opportunities and threats, the possibility of occurrence has also been identified. Udaipur being the most urbanized city in the district, a tourist centre, and commercial capital of the state offers huge potential for employment opportunities. The agrarian surroundings in the hinterland act as a natural capital for the city. However, in spite of the conducive environment for trade and commerce, the city is yet to grow as a million-plus population city. The table below presents the strengths and weakness of the city.

The city is considered to be the potential capital for the surrounding region. This would have a positive impact on the city‟s investment environment and employment opportunities. The presence of good educational and health institutions will be taken as an important parameter for supporting city‟s growth.

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Ministry of Urban Development

On the other hand, the city suffers from lack of proper disposal facilities for generated sewerage and solid waste. In its absence, water pollution and related problems arise in the city which is a major concern.

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Ministry of Urban Development

16. Stakeholder Consultation

The Government of India has envisaged the revised CDP preparation process through consultative and participatory approach; it requires the involvement of various stakeholders at the ULB, regional, and state levels. 16.1 Consultative Meetings

In this phase, the CRIS team conducted consultative meetings with various stakeholders to discuss the status and performance of the service delivery mechanism and aspirations of citizens on city development, and to ensure a participatory and inclusive development process. The CRIS team carried our discussions with various stakeholders of the city about service improvement in the priority sectors. The table below gives the priority sectors to be of the stakeholders.

Table 16-1: Key requirements in the city

Sector Requirement Priority Underground sewerage Complete sewerage network and STP 1 Storm water drainage An integrated storm water drainage system 2 Solid waste Solid waste management and treatment facility 3 management Traffic management Road widening, footpaths, parking lot, integration of 4 transport nodes Urban poverty Slum housing and provision of infrastructure 5 Heritage and Tourism Conservation of historical monuments, providing tourist 6 infrastructure and improving facilities near existing religious places Governance Capacity-building of UMC staff, e – governance 7 Drinking water 24 hour water supply, cost recovery 8

16.2 Workshop Process

In order to ensure a participatory and inclusive development process, the CRIS team in association with UMC, organized a consultative workshop in UMC‟s Conference Hall on 9th June 2014 at 4.30 pm. The objectives of the workshop were to discuss the status and performance of the service delivery mechanism in Udaipur, conduct a city SWOT analysis, and understand citizen aspirations on city development and framing of the vision for Udaipur. The workshop was chaired by the Mayor, Commissioner of UMC. Around 50 participants took part in the consultative process. There were representatives from parastatal agencies like UIT, traffic police, hotel associations, advocates and parshad from different wards. The Mayor and Ms. Mehali Patel from CRIS welcomed the stakeholders and briefed them about the revised city development plan for Udaipur.

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Ministry of Urban Development

The CRIS team made a presentation on city-level assessment and SWOT analysis. Subsequent to the presentation, a brief question and answer session was conducted to address the concerns of the stakeholders

Figure 16-1 Pictures of stakeholders’ meeting

UMC had ensured sufficient outreach for the stakeholder workshop through print and electronic media.

Source: Rajasthan Patrika - Udaipur, 10th June 2014

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Ministry of Urban Development

The proceeding of workshop has been uploaded on the website of UMC. Screenshot for the same is provided below for reference.

During consultations carried out prior to the workshop, relevant stakeholders were appraised on the need for revision of the city development plan for Udaipur. The participants have shown proactiveness in sharing their visions for the city. The following are the key issues and suggestions given by the stakeholders who attended the workshop.

16.3 Issues Identified

The following table provides the key issues identified in each sector during the city-level workshop.

Figure 16-2 Key issues identified by stakeholders Sector Issues Water Supply  Water supply problem still persists in some areas of the city  Inadequate water supply and leakage problem  Duration of water supply

Sewerage and Sanitation  Low coverage and no proper disposal system  Absence of toilets in slum areas of the city  Sewage from the city goes into Ayad river which meets the Udaipur Sagar lake

[152] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

Storm water drainage  Absence of storm water drainage system in the city  Lack of proper cleaning of drains  Mixing of storm water with sewage

Solid waste management  Absence of proper solid waste management system in the city  Door-to-door collection

Traffic and Transportation  Traffic and transportation problem in the city  Lack of public transportation and traffic management system  Parking and congestion problem

Urban poverty and slums  Absence of basic infrastructure facilities in slum areas of the city

Urban environment and  High level of pollution at present spatial planning Urban governance  Urban governance is not capable to do work

Local economy development  The connectivity of the city with other parts of India need to be strengthened with more number of trains, flights and road

16.4 Sector analysis and Strategies formulation

During the preparation of the City Development Plan various sectorial issues and strategies as shared by the stakeholders for preparation of revised CDP of Udaipur during the workshop is as follows.

Table 16-2: Sectoral suggestions by stakeholders

Sector Issues

Water Supply  Need for overhead water tanks in new colonies and laying of pipes for water supply in new areas  Proper distribution of water in low-lying areas  Augmentation of water resources  Water connection to each person in the city  Daily water supply and metering for all connections  Removal of fluoride  Water recharging structures

Sewerage and Sanitation  Need for sewerage and sanitation system in new developing areas  Disposal of sewage in natural water sources  Household-level sewerage network connections  Need for entire city to be covered by the sewerage network

[153] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Potable water should not be used in WCs

Storm water drainage  Need for separate storm water drain lines  Drainage plan required for the city  Need to connect small nallas with big nallas for water provision

Solid waste management  Need for proposals for solid waste in outer areas  Proper plan for solid waste management required  Creating awareness among people for waste management  IEC activities to segregate waste at household level  Establishment of recycling plant

Traffic and Transportation  Provision of over bridge and under bridge  Provision for public transport  Awareness of traffic management and rules and regulations for traffic management  Penalty for violating rules and regulations  Flyovers required  Stray animals should be stopped  Road widening needed  Providing pocket parking facilities (area-wise)  Redesigning of junctions needed  New CTS system can be implemented only by providing alternate employment to existing taxi drivers  Disposal of cars/vehicles older than three years

Urban poverty and slums  EWS housing scheme is needed for urban poor  Proper area and basic infrastructure facilities to be given to slum-dwellers  Land is given to them  Denotification of slums required  In-situ development for slums

Urban environment and  Urban forestry scheme is required in urban areas spatial planning  Greening of junctions  Provision of good parks  Proper master for green area is prepared  Road side plantation

[154] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

 Pedestrian and cyclist track  Strict implementation of anti-encroachment rules to avoid congestion on public streets  Emphasis on solar energy

Social infrastructure  Convention hall needed in the city  Urban forestry scheme is required in urban areas  Greening of junctions  Construction of a community center  Amusement park  Newly constructed buildings in the city should be given heritage look

Urban governance  Different agencies are required for different projects‟ implementation  Computerization of all government departments is a must  Coordination between governments is required

Local economy development  Tax structure should be proposed  House and building tax  City entrance charges  More budget is required for development  Increase in tourism-related activities needed  Tourism sector and medical tourism should be promoted  Air connectivity to major Indian cities needed  Business should be developed to improve employment scenario like household businesses, cottage industries, and agriculture-related businesses  Explore quality product marketing strategies for local industries related to handicrafts  Establishment of at least two hotel and catering management /training institutes

[155] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

17. Annexure

17.1 Attendance Sheet of Workshop

[156] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

[157] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

[158] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

17.2 Workshop – Issues and Strategies provided by stakeholders

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Ministry of Urban Development

[160] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

[161] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

[162] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

17.3 Water user charges A WATER CHARGES S.No. Category of consumer Gross rate per Net rate per 1000 1000 Litres litres allowing (Rs.) 20% rebate if payment is made with in prescribed due date (Rs.) 1. DOMESTIC RATES (a) for consumption up to first 15,000 litres 1.56 1.25

(b) for consumption exceeding 15,000 litres and 3.00 2.40 up to 40,000 litres ( c) for next consumption above 40,000 litres 4.00 3.20

2. MINIMUM CHARGES PER MONTH FOR DOMESTIC CATEGORY (a) for 15 mm service line 20.00 16.00 (b) for 20 mm service line 120.00 96.00 (c) for 25 mm service line 370.00 296.00 (d) for 40 mm service line 870.00 696.00 (e) for 50 mm service line 1120.00 896.00 (f) for 80 mm service line 2245.00 1796.00 (g) for 100 mm service line 4495.00 3596.00 (h) for 150 mm service line 11245.00 8996.00 3. FLAT RATE CHARGES FOR 15 MM DOMESTIC CONNECTION (UNMETERED) (a) for each connection per family upto two tape 20.00 16.00

(b) for each additional tap Deleted Deleted Note : (i) No additional amount will be charged for Flush Laterines, Overhead Tanks, Only Flat Rate tariff will be charged in Rural & Katchi Basties of Urban towns. (ii) No additional charges for additional family members. One family will be treated as one consumer irrespective of family members. Domestic category shall include the consumers who use water for their bonafide domestic purpose. This category is applicable to residential quarters/houses where water is used for bonafide domestic purpose. This Category will also be applicable to :- (I) Government educational institutions. (II) Places of worship such as Temple/Mosque/Church etc. (III) Orphanage/Leper homes/Yatim Khana, registred and recognised by the Social Welfare Department or any other Government Agency. (IV) Circuit House/Dak Bungalow/Rest House/Jail/Children Rehabilitation Home/Mahila Ashram etc. 4. NON DOMESTIC RATE (a) for consumption upto first 15,000 litres 4.68 3.75

(b) for consumption exceeding 15,000 litres and 8.25 6.60 up to 40,000 litres (c) for next consumption above 40,000 litres 11.00 8.80

5. MINIMUM CHARGES PER MONTH FOR NON DOMESTIC CATEGORY (a) for 15 mm service line 51.00 41.00 (b) for 20 mm service line 120.00 96.00 (c) for 25 mm service line 370.00 296.00

[163] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

(d) for 40 mm service line 870.00 696.00 (e) for 50 mm service line 1120.00 896.00 (f) for 80 mm service line 2245.00 1796.00 (g) for 100 mm service line 4495.00 3596.00 (h) for 150 mm service line 11245.00 8996.00 Note: (i) The consumers which due to having shops in their residential premises categorised under non domestic category as per notification of 12-11-97 shall take the separate connection up to 31-3-99. Till that date billing will be as per domestic tariff rates. From1-4-99, Non domestic rate shall be charged from such consumers. (ii) Shops having existing Flat Rate Connection will be charged as per item 3 as above. The Non Domestic category will include all consumers/establishments not covered by the domestic category and industrial category such as given below: All type of shops, Offices and Godown, Hospital, Dispensaries, Dharamshalas, Private Educational Institutions, Petrol Pumps without service station, Cottage Industries, Restaurant, Dhabas, Cinemas, Dairy, Motor Garage without service station, Building Construction, Marriage Halls, Nurseries, Railway/Bus Stand, Laundries etc. 6. INDUSTRIAL RATES (a) For Consumption upto first 15,000 litres 11.00 8.80

(b) For Consumption exceeding 15,000 litres 13.75 11.00 and upto 40,000 litres (c) For Next consumption above 40,000 litres 16.50 13.20 7. MINIMUM CHARGES PER MONTH FOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY (a) for 15 mm service line 120.00 96.00 (b) for 20 mm service line 240.00 192.00 (c) for 25 mm service line 480.00 384.00 (d) for 40 mm service line 875.00 700.00 (e) for 50 mm service line 1125.00 900.00 (f) for 80 mm service line 2250.00 1800.00 (g) for 100 mm service line 4500.00 3600.00 (h) for 150 mm service line 11250.00 9000.00 The Industrial Category shall include large, medium and small industrial units as defined by Vikas Ayukt (Laghu Udhog) of Government of India and GOR. This category shall also be applicable to all kinds of hotels (large, medium and small Motor Garage with service facility, Petrol Pump with service facility, Poultry Farms, Stone cutting/Grinding and Polishing industries etc. 8. FIXED CHARGES Fixed charges for capital renovation of system. Rs. 10.00 per These charges shall be applicable to all month category of consumers. No rebate will be allowed on this item. B GENERAL CHARGES 9. METER SERVICE CHARGE PER MONTH (a) for 15 mm size 5.00 (b) for 20 mm size 15.00 (c) for 25mm size 20.00 (d) for 40mm size 30.00 (e) for 50mm size 40.00 (f) for 80mm size 75.00 (g) for 100mm size 125.00 (h) for 150mm size 200.00

[164] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Ministry of Urban Development

10. CONNECTION CHARGES (a) New water connection charges shall be equivalent to one month‟s net minimum charges for service connection of relevant size subject to minimum of Rs. 100/- (b) Disconnection charges will be 50% of new connection charges of respective connection charge. (c) Reconnection charges will be 50% of new connection charges of respective connection charge. (d) One time charge for a new connection in Rs. 15.00 per house having more than ground and first floor. sq.mtr. of the total plot area. (e) One time charge for a new connection in a Rs. 15.00 per group housing scheme if a new connection is sq.mtr. of the required by total plot area

a flat owner. (f) One time charge for a new connection in a Rs. 15.00 per group housing scheme if a common connection sq.mtr. of the is required by the residents of group housing total plot area scheme (g) New connection charge for sewer Rs. 200.00 connections

17.4 Maps of Udaipur City

[165] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Shavri Colony << To Himatnagar Eklavya Colony NH 72A 8

6 NH 72A NH Fateh Sagar Lake 7 Hawala Kalan 9 2

Pichola SH 50 SH 1 Shilpgram Dewali Ambamata NH 72A Sajjan Nagar << To Dunganpur 5 NH 927A 16 45 13

4 SH 50 SH 11 55

Sector 14 46 19 50 SH 44 NH 927A 10 Panchwati

3 NH 72A NH Brahma Puri 12 SH 32 47 17 48 54

14 To Gogunda >> 49 42 52

43 SH 32 City Base Map Railway Colony Shakthi Nagar 15

41 SH 32 53 18

NH 927A Ashok Nagar 20 SH 32 Parda 21 50 51 40 Savina

SH 32

SH 32 To Kotra >> Kotra To 25 39 23 37 38 22 26 24 Sector 5

Airport Rd Sector 4 27 Ganeshpura 35 Sector 3 33 28 30 29

36 To Nathdwara >>

Dangiyon Ki Pachauli NH 8 NH

Airport Rd 34

Pratap Nagar

NH 8 NH NH 8 NH

32 NH 8 NH 31

Airport Rd Hyderabad- 500 082, India |(B) +91 40 23358103 | SCALE: CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solution Limited C NAME OF THE PROJECT: NAME OF THE CLIENT: KEY MAP: ORIENTATION: LEGEND: Capacity Building for Urban Development ONSULTANT A subsidiary of CRISIL Limited, a Standard & Poor's company 3rd Floor, Uma Chambers, Plot No. 9 & 10, Nagarjuna Hills, Revised City Development Plan for Ministry of Urban Development UDAIPUR 0 0 Government of India W : Main Road Contours Railway Lines Local Roads National Highway Ward Boundary Muncipal Boundary Water body / Pond Lakes Udaipur City RAJASTHAN 500 0 .5 1 : 1000 N S 1000 1 E 2000 2 www.crisil.com MTS CM ORIENTATION: N

W E

S To Gogunda >> Gogunda To KEY MAP: RAJASTHAN

Tiger Hills To Nathdwara >> Nathdwara To

UDAIPUR

LEGEND: Fateh Sagar Lake Muncipal Boundary

National Highway

Main Road Swaroop Sagar Local Roads Railway Lines

Water body / Pond / Lakes Contours

Lake Pichola

SCALE:

1 : 1000 << To Himatnagar To <<

0 0.5 1 2 CM

0 500 1000 2000 MTS NAME OF THE PROJECT: Revised City Development Plan for Udaipur City

NAME OF THE CLIENT: Capacity Building for Urban Development Ministry of Urban Development Nela Pond Government of India To Kotra >>

CONSULTANT:

CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solution Limited << To Dunganpur To << A subsidiary of CRISIL Limited, a Standard & Poor's company 3rd Floor, Uma Chambers, Plot No. 9 & 10, Nagarjuna Hills, Environment - Water Bodies Map Hyderabad- 500 082, India |(B) +91 40 23358103 | www.crisil.com << To Himatnagar UDAIVILAS THE OBERAI TAJ LAKE PALACE

<< To Dunganpur TECHNOY MOTORS H RURR BUS STAND Social Infrastructure Map H H UDAIPUR BUS DEPOT PATEL CIRCLE H To Gogunda >> H UDAIPUR RAILWAY STATION TOWN HALL GOVERNMENT OFFICE COLLECTORATE ANTI CORRUPTION H H SUB - CITY CENTER NAGAR NIGAM H CENTRAL JAIL H

BSNL HEAD OFFICE To Kotra >> Kotra To H H BHAGATH SING BUS STAND NAGAR RAILWAY RANA PRATHAP STATION

H To Nathdwara >> Hyderabad- 500 082, India |(B) +91 40 23358103 | SCALE: CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solution Limited C NAME OF THE PROJECT: NAME OF THE CLIENT: KEY MAP: ORIENTATION: LEGEND: Capacity Building for Urban Development ONSULTANT A subsidiary of CRISIL Limited, a Standard & Poor's company 3rd Floor, Uma Chambers, Plot No. 9 & 10, Nagarjuna Hills, Revised City Development Plan for Ministry of Urban Development H UDAIPUR 0 0 Government of India W : Railway Lines Local Roads Main Road National Highway Muncipal Boundary Water body / Pond Lakes Temples Hotels / Restaurents Educational Institutions Bus Stop / Railway Station Important Landmark Parks / Playgrounds Hospitals Udaipur City RAJASTHAN 500 0 .5 1 : 1000 N S 1000 1 E 2000 2 www.crisil.com MTS CM << To Himatnagar

NH 72A

NH 72A NH SH 50 SH NH 72A << To Dunganpur

NH 927A SH 50 SH

NH 927A SH 50 SH 72A NH SH 32 To Gogunda >> SH 32

SH 32 Roads Map NH 927A Airport Rd SH 32

SH 32

SH 32 To Kotra >> Kotra To

Airport Rd

To Nathdwara >> NH 8 NH

Airport Rd

NH 8 NH

NH 8 NH NH 8 NH

Airport Rd Hyderabad- 500 082, India |(B) +91 40 23358103 | SCALE: CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solution Limited C NAME OF THE PROJECT: NAME OF THE CLIENT: KEY MAP: ORIENTATION: LEGEND: Capacity Building for Urban Development ONSULTANT A subsidiary of CRISIL Limited, a Standard & Poor's company 3rd Floor, Uma Chambers, Plot No. 9 & 10, Nagarjuna Hills, Revised City Development Plan for Ministry of Urban Development UDAIPUR 0 0 Government of India W : Main Road Railway Lines Local Roads State Highway National Highway Muncipal Boundary Water body / Pond Lakes Udaipur City RAJASTHAN 500 0 .5 1 : 1000 N S 1000 1 E 2000 2 www.crisil.com MTS CM Monsoon Palace

<< To Himatnagar Shilpgram Fateh Sagar Lake Taj Lake Palace The Leela Palace Jag Mandir Jagadish Temple << To Dunganpur City Palace Bharatita Lok Kala Mandal

To Gogunda >>

Heritage Map To Kotra >> Kotra To Ahar Museum

To Nathdwara >> Hyderabad- 500 082, India |(B) +91 40 23358103 | SCALE: CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solution Limited C NAME OF THE PROJECT: NAME OF THE CLIENT: KEY MAP: ORIENTATION: LEGEND: Capacity Building for Urban Development ONSULTANT A subsidiary of CRISIL Limited, a Standard & Poor's company 3rd Floor, Uma Chambers, Plot No. 9 & 10, Nagarjuna Hills, Revised City Development Plan for Ministry of Urban Development UDAIPUR 0 0 Government of India W : Main Road Railway Lines Local Roads National Highway Muncipal Boundary Water body / Pond Lakes Heritage Spots Udaipur City RAJASTHAN 500 0 .5 1 : 1000 N S 1000 1 E 2000 2 www.crisil.com MTS CM

Our Offices / Contact us:

Registered Office – Mumbai New Delhi Hyderabad CRISIL House, Central Avenue, Plot No. 46 (Opposite Provident 3rd Floor, Uma Chambers Hiranandani Business Park, Fund Office), Plot No. 9&10, Nagarjuna Hills, Powai, Mumbai- 400 076 Sector 44, Gurgaon 122 003, Near Punjagutta Cross Road Phone : 91-22-3342 3000 Haryana, India Hyderabad - 500 082 Fax : 91-22-3342 3810 Phone : 91-124-672 2000 Phone : 91-40-40328200 Fax : 91-124-672 2495 Fax : 91-40-2335 7507

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About CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory is a division of CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited, a 100% subsidiary of CRISIL Limited – India‟s leading Ratings, Research, Risk and Policy Advisory Company.

CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory is India‟s premier advisor focusing on policy issues, as well as commercial and contractual issues in the areas of transport, energy and urban infrastructure. We also provide support to international firms planning investments in India. Over a period of time, CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory has built a unique position for itself in these domains and is considered the preferred consultant by governments, multilateral agencies and private-sector clients. We have extended our operations beyond India and are present in other emerging markets in Africa, Middle East and South Asia.

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