CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY
CONTENTS Chapter 1 : Background ...... 1
1.1 Concept ...... 1
1.2 The CSP Initiative ...... 1
1.2.1 Context ...... 1
1.2.2 NUSP-Policy and Vision ...... 2
1.2.3 Vision ...... 3
1.2.4 The thrust of NSUP-Totally Sanitized City ...... 3
1.3 City Sanitation Plan ...... 3
1.3.1 Components of City Sanitation Plan ...... 4
1.3.2 Strategy for City Sanitation Plan ...... 4
1.4 CSP Approach and Methodology ...... 5
1.5 Detailed Plan of Action ...... 6
1.5.1 Profiling ULB ...... 6
1.5.2 Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop and Stakeholder‘s Analysis ...... 6
1.5.3 Constituting: City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) ...... 7
1.5.4 Initiating IEC activities ...... 7
1.5.5 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status ...... 7
1.5.6 Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options ...... 9
1.5.7 Developing and Consolidating CSP ...... 9
1.6 Timeline for Totally Sanitized City/ ...... 9
1.7 CSP Sanitation Ranking ...... 10
1.7.1 Categories of Indicators ...... 10
1.8 CSP Communication Need Assessment ...... 11
Chapter 2 : City Profile ...... 1
2.1 City Profile ...... 1
2.2 REGIONAL SETTINGS and connectivity ...... 1
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2.2.1 Regional Setting ...... 1
2.2.2 Connectivity ...... 2
2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY ...... 4
2.3.1 Natural Drainage and Water Bodies ...... 4
2.3.2 Vegetation ...... 4
2.3.3 Climate ...... 4
2.4 UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION ...... 5
2.5 Urban Control Area ...... 5
2.6 Land use and Master Plan ...... 6
2.7 DEMOGRAPHY ...... 8
2.7.1 POPULATION GROWTH TREND ...... 8
2.7.2 SEX RATIO ...... 9
2.7.3 LITERACY RATE ...... 9
2.8 ECONOMY ...... 10
2.8.1 Small and Medium Industries ...... 11
2.8.2 Tourism ...... 12
2.9 Housing Scenario ...... 14
2.10 Administrative Structure ...... 15
Chapter 3 : City Sanitation Plan Components ...... 18
3.1 Toilet coverage ...... 18
3.2 Solid Waste...... 18
3.3 Storm water Drainage ...... 19
3.4 Drinking Water Supply ...... 19
3.5 Environment...... 19
3.6 Information, Education and Communication ...... 20
Chapter 4 : Water Supply ...... 21
4.1.1 Source of Water Supply ...... 21
...... 25
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4.1.2 Storage ...... 26
4.1.3 Distribution Network ...... 28
4.1.4 Water Quality and Treatment Facility ...... 28
4.1.5 Water Quality ...... 29
4.2 Situation Analysis ...... 29
4.2.1 Connections and Domestic Metering ...... 29
4.2.2 Area and Population Coverage ...... 30
4.2.3 Unaccounted water ...... 32
4.2.4 Service Adequacy and Key Issues ...... 32
4.3 Future demand and Gap Analysis ...... 33
4.4 Ongoing Projects ...... 34
4.5 Future Requirement ...... 34
4.5.1 WTP and Storage Proposal ...... 35
4.6 Framework for Action ...... 54
4.6.1 Strategies and Time Frame ...... 55
4.6.2 Recommendations ...... 55
4.6.3 Best Practice...... 55
Chapter 5 : Making City Open Defecation Free ...... 57
5.1 Present Status ...... 57
5.1.1 Individual Sanitation System ...... 57
5.2 Public Toilets ...... 58
5.3 Public Urinal...... 62
5.4 Sanitation in InstitutIONS ...... 63
5.5 Situation Analysis ...... 63
5.5.1 Household Toilets ...... 63
5.5.2 Septic Tanks ...... 63
5.5.3 Leach pit ...... 64
5.5.4 On Pit Latrines ...... 65
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5.5.5 Public Toilets and Urinals...... 66
5.6 Gap analysis ...... 67
5.7 Proposal Under CSP ...... 68
5.8 Framework for Community Toilet ...... 69
5.9 Construction & Maintenance of Modern Public Toilets on BOT (Built, Operate & Transfer) Basis ...... 71
5.9.1 Indicative Methodology for taking up Construction of Modern Public Toilets on BOT basis ...... 72
5.10 Ecosan toilets ...... 79
Chapter 6 : Sewerage management ...... 80
6.1 Introduction ...... 80
6.2 Present status ...... 80
6.3 Existing Sewerage System ...... 83
6.3.1 Sewerage System constructed by PHED ...... 83
6.3.2 Sewerage system constructed by UIT ...... 86
6.3.3 Pumping Stations and Lifting Stations in the existing system ...... 87
6.3.4 Pumping Station near Amba Mata Bridge ...... 87
6.3.5 Pumping Station (PS) Near Chand Pol ...... 87
6.3.6 Pumping Station at Gadiya Devra ...... 88
6.3.7 Lift Station near Naganagri Ramdwera ...... 88
6.3.8 Lift Station near Maharaja Ghat ...... 88
6.4 Disposal of sewage ...... 89
6.4.1 Existing Trunk Line ...... 89
6.4.2 Pumping and Lifting Stations ...... 89
6.5 situation Analysis ...... 90
6.6 future requirement...... 90
6.6.1 Waste Water Management ...... 91
6.6.2 Demand and Gap in Waste Water Management ...... 92
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6.7 Framework for Action ...... 93
6.7.1 Strategies and Time Frame ...... 95
6.7.2 Recommendations ...... 95
6.7.3 Best Practice...... 95
Chapter 7 : Waste Water Management ...... 97
7.1 Sanitation Models/Technologies ...... 97
7.1.1 Wet and Dry Sanitation ...... 97
7.1.2 On-Site and Off-Site Sanitation Systems ...... 98
7.1.3 Types of Toilets ...... 98
7.1.4 Level of Sanitation and Service Provisions: ...... 99
7.1.5 On-Site or Off-Site Disposal: ...... 100
7.2 Technical Options ...... 102
7.2.1 On-Site Sanitation Technologies ...... 103
7.2.2 Off Site Wastewater Treatment Technologies: ...... 108
7.3 Reference ...... 124
Chapter 8 : Solid Waste Management ...... 125
8.1 Introduction ...... 125
8.2 Administration ...... 125
8.3 Solid Waste Quantities ...... 126
...... 127
8.4 Existing Solid Waste Management System ...... 127
8.5 Domestic Waste ...... 127
8.6 Commercial waste ...... 128
8.7 Waste from other institutions ...... 128
8.8 Waste from street sweeping ...... 128
8.9 hazardous waste ...... 128
8.10 industrial waste ...... 129
8.11 collection system ...... 129
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8.11.1 Work Force ...... 133
8.11.2 Street sweeping and Solid Waste Collection ...... 134
8.12 Gap analysis ...... 135
9.1 Proposals under CSP ...... 136
9.2 Future waste generation ...... 138
9.3 Waste Treatment Options ...... 138
9.3.1 Strategies and Time Frame ...... 142
9.3.2 Recommendations ...... 143
Chapter 10 : Drainage and storm water management ...... 145
10.1 Existing status ...... 145
10.2 Industrial Waste ...... 146
10.3 issues in existing drainage system ...... 147
10.4 Major Water Bodies ...... 147
10.5 Construction of new Drains ...... 150
10.6 Development Plan for Ahar River ...... 150
Chapter 11 : The lake and Lake system ...... 151
11.1 Introduction ...... 151
11.1.1 History ...... 151
11.2 Lake System: ...... 151
11.2.1 Pichola ...... 151
11.2.2 Pichola Watershed ...... 152
11.2.3 Parts of Pichola ...... 153
Swaroop Sagar: ...... 153
11.2.4 Govardhan Sagar ...... 153
11.2.5 Fateh Sagar Reservoir ...... 153
11.3 Morphometric of Udaipur Reservoirs ...... 154
11.4 Importance ...... 154
11.4.1 As water Resources ...... 155
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11.4.2 As Tourist Centre ...... 155
11.5 Issues ...... 155
11.5.1 Waste Disposal ...... 156
11.5.2 Drying up of Lake ...... 156
11.5.3 Siltation ...... 156
11.5.4 Weeding ...... 156
11.5.5 Boating ...... 156
11.5.6 Idol immersion ...... 156
11.5.7 Sewage Inflow ...... 157
11.5.8 Washing ...... 157
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List of Tables
Table 2.1: Comparison of Sex ratio- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur City ...... 9
Table 2.2: Comparison of Literacy Rate- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur city...... 10
Table 2.4: Responsibility Matrix-Water Supply and Sewerage ...... 17
Table 4.2: Details of CWRs ...... 26
Table 4.3: Storage details ...... 27
Table 4.4: Salient features of Municipal Water supply ...... 28
Table 4.5: Water Treatment Plants ...... 28
Table 4.6: Water Quality in Pichola Lake...... 29
Table 4.7: Water Tariff ...... 30
Table 4.8: Water Supply coverage ...... 30
Table 4.9: Demand Supply Gap ...... 34
Table 4.10: Proposed WTPs ...... 36
Table 4.11: Proposed Storage facilities ...... 36
Table 4.12: Proposed pipe line network ...... 38
Table 4.13: Investment Plan-Macro Level ...... 54
Table 4.14: Investment Plan Micro Level...... 54
Table 4.15: Strategies and Time Frame – Water Supply ...... 55
Table 5.1: Individual Sanitation System ...... 57
Table 5.2: Pubic Toilets ...... 59
Table 5.3: Existing and Proposed Toilet Facilities ...... 68
Table 6.2: Existing and Proposed Sewer Lines ...... 91
Table 6.3: Sewage Generation ...... 91
Table 6.4: STP Proposals ...... 92
Table 6.5:Investement Plan Macro Level ...... 93
Table 6.6:Investment Plan Micro Level ...... 93
Table 6.7: Strategies and Time Frame ...... 95 viii NF INFRATECH SERVICE PVT. LTD., NEW DELHI CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY
Table 7.1: Type of Waste generated in different disposal process...... 98
Table 8.2: Solid waste Composition ...... 126
Table 8.3: Details of Manpower and Equipment ...... 133
Table 8.4: SWM Vehicles ...... 133
Table 8.5: Existing SWM system in the City ...... 134
Table 9.1: Inventory of Existing Drainage Length ...... 145
Table 9.2: Major Water Bodies ...... 148
Table 9.3: Major Flood Prone Areas in Udaipur City...... 149
Table 10.1 Morphometric features & irrigation details of reservoirs ...... 154
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Approach and Methodology ...... 5
Figure 2.2: Projected Population by different method ...... 9
Figure 2.3: Main workers participation of Udaipur City ...... 11
Figure 2.4: Marginal workers participation of Udaipur City ...... 11
Figure 2.5: Tourist inflow of Udaipur comparison with other cities of Rajasthan ...... 12
Figure 2.6: Major Tourist spot of Udaipur...... 14
Figure 2.7: Institutional Framework-WSS ...... 17
Figure 4.2: Water supply map of the city...... 24
Figure 4.3: Water supply coverage...... 31
In first phase the ESRs are proposed at the out growth areas sucha s Palri, Badagaon, Sukher, Bhuwana, Dewali Rural , IIM colony, Govardhan Vilas Rural, and in Sajjan Nagar. 36
Figure 4.5: Exiting and Proposed WTPs and Storage ...... 38
Figure 4.6: Proposed distribution network ...... 39
Figure 5.2: Existing Urinals ...... 62
Figure 5.3: Schematic representation of Black Water Disposal Septic Tanks ...... 63
Figure 5.4: Typical section of a Septic Tank ...... 65
Figure 5.5 Schematic representation of Pit Toilet ...... 66
Figure 7.1: Option for collection and drainage of waste water ...... 101
Figure 7.3: Oxidation Ditch...... 108
Figure 7.4: Rotating Biological Contactor ...... 109
Figure 8.1: Composition of Waste (Veg. Market) and in commercial centre ...... 127
Figure 8.2: : Location of Dust Bins and Solid waste dumping site...... 131
Figure 8.3: Waste collection area ...... 133
Figure 9.1: Containers Proposed in UMC and in OG area ...... 137
Figure 11.2 Lake Pichola ...... 152
Figure 11.1 Udaipur Lake System ...... 152
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Chapter 1 : BACKGROUND
1.1 CONCEPT
Sanitation is a holistic term which can be defined as hygienic measures taken to maintain public health, which includes safe disposal / reuse of excreta, liquid waste and solid wastes, control of vectors of diseases, domestic, personal and food hygiene. It includes both infrastructure (for example, latrines, compost pits) and behavior (for example, improved hygiene practices, habit formation to switch from open to fixed point defecation).
Improved sanitation is hygienically separating human excreta from human contact and hence reducing health risks to humans (WHO). Inadequate sanitation is thus the lack of improved facilities (toilets, conveyance, and treatment systems), and hygienic practices (for example, hand washing, proper water handling, personal hygiene, and so on) that exposes people to human excreta and fecal-oral pathogens through different transmission pathways.
Inadequate sanitation is a major cause of disease world-wide. Sanitation related illnesses in both children and adults deplete productivity and resources and ultimately contributes to deprivation. The problem of sanitation is much worse in urban areas than in rural due to increase in congestion. The character of urban growth is often informal and takes place predominantly in peri-urban areas or at city fringes. These results in a high number of people exposed to severe health and environmental risks because they are unserved by the city‘s sanitation systems. Tangible problems connected with urban sanitation are:
production of enormous amounts of waste and wastewater that is insufficiently collected and treated; lack of on-site systems for proper fecal sludge management; pollution of shallow ground water – often the source of drinking water for slum dwellers – by leaking sewers, waste, and latrine contents; and Uncontrolled reuse of (untreated) sewage for irrigation in peri-urban agriculture.
Municipalities all over the world face great difficulties in providing sustainable infrastructure to their citizens especially in developing countries since they are most affected by this rampant urbanization.
1.2 THE CSP INITIATIVE
1.2.1 Context
According to 2011 census, the Urban Population in India has increased to 31.16 percent i.e. 121.1crore persons, compared to 27.8 percent in 2001. This massive urban
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY transformation accompanying India‘s rapid economic growth is posing unprecedented challenges to India‘s growing cities and towns particularly in the provision of infrastructure such as water, sanitation and sewerage meeting the needs of a future urban population of 600 million people by 2031.
Cities and towns of India are visibly deficient in the quality of services they provide, even to the existing population. Present status of urban service delivery is given in box below.
Water supply: As per 2011 census 70.6 per cent of urban population is covered by individual connections, compared with 91 per cent in China, 86 per cent in South Africa and 80 per cent in Brazil. Duration of water supply in Indian cities ranges from 1 hour to 6 hours, compared with 24 hours in Brazil and China and 22 hours in Vietnam. Per capita supply of water in Indian cities ranges from 37 lpcpd to 298 lpcpd for a limited duration, while Paris supplies 150 lpcpd continuously and Mexico 171 lpcpd for 21 hours a day. Most Indian cities do not have metering for residential water connections. Seventy percent of water leakages occur from consumer connections and due to malfunctioning of water meters. Non-revenue water (NRW) accounts for 50 per cent of water production compared with 5 per cent in Singapore. Sanitation: Even a partial sewerage network is absent in 4861 cities and towns in India. Almost 50 percent of households in cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad do not have sewerage connections. As per 2011 census, about 13 per cent of urban households do not have access to any form of latrine facility and defecate in the open. Census 2011 also revealed that about 37 per cent of urban households are connected with open drainage and another 18 per cent are not connected at all. Less than 20 per cent of the road network is covered by storm water drains. As per the report of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) 2009, only about 20 per cent sewage generated was treated before disposal in Class I cities and Class II towns (as per 2001 census). As per CPCB report brought out in 2005, about 1,15,000 MT of Municipal Solid Waste is generated daily in the country. However, scientific disposal of the waste generated is almost non-existent.
This has imposed significant public health and environmental cost to urban areas, which contributes more than 60percent of the country‘s GDP. The status in respect of the urban poor has even been worse. Need was to match massive investment requirement both capital and O&M for providing urban infrastructure to the urban population 1 and to achieve target of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).
1.2.2 NUSP-Policy and Vision
The Government of India had launched National Urban Sanitation Policy in November 2008 with the goal of making India ―community driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable cities and towns‖. Policy is to bring together the Central, State and Local governments on one side and Non-government organizations and public participation on the other to ensuring proper flow of funds for upgrading services to the international standards.
1Economic Survey 2004-2005 stated: investment needs for urban WSS and SWM for the 2002-2007 period of Rs 537 billion, and funds available were estimated to be about Rs 358 million.
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The policy advocates that all cities would become open defecation free, all human wastes and liquid wastes would be collected and safely treated and adequate resources would be available for the operation and maintenance of the sanitation facilities.
1.2.3 Vision
All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and women.
To translate National Urban Sanitation Policy vision into action plans, states are required to develop state sanitation strategy. Cities which are responsible for sanitation are required to develop city sanitation plans, implement and maintain the infrastructure facilities.
The policy focuses on management of human excreta and associated public health and environmental impacts, however for totally sanitized city the solution needs to be integral, taking into account other elements of environmental sanitation, i.e. solid waste management; generation of industrial and other specialized/ hazardous wastes; drainage; as also the management of drinking water supply.
1.2.4 The thrust of NSUP-Totally Sanitized City
A totally Sanitized City will be one that has achieved the outputs or milestones specified in the National Urban Sanitation policy, the salient features of which are as follows:
Cities must be open defecation free.
Must eliminate the practice of manual scavenging and provide adequate personnel protection equipment that addresses the safety of sanitation workers.
Municipal wastewater and storm water drainage must be safely managed.
Recycle and reuse of treated wastewater for non-potable applications should be implemented wherever possible.
Solid waste collected and disposed-off fully and safely.
Services to the poor and systems for sustaining results.
Improved public health outcomes and environmental standards.
1.3 CITY SANITATION PLAN
City Sanitation (Master) Plans (CSP), are the outputs of strategic planning processes for citywide sanitation sector development. Its objective is to develop and maintain a clean, safe
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY and pleasant physical environment to promote social, economic and physical wellbeing of all sections of the population. It encompasses plan of action for achieving 100 percent sanitation in the city through demand generation and awareness campaign, sustainable technology selection, construction and maintenance of sanitary infrastructure, provision of services, O&M issues, institutional roles and responsibilities, public education, community and individual action, regulation and legislation.
1.3.1 Components of City Sanitation Plan
A city sanitation plan is guided by the vision, missions, and goals of sanitation development as well as strategies to meet these goals. The city sanitation plan covers:
Technical Aspects, including strategies and programs for the development of (a) domestic as well as industrial wastewater services, (b) solid waste including clinical and other hazardous waste management, and (c) storm water drainage system.
Non-Technical Aspects, including strategies for the development of non-physical aspects such as (a) community awareness and participation, (b) policy and regulation, (c) institutional capacity, (d) private sector engagement, (e) NGO engagement, (f) financing and tariffs, and (g) monitoring and evaluation.
1.3.2 Strategy for City Sanitation Plan
A broad city level strategy for preparation and implementation of the City Sanitation Plan is based on five strategic pillars, namely, (1) Technology Options; (2) Financial Options; (3) Institutional and Governance Options; (4) Capacity Enhancement and Awareness Generation Options; and (5) Inclusive Approach. The strategic outputs and proposals are guided by the following points:
Ensured Coordination-Enhancing synergy among the actors in various departments working in the field of water supply and sanitation, such as health, education, public health and engineering department, including municipal government agencies, industry, environment, transport, pollution control board, the private sector, NGOs, and others.
Locally Adaptable Plan: Employing appropriate technologies that are suitable to user needs, while ensuring that they are relevant to the city‘s actual conditions, comply with technical standards, and prevent potential impacts.
Equitable: Develop sanitation in all parts of the city (city-wide), prioritizing poor residential areas where the health risks are highest.
IEC: Promote awareness of health and hygiene behavior while creating demand for
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better sanitation services.
Resource Generation and Mobilization: Create opportunities and incentives for private sector initiatives in the development and operation of sanitation services. Increase funding from sources other than municipal government, such as from the national and provincial governments, donor agencies, the private sector and the public.
Existing Infrastructure Utilization: Foster better use of existing sanitation services, which becomes the basis for developing new services.
Partnering citizens: Encourage the development of community-based sanitation services, especially in areas where public and private services are difficult to establish. Engage stakeholder groups, including women groups, in sanitation planning, in line with their respective capacities.
Institutional and regulatory Frame Work: Create enabling institutional and regulatory frameworks to accelerate sanitation services development.
1.4 CSP APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
It is ensured that CSP for Udaipur be an inclusive, comprehensive and participatory, providing for complete access to sanitation to the entire population of the town keeping in focus the existing status of sanitation infrastructure as well as future development perspective and growth of the urban areas in the city. With the said objective sequence of activities undertaken with multi tasks performed by the consultant along with all stakeholders are given on the next page in figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1: Approach and Methodology
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1.5 DETAILED PLAN OF ACTION
1.5.1 Profiling ULB
As a preparatory work, a preliminary profiling of ULBs using service level benchmark indicators and city ratings to highlight the sanitation situation, health indicators and current projects is undertaken from secondary data sources.
1.5.2 Sensitisation / Orientation Workshop and Stakeholder’s Analysis
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) is responsible for sanitation therefore approach should be demand responsive. This gives way for strategic involvement of stakeholders from data
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY collection to analysis to prioritization of plan formalization. It generatesinformed civil society helping in monitor its implementation. Various institutions, organizations, individuals, NGOs, academics, journals, local corporations, industry owners, consultants, representatives of private sector etc. are identified in Udaipur, suggesting the strengths and competencies required for sanitation.
A City level orientation workshop at city level involving identified stakeholders has been organized to highlight key issues related to access sanitation in city, in particular, slums; awareness generation on behavioral change; community participation and project prioritization; and a number of technical, institutional and financial issues to be addressed in CSP.
1.5.3 Constituting: City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF)
The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP) has recommended formation of a multi- stakeholder City Sanitation Task Force (CSTF) which will be responsible for overseeing the preparation, planning and implementation of the City Sanitation Plan. The main objective of CSTF is to have representation from different segment of the society for an inclusive sanitation plan, which serves all segments of the society.
CSTF has been constituted to mobilize Stakeholders towards clean city environment and hygienic disposal of solid as well as liquid waste. Building consciousness of urban local bodies, government agencies and amongst the people of the city towards positive outcome of totally sanitize city. CSTF will organize a multi-stakeholder, multi-party meeting in the preparatory stage, and take a formal resolution to make the city 100% sanitized.
1.5.4 Initiating IEC activities
A city-wide Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Strategy is designed for raising awareness on the public health and environmental importance of sanitation. The socio-cultural bases against sanitation and sanitary work are targeted, and dignity and humane approach promoted in the elevation of priority to sanitation in public affairs. Further, the public-good nature of urban sanitation necessitating collective action needs to be highlighted in the minds of all stakeholders. For this purpose, it is recommended that ULBs utilizes suitable player for inter-personal IEC and training from the existing system like; ward development committees, health institutions, schools, the private sector (retailers, contractors, suppliers, plumbers, masons), neighborhood committees and NGOs, Anganwadi workers etc.
1.5.5 Situation Analysis and Mapping Current Status
Situation will be analyzed by taking into consideration the ground realities, local conditions,
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY and assessment of the present sanitation situation. The team of consultants will undertake the following tasks:
a. Obtain base maps and develop them with the help of TSS, and available secondary data on the city‘s demographics, service levels of water and sanitation.
b. Collect and plot on city map information on sanitation (household toilets, public/ community toilets, collection, conveyance, treatment and disposal of human excreta through sewer networks or surface drains and household liquid wastes, with special emphasis on slums).
c. Collect information on solid waste (collection, transportation and disposal including treatment of waste) and other relevant information.
d. Collect and plot on city map information on drains (existence/ type of drains– whether built‐up pucca drains or kuchcha drains/ condition/ whether flowing or blocked/ practice of dumping solid waste indiscriminately in the drains/ their size, type and direction of flow/ whether functional or otherwise/ whether the drains are likely to pollute nearby water sources and create other nuisance/ their maintenance.
e. Collect information on water supply, wastewater generation, collection and disposal, including proposed sewage collection and treatment schemes, which are being implemented or planned.
f. Collect and categorize the institutions from the point of generating liquid and solid waste, including institutions (like industries, hospitals) that produce and dispose hazardous wastes, including impact of this waste on public water bodies and the environment in the surrounding area.
g. Collect data on municipal finances, (including financial grants available from various state and national schemes such as ILCS, etc.), especially demand and collection of water and sewerage/ sanitation charges, including connection fees and user charges; and capital costs and operation and maintenance costs for water and sewerage/ sanitation services, and solid waste.
h. Collect information on organizational roles and responsibilities, and monitoring and evaluation arrangements for the delivery of sanitation services.
i. Collect additional data to fill the gaps in the available information.
Note: The Situational Analysis will address all issues like: coverage of sewer network and zone wise STP capacity utilization, status of public toilets, disposal of night soil where sewer connection does not exist, disposal of domestic wastewater/ storm water/ solid waste,
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY disposal of wastes of special category (like industrial waste and public institutions) and other issues pertaining to sanitation. The results of the analysis will be presented on the city map. Situation Analysis Report shall be presented to stakeholders for validation of findings, and to solicit suggestions towards improvements in sanitation.
1.5.6 Problem Analysis and Assessment of Options
Followed by situational analysis key issues are identified in coverage, access, treatment and disposal, institutional, financial, social and cultural aspects and capacity concerns. Also reviewed comprehensive range of sanitation and wastewater management options, including industrial and municipal sewerage, sewage treatment , conventional and low cost, centralized and decentralized sewerage, separate and combined and effluent disposal options, on-site sanitation options, separate programs for schools, public toilets, sanitation in slums, community-based NGO-supported programs etc.
Purpose of options analysis is to identify plausible technical, financial and institutional solutions and will consider (i) unit cost per beneficiary, (ii) maximizing both human and environmental benefits, (iii)sustainability, (iv) a long term plan, (v) government policy including land use zoning, (vi) piloting new approaches, (vii) beneficiary participation, (viii) wastewater as a resource, (ix) lessons learned from the past and (x) political commitment.
1.5.7 Developing and Consolidating CSP
Having completed above steps, CSP has been formulated to articulate Sanitation Goals, specific quantifications both in terms of technical, capacities and financials based on stakeholder consultations and the analysis of choices made depending on costs of capital investments, operation and maintenance, monitoring, and evaluation.
Project priorities for sanitation considered the following:
1. Serving the un-served urban poor 2. Serving the un-served schools 3. Serving the un-served public areas 4. Institutional capacity building for sustainability and environmental monitoring 5. Grant elements for demonstration pilot projects for eco-sanitation (private developers) 6. Rehabilitation of existing facilities. 7. Improvement of existing sanitation (septic tank sludge and effluent treatment). 8. Extension of existing sewerage and sewage treatment (as a last priority).
1.6 TIMELINE FOR TOTALLY SANITIZED CITY/
The system shall be designed under the broad framework as per the guidelines for a design
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY period of 30 years; however, the planning shall entail the implementation of the design in phases to meet the ultimate goals of the CSP. The phased approach aims to navigate through the challenges posed by the limitations in investments, institutional capacities, and community engagement in a proficient manner. The phases and the corresponding timelines are defined as stated below:
Table 1.1: Timeline for Totally Sanitized City
Phase Year Immediate 2013 - 2015 Short-Term 2016-2018 Mid-Term 2019- 20-28 Long-Term 2029 - 2045 1.7 CSP SANITATION RANKING
In order to promote urban sanitation and recognize excellent performance in this area, the Government of India instituted an annual award scheme for cities. The award was based on the premise that improved public health and environmental standards are the two outcomes that cities must seek to ensure quality of life for urban citizens. The awards were not merely an assessment of hardware or expenditure incurred in urban sanitation but how these lead to achievements of milestones of 100 % safe disposal of wastes from the city on a sustainable basis. For the assessment, The Ministry of Urban Development identified a set of output, process and outcome indicators that were used to assess the existing sanitation conditions in the city. The list of indicators pertained to the practice of open defecation, access to sanitation (individual, community and public), collection, treatment and disposal of solid and liquid wastes, proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation infrastructure, clear institutional roles and responsibilities and improvements in health and environment.
The survey was undertaken across 423 cities including Municipal Corporations and Class A cities across the country. As per the national ranking, Udaipur was ranked 262ndat the national level with an overall aggregate mark of 31.95 on 100.
1.7.1 Categories of Indicators
The rating exercise involved three categories of indicators:
Output Indicators: pertained to the city having achieved certain results or outputs in different dimensions of sanitation ranging from behavioral aspects and provision, to safe collection treatment and disposal without harm to the city‘s environment. There were nine main output-indicators accounting for 50 points of the total of 100 points.
Process Related: indicators pertained to systems and procedures that exist and are
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practiced by the city agencies to ensure sustained sanitation. There were seven main process-indicators accounting for 30 points of the total of 100 points.
Outcome Related: indicators included the quality of drinking water and that of water in water-bodies of city, as also the extent of reduction in sanitation-related and water-borne diseases in the city over a time period. There were three main outcome-indicators accounting for 20 points of a total of 100 points. (The weights for output, process and outcome indicators were valid for this round of rating).
1.8 CSP COMMUNICATION NEED ASSESSMENT
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) & Capacity Building strategy are integral to core issue of developing city sanitation plan. It leads to development of robust yet effective awareness and communication strategy for promoting hygiene & sanitation in the city to trigger behavior change and demand for sanitation. The strategy will aim for citizen participation in improving city sanitation specifically reaching out to the slum dwellers and urban poor in the city. It will evolve a method, tools & techniques, and use of various media (interpersonal, print, electronic, folk) including advocacy with opinion leaders NGOs/CBOs and other stakeholders to deliver awareness strategy in the city. The experience of previous awareness programmes organized in the city has also been taken into account to integrate the innovative ideas and strategies used.
Objectives: The objective of IEC & Capacity Building Strategy is to evolve an effective plan of sustainable programmes for capacity building and sensitization of implementers, education and enhancedawareness for stakeholders specifically citizens regarding sanitation activities in Udaipur City. The strategy is designed to:
Strengthening CSP implementation by Urban Local Body through training and capacity building; Sensitize citizens for adopting water wastage minimization, segregation & management and open defecation free practices through IEC campaign. By working at both the levels mentioned above a culture of communications and consultations is fostered leading to participation.
Methodology: Water and sanitation services in cities face specific challenges. Udaipur is a tourist as well as industrial and commercial centre. There is a massive in-flux of tourist and workers is a daily phenomenon. In some parts of the year influx is higher than the others. These pose challenges to the city administration with respect to toilets, solid waste management and water supply. It was found that communication is a crucial element in improving service delivery standards. However, apart from educating citizens on health and
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY hygiene, improving municipal processes by way of citizen consultation and participation remains a necessary goal; without citizen inputs right from the design stage implementation of water and sanitation projects risk failure.
Communication needs assessment identified three stages for implementation of Information, Education and Communication strategy for improvement in water and sanitation services. These are 1) Awareness, 2) Process and 3) Compliance. While it is generally understood that these stages would lead to better citizen participation in the schemes, it is in fact imperative for all stakeholders to be appraised of them from their own specific stand points. Awareness includes an understanding of health and hygiene related education specifically directed towards slums. Equally important is an awareness of municipal leaders about the problems face by all the residents including slum and middle class households, sanitation workers. This awareness is generally taken for granted. Here, proposal is of open and specific appraisals be carried out without assuming too much of prior knowledge regarding sanitation issues. Next is to create processes which are essential to maintain improved services. These could include citizen participation in community toilet maintenance, outsourcing of operations and maintenance to private partners in public toilets, solid waste management and establishing citizen grievance resolution systems to name a few. A consolidation of these gains can only occur when all stakeholders comply with the rules. As system of incentivizing desirable behaviours and weeding out undesirable behaviours must be developed, these programmes, processes and goals will be set by the urban local body.
The key idea is to carry out a needs assessment within the existing infrastructure as well as the strategy to go with expansion of infrastructure. Following steps were identified before visiting the field.
1. Identifying stakeholder groups and available channels of communication categories them 2. Focus Group Discussions, Interviews, Transit Walks. 3. Topic Guides were prepared for each stakeholder group. 4. Data Collection. Field assessment of communications needs was carried out.
These methods helped the author evolve a case study approach towards communication needs assessment for Udaipur. Case study approach offers the best possible method for evolving Information, Education and Communications strategy for the city concerned. As the city is large a random sample based survey will cost a lot and will be labour intensive. Such as survey is likely to conceal extreme situations within a large city. A case study approach utilizing information sampling can reveal much more through discussions with citizens on the margins and those on the frontlines of implementation.
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I. Stakeholders: Opinion leaders to be targeted as a high influence group both for interviews and implementation of communications strategies among residents, establishments and ULB officials. Resident include all those living within city municipal limits they can be classified as HIG, LIG and slum dwellers. In smaller towns a division into higher income group, middle class and Slum dweller could be sufficient. Shop keepers and commercial establishments constitute a separate group especially for generation of market and industrial waste. Interview and discussions included officials from various departments, residents in middle class areas, sanitation workers, NGOs involved in water and sanitation sector, shopkeeper, factory owners, leather storeowners, media persons etc. II. Locations for FGDs were selected to represent the variety of samples. Slum locations can be classified based on local knowledge. Generally, slums in outskirts and those in interiors offer two different typologies. There are slums with predominant SC or ST populations. Slums along railway lines and those along riverbeds form an essential typology. Vicinity to industry constitutes another significant parameter.
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Chapter 2 : CITY PROFILE
2.1 CITY PROFILE
Udaipur city of dawn, is a lovely land around the blue water lake hemmed in the by the lush hills of Aravallis. A vision in the white drenched and beauty, Udaipur is a fascinating blend of sights, sound and experiences and inspiration for the imagination of poets, painters and writers. It has kaleidoscope of fairy tale of palaces, lakes, temples and gardens. The city carries the flavor of heroic past, epitomizing velour and chivalry.
Udaipur was founded in 1559 by Maharna Udai Singh II as the final capital of the erstwhile Mewar Kingdom, located to the southwest of Nagada on the banks of Banas river. Legend is such that the Maharana Udai Singh II came upon a hermit while hunting iin the foothills of the Aravalli range. The hermit blessed the king and asked him to build a palace on the spot, assuring him it would be well protected. Udai Singh II consequently established a residence on the site. In 1568 the Mughal emperor Akbar captured the fort of Chittorgarh and Udai Singh II moved capital to the site of his residence, which became the city of Udaipur.
As the Mughal empire weakened, the Sisodia Ranas and later Maharanas (Also called Guhilots or Suryavansh), who had always tried to oppose Mughal dominance, reasserted their independence and recaptured most of Mewar except for Chittorgarh. Udaipur remained the capital of the state, which became a princely state of British India in 1818. Being a mountain region and unsuitable for heavily armoured Mughal horses, Udaipur remained safe from Mughal influence in spite of much pressure. The Rajvansh of Udaipur was one of the oldest dynasties of the world.
2.2 REGIONAL SETTINGS AND CONNECTIVITY
2.2.1 Regional Setting
In geographical terms, it covers an area that lies between 24°28‘49‘‘ and 24°42‘56‘‘ N latitudes and 73°36‘51‘‘ and 73°49‘46‘‘ E longitude. It has an altitude of 598 meter from Mean Sea Level.
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Situated in north-eastern part of Girwa Tehsil of Udaipur district, Udaipur is historically and geographically the heart of erstwhile Mewar State. Located almost in the middle on stretch of Delhi- Mumbai National Highway (NH8),
Figure 2.1: Regional Setting
2.2.2 Connectivity
Udaipur is located almost at the centre of the Delhi-Mumabi National Highway (NH-8). Udaipur is well connected to state capital Jaipur (420 km) in northeast and Ahmedabad (250km) in southwest. Udaipur is connected to other centers to the state by three state highways, SH-9 connecting Chittorgarh, SH32 connecting Banswara and SH-32 connecting Mount Abu. Udaipur is well connected by road to major cities in India. Brilliant road network ensure people to enjoy a relaxed journey to and from Udaipur. This mode of commuting is quite easy and economical. Udaipur Bus Stand has regular bus services, connecting Udaipur with nearby cities including Delhi, Jaipur, Chittorgarh, Indore, Kota, Ajmer, Ahmedabad and Mt. Abu. Rajasthan Roadways provides the facility of Deluxe Buses and AC coaches for the convenience of passengers. One can also hire taxis and cars to reach Udaipur by road.
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Udaipur Railway Station is located at a comfortable distance from the city of Udaipur. Rajasthan Railways connects Udaipur station with all the other cities of Rajasthan as well as India. There are frequent trains which run to and from Udaipur connecting Jaipur, Mumbai and Delhi.
Udaipur Airport namely Maharana Pratap Airport is located near Dabok at a distance of 22 kms from the city. Many domestic airlines connect the city to all the major cities of India including Jaipur, Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata. Regular air services are available for Delhi and Mumbai.
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2.3 PHYSIOGRAPHY
Udaipur is located in the center of a Saucer shaped (Bowl shapes) valley basin and is girdled Aravalli hills.
The general slope of the city is towards the southeast.
2.3.1 Natural Drainage and Water Bodies
Udaipur is drained by Ahad River, which is the main river of the region which flows from the north west towards south east. The river is seasonal river, which originates from a 991 meter high hill in the north eastern part of Gogunda plateau.
The region is blessed with numerous water bodies. The major water bodies in the region are Lake Pichola, Lake Fatehsagar, Lake Govardhan Sagar and Badi Talab,
2.3.2 Vegetation
The vegetation is very scanty, the natural vegetation has almost disappeared due to instance biotic interference. The over grazed and completely degraded area has now traces of trees, shrubs and grass species. The common trees available are Aam, Roonjh, Godal, Dhak, Kumtha, Mahuwa, Neem, Babul, Ber, Anwala, Besharm, Dhamas and Thor.
2.3.3 Climate
Udaipur city has particularly a tropical climate. The three main seasons, summer, monsoon and winter respectively, dominate the city of Udaipur. Situated at an altitude of 598m above sea level, moreover in a desert area, Udaipur has sultry type of Climate. However, Udaipur is the only place in Rajasthan that has quite moderate climate throughout the year. In summers, the scorching sun makes the city hot whereas in winters the weather is pleasant.
Being located in the desert lands of Rajasthan, the climate and weather of Udaipur is usually
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY hot. The summer season runs from Mid-March to June and touches the temperature of 38°C. Monsoons arrive in the month of July heralded by dust and thunderstorms. The city annually receives around 637 mm of rainfall. This scanty amount of rainfall makes Udaipur more humid. The humidity reaches to the extent of 90 % during the months of Monsoons.
2.4 UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION
Udaipur Municipal Corporation is the administrative headquarters of the Udaipur district in the state of Rajasthan in western India. The Municipal Corporation of Udaipur is comprises of 55 wards and the total geographical area of the city is 64 Sq km.
2.5 URBAN CONTROL AREA
Udaipur Urban Control area belt prepared to control unplanned development and ensure systematic urban development. This belt is about 3 to 4 km radius around Udaipur. This belt consists of urbanized area, Urbanizable area and Municipal area and 62 revenue villages. The land within urban control area can be utilized apart from agriculture, for diary horticulture, farm houses, resorts, motels, amusement park, water theme parks and ago based industries.
The boundary of urban control area is fixed in order to have proper planned development of villages, which are out of urbanized area because if the development of these rural areas is
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY not counted then it may affects adversely the development of urbanized area.
Sl No. Zone Area in Ha Population 2001 Density per Ha 1 Village area 11296 96,112 8.5 2 Urbanizable area 11348 7540 0.66 3 Urbanized Area 5737 2492 0.43 4 Municipal Area 6410 3,89,438 60.75 Total Urban Control Area 34791 4,95,582 14.24 Souce:City Development Plan 2015
Northeast part of Udaipur has plain area so secondary and tertiary activities are increasing in this direction. Amberi, Sukher, Sobhagpura, Raghunathpura and Bhuwana located in north/northeast direction of Udaipur have small-scale industries and maximum minerals activities. Hindustan Zinc Ltd. established near Lake Udai sagar in east direction of Udaipur urban control area. Dabok, Gudli and Gadwa area in developed Mewar industrial area and other small-scale industries have also come up along this corridor towards Chittorgarh. Major development activities have increased near water bodies and highways of Udaipur. Udaipur is essentially developing along NH8 to Ahmedabad and NH76 to Chittorgarh. See map 3.5 to look at the growth directions of Udaipur.
2.6 LAND USE AND MASTER PLAN
The master paln-2001 is proposed a land use pattern of 2022. Out of the total developed area, 37.42% was allocated for residential use, 18.8% under circulation, 12.3% as public and semi- public, 10.5% as industrial, 3.82% as commercial, 25.41% as recreational and 1.2% as Government lands.
LANDUSE AREA IN ACRE 1971 1988 1997 2011 RESIDENTIAL 1585 2565 4988 8052
COMMERCIAL 115 295 548 659
INDUSTRIAL 170 910 1152 1553
GOVT AND SEMI-GOVT 75 92 96 212
RECREATIONAL 365 302 358 534
PUBLIC AND SEMI PUBLIC 1010 1615 1632 2066
CIRCULATION 540 995 1105 1387
DEVELOPED LAND 3860 6774 9879 14463
GOVT LAND 130 800 865 929
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AGRICULTURE AND ALLIED 75 255 285 1579
WATERACTIVITIES BODIES ACTIVITIES, FARM, 85 135 1900 2394 AND FOREST OTHER OPEN SPACE 150 531 9672 7560
TOTAL 4300 8495 22601 26925
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2.7 DEMOGRAPHY 2.7.1 POPULATION GROWTH TREND In 2011, Udaipur had a population of 451,735 of which male and female were 234,681 and 217,054 respectively. Although Udaipur city has population of 451,735; its urban metropolitan population is 475,150 of which 246,856 are males and 228,294 are females. Udaipur urban control area belt was prepared to control unplanned development. This belt is about 3 to 4 km radius around Udaipur. This belt consists of urbanized area, Urbanizable area and Municipal area and 62 revenue villages. The land within urban control area can be utilized apart from agriculture, for dairy, horticulture, farm houses, resorts, motels, amusement park, Water Park and agro-based industries.
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1000000 900000 800000
700000 600000 500000 400000 Population 300000 200000 100000 0 2013 2015 2021 2025 2031 2035 2040 2041 Arithmetic 466258 480781 524350 553395 596964 626010 662317 669578 Geometric 474555 498528 577959 637826 739452 816047 923042 946069 Incremental 465898 479940 521347 548351 587956 613759 645337 651562 Average 468904 486416 541219 579857 641457 685272 743565 755736
Figure 2.2: Projected Population by different method
It is suggested that average of all the method should be taken into consideration.
Table 2: Projected Population
Year Projected Population 2011 451735 2021 541219 2031 641457 2041 755736 2.7.2 SEX RATIO Males and females constitute 51.95% (234,681) and 48.05% (217,054) of the total population, respectively. The overall sex ratio is 925, which is lower than the National figure.
Table 2.1: Comparison of Sex ratio- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur City
Area Sex Ratio (Overall) Sex Ratio (Children 0-6 yrs.) India 940 914 Urban India 926 902 Rajasthan 926 869 Udaipur City 925 869 Source: Census 2011
2.7.3 LITERACY RATE Total number of literate people in Udaipur City is 366,598 (90.66%). Male literacy rate is higher at (200,051) compared to female literacy rate of 166,547). The average literacy rate of
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY the city is 90.66 percent of which male and female literacy is 95.56 percent and 85.39 percent respectively.
Table 2.2: Comparison of Literacy Rate- India, Rajasthan & Udaipur city
Area Total Male Literacy Rate Female Literacy Rate
India 74.04 % 82.14 % 65.46 %
Urban India 84.90 % 89.67 % 79.92 %
Rajasthan 67.66 % 80.51 % 52.66 %
Udaipur City 90.66 % 95.56 % 85.39%
Source: Census 2011
2.8 ECONOMY Traditionally, Udaipur has been an important tourism, commercial/industrial, administrative, transportation and education center of the region. With presence of famous Lakes in the city and close proximity to Ahmadabad, tourism remains a major contributor to the city‘s economy.
Table: Work force participation of Udaipur city
Total workers Main workers Marginal workers
Total 209680 193355 16325
Male 169120 160186 8934
Female 40560 33169 7391
Source: Census 2011
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180000 175594
160000 147097 140000
120000
100000 Total 80000 Male 60000 Female
40000 28497 10186 20000 4730 2845 7987 3169 1933 1561 912 2199 0 Cultivators Agricultural Houshold Others Workers Labours Industry workers
Figure 2.3: Main workers participation of Udaipur City
14000 12000 10000 8000 Total 6000 Male 4000 Female 2000 0 Cultivators Agricultural Houshold Others Workers Labours Industry workers
Figure 2.4: Marginal workers participation of Udaipur City
2.8.1 Small and Medium Industries The constraints for the industrial growth in Udaipur District are shortage of water for drinking and Industrial use, lack of Broad Gauge railway link; infrastructure facilities for the Industries are inadequate at other place then Udaipur City.
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Table: Industry at a Glance
Sl.No Head Unit Particulars
1 Total industrial unit No. 4021
2 Registered Medium & large unit No. 29
3 Estimated avg. no. of daily worker employed in Small scale No. 27423
4 Employmentindustries in Large and Medium industries No. 8941
5 No. of Industrial area No. 8
6 Turnover of Micro & Small Enterprises In Lacs 116873
7 Turnover of Medium & Large scale industries In Crore 1276.10
2.8.2 Tourism In putting forth the goals of employment generation and poverty alleviation, the Rajasthan Government is effectively viewing tourism as an economic industry. The hope is that tourism will provide more jobs in the state, thereby distributing wealth and reducing poverty. Corporate incentives — such as the levying of industrial electricity rates, exemptions and reduction of taxes, interest subsidies, free land appropriation for site development, etc. — are being suggested to create a competitive and attractive market for growth. By thus securing corporate involvement, World Bank loans, and other international and national bank loans, the Government is embracing the potential for an advanced model of tourism development —one Figure 2.5: Tourist inflow of Udaipur comparison with other cities of Rajasthan
which will enhance the flow of money into the economy and uplift the population through new labor and service market opportunities and incentives.
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In this regard, the Tourism Development Mission seeks to create new sectors of tourism and advance infrastructure, services and amenities. Desert tourism, adventure tourism, pilgrimage tourism, weekend tourism, road-side tourism, golf tourism, desert skiing, scooter adventures, water sports, film shooting, etc., are being developed. By offering unique and novel tourism options and opportunities, the Mission anticipates an increase in the number of tourists frequenting Rajasthan, a greater draw from corporate interests, and a subsequent revenue increase of nearly ten-fold by the year 2010. The projected cost for new tourism development totals approximately Rs.460 crore. Alongside these new sectors, core infrastructure, in the form of highways, roads, airports, bridges, and rail connectivity is slated for growth and improvement. The projected cost for infrastructure improvements and additions is Rs.500 crore.
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Figure 2.6: Major Tourist spot of Udaipur.
Source: Heritage development report of Udaipur Municipal Council,
2.9 HOUSING SCENARIO
Total houses under residential use are 121144 units (including only residence and residence cum other use), while the total number of households in Udaipur as per 2011 Census is 90347. Also, average household size is moderate at 5.00 persons per family.
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2.10 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE
'Good governance' is the overarching objective of public administration in the civic arena. In virtually all sectors of public intervention and service delivery, it is now agreed that unless and until the state of governance is 'good', service or product delivery will not be proper. In the recent past, a large number of people and organizations have given a variety of definitions of what governance is all about. Governance is defined differently in terms of the context. According to one definition, ―the ways in which stakeholders interact with each other in order to influence the outcomes of public policies " is public governance. According to the World Bank, ―the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country's economic and social resources for development " is good governance.
There are today dozens of definitions of what governance and good governance is. However, if one has to summaries and list downs the ten characteristics of good governance, they would be:
Citizen involvement, participation and satisfaction Transparency in all decision making Accountability of actions taken Equality and social inclusion Ethical and honest behavior Ability to compete in a global environment Efficiency of service delivery Respect for democratic values Respect for the rule of law Use of appropriate technology and environmental sustainability Provision of urban services and maintenance of public assets has normally been the responsibility of the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) consisting of Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Municipal Councils, Urban Development Authorities, etc. The 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) significantly enhanced the role of these institutions by including functions such as town planning and overall urban development, regulation of land use, urban poverty alleviation, etc. as part of mandate of ULBs. This has brought ULBs to the forefront of management of urban centres. However, Department of Urban Development and Housing, Government of Rajasthan has overall responsibility for the urban sector. The Directorate of Local Bodies is the nodal agency for all administrative matters relating to the local bodies. It is also responsible for framing procedures and rules for speedy implementation of various schemes funded by central and state government in urban areas.
Municipal Corporations are responsible for the maintenance of city roads, this responsibility
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY rests with the Public Works Department (PWD) in Municipal Councils and Municipalities. Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for all aspects relating to urban water supply, right from development to O&M. PHED is also responsible for development of sewerage system whereas the O&M is the responsibility of the respective ULBs.
Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB) is responsible for construction of housing colonies that are supposed to be handed over to the ULB after completion.
In urban areas where there is no Development Authority or UITs, the responsibility for land acquisition rests with the state government and the responsibility for infrastructure development is with the respective ULB.
Table 2.3: Responsibility Matrix
The development of urban sector is affected by various legislations. A brief summary of the important legislations affecting the urban sector in Rajasthan is as given below:
Rajasthan Municipal Act 1959: The Act lays down provisions relating to the operation of Municipal Bodies (Municipal Corporations, Municipalities and Municipal Councils). It also lists down the discretionary and obligatory functions along with powers to impose taxes and other utility charges Urban Improvement Trust Act, 1959: Governing Act for creation and operation of UITs across Rajasthan. It also lays down the functions, constitutions and terms of office of members of the Trust Jaipur Development Authority Act, 1982: Governing Act for creation and operation of JDA Rajasthan Town and Country Planning Act: Deal with provisions relating to city planning and land use Rajasthan Land Revenue Act: Use of urban land and conversion of agriculture land: At a
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policy level, the state has taken a number of initiatives such as development of guidelines for private participation in township development, amendments to various acts/rules affecting use of urban land and simplification of building bylaws. The state government has also formulated a policy for the management of solid waste and bio-medical waste in Rajasthan through private sector. According to the SWM policy, a state level empowered committee has been formed for the approval of proposals and selection of private party for setting up of Waste to Energy (WTE) and Waste to Compost (WTC). The policy also specifies the concessions available to and responsibilities of private entrepreneurs.
Table 2.4: Responsibility Matrix-Water Supply and Sewerage
Policy formulation PHED & Urban Department Policy statement State Drinking Water Policy (February 2010) Service provision PHED Infrastructure development Planning and implementation by PHED GoR through PHED Budget RUFIDCO coordinates JNNURM Financing and UIDSSMT funds GoR approves tariffs with inputs from PHED. No external Regulation monitoring of PHED‘s technical and commercial performance. Figure 2.7: Institutional Framework-WSS
Source: World Bank, 2012
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Chapter 3 : CITY SANITATION PLAN COMPONENTS
As per NUSP the definition of Sanitation is defined as Safe management of human excreta, including its safe confinement treatment, disposal and associated hygiene-related practice. While this pertains to management of human excreta and associated public health and environmental impacts, it is recognized that integral solution need to take account of other elements of environmental sanitation i.e. solid waste management generation of industrial and other specialized / hazardous waste ; drainage ; as also the management of drinking water supply. Taking into consideration the definition of sanitation and vision of Municipal Corporation which is in consonance with the vision for urban sanitation in India, following components have been taken into consideration while preparing the City Sanitation Plan.
3.1 TOILET COVERAGE
Achieving open defecation free city is the objective of preparing city sanitation plan. Access to toilets is key to improvement in Service Levels of sanitation facilities. The GOI has defined a Service Level Benchmark for toilet coverage and the benchmark value for this indicator is 100%. The citizen should have access to toilet whether individual or community in a service area. For the safe management of human excreta achieving 100% toilet coverage is must. Hence this component is included in the CSP.
3.2 SOLID WASTE
Solid waste management is also a very important element that needs to be taken care while preparing CSP. Typically the uncollected waste tends to gradually find its way into recycling in stream along the roads, clog the drains or in care of bio- degradable. The MoUD, GOI has defined eight indicators in these sectors. Environmental sustainability depends upon the effective & efficient management of Municipal Solid Waste.
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3.3 STORM WATER DRAINAGE
This is also very important component to be considered in CSP. If the storm water is not managed through drainage network, the incidence of water logging/flooding will occur that will impact significantly on number of persons as well as normal life and mobilization. Because of the water logging / flooding incidence public health in general might be at risk and there is possibility of water contamination also. Hence this component should be measured and monitored properly including in CSP.
3.4 DRINKING WATER SUPPLY
Drinking water supply is also very important for upkeep of sanitation facilities and environment/health status it is necessary to have sufficient water. Poor quality of water as well as insufficient quantity of potable water can pose serious public health hazardous water borne diseases are quite common in the cities, particularly among the urban poor. MoUD, GOI has specified a performance indicator for drinking water sector. Hence drinking water supply is also taken into consideration as one of the element of CSP.
3.5 ENVIRONMENT
The definition of sanitation takes into consideration the environmental impact as well as environmental sanitation and the vision for urban sanitation as stated in NUSP also takes into consideration the environmental outcomes. Without the upgraded environmental status it is not possible to ensure sustain good public health. Hence environment element is taken care
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3.6 INFORMATION, EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
As the overall goal of preparing City Sanitation Plan is to transform the city into community driven totally sanitized, healthy, and livable city it is necessary to include IEC/Awareness generation element in the city sanitation plan. Without IEC it is not possible to bring about sustain behavioral changes aimed at adoption of healthy sanitation practices.
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Chapter 4 : WATER SUPPLY
Drinking water supply is very important for upkeep of sanitation facilities and a for better environment/health status it is necessary to have sufficient water. Poor quality of water as well as insufficient quantity of potable water can pose serious public health hazardous and water borne diseases in the cities, particularly among the urban poor. MoUD, GOI has specified a performance indicator for drinking water sector. Hence drinking water supply is also taken into consideration as one of the element of CSP.
Present Status
4.1.1 Source of Water Supply
The Udaipur city is relying on surface water and ground water sources. These sources are lakes and dams in and around the city and the tube wells located in Udaipur.
4.1.1.1 Surface Water Sources
Udaipur has numerous lakes in its vicinity. Lake Pichola, Lake Fatehsagar, Lake Jaisamand are being important ones from water supply point of view. These lakes along with, Mansi Wakal Dam and other local wells are the major source of drinking water supply in the city.
Pichola Lake is the largest lake in the town and this manmade lake, dates back to 14th century. The capacity of the lake is about 13,677 million litres, while the maximum drawable limit is 19 MLD.
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Table 4.1: Raw Water Supply
Max. Sl FTL Gross capacity Present available capacity Drawable Source no limit ft mcft ML Guage mcft ML MLD 1 Lake Pichola 11 483 13677 7.87 357 10110 19 Lake Fateh 2 Sagar 13 427.6 12108 9.75 344 9742 12.5 Lake 3 Jaisamand 27.5 14650 414829 10.83 7169 203026 19.5 4 Lake Badi 32.5 370.75 10498 15.42 214 6060 0.25 RL- Dam Mansi RL- 579.80 5 Wakal 581 m 862 24410 m 727 20589 22.7 6 Local Sources 9.5 Total 83.45 Source: PHED –Udaipur Circle - 2013
Fateh Sagar Lake is a man-made lake constructed in the 19th century. Its capacity is 12108 ML and its maximum drawable limit is 12.5 MLD.
Jaisamand Lake is located approximately 50 kms from Udaipur. It was constructed during 1730 A.D. for irrigation. Gross storage is around 415,000 million litres and minimum storage capacity is 75,000 million liters. Jaisamand Lake has a much larger storage in comparison to Pichola and Fateh Sagar and therefore it offers prospects of future development for water supply for Udaipur.
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During emergency water is drawn from Badi Lake, which is located on the outskirts of Udaipur. Its‘ gross storage is very less; hence it is not a regular source of water and maximum withdrawal of water is only 0.25 MLD at present.
Figure 4.1: Location of Water sources
4.1.1.2 Ground Water Source
Apart from the surface water source, water is also drawn from 50 tube wells and 32 step wells located in the various parts of UMC. Besides, there are 8 tube wells constructed through RSMM (Rajasthan State Mines and Minerals) located at about 8-14 kms from the city in Jamar Kotra Mines and Kharbadiya Mines supplying water to city through Kaladawas Pumping Stations. Apart from these supplies, people directly drawn water from 180 panghats and 2650 hand pumps.
Out of total water production 20% is wasted in leakages, and available water to the public is hardly 66.76 mld, which is supplied to household population (466500- current population as per projection) a s well as bulk supply which are Railways, Military Engineering Service, Hindustan Zinc Limited, Hospitals and commercial establishments and malls. The average household water supply is 74 lpcd. As per the standard of 135 lpcd, the present water demand for domestic use in UMC is 62.97 MLD, bulk demand of 32 , and the demand for floating population is 2.16 MLD. Thus the total water demand in the city is 97.13 MLD and the current
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Presently the alternate day water supply is maintained in the city. The duration of supply in different areas are varies from 45 to 90 minutes. There are total 70663 water connections in the city.
4.1.1.2.1 Tube wells and step wells
There are in total 50 tube wells and 32 step wells in the city from which the water is supplied for drinking purpose. Most of the open well are dried and are not in working condition. The bore wells are working and most of the bore well are converted to hand pump under the Panghat Yojna.
4.1.1.2.2 Hand pumps and Panghats
There are 2650 hand pumps installed across the town by the department and Urban Local Body. There are presently 180 panghats are functioning in the city in which the people are directly taking water for their domestic purpose.
Figure 4.2: Water supply map of the city.
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4.1.2 Storage
Presently, clear water being colleceted in Clear Water Reservoirs (CWR) near to filter plants and campus for storage. Over all 24 nos CWRs were constructed in the city. The total capacity of the CWRs are 12751 KL.
Table 4.2: Details of CWRs
SL NO. DIVISION LOCATION CAPACITY
1 City Division - Doodh Talai in KL500
2 City1 Division - Gulab Bagh RGF Sump 20
3 City1 Division - Hiran Magri 1362
4 City1 Division - Patel Circle 700
5 City1 Division - Hiran Magri Sctor-14,I =-Block 400
6 City1 Division - Hiran Magri Sctor-14,I =-Block 150
7 City1 Division - Kanwar Puda 60
8 City1 Division - Panenyon ki Madri 1362
9 City1 Division - MB Collge 227
10 City1 Division - Madri Industrial Area 227
11 City2 Division - Purohiton ki Mrtlri (UIT) 600
12 City2 Division - Dhool Kot 300
13 City2 Division - Kanpur 500
14 City2 Division - Sajjan Nagor 60
15 City2 Division - Court Campus 200
16 City2 Division - Braham Pole 200
17 City2 Division - Badi Village 150
18 City2 Division - Amba Maia 133
19 City2 Division - Fateh Sagar 35
20 City2 Division - OTC Scheme 200
21 City2 Division - Manohai Pura 400
22 City2 Division - Saheliyon ki badi 545
23 City2 Division - Neemach Mata 2250
24 City2 Division - Nandeshwar 2170
Source: PHED 2
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Clear water being collected in CWRs after purification of raw water from filter plants through clear water rising mains of different sizes to OHSRs located in various part of the city for storage.
Clear water through clear water rising mains collected in Over Head Service Reservoirs and Ground Level Service Reservoirs of various capacity constructed at various location of the city for storage to distribution of water to people. There are 32 OHSRs and the total capacity is 24388 KL and there are 19 GLSRs with total capacity of 15986 KL in various parts of the city.
Table 4.3: Storage details
TYPE Nos CAPACITY in KL
Clear Water Reservoirs 24 12751
Over Head Service Reservoirs 32 24988
Ground Level Service Reservoirs 19 15986
Source: PHED
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4.1.3 Distribution Network
For the supply of water in the city, there is a pipe line network of around 400 km of 250 to 800 mm dia pipes exists in the UMC. The water supply network covers almost 90% of the developed area within the Municipal Corporation Limit. There are pressure variations and water tested indicates that water supplied through the old line is not suitable for drinking. The water supply network laid in the old city area is more than 30 years old and most of them are broken and causes wastage of water.
Table 4.4: Salient features of Municipal Water supply
Indicators Details
Existing distribution system length 400 km
Coverage area 90 % Total Water Extracted 83.45 MLD
Total Water Supplied 66.76 MLD
Leakage (20%) 16.69 MLD
Storage capacity 53.73 Million Litre
Per capita availability of water at consumer end (in 2013) 119 lpcd
No. of Tube wells 50
Step Wells 32
Hand pumps 2650
Panghats 180
Water treatment plants 10
Source: Various
4.1.4 Water Quality and Treatment Facility
Water supplied is generally good. However in some areas contaminated water is found. Water quality generally falls during rainy season. There 10 three filter plants in Udaipur City. Details are given below:
Table 4.5: Water Treatment Plants
SL NO. DIVISION LOCATION TYPE CAPACITY
1 City Division - 1 Doodh Talai RGF 13.62
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2 City Division - 1 Doodh Talai RGF 2.85
3 City Division - 1 Patel Circle RGF 7.57
4 City Division - 1 Gulab Bagh RGF 4.54
5 City Division - 1 Gulab Bagh Pressure Filter 2.27
6 City Division - 1 Teetardi RGF 13.5
7 City Division- 2 Fateh Sagar RGF 2.2
8 City Division- 2 Fateh Sagar Pressure Filter 1.72
9 City Division- 2 Neemuch Mata RGF 11.35
10 City Division- 2 Nandeshwar RGF 23.35
Total 82.97
Source: PHED 4.1.5 Water Quality
The water quality test in lake Pichola reveals the presence of E-Coli bacteria in the water and the source of these bacteria are human excreta through sewer.
Table 4.6: Water Quality in Pichola Lake
PARAMETERS SURFACE BOTTOM BIS STANDAR Total dissolved solids (mg/l) 335.5 335.5 500 D Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 3 days at 27O C 14.5 12.2 30
Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 48 24 250
Alkalinity (mg/l) 132 154 200
Hardness 180 180 300
Nitrates (mg/l) 0.255 0.399 45
The test result shows that, the most of the quality measuring parameters are within I prescribed limit as per the BIS and CPCB standards. But the presents of TSS and alkalinity are high in the drinking water. The water quality test in the surface water sources shows that, the quality of water is good enough for the drinking purpose.
4.2 SITUATION ANALYSIS
4.2.1 Connections and Domestic Metering
There are total 95,450 water connections in the city, which includes domestic (87,568) and commercial (6280), industrial connections (602). There are 180 panghats are installed at
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY various locations for taking water directly by the households. These connections are include the bulk supply like water to railways, Millitary settlements, Malls, Industries etc.
Table 4.7: Water Tariff
Type of connection Connections Rate for consumption upto 15000 liters/month in Rs. Domestic 87568 32 Commercial 6208 96 Industrial 602 224 Source: PHED
4.2.2 Area and Population Coverage
The main issue pertaining to the system is old distribution pipelines with high degree of scaling and the large volume of water loss during distribution. Considering all the above factors the net per capita supply is reported to below 135 lpcd, at 119 lpcd.
In UMC the water supply is covered around 51 sqkm that is 80% of the area out of total 64 sqkm geographical area. The water supply is also covered in the adjacent out growth areas like Pujawati colony, Indira puri colony in the northern part of the city.
Table 4.8: Water Supply coverage
TOTAL AREA 64 SQKM SUPPLY COVERED UDAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION AREA 51 SQKM 80% UNCOVERED AREA 13 SQKM 20% LENGTH OF NETWORK 400 KM
TOTAL AREA 58 SQKM SUPPLY COVERED OUTGROWTH AREA AREA 7 SQKM 12% UNCOVERED AREA 51 SQKM 88 LENGTH OF NETWORK TOTAL AREA 122 SQKM SUPPLY COVERED TOTAL URBAINZED AREA AREA 58 SQKM 48% UNCOVERED AREA 64 SQKM 52% LENGTH OF NETWORK
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Figure 4.3: Water supply coverage
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4.2.3 Unaccounted water
There is a significant water loss in the Udaipur water supply distribution system, from the supply end till it reaches the consumer end. It is estimated that system losses as ranging from 15 percent to 20 percent it is around 16.69 MLD. Identification of sources and the amount of losses is constrained because of inadequate maps and consumer databases.
Water losses may broadly be classified as physical losses and administrative losses. Physical losses are due to leakages from old, damaged, corroded pipe lines/ connections and leaking joints and overflow at overhead tanks. Consumer taps also cause significant waste of treated water. Administrative losses are due to theft, illegal tapping of water, unregistered connections, faulty meters and unrecorded supply due to poor records and billing errors. The distribution network is damaged and though aged, heavy scaling and pressure loss are reported.
For effective a Leak Detection Study and implement the recommended options, it is necessary to have sufficient and reliable database regarding the water supply systems. A good information base, willingness to follow-up on systematic replacement of leaking pipes, defective meters and connections as well as tariff revisions, etc are critical to the success of the program. Control on unaccounted water and loss minimization can be achieved through prevention of illegal tapping, water metering, education and information management, promotion of water conserving household appliances etc.
4.2.4 Service Adequacy and Key Issues
4.2.4.1 Service Adequacy
i. Low Supply Levels: Low per capita supply is noticed; the situation becomes worse in summer season with per capita supply coming to as low as 90lpcd. The frequency of supply in the city varies from one to another due to pressure difference.
ii. Inadequate Treatment Capacity: The existing treatment plant is of only 82.97 MLD. In respect of increasing demand in the future, the treatment capacity needs augmentation. Present capacity is lower than adequate.
iii. Inadequate Service Coverage: Though 70 percent of the city is served with water supply system, many slum areas are not covered by water supply network.
iv. Inadequate Network Coverage: Considering the high population density within the inner area, the network adequacy demand, as a percent of road length, is low.
v. Rainwater harvesting: The pattern of rainfall is erratic. However, there is high scope for
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storing rainwater for recharging. Unfortunately, the ULB has taken no action in this direction.
vi. Need for Source Augmentation: The present source of water is not adequate to meet out the requirements of the people till 2043, and augmentation will be required to meet future requirements. vii. Refurbishment of the Existing System in the Core Areas: The distribution system in the Core Areas has been laid before 60 years. Although intermittent rehabilitation works have been carried, based on complaints, the system needs a comprehensive rehabilitation measure based on Detail Study. viii. Need for Asset Management Action Plan: It is required to maintain an O & M Schedule, for Water Supply Assets, for regular maintenance and energy consumption optimization.
4.2.4.2 Key Issues
There always remains a clear gap between the revenue collected and the operation and maintenance cost. This gap generally remains due to following reasons:
About 35 percent of total water supply is waste due to thefts and leakage.
30 percent of existing area not covered by water supply system.
Absence of proper billing mechanism
There exists high pressure difference and excessive pumping to satisfy higher areas..
Storage and distribution system have outlived their age. Distribution network has lost its carrying capacity considerably.
The existing income sources of the municipality are not enough to meet the growing demand of water in the town. Tax revenues are providing resources to meet these needs for the time being but to meet the demand for the projected population of 2036 even and official grant assistance has not been able to fulfill gap between supply and demand.
4.3 FUTURE DEMAND AND GAP ANALYSIS
For Udaipur a standard norm of 135 lpcd water supply is followed till 2041 and a supply of 135 lpcd is proposed for the years beyond that and demand has been calculated likewise.
Year Populati HH Bulk Demand Floating Population Unaccounted Total on Demand (15%) (3%) water (15%) Demand Nos MLD MLD MLD MLD MLD 2013 468904 63.30 9.50 1.90 9.50 84.19
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2021 541219 73.06 10.96 2.19 10.96 97.18 2031 641457 86.60 12.99 2.60 12.99 115.17 2041 755736 102.02 15.30 3.06 15.30 135.69 Source: Analysis
The total water demand for the city is calculated by adding the water demand for different sectrors which includes Household demand, Bulk demand (15%), demand for floating population (3%) and unaccounted water that is distribution and treatemnt loss (15%). Thus the total water demand for the city is calculated as 97.18 MLD, 115.17 MLD and 135.69 MLD for the years 2021, 2031 and 2041 respectively.
To the projected population 15 percent additional population is added to achieve greater efficiency in service delivery. Gaps are calculated for 2021, 2031 and for 2041, are given in table 3.5 below:
Table 4.9: Demand Supply Gap
Total Treatment Daily Storage Refurbishm Water Shortage Plant Supply Capacity Projected Demand Capacity ent of old
Year Population network LPCD MLD MLD MILLIONLI MLD (km) TER
2013 468904 135 84.19 17.43 53.72 82.97
33% of 2021 541219 135 97.18 0.00 60 100 existing system
33% of 2031 641457 135 115.17 0.00 70 120 existing system
33% of 2041 755736 135 135.69 0.00 80 140 existing system
Source: Analysis
4.4 ONGOING PROJECTS
There is proposal for providing water supply to Gokul Village and RK Puram, under Urban Water Supply Scheme. The estimated cost of the project is 494.52 Lacs and it is expected to complete the work by June 2014. The general abstract of the DPR is given below.
4.5 FUTURE REQUIREMENT
The demand for water by 2041 is around 135 MLD. Hence it is proposed to increase the
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY extraction of water from existing source as mentioned in the below table. Apart from that it is proposed to extract water from the Badi Madar Dam and CHoti Madar dam which is located 22 km away from the city in north western direction. The Ahar River is flowing from this dam.
EXISTING PROPOSAL - CSP
SOURCE EXTRACTION SOURCE EXTRACTION
LAKE PICHOLA 19 BADI MADAR DAM 15
LAKE FATEH SAGAR 12.5 CHOTI MADAR 5
LAKE JAISAMAND 19.5 LAKE JAISAMAND 5
LAKE BADI 0.25 LAKE BADI 5
DAM MANSI WAKAL 22.7 DAM MANSI WAKAL 20
LOCAL SOURCES 9.5 LOCAL SOURCES 5
TOTAL 83.45 TOTAL 55
Figure 4.4: Location of badi madar and choti madar dams
4.5.1 WTP and Storage Proposal
The water demand for 2041 is 135 MLD, hence the capacity required for treatment plant is 140 MLD (addition of 5 MLD for safer side). In first phase, it is proposed to construct a 20
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MLD capacity WTP in Badagaon rural for trating the water from Badi madar and choti madar dam. The capacity of the existing WTPs should be augmented in phase 2 and 3.
Table 4.10: Proposed WTPs
PROPOSAL -CSP PHASE CAPACITY
WTP AT BADAGAON RURAL 1 20 MLD
AUGUMENTING EXISTIN G WTPs 2 & 3 37 MLD
Source: Analysis
The total storage capacity needed by 2041 is 80 MLD that is 60% of the water demand. The existing capacity is only 53 MLD. Hence it is proposed to construct the storage facilities of additional 26.5 MLD by 2041 in different phases.
Table 4.11: Proposed Storage facilities
PHASES NOS CAPACITY IN MILLION LITRE
PHASE 1 - 2021 1.5 ML X 3 & 2ML X 1 6.5
PHASE 2 - 2031 2 ML X 5 10
PHASE 3 - 2041 2 MLX 5 10
TOTAL 13 26.5
Source: Analysis
In first phase the ESRs are proposed at the out growth areas sucha s Palri, Badagaon, Sukher, Bhuwana, Dewali Rural , IIM colony, Govardhan Vilas Rural, and in Sajjan Nagar.
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Figure 4.5: Exiting and Proposed WTPs and Storage
The existing supply covered area in UMC is 80% of the total area. The remaining 20% of the area is covered under the proposal by CSP. In addition to that under CSP, it is planning to laid proper water supply network in the out growth area of around 88%. For covering all these areas it is required to lay around 362 km pipe line network including the rising mains and distribution. Since the water distribution lines in the walled city is decades old and cement concrete pipes, maximum network is deteriorated and causes leakes. Hence it is proposed to replace around 35 km network of pipe line in walled city area.
Table 4.12: Proposed pipe line network
COVERAGE WITH IN UMC 20%
COVERGAE IN OUT GROWTH AREAS 88%
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK 362 KM
REPLACEMENT OF OLD NETWORK IN WALLED CITY 35 KM
Source: Analysis
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Figure 4.6: Proposed distribution network
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4.6 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION
INVESTEMENT PLAN MACRO -LEVEL
Table 4.13: Investment Plan-Macro Level
OTHER PROJECTS TARGETS SOURCE FUND SL BENCH TO BE INDICATOR REQUIREMENT CMC GoR GoI NO. MARK PRESENT RAY ACHIEVED (Rs. IN Crore) SITUATION RUIDP (4.47%) (44.53%) 20% 10% 70% % 100% Development of water 1 0 0 0 supply scheme INVESTEMENT PLAN MICRO –LEVEL
Table 4.14: Investment Plan Micro Level
2013-2014 - 50% 2014-2015 - 50% TOTAL SL NO. PARTICULARS CMC GoR GoI CMC GoR GoI FUND 20% 10% 70% 20% 10% 70% 1 2 TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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4.6.1 Strategies and Time Frame
Table 4.15: Strategies and Time Frame – Water Supply
S. No. Strategy 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
1 Asset Management Plan
2 Leak detection plan
3 Piloting 24/7 water supply
4 Network Coverage for General Households
5 Network Coverage for Slum Households
4.6.2 Recommendations
Artificial recharge through rainwater harvesting and riverbeds should be undertaken. The surplus water flow during monsoon period should be used for recharging depleted water bodies and lastly roof-top rain-water harvesting should be made mandatory in building bye laws especially in the over-exploited blocks.
All new development areas should have two distribution lines, one for drinking water and other for non-drinking water/recycled treated wastewater to reuse the treated wastewater. At least 50percent of the treated wastewater should be recycled for these purposes and emphasis should be laid towards waste minimization, which can also help in improving the overall environment. Government may also provide liberal tax rebates for institutions/industries adopting recycled wastewater to compensate for the cost involved in treating wastewater for recycling.
4.6.3 Best Practice
O&M Plan - Adoption of an O&M Plan and Schedule, including options of using the private sector for O&M (e.g. management contract).
Unaccounted for Water (UFW) - Initiation water audit studies for Udaipur Municipal Corporation and ascertain the volume of unaccounted for water. The audit should specifically estimate the Unaccounted for Water, i.e., quantity of water lost due to leakages, especially as leakage in underground pipes.
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Asset Management Plan - To address the condition assessment and the performance of the water supply assets, it is necessary that an asset management plan be prepared for the assets of water supply in the town.
Mapping & GIS - To address the issue of system rehabilitation, mapping and establishing a GIS system is pertinent to detail out system location, characteristics, age and condition. This would enable identifying dilapidated sections of the network and those that require replacement.
Tariff Revision - Future capital investments on system up-gradation being imminent, the tariff structure shall be revised from time to time to enable cost recovery and to service the additional debt from the capital investments. Simultaneously, installation of modern metering equipment shall be taken up in the municipality to affect a proper monitoring system and ensure cost recovery.
Performance Monitoring- It is important to monitor the performance of the sector over the years for better service delivery and consumer satisfaction.
Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building- For effective service delivery, it is necessary that the entire area of the town be divided into coverage zones. Training to the field staff of the department needs to be imparted for effective operation and maintenance of the system.
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Chapter 5 : MAKING CITY OPEN DEFECATION FREE
The practice of open defecation and open urination is found in many cities and towns of the State. It not only causes environment pollution but it also has a wider impact on health of the society, contamination of underground and ground water sources as well as irreparable damage to the dignity of individual as well as society.
The households with no access to individual sanitary latrines either use public community toilets if existing or go for open defecation. This practice of open defecation by small or large portion of population results in environmental degradation, posing serious health problems for the human beings, the community and the society as a whole. Coupled with the above issues, there is a problem of huge floating and migrant population not having access to clean sanitary facilities, although they may be willing to pay for it. Also most of the work places in the towns and cities like shops, small restaurants, small offices etc., do not have provision for toilet facilities and this working population also may be resorting to open urination and defecation. All this results in water or air pollution imposing a heavy social and economic cost on the economy of the State. The privacy of citizens is violated & women find it unsafe and have to compromise at times on health and safety.
Thus it is duty of Urban Local Body to create a system wherein it is assured that there are no cases of open defecation. The action taken includes provision of community/public toilets in areas like slums and squatter settlement, market places, Commercial areas, Educational institution areas, Hospital areas, tourist and Pilgrimage areas, and areas having floating population.
5.1 PRESENT STATUS
According to Census 2011, the total population of UMC is 4,51,735 and the number of households is 88,857. Among these households, only 93.82% have toilet facility within the premises and rest of the 6.18% of the population either going for open defecation or using public toilets like sulabh complex. As per the projection the current total population in the city is 4,68,904 (population in 2013).
5.1.1 Individual Sanitation System
Table 5.1: Individual Sanitation System
Total number of households 88,857 In Percentage Number of households having latrine facility within the premises 83,364 93.82 Number of households not having latrine facility within the premises 5,493 6.18
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Source: Census of India, 2011
Within Udaipur Corporation limit, around 94% of the households are having toilet facility in their own houses. Rest of the 6% of the households is going for open defecation and a small percent is depending on public toilets like Sulabh toilets. Most of the individual toilets have pit latrine system which do not have outlets baffles. Rest of the houses has septic tank system, from which the black water directly flows to the drains and it merges with the river system.
The individual toilets does not have septic tank system, they have only pit latrine system Most of the slum dwellers are going for open defecation in surrounding vacant land and in agricultural lands. The slums located adjacent to railway line, uses the railway track and surrounding for their basic need. There are no community toilets in the UMC which is normally built for a group of households in backward area.
5.2 PUBLIC TOILETS
There are total 45 sulabh complex within corporation area of Udaipur. The head office of Sulabh Complex is in Udaipole and the total number of toilet seats are 664 including gents and ladies. Some of the Sulabh complexes are having
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Table 5.2: Pubic Toilets
No. of No. of
No. of Bath
Seats Urinal
Sr.
Name of the complex
No.
Sewer
Tube well Tube
Septic Tank Septic
WaterSupply
Gents Gents Gents
Electric Meter Electric
Ladies Ladies Ladies
1 Udiapol, Bus Stand 11 16 2 Open 1 5 × × × × 2 Natraj Ki Gali 2 3 1 2 × 3 × × 3 Bhupal Hospital 8 10 2 Open × 7 × × × 4 Mental Hospital 7 13 3 Open 5 4 × × × 5 Savina Sabji Mandi 5 8 × Open × 4 × × × 6 Dhudh Talai 5 6 × × × 3 × × × 7 Sukhadia Circle 3 4 1 1 × 8 × × 8 Fateh Sagar 4 6 × Open × 4 × × 9 Family Court 3 4 × 2 × 3 × × 10 Gulab Bhag 5 5 × Open × 4 × × × 11 Alipura 7 8 × Open × 4 × × 12 P.W.D Pulia 4 7 1 Open × 4 × × 13 Takkar Baba Purana 4 6 × × × × × × × 14 Takkar Baba Naya 9 10 × × × 4 × × 15 Chetak Circle 4 6 × × × 5 × × × 16 Nadagaada Mahila 18 × Open × × × × × 17 Nadagaada Purash × 31 × Open × 4 × × 18 Mahavat Vadi Behind Jagdish 15 15 × × × × × × Mandir Mandir 19 Bichhoo Ghati Upper Hathi Pol 16 17 × × × × × × 20 Hathi Pole 14 21 × Open × 4 × × 21 Shikar Nagar (Jhadia Mkt) 7 8 × × × × × × 22 Court Choraha 1 1 × × 2 7 × × × 23 Amal Ka Kota Near Ayurvedic 16 24 × Open × 10 × × Hospital 24 Kali Babdi Near Anaj Mandi 21 28 1 Open × 4 ×
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25 Chhoti Bhoi Vada Ahead Of Anaj 12 13 × × × × × × Mandi 26 Badi Bhoi Ka Vada Ahead Ofanaj 7 8 × × × × × × 27 Meera Park Before Jagdish 9 8 2 Open × × × × Mandir 28 Meetha Ram Ji Ka Vada Right Of 22 18 × Open × × × × Gulab Bag 29 Savji Ka Vada Solanki Hati… 8 7 × × × × × × 30 Sabti Nagar Ayyar Right Of Delhi 5 5 × Open × 4 × × Gate 31 Nagar Parishad 2 4 × × 4 14 × × × 32 Govardhan Vilas 5 6 × Open × 3 × × 33 Delhi Gate × × 3 × 2 5 × × × × 34 Ashwani Bazar × × × × 6 9 × × × × 35 Near Malla Talai Choraha Near 5 5 1 1 × 4 × × Mandir 36 Near Sevasram Choraha Ahead 4 5 1 1 × 3 × × Of Bn College Near Over Bridge 37 Patel Circle 2 3 × × × 2 × × 38 Krishi Upaj Mandi 5 5 2 2 × 5 × × 39 Near Pooja Park 2 3 1 1 × 4 × × 40 Outside Dindaya Uppadhaya 2 3 1 1 × 4 × × Park
41 Aklavya Colony Ahead Of Malla 5 5 1 1 × 5 × × ker Talai Tan 42 Moti Magri (Fateh Sagar) Near 5 5 1 1 × 5 × ×
Circuit House er Tank 43 Dooth Talai (Under 5 5 × 4 Construction) 44 Manik Lal Burma Park (Under 5 5 × 4 Construction) 45 Asindh Ki Haveli (Under 5 5 × 4 Construction)
Source: Sulabh International Society
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Figure 5.1: Existing Public Toilets and Urinals
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5.3 PUBLIC URINAL
In the city there are 97 urinal complexes for both and female in various locations. Apart from this, there are 6 and 8 urinals for males and females respectively made of fibre. The total pots for male urinals are 231 nos and female urinal seats are 86.
Category Gents Ladies Cement Building 225 78 Urinals made up of Fibre 6 8 Total 231 86 Source: Sulabh International Society
Figure 5.2: Existing Urinals
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5.4 SANITATION IN INSTITUTIONS
In Udaipur Municipal Corporation all the educational institutions such as schools and colleges have access to toilet facility separately for girls and boys. Most of the government institutions are avail of toilets facility.
5.5 SITUATION ANALYSIS
5.5.1 Household Toilets
In Udaipur City the sewer covered area is only 440 Ha that is less than 10% of total area of the city. This area includes the walled city, Ambamata Colony, Mallatalai Colony Ekalavya Colony and the colonies which are situated around the lakes. The households located in these area are only connected with sewer lines and rest of the households in the city are either connected to leach pit (on site disposal) or have septic tanks (on site disposal) or have pit latrines (on site disposal). In case of septic tanks the effluents are directly disposed into the open channels/drains, which is not a healthy practice as the effluent may carry pathogenic micro-organism.
Toilet type with Leach Pit (Single / double); Septic tanks and On Pit types of disposal mechanism fall under On Site type of disposal methods. Detailed description of each type is given below.
5.5.2 Septic Tanks
MIG/ HIG class of settlements have septic tank. It is observed during the survey that timely cleaning of septic tanks is not practiced by most of the households. Cleaning is practiced only if it is blocked and use of toilet is no more possible. The schematic sketch below demonstrates the existing working system of the septic tanks in Chittorgarh where the waste water from the septic tank is let into open drains or in open grounds near the houses.
Figure 5.3: Schematic representation of Black Water Disposal Septic Tanks
As pointed out, the sludge from the septic tanks is emptied as per user‘s convenience when they face problem such as blockage, etc. Whereas, in order to ensure effective functioning of septic tanks, it is necessary to empty the septic tanks once in every two to three years. Presently, the local authority has four suction pumps, which are used to remove the sludge
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Septic tanks provide an excreta treatment system in location where a sewerage system is not available. The option of septic tank is generally opted by those households which can afford the capital cost and its operation and management cost or the households not having sewer connectivity in the vicinity.
The system consists of a water tight settling tank with one or two chambers/, to which waste is carried out by water flushing down a pipe connected to the toilet which usually has a Utrap. However, this system does not dispose of wastes; it only helps to separate the solid matter from the liquid. Some of the solids float on the surface, where they are known scum, while others sink to the bottom where they are broken down bacteria to form a deposit called sludge.
The liquid effluent flowing out of the tank is, from a health point of view, as raw sewage and remains to be disposed off, normally by soaking into the ground through a soak pit. The system works well where the soil is permeable and not liable to flooding or water logging. In case of Gwalior the availability of Soak pit along with septic tank is very rear and the liquid effluent from the tank directly goes into the open drains.
5.5.3 Leach pit
Leach pit is the most preferred means of disposal of toilet waste by those households which are not having sewer connectivity. According to this technology, the water & gas from excreta gets absorbed through the pores of the pit and solid gets decomposed into the manure. This technology maintains the system under hygienic condition that is free from odour and insect nuisance. Pits may be in circular, square or rectangular. The pit and squatting slab may be circular or rectangular. These are preferably lined as it holds the soil and prevents the pit from collapsing. Lining may be done with honey combed brick wall or perforated concrete rings or stone masonry etc. Leach pit are generally provided at the back of squatting pan. For circular pits, the minimum distance between the two pits should not be less than its depth while for rectangular pits; both the pits can be clubbed together with common partition wall plastered on both sides.
In India, according to the published data, the amount of human waste generated is about 400 gram faeces and 2200 gram urine per person per day. For such type of pit, an amount of 1 kg of wet weight per person per day is taken account for calculating the pit design. Based on this, for effective depth or capacity of wet latrines a provision of 37 litres(1.3 cu. ft) per person per year should be sufficient.
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The pit may be single or double depending upon choice, need of the User and space available. In case of Gwalior the single pit is the most common. The typical section of a leach pit toilet is shown in the following figure:
Figure 5.4: Typical section of a Septic Tank
5.5.4 On Pit Latrines
On Pit latrine is nothing but constructing the superstructure right above the leach its. Even direct pit also has two types of construction. One type is without water seal. The problem in this type is that there will be fly/mosquito‘s nuisance as well as the foul smell due to direct opening. The other type is with water seal. The leach pit should be deeper, so that darkness in the pit should not attract the flies and mosquitoes. Basement should be raised well above the ground level to avoid runoff entry into the pit; squatting slab should be strong enough to take the load.
The removal of sludge has been done by two ways, a) By vacuum cleaning and jetting machine and b) Manually through a side whole on the floor of the toilet which is covered with a stone slab.
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About 10% of the total households are having on pit toilets in their houses. The figure below shows the schematic flow diagram of the treatment systems through pit. The black water is collected in pits that are closed once they get filled. However, there is lack of knowledge about proper filling and use of sludge/ compost generated. In most of the cases it has a pit with a concrete slab on it and a toilet is constructed over the pit. It is a kind of leach pit where inner lining of bricks is absent.
In most of the cases it has a pit with a concrete slab on it and a toilet is constructed over the pit. The pits are lined with bricks and plastered with the cement. It was observed that the pits are emptied with the help of the suction vehicle available with the local authority.
Figure 5.5 Schematic representation of Pit Toilet
The Reasons for the open defecation are :- a. Economic weakness to construct toilet b. Lack of space in for the construction of toilet c. In adequate number of toilet in walking distance d. Tendency of not to pay or inability to pay the user charges. e. Habit of defeating in open f. Lack of awareness about the sanitation and hygienic conditions g. Illiteracy h. Less fine amount and no procedure of prosecution under IPC 5.5.5 Public Toilets and Urinals
The condition of unpaid public toilets and urinals are very pathetic in nature. The regular cleaning is not done in these toilets. Most of the toilets and urinals are lacks water supply and electricity connection.
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5.6 GAP ANALYSIS
In UMC, at present there are 88,857 households are exists in which 5,493 households does not have toilets in their premises. This population depends on either public toilets or going for open defecation. Hence the shortages of toilets are 5,493 population should be covered under CSP is 28,564 souls (5,493 HH Toilets). Here CSP is proposing 570 community toilets that is 1 toilet seat for 50 persons as per the Guidelines for Community Toilets-1995 by Ministry Urban Affairs & Employment, GoI. These 570 community toilet seats should be placed in 57 Community Toilet complexes, that is each complex have ten seats and 5 urinals. These complexes are proposing in each ward by considering the population density and the socio-economic condition of the people. Particularly it is proposing in the areas
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY where people are going open defecation. The mobile community toilets should be placed in the tourist spots and in the congested areas where sufficient land is not available for the construction of toilet and septic tank. All the toilets septic tanks should connected with sewer system.
Table 5.3: Existing and Proposed Toilet Facilities
Demand of HH toilets 88,857
Shortage of toilets 5,493
Population should be covered under CSP 28,564
Provision of community toilet under CSP (1 toilet seat for 50 persons) 58
Number of Toilet seats 580
Source: Analysis
5.7 PROPOSAL UNDER CSP
It is proposed to provide 58 community toilets having ten seats and five urinals each. The community toilets should be provided in open defecation area, slum areas, and residential areas of economical weaker sections who cannot afford the cost of individual toilets. In CSP promotes ECOSAN Toilets in the outskirts of the city. The mobile toilets can be placed in congested areas and tourist spots where the availability of the land is a constrain. the construction of public toilets can be meet by applying the methods of BOT (Built Operate and Transfer) or BOOT(Built Own Operate and Transfer).
Figure 5.6: Proposed Community Toilets
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5.8 FRAMEWORK FOR COMMUNITY TOILET
Therefore, the following frame work is developed for handling such issues in a rational manner over a future period of time. This concept note describes the following issues:-
Need for a community toilet facility on self-sustaining basis. What should constitute community toilet facility The locations for establishing such facility How community toilet facility should be established and operated / maintained.
(a) Need for a community toilet facility on self-sustaining basis:
The community toilet facility is mainly required for the floating population, which includes people coming to market places, people traveling from one place to another, and making transit halt at railway stations, bus stands, market places etc., the organized and unorganized work force moving from one spot to another and who are stationed at one place, but not having access to toilet facilities. In addition, the members
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY of the households, which have no individual sanitary toilets either because of want of space in their dwelling units or for other social or technical reasons, may also need this. The community and people going to cinema halls, temples etc also need such facility because of the absence of good facility at such places. Such a facility will also help in solid waste management on scientific lines since quality of bio-degradable waste and recyclable waste will improve if such facility ensures that open defecation does not result in contamination of solid waste generated at the above mentioned places including the road side solid waste.
(b) What should constitute community toilet facility?
The community toilet facility should ideally have between 5 to 10 individual toilets with secure locking and water supply arrangements and electricity supply. Out of it, a section should be earmarked for women and the toilet facility should be designed in a way that it can be used by physically challenged persons and old citizens, who need help from another person for using the facility. The above prescribed components should be minimal in the common toilet facility depending on the locations and the specific requirements of a place. Additional components like bath room facilities with changing rooms for men and women separately and some waiting area for people wishing to make a brief halt can also be thought of wherever required for floating population. The provision for wash basin for brushing of teeth,shave etc., may also be provided. Additionally, locker system also can be provided where people can keep their belongings safely while they are busy in other activities. It should have a provision for adequate lighting and ventilation arrangements along with suitable security provisions. It should provide access to physically challenged persons.
(c) The locations for establishing such facility:
Ideally the community toilet facility should be located at a place where the intended user population normally moves or stays for a brief time. Such locations could be main shopping centres, market centres, agriculture markets, trade centres like market yards, cooperative factories, bus stands, railway stations, places like frequently visited ie., temples, educational institutional centres, cinema halls etc. The location should be such that it is easily accessible from public pathways / roads. The exact location can be finalized by undertaking a demand survey. In addition, the community toilet for slum dwellers etc., should be near the households of the users in order to ensure usage by people who do not have / cannot have individual toilets due to various reasons.
(d) How such facilities should be taken up in urban local bodies:
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Community toilet facility can be established on BOT basis in which the selected operator will have to invest its own funds to construct the total facility including the different services to be provided like water supply, lighting, security arrangements etc. The urban local bodies can permit the use of land on long term basis on the condition that the user charges will be fixed by the operator in consultation with the Municipal Commissioner. However, there shall not be transfer of title in any form. The urban local bodies can, however, help in providing and facilitating the obtaining of different permissions wherever required by the operator.
The operations and maintenance will be fully managed by the operator, and the urban local body will not have to contribute anything towards O&M costs. There shall be a contract entered into between the operator and the urban local body duly specifying the scope of responsibilities for both the operator and the urban local body; provision for compensation in case of non-operation of the facility by operator, provision for appointment of arbitrator in case of a dispute provision for mutually agreed user fee etc. The community toilet for slum dwellers etc., shall be constructed by the municipality from out of sanitation funds, general funds etc., including water supply connection, electricity connection, a room for operator to stay etc. The maintenance should however preferably be outsourced.
The operator‘s representatives in both the types of community toilets should stay at the facility throughout and the design of the facility should include residential accommodation for representative of operator. Efforts to be made to prevent the people from using public open spaces for urination and defecation – IEC approach on an intensive scale followed by enforcement of penal provisions. All public institutions (cinema theatres, schools, Government offices etc) should be directed to provide neat and clean toilet facility to the visiting public.
5.9 CONSTRUCTION & MAINTENANCE OF MODERN PUBLIC TOILETS ON BOT (BUILT, OPERATE & TRANSFER) BASIS
ULBs with the participation of the Registered NGO/Social Service Organisation may construct and maintain public toilets on Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) / Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis at floating population area such as like market places, Commercial areas, railway/Bus stations, group of educational institutions, pilgrimage centres etc. These community toilets should be taken up on BOT basis by duly calling for expression of interest through a transparent method of newspaper advertisement etc..
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These toilets shall be constructed by the interested firms at their own costs and shall be operated and maintained by them on Pay and Use basis. Rights for advertisement through glow sign boards may be permitted on the interior and exterior walls (maximum of 75%) of the building of the Toilet Complex but mounted hoardings on roof would not be permitted. The firms having the expertise in this field may be asked to bring forth their capacity, capability and experience in constructing and maintaining such facilities.
The selected Organisation shall construct structurally sound and aesthetically appealing building complex as per plans submitted to and approved by Municipalities/ Corporation. The Organisation will be required to run/maintain the same in good condition round the clock. The interested organization may be asked to submit their plan/drawings/design of the proposed toilet block. The organization may also be advised to inspect the proposed sites and its surrounding and satisfy themselves before submitting the bids. Indicative methodology for taking Construction of Modern Public Toilets on BOT basis is enclosed for guidance.
5.9.1 Indicative Methodology for taking up Construction of Modern Public Toilets on BOT basis
1 Site Selection A team of Town Planning, Engineering departments and Sanitation (convenor) under chairmanship of MC from Corporation should identify the location in the circulating area preferably road facing where the Modern Public Toilets can be constructed. Easy accessibility to Public should be kept in mind while selecting the site. The location should be such that it does not impede the circulating area traffic flow. The area to be allotted may be worked out depending on the existing conditions at the site e.g. availability of land, water, drainage, electricity, no. of anticipated users, type of amenities to be provided, etc.
Prior to the above activity, the Sanitation Head shall with help of sanitary workers shall map the areas of open urination and open defecation incidences in town / city Map, then cluster the above incidences to take up Construction of Modern Public Toilet complexes. The road facing areas in front of Government institutions nearer to those incidence spots may preferably be proposed and selected to avoid resistance and later landing in court litigations. After identifying the location of Modern Public Toilets, approval of District collector may be obtained if they are abutting to other department institution areas.
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2 Amenities to be provided at Modern Toilets i. Urinals. ii. Separate toilets for ladies & gents. iii. Bathing facilities - A plastic mug and good quality bucket to be provided. iv. Wash Basins v. Mirrors, towels, towel rack, hangers, hooks. vi. Care taker room for round the clock services, and Care taker residence in the first floor. vii. Store room for keeping material for day to day operation and maintenance. viii. Indication boards for the toilet complex in the form of glow sign and signage for ladies, gents users. ix. Additionally, locker system also can be provided where people can keep their belongings safely while they are busy in other activities. 3 Construction of Modern Toilets-Guideline The inside height of the toilet complex should be 3 meters. The size and layout of the toilet complex would depend on the number of users requiring the facility and availability of space and other local conditions. The layout and design of the complex must leave room
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for future expansion if and when required without causing major modifications.
i. The floor should slope gently towards the floor trap. The floor of the bathing area should be sunk to avoid the flow of water outside the bathing area. ii. Wall mounted urinals of vitreous china of latest user friendly design of approved type should be used, partitioned with slabs of granite. There should be no open drain. iii. Separate ladies and gents section. iv. Separate bathing and changing area. v. All water pipes should be concealed in the walls. vi. Adequate provision of exhaust to have effective ventilation. vii. Provision should be made in the design of toilet complex to provide natural light during day time. viii. Proper electric fixtures with concealed wiring. ix. Hand wash area (separate for ladies and gents) with mirrors. Water storage tanks of approved quality and adequate capacity to be provided. Round the clock service throughout the year. x. Standard signage and display boards in Telugu, English (may also Hindi) language. There shall also be direction boards to toilet complex in its 200 – 500 meters periphery. xi. To be completed within six months from the date of award of contract. In case of failure of the organisation to complete the work within the stipulated period, attributable to causes within the control of the organisation, he shall be liable to pay penalty. xii. Implementation of ―Open defecation/Urination area‖ within 200 meters nearby Toilet complex duly taking help from ULBs.
Broad material specifications:
All the flooring and wall cladding work should be done with superior tiles of approved quality free from cracks and faults. Good quality of sanitary installations/fittings should be used. Doors, windows and ventilators shall be of good quality. These should be elegant in appearance. Good quality of branded electrical fittings should be used. All water pipes, drainage and waste pipes should be concealed. 4 Operation and Maintenance The organisation shall operate and maintain the toilets/complexes to the entire satisfaction of the Municipalities. Toilets, urinals, floors, walls and ceilings of the interior as well as exterior of the complex should be cleaned regularly and continuous availability
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY of clean water should be ensured. The cleaning of toilets and urinals should be done at fixed intervals depending upon patronage, preferably after each use. Adequate inventory of cleaning material like phenyl, naphthalene balls and liquid detergents for cleaning floors and tiles, liquid soap solution, floor wipers, brushes, dusters, mops, buckets, mugs, dustbins etc. should always be available at the cost of the service provider.
The following maintenance work should be done by the Service Provider:
All repairs and routine maintenance including prompt repairs of potholes, cracks, concrete joints, electric fittings, lighting, sanitary fittings and signage of the complex should be promptly attended to by the Service Provider.It will be the responsibility of the Service Provider to ensure proper drainage upto the pitfall and any choking of drainage should be attended to by him promptly.
Cleaning the septic tanks, including safe disposal of their contents and maintenance of sewerage system will be the responsibility of the Service Provider. White washing and painting should also be undertaken as and when required (preferable once in six months). Mechanized grinding and polishing of the floor surface of the toilet shall be done at least once a year. Flowering plants/Flower pots may be provided in and around the toilet complex for beautification. Safety and security of users shall be ensured. Prevention of any encroachment in/or adjoining the Pay & Use Toilet block. There shall be complete ban on smoking in public places. The toilet complex should be operated as a no-smoking zone. There shall also be complete ban on employment of child labour. Proper indication boards to this effect should be displayed in the complex at noticeable points. Cleanliness/hygiene of surroundings of toilets (about 2 meters around) should be ensured by the Service Provider. 5 Electricity and Water
Electricity and Water shall be provided by the Agency with its own cost. However, the Municipalities will assist the agency in getting Electricity and Water supply connections.
6 Period of concession
The period of Concession Agreement for Modern Pay & Use Public toilets under BOT
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY scheme will be first 5 years and renewable after every three years upto 25 years with due approval from council. After completion of the period, Municipality may extend the concession period on mutually agreed terms subject to the satisfactory performance of the Service Provider. If the period is not extended by Municipality, then the assets will be transferred to the Municipality who will be free to lease it further to other organisations.
7 Advertisement Rights
The Service Provider may be allowed to display advertisement, on the interior and exterior walls (maximum of 75%) of the toilet building, but mounted hoardings on roof would not be permitted. However, the advertisements displayed shall not be repugnant to the general standards of morality and should not hurt the religious sentiments of any section of the society or compete with services provided by the Municipalities.
8 Service charges:
The Service Provider may charge the users/passengers @ 0.50 paise/- for Urinal, Rs.2/- for using latrine and Rs.5/- for using bathroom only or both bathroom and latrine, subject to approval of the committee consisting of CP/Mayor, MC, ME, and SS/SI/MHO. The rates can be reviewed once in three years on mutually agreed terms. The rate list should be displayed prominently at noticeable locations/entry points to the toilets i.e., at back of care taker seat.
9 Complaints and Suggestions:
While the Service Provider is responsible for ensuring a complaint free service, they should also maintain a complaint and suggestion register at the toilets, which should be made available to the users/passengers. A notice to this effect may be displayed prominently at the entry points to the toilets i.e., at back of care taker seat.
10 Selection of Agency:
a) Expression of Interest (EOI): Expression of Interest (EOI) will be called by Municipality/Corporation through two leading newspapers from the interested parties/ organisations. Pre-bid like Meeting with the parties shall be held atleast 5 days before last date for filing EOI, in which they will share concept of BOT TOILET with the Municipality. After examination and go through proposal by the committee consisting of Commissioner, ME, MHO/SS/SI/ TPO, the Municipal Commissioner may select the organization for construction of Modern Public Toilet on BOT basis with due approval of Council of Municipality / Standing Committee of Corporation.
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11 Agreement
The Service Provider after signing agreement, shall not transfer, sublet or dispose of the rights and benefits under the Agreement or any project agreement except with prior written consent of the Municipalities which Municipalities shall be entitled to decline without assigning any reason whatsoever.
12 Termination of Contract
The Municipalities can terminate the contract in case of continued noncompliance of Service Conditions by the Service Provider with three months notice.. The assets will then be transferred to Municipality at the Depreciated Replacement Value, which will be determined by the committee of ME, Engineer of PH, TPO of the Municipality. The Municipalities will be free to lease the assets on further contract.
13 Arbitration
The District Magistrate shall be the sole arbitrator and the decision of District Magistrate shall be final and binding on both the parties.
14 Punitive Clause
Municipalities can impose a fine on the Service Provider if the desired level of cleanliness is not maintained and for lack of proper upkeep, facilities etc., fine up to Rs.200/- at a time for unsatisfactory cleanliness and upto Rs.500/- at a time for lack of proper upkeep facilities, may be imposed. However, in no case the fine should be more than Rs.1,000/- at a time. Such clause should be clearly brought out in the Agreement.
15 Loss and Theft of Property
The Service Provider shall be solely responsible for the upkeep of all the assets created and any loss and damage thereof shall be made good by him/her immediately at his/her own cost to continue to keep the complex operational and available for use.
16 Project completion
The construction shall have to be completed within six (6) months of signing the agreement. No extension shall be given under normal conditions. However, if Municipality are satisfied that delay, if any, has been caused due to unforeseen circumstances, extension may be granted for completion of work as per rules.
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17 Terms and Conditions a) Municipality/Corporation shall provide land to the Service Provider suitable to the requirement in terms of size, location and workability etc. depending upon availability. The tile of the land will be with the Municipality/Corporation. b) The Service Provider shall ensure that the premises are not used for any purpose other than that for which it is allowed under the Agreement. The premises should not be used for playing games, cards etc., which involves stakes/betting etc. c) The Service Provider shall ensure that the construction of toilets is completed in a period of six months from the date of handing over the physical possession of the site. Extension can be granted by Municipality/Corporation, provided the delay was due to unforeseen/unavoidable reasons. d) Both the parties shall be at liberty to cancel the agreement at any stage after giving three months notice from either side, if they find that the project/ arrangement is not workable according to their aims and objectives. The assets created by the Service Provider shall stand transferred to the Municipality/ Corporation in such eventualities. e) Municipalities shall have the right to cancel/revoke/terminate the agreement at any stage in case of breach of any of the stipulated terms and conditions by the Service Provider or if their performance is not found satisfactory. f) The sites and the works assigned to the Service Provider by the Municipality /Corporation shall not be transferred by the former to any person, Trust, Society or Institution in any manner whatsoever at any time, whether during or after the termination of the agreement. g) The Service Provider shall not use or allow any person to use such toilets for residential purpose. h) In case the constructed Modern public toilet on BOT basis by the service provider is required by the Municipalities for any other priority or work at any of time, the Municipalities will have the direction to terminate this agreement after giving three (3) months prior notice to the service provider and reimbursing the amount spent by the latter on construction of Public Toilet and Providing fixtures, equipment in toilet complexes as assessed by a team of Engineers from Municipality, PHE, and R&B.
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5.10 ECOSAN TOILETS
• The eco-san is constructed above ground level. • To prevent feaces coming into contact with the soil and underground water sources, the bottom portion of the chamber is plastered. Eco-san Latrine has two chambers for defecation. • After defecation, a handful of ash or mud should be put inside the chamber to cover the faeces. • No water is poured inside the chambers • The first chamber will get filled up in about six to eight months. Then it is closed and the second one will be used • Faeces in the first chamber gets composted in about 6 to 9 months. • The compost will not have any foul smell and will be free from any disease causing pathogens or bacteria. • The compost can be used for agricultural purposes/ raising kitchen garden • From the PVC pipe, which has holes in the last 1 meter, the wash water and urine will be taken to a nearby kitchen kitchen garden by infiltration infiltration
• •
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Chapter 6 : SEWERAGE MANAGEMENT
6.1 INTRODUCTION
City of Lakes, Udaipur is one of the important cities in the state of Rajasthan. The City is a favorite tourist destination for foreign and local tourists, for its beautiful lake and marvelous palaces. Lakes and gardens in the city besides being beauty spots are also of great ecological significance. The lakes are also principal source of drinking water for the city. Growth of city is however adversely affecting the eco-system of the lakes and there is fear of lakes becoming eutrophic. Survival of Udaipur city as a tourist destination and well-being of its residents is essentially linked with preservation of eco system of its lakes.
6.2 PRESENT STATUS
Flow of domestic wastewater into the lakes is one of the major reasons identified for the deterioration of the condition of the lakes. Absence of underground sewage collections and conveyance system also results in wastewater flowing in the open drain that is damaging the aesthetics of the city.
City is growing in population and business activities and with the rise in standard of living, water demand of the city residents is further increasing and consequently wastewater flow is increasing. Public Health Engineering Department and Urban Development Department have initiated some projects under RUIDP for augmenting water supply to the City. With implementation of proposed water supply augmentation schemes, water supply to the city will increase from present 75 LPCD to 135 LPCD. Absence of proper sewage collection and conveyance system particularly in the surrounding of lakes will result in further eutrophication of lakes.
Continuous efforts have been made by various concerned Government Department and Local self-Government to protect lakes from pollution and maintaining aesthetic environment in the city in general and in the surrounding of the lakes in particulars, that the city retains its historic charm. As a lake protection measure sewerage system was planned from time to time for collection and conveyance of sewage in catchment areas of lakes.
Public interest litigation was also filed in the Rajasthan High Court to protect the lakes from pollution. Honorable Court ordered concerned departments to take appropriate action for the protection of lakes in a time bound manner and is continuously monitoring the progress being made in this matter.
Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) undertook most recent activity in the direction of prevention of pollution of lakes, prior to the present project. Under this activity UIT assigned work of
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY planning and designing of sewerage system to National Environment Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) who studied the project area and prepared a report for preservation of lakes and submitted to UIT for implementation.
NEERI in its report presented a condition assessment of the existing sewerage system, and recommended implementation of proper sewerage network for the City of Udaipur. NEERI prepared detail project report for sewerage network for part of Udaipur (Phase I Part I). For immediate remedial measure to protect the Pichola lake from Pollution and for protecting Lake Fatehsagar and augment the existing main sewer running from Hathi Pole to Manvakhera where the sewage treatment plant is proposed to be constructed (Phase II) was for remaining part of Udaipur as per development of the city projected for the year 2011. (City Development Plan, 2006)
In Phase I work proposed by NEERI, sewerage system was designed around four lakes, which cover ten wards. Out of this three wards are fully covered and seven are partly covered for the design purpose and this work was executed by UIT Udaipur and simultaneously carried out the work of connecting individual house toilets with sewerage. Government of Rajasthan took a decision to execute the work proposed under Phase-I Part- II in NEERI‘s report, under waste water sector of ADB project. In addition to providing sewerage system, augment the existing main sewer from Hathi pole to Manwakhera; construction of a 20 MLD capacity sewage treatment plant was also included in the works. Unfortunately no work could be executed under ADB project.
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6.3 EXISTING SEWERAGE SYSTEM
Udaipur city is not fully covered by an integrated underground sewerage system. At present, the city has a skeleton existing sewerage system, which covers the high density populated areas of the walled city. The old sewerage system in the catchment areas of the lakes consist of 3500m of sewers varying in diameters from 150-350mm covering a population of about 10,000 in Ambamata, Brahmapuri, Lalghat, Navghat, and Chandpole area. The sewage from these sewers used to flow by reaping up to Jhatwadi by a pump-house located at Chandpole (ridgeline) from where it was gravitating to Hathipole through 400 mm diameter gravity sewers.
The existing sewerage system spreads in 13 wards out of 55 wards of Municipal area of Udaipur i.e. ward nos. 22, 33 to 37, 42 to 47 & 50 with an outfall of 800mm diameter at Manwa Kheda at a distance of 4.5 Km from City. Besides this UIT Udiapur took the execution of sewerage project to protect lake Pichola from pollution. Accordingly an extensive sewerage system was laid in localities surrounding it at an expenditure of Rs. 12 crores under the technical guidance of NEERI. After execution of the project the existing pumping station at Chandpole has been abandoned and the entire sewerage generated from the area Mallatalai, Haridasji Ki Magri, Ambamata Scheme, Raja Colony, Yadav Kachi Basti, Bagore Ki Haveli, Purohit Ji Ki Haveli, Brampole, Gangor Ghat, Lalghat, Gadia Deora etc. gravitate to Hathipole through 800mm dia sewer line from where it is carried by existing sewer line already functional from Hathipole to Manwa Kheda. In this project one pumping station had to be constructed near Hanuman Temple in Ambamataa area because of low lying area such as Yadav Kachi Basti, Ambavgarh, part of Ambamata scheme etc. Under this project the main sewer line runs from Mallatalai to Hathipole via Chandpole. The sewer line is telescopic with starting dia meter of 500mm to 800mm at Hathipole. Part of this sewer line has been laid in the bed of Lake Pichola. The ductile Iron (800mm) pipe line has been laid in the lake bed. Along with a network of 24 Km sewer line laid under NEERI Project about 3400 sewer house connection have been done simultaneously.
6.3.1 Sewerage System constructed by PHED
Initially PHED introduced the sewerage system in the city and they constructed sewerage network for 84.2 Ha area in the walled city. The total length of the network is 24 km. The Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of the sewerage system is being looked after by the Udaipur Municipal Council (UMC). The colonies or areas served by the PHED scheme are listed below.
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Chand Pol Area Shivaji Nagar Ganesh Ghati Shakti nagar Bhupal Wadi Ashok Nagar Delhi Gate Subhash Nagar Hathi Pol Hiran Magri Sector-3
The trunk sewer of the above sewerage system starts at Suraj Pol and drains into River Ahar at Manwakheda. The sewage from the above area is being discharged in to the river without any treatment. The size of pipes in the sewerage system ranges from 150 mm to 300 mm and the size of the trunk main ranges from 400 mm to 800 mm.
S.NO. Size and Pipe Material of the Sewer Line Length of Sewer(m)
1 150 mm Diameter sewer pipe lines 12289
2 230 mm Diameter sewer pipe lines 180
3 250 mm Diameter sewer pipe lines 2000
4 300 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 173
5 400 mm Diameter R.C.C class NP2 sewer pipe lines 1260
6 600 mm Diameter R.C.C class NP2 sewer pipe lines 590
7 700 mm Diameter R.C.C class NP2 sewer pipe lines 810
8 800 mm Diameter R.C.C class NP2 sewer pipe lines 2475
Total Length of The Sewers Laid by PHED 21339
Source : PHED Department ,Udaipur
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6.3.2 Sewerage system constructed by UIT
The Udaipur Improvement Trust (UIT) built sewerage system for the following areas around the lakes in the year 2005, to avoid untreated sewage being discharged in to the lakes. The sewerage network built under this scheme is primarily along the internal roads in older parts of the City. Main areas covered by the above scheme are as follows.
Hari Das Ji Ki Magri Ambamata Malla Tallai Brahm Pol Area Amber Mata Brahm Pol Magri Amber Garh Left side area of Rang Sagar lake Guni Dayal Marg Naga Magri
S.NO. Size and Pipe Material of the Sewer Line Length of the Sewer(m)
1 150 mm Diameter S.W sewer pipe lines 15552
2 200 mm Diameter sewer pipe lines 3290
3 250 mm Diameter sewer pipe lines 953
4 300 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 828
5 350 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 112
6 400 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 116
7 450 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 104
8 500 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 650
9 600 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 38
10 700 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 307
11 800 mm Diameter R.C.C sewer pipe lines 1404
Total Length of The Sewers Laid by UIT 23556
Source : PHED Department ,Udaipur
UIT constructed the sewerage system in two phases. In first phase, it covered an area of 144 Ha around the lakes, which includes the colonies like Ambamataa, Chandpole, city
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY palace area, fateh palace area etc. In the second phase UIT covered an area of 212 Ha which includes the colonies like malla thalai, ekalavya colony, Raza colony, Amar Nagar, Kaimi Ekta Nagar, Pragati Nagar etc. There are total 17 Sewage Pumping and Lifting Stations and the length of the pumping mains is 6.9 km. The existing trunk line from Hathipole to Manwa Khera is not sufficient to bear the heavy load of sewage from these areas. Hence UIT, laid a parallel trunk line of 8 km length from Hathipole to Manwa khera treatment plant site. In Manwa Khera , Hindustan Zinc Limited (HZL) assured to construct a sewage treatment plant of 20 MLD capacity.
6.3.3 Pumping Stations and Lifting Stations in the existing system
There are total 17 Sewage Pumping and Lifting stations for the entire network. Among these, 5 are constructed in phase 1 under UIT and 12 are in Phase 2.
6.3.4 Pumping Station near Amba Mata Bridge The sewage from three directions joins to this lift station and is conveyed through 200 mm diameter pumping main of 200 m long laid along the bridge and the sewage pumping main is connected to 700 mm diameter trunk sewer at Amba Mata Pol.In total, there are 5 pumps installed in the Amba Mata pumping station but, only one pump is in working condition.
TABLE: 2.3: Pump details at the pumping station near Amba Mata Bridge:
S.NO. Details of Pumps Capacity (m3/hr) Head (m) Status of the Pump
1 Jasco make 15 H.P Pump 145 12 Not Working
2 Jasco make 10 H.P Pump 90 12 In working condition
3 Jasco make 5 H.P Pump 45 12 Not Working
4 Jasco make 10 H.P Pump 90 12 Not Working
5 Jasco make 5 H.P Pump 45 12 Not Working
Source : PHED Department ,Udaipur
The single pump which is in operation could not cope with the inflow and hence the sewage is overflowing into the nearby water body.
6.3.5 Pumping Station (PS) Near Chand Pol
This Pumping Station (PS) is constructed during the period 1976-1985 by PHED. The sewerage system from Lal Ghat, Nav Ghat area and adjoining area is connected to this pumping station from where, sewage is pumped to Hathi Pole through 400 mm diameter and 500m long (R.C.C Hume pipe class P1) pumping main. The lift station consists of four numbers of 12.5 HP submersible pumps at 12m head out of which only two pumps are in
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6.3.6 Pumping Station at Gadiya Devra
This Pumping Station (PS) near Gadiya Devra has only one pump of 3 H.P Presently the pump is not in working condition. The sewage from the manhole overflows into Pichole Lake.
6.3.7 Lift Station near Naganagri Ramdwera
This Lift Station (LS) or manhole pumping station has only one submersible pump of 3 H.P is installed at manhole (Node Ref 472) with electrical panel box. This lift station is not in working condition and sewage from the manhole overflows in to Pichole Lake in front of Lake Palace.
6.3.8 Lift Station near Maharaja Ghat
This Lift Station (LS) consist of one submersible pump of 3 H.P installed in the manhole itself, which is not in working condition. Sewage from the manhole overflows in to the Pichole Lake, behind hotel Leela Palace.
TABLE: 2.4: Existing Pumping and lift station details in Udaipur:
S.N. Location Details of Pumps Head (mts) Status of the pumps
1 Pumping Station Near One 15HP pumps, two 12 One 5HP pump in working Amba Mata Bridge 10HP pumps & two condition 5HP pumps
2 Pumping Station (PS) Four 12.5 HP pumps 12 Two pumps are in working Near Chand Pol condition
3 Lift Station at Gadiya One submersible pump - Not working–Sewerage Devra of 3HP directly leaking into Pichola lake
4 Lift Station near One submersible pump - Not working–Sewerage Naganagri Ramdwera of 3HP leaking into Pichola lake infront of City Palace
5 Lift Station Near One submersible pump - Not working–Sewerage Maharaja Ghat of 3HP leaking into Pichola lake behind Leela Palace
Source: PHED Department, Udaipur
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6.4 DISPOSAL OF SEWAGE
The entire sewage generated in the city finds its way to Ahar River through 800mm diameter outfall sewer at Manwa Kheda village. Congested parts of the city areas have extensive network of surface water drains, to which wastewater from houses (including water closets) is directly connected. The surface water drains ultimately discharge into lakes causing lake pollution. There has been an arrangement to collect and convey sewage from community septic tanks at various locations up to nearest natural or constructed drains. There is a proposal of STP near Ahar River by HZL for treating the sewer from the areas where sewer lines are constructed by UIT in phase 1 and phase 2.
6.4.1 Existing Trunk Line
The existing trunk sewer starts at Mallatallai with 500mm diameter. The alignment of the trunk sewer passes through Brahmpole Marg, Swaroop Sager Lake and Hathi Pol. The diameter of the trunk sewer increases from 500mm to 700mm at Jethion-Ki-Bari and continues with the same diameter up to Brahmpole Gate where, the size of the trunk increases to 800mm and continues up to Hathi Pol. The above trunk line joins another trunk line laid in 1971 by PHED, which goes all the way up to Manwa Kheda
6.4.2 Pumping and Lifting Stations
Sewage pumping stations are normally required to remove / lift wastes from areas which cannot be served hydraulically by gravity sewers. In certain situations however, a gravity sewer system can be utilized, but only at the expense of deep trench excavation, jacking, boring or tunnelling. As from the existing scenario, many pumps in the pumping stations are not working which are causing contamination and letting sewerage flow directly into the lake.
Table 6.1: Issues in existing Pumping and Lifting Stations
S.N. Location Status of the pumps Issues
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1 Pumping Station Near 1 pump out of 5 pumps in Sewerage directly leaking into Pichola Amba Mata Bridge working condition lake 2 Pumping Station (PS) 2 pumps out of 4 are in Sewerage directly leaking into Pichola
Near Chand Pol working condition lake
3 Lift Station at Gadiya Not working Sewerage directly leaking into Pichola Devra lake
4 Lift Station near Not working Sewerage leaking into Pichola lake Naganagri Ramdwera infront of City Palace
5 Lift Station Near Not working Sewerage leaking into Pichola lake Maharaja Ghat behind Leela Palace Source: Analysis
6.5 SITUATION ANALYSIS
Sewage collection system
Major deficiencies in the existing sewage collection system are listed below.
Inadequate coverage
The sewage collection system is not laid to cover all areas of the city. In fact it does not fully cover even the areas for which branch and main sewers have been laid.
House Connections
Except the area in which UIT has laid sewer lines does not have house connections, without which the sewer lines cannot function properly. Only about 3600 old sewer connections exist in the entire city as against 88,857 households as per census 2011.
Sewage treatment plant
There is no sewage treatment system in the city. The trunk line from the old city area is falling in the River Ahar in Manw khera village. There is a proposal of STP with 20 MLD capacity near Ahar River by HZL for treating the sewer from the areas where sewer lines are constructed by UIT in phase 1 and phase 2.
6.6 FUTURE REQUIREMENT
The existing sewer covered area in the city is only 4.4 sqkm out of the total area of 64 sqkm in the Udaipur Municipal Corporation. The approximate length of the existing network is 95 km feeder lines, 6.9 km pumping mains and 8 km long trunk lines. Hence CSP should cover the rest of the 60 sqkm area as well as the developed area outside the corporation limit. Here CSP is proposing a sewerage network of 832 km length in which 583km lines are within the corporation limit and 249 km are outside the corporation boundary.
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Table 6.2: Existing and Proposed Sewer Lines
CONSTRUCTION LENGTH OF FEEDER LINES 2%7% UNDER PHED UNDER PHED 21.33 UNDER UIT UNDER UIT 60
UNDER CSP 832 UNDER CSP 91%
6.6.1 Waste Water Management
The wastewater (sewage) or black water generation for future has been calculated at 80% of the water demand. The water demand for this purpose has been calculated at the rate of 135 lpcd. Additionally the institutional and fire demand and the unaccounted losses for water have also been considered for calculations the water demand as per the CPHEEO.
Table 6.3: Sewage Generation
Year Population Water Demand Sewage Generation Nos MLD MLD 2013 4,68,904 84.19 67.352 2021 5,41,219 97.18 77.744 2031 6,41,457 115.17 92.136 2041 7,55,736 135.69 108.552
Source: Analysis
Accordingly @ 80 lpcd, for the projected population of 5.41 lakhs for year 2021, the sewage produced will be to the tune of 77.74 MLD and for 2031 it will be 92.13 MLD, and 2041 it will be 108.55. As per the projected population of 2041, the capacity of the STP should be atleast 125 MLD by considering 15 percent extra population for efficient service delivery. A 20 MLD STP has been proposed UIT in Manwa Khera village near the Ahar River.
Works proposed to be taken up for design period 2041
For providing sanitation facilities in the city and to prevent pollution of lakes it is proposed to
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY provide sewerage network in entire present development and projected development area irrespective of municipal boundaries for the year 2041. This will involve laying of about 1000 km network of sewer lines of sizes 200 mm to 1600mm and about 1,50,000 household connections and around 20,000 institutional and commercial connections. The sewage treatment plant of total treatment capacity of 125 MLD can be constructed in phased manner. Modular treatment plant of 20 MLD capacities can be built in the first instance and another module of same capacity can be added later on as per the requirement. A special emphasis shall have to be plan to the work of sewer house connection which is the key of success of the sewerage system. For this activity an extensive IEC campaign shall have to take up to motivate the people and help of NGO shall be required. It is also proposed to employ a design supervision consultant to prepare DPR and supervision of the work.
6.6.2 Demand and Gap in Waste Water Management
In Udaipur, there is no Sewage Treatment plant for management of waste water. But there is a proposal of STP near Ahar River in Manwa Khera village of 20 MLD capacity under UIT. In the present situation, there is a need of STP with at least 14 MLD capacity if all the waste water are brought to the STP. Since the proposed STP is located in the North Western part of the city, there must be a STP in the southern part of the city for reducing the loads in the sewer lines. The capacity of the STP should be augmented gradually by decades and it should be 19 MLD capacity by 2021, 24 MLD by 2031 and 30 MLD capacity by 2041.
Table 6.4: STP Proposals
Year PROPOSED CAPACITY of SEWAGE CAPACITY GAP BY STP GENERATION in MLD DEMAND 2013 UIT 20 67.352 77 57 2021 CSP 60 77.744 89 9 2031 CSP 20 92.136 106 6 2041 CSP 25 108.552 125 0
Source: Analysis
In the current situation, the proposed STP by the UIT would be enough to treat the sewage generated, which is located near Ahar River in Manva Kheda village in the eastern part of the city. In future the STPs should be proposed as per the projected sewage generation at various places. The location should be identified in consultation with UIT, Nagar Nigam and PHED.
The treated effluent (treated water) can be used for non-potable use such as gardening, car washing, decorative pools and fountains in parks, toilet flushing etc.
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6.7 FRAMEWORK FOR ACTION
INVESTEMENT PLAN MACRO -LEVEL
Table 6.5:Investement Plan Macro Level
OTHER PROJECTS TARGETS FUND SL NO. INDICATOR BENCHMARK TO BE REQUIREMENT SOURCE PRESENT ACHIEVED (Rs. IN Crore) CMC GoR GoI SITUATION 20% 10% 70% 100% 9% 91% Coverage of sewerage 1 network (in km) 914 82 832 0 0 0
2 STP 125 MLD 20 105 MLD
INVESTEMENT PLAN MICRO -LEVEL
Table 6.6:Investment Plan Micro Level
2013-2014 - 50% 2014-2015 - 50% SL PARTICULARS TOTAL FUND CMC GoR GoI CMC GoR GoI NO. 20% 10% 70% 20% 10% 70%
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Determination of water need index, Reuse of treated 1 effluent Provision for connecting existing toilets to UGD 2 proposed by RUIDP Annual O&M Cost of STP sewerage network/pumping 3 station
Purchase of vaccum 4 suction units Administrative charges/consultancy 5 charges TOTAL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
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6.7.1 Strategies and Time Frame
Table 6.7: Strategies and Time Frame
S. No. Strategy 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 1 Asset Management Plan 2 Rehabilitation of Old Network System 3 UGD for un-sewered areas 4 Network Converge for Slum Household
6.7.2 Recommendations
Cleaning of sewer should be undertaken through modern suction machines. The operation will be quick and without damage to the skin of the sewer lines.
Proper storm water sewerage system of the town should be laid
For chocked sewer lines/ de-silting, special permission may be granted to engage the sewer helpers through muster rolls as per requirement and advance arrangement of LOC for making payment to labor immediately on completion of job be made.
The labor contractor may be got enlisted through the cooperative L&C Society. So that on requirement of labor could be arranged through the contractor.
For getting the unauthorized sewer connections regularized, the procedure may be simplified.
6.7.3 Best Practice
Institutional Strengthening for Programme Implementation: Capacity building measures need be taken in the form of information dissemination among the poor and slum dwellers about the importance of safe disposal facilities. While such mediums like audio-visual communication shall be adopted for the purpose, community gatherings and meetings shall also be given importance. Since the new programmes are envisaged towards community participation in operation and maintenance, such measures will strengthen the institutional setup. O&M Plan - Adoption of an O&M Plan and Schedule, including options of using the
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private sector for O&M (e.g. management contract). Asset Management Plan - To address the condition assessment and the performance of sewerage system assets, it is necessary that an asset management plan be prepared for the assets of sewerage system in the town. Mapping & GIS - To address the issue of system rehabilitation, mapping and establishing a GIS system is pertinent to detail out system location, characteristics, age and condition. This would enable identifying dilapidated sections of the network and those that require replacement. Tariff Revision - Future capital investments on system up-gradation being imminent, the tariff structure shall be revised from time to time to enable cost recovery and to service the additional debt from the capital investments. Performance Monitoring- It is important to monitor the performance of the sector over the years for better service delivery and consumer satisfaction.
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Chapter 7 : WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT
The wastewater (sewage) generation for future has been calculated at 80% of the water demand. The water demand for this purpose has been calculated at the rate of 135 lpcd. Additionally the institutional and fire demand and the unaccounted losses for water have also been considered for calculations the water demand as per the CPHEEO2.
Presently the total amount of waste water generated into the city is 67.3 MLD. It includes the waste water generated from domestic, institutional and other activities performed in the city.
7.1 SANITATION MODELS/TECHNOLOGIES
7.1.1 Wet and Dry Sanitation
All sanitation technologies can be described as being either ‗wet‘ or ‗dry‘: Wet technologies require water to flush faeces. Most urban sanitation in India is ‗wet‘, involving some form of flush toilet connected to a leach pit, septic tank or sewer.
Dry technologies do not use water for flushing. They include a range of different types of traditional pit latrines, ventilated improved pits, as well as contemporary designs that promote the safe reuse of excreta
Pit latrines are rarely used in India, though in recent years some small-scale initiatives have promoted ecological sanitation (known as Ecosan), a form of dry sanitation that involves the separation of faeces and urine at source and the reuse of treated excreta. In principle, Ecosan has some important advantages including (a) reduced water demand for flushing; (b) reduced wastewater management problems (no black water production); and(c) improved nutrient recycling, particularly the nutrients in urine.
2 For fire : 0.1xsqrt of P/1000 (CPHEEO norm); Unaccounted water losses upto 15% (CPHEEO norm)
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Dry systems are always on-site; cistern flush toilets will require wastewater to be transported off-site unless there is sufficient land to provide a fairly extensive drain field, which will not normally be the case in urban areas. Both on-site and offsite options are normally viable for pour flush toilets.
7.1.2 On-Site and Off-Site Sanitation Systems
Sanitation systems may be:
On-site, retaining wastes in the vicinity of the toilet in a pit, tank or vault. Off-site, removing wastes from the vicinity of the toilet for disposal elsewhere. Hybrid, retaining solids close to the latrine but removing liquids for off-site disposal elsewhere.
Table 7.1: Type of Waste generated in different disposal process
Type Source Faecal Sludge Pit latrine and leach pit Septage Septic tank Black water Water closet Domestic Sewage Sludge and black water mixed together Sludge (grey water) Personal washing, laundry, cooking and cleaning
7.1.3 Types of Toilets
Household Toilets are toilets used only by a single household, typically a single family or extended family. However, facilities classified as ―household toilets‖ often serve very large households, or they may be regularly used by neighbours. So the Boundary between household toilets and shared toilets is not clear-cut.
Shared Toilets are toilets shared between a group of households in a single building or plot. This can cover very different situations: for example, a toilet shared by 20 tenant families each occupying one room in a large building; or a toilet shared by 3 related families living within a single plot or compound.
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Public Toilets (PTs) in Commercial Areas like markets, to and bus stations, etc are located in areas characterised by high economic activity open anybody for use. Sulabh complex and pay and use toilets in urban areas – falls in this category of private and NGO operations in PTs operation.
Community-Managed Toilets (CMTs) are usually in low density slum locations, sometimes there is a commercial market yard close by but the distinctive feature is that there exists a slum dwelling community that uses and manages such toilets.
7.1.4 Level of Sanitation and Service Provisions:
There are three potential levels of service for toilets: household, shared or communal (public). Determining which level to provide is a critical step in the technology selection process. Residents would prefer to have a household latrine but this is not always possible, for a variety of reasons including affordability, land tenure restrictions or a lack of space. Where household toilets cannot be provided, alternative options will have to be explored and locations identified for any new facilities.
Service Type Key Provisions 1. Household
The immediate access, convenience, and privacy offered by household sanitation will mean
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Main concerns
On-site sanitation systems- Affordability and reliable servicing Off-site treatment-Cost of installing a network of sewerage and treatment 2. Shared
In areas where there is not enough space for individual household latrines, the sharing of latrines between several families may provide a useful solution. The ownership of the latrines generally belongs to one of the houses, the owner of all the houses, or else ownership is shared between the households. Costs of pit emptying and other repairs can be included in the rent, but this can cause problems if the owner does not live there. Alternatively, residents can collaborate to clean the latrine and collect money to get it emptied when necessary.
3. Community
Community toilets are usually constructed in low income residential areas and slums to cater to the local community who would otherwise have no access to sanitation. Provided these are managed well and maintained, this system can be effective in meeting the needs of the local community and promoting improved public health.
4. Public
Public latrines are provided for use for the general public in places such as bus stands, markets, and other facilities, which have a large throughput of people. One of the success stories of sanitation in India has been the public latrines developed by the organization Sulabh International.
7.1.5 On-Site or Off-Site Disposal:
All forms of wet sanitation produce black water which has a high oxygen demand and may also contain high concentrations of pathogens.
Options for dealing with black water are: On-site disposal to a leach pit or drain field. On-site disposal to a septic tank with soak away or drain field. On-site retention of solids in an interceptor tank combined with off-site disposal of settled waste water (hybrid system). Off-site disposal of black water via sewerage.
The choice made between these options will depend on a number of factors including:
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The quantity of wastewater produced; Soil type, groundwater depth and topography; Housing density and available space; The source of water; and The presence of sewers and drainage channels into which local sewers might discharge.
Figure 7.1: Option for collection and drainage of waste water
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Figure 7.2: Type of toilets and estimates of water consumption
7.2 TECHNICAL OPTIONS
On-Site Sanitation
Pour flush toilet with single leach pit Pour flush toilet with double leach pit Septic tank Community toilet block
Waste Transportation
Dislodging trucks Conventional sewerage Shallow sewerage Conventional sewerage
Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Treatment
Oxidation ditch Rotating biological contactors Anaerobic baffled reactor Reed beds Waste stabilization ponds Activated sludge process Biological trickling filter Fluidized aerated bed reactor Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Upflow anaerobic filter
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Duckweed ponds
7.2.1 On-Site Sanitation Technologies a) Pour flush toilet with single leach pit
Description: Excreta can be stored longer prior to removal Excreta is flushed into a pit by pouring one or three litresof water. Pour flush toilets have a water seal to reduce odor and insect problems. Underground pit normally lined with open-jointed brickwork to enable water to percolate Pit can be under the latrine superstructure or can be offset so as to enable access for dislodging.
Applicability: Single leach pits are a simple and relatively inexpensive with widespread application in urban areas with hygienic faecal sludge collection and treatment service. Leach pits are appropriate when water use is at least 25 litresper capita per day. Impermeable soils such as clay or rock preclude the use of leach pits. Care should be taken when using leach pits in situations where groundwater is used for water supply. A minimum distance of 10 meters should be allowed between a leach pit and a shallow well.
Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Once the pit is full, it must be desludged. The methods used should prevent operators or cleaners from coming into contact with fecal material. The undigested and unstabilized sludge must be treated and disposed of safely. Additional Infrastructure or Treatment Requirements: Periodically, sludge must be collected and treated prior to reuse or disposal.
Collection methods need to be hygienic, preventing contact between workers and faeces.
Limitations and Risks
The widespread practice of manual desludging of excreta and its indiscriminate disposal presents a major health risk. Pollution of groundwater is likely if the bottom of the pit is less than 2 meters above the groundwater table and people collect drinking water from shallow wells located close to
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pits. Deeper groundwater may also become contaminated if the underlying ground is fissured rock. There are many instances where pits work well initially but problems arise later when water use increases. In this situation, residents often connect their toilets to the surface water drainage system. Leach pits are not normally designed to cater for Sullage water, nevertheless it is sometimes discharged to pits and can result in overflowing, causing nuisance and a potential health hazard close to houses.
Management Arrangements: Responsibility for maintenance rests primarily with the householder, who will need to pay a private or public service provider to remove the pit contents and transport off-site for treatment and disposal.
Links to other technologies: Pit emptying and faecal sludge treatment. b) Pour Flush Toilet with Double Leach Pit
Description: Digested sludge can be used as a fertilizer or soil conditioner without further treatment. Two underground chambers are provided to hold faecal matter. These are normally offset from the toilet and should be at least 1 meter apart. A single pipe leads from the toilet to a small diversion chamber, from which separate pipes lead to the two underground chambers. The pits should be lined with open-jointed brickwork, similar to the single pit design. Each pit should be designed to hold at least 12 months‘ accumulation of faecal sludge.
Blackwater is discharged to one chamber until it is full of faecal sludge. Discharge is then switched to the second chamber. Just before the second chamber is full of fecal sludge, the contents of the first pit are dug out. During the time of storage, digestion should ensure that it is odorless and free of pathogens.
Applicability:
In low- to medium-density areas, particularly per urban areas, where there is space on or immediately outside the plot to install the pits and where the digested sludge can be applied to local fields and/or gardens as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. This technology has been widely used in the Government of India‘s Integrated Low Cost
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Sanitation Scheme (ILCS). Where water use is in the range 30–50 litresper capita per day meter vertical distance between the bottom of the pit and the water table. Constraints for single leach pits relating to impermeable soils and the proximity of wells and tube wells also apply to double leach pits.
Operation and Maintenance Requirements: The pits must be used alternately and the diversion chamber must be accessible so that flow can be diverted between chambers. Wastewater should never be diverted back to the first chamber before digested sludge has been removed from it.
Additional Infrastructure or Treatment Requirements: If digested material cannot be used in local fields and gardens, provision will have to be made for transportation to areas outside the city for reuse on agricultural land. c) Septic Tank
Description: A septic tank is a buried chamber that collects and stores domestic wastewater (usually both blackwater and Sullage) and treats organic waste under anaerobic conditions.
Effluent from septic tanks should be discharged to an on-site infiltration system (soak away or drain field) or a small-bore sewerage system, or be treated on- site before discharge into surface water. In practice, many septic tanks discharge pathogenic effluent directly into open drains, posing a public health risk. The standard septic tank design incorporates two chambers. Some septic tank designs adopted in India have three chambers. Most of the treatment takes place in the first chamber. A well-managed septic tank will remove about 50–60 percent of the biological load in the wastewater.
Applicability: Septic tanks are widely used to provide partial treatment of wastewater from individual homes, clusters of houses or institutional buildings where there is no sewerage network. Appropriate in per urban settlements or less dense urban areas due to the fact that they do not require any centralized infrastructure. Normally associated with pucca[permanent] houses for middle and higher income households.
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For soak ways to function, soil conditions must be suitable for infiltration of effluent from septic tanks. A micro wetland can help through increased evapo- transpiration losses and moisture uptake. Sullage must not be discharged into a septic tank.
Mode of operation:
Solids settle in the tank and digest anaerobically. This reduces sludge volume and enables wastewater to infiltrate into the ground without clogging the leaching system. Sludge settles in the tank and digests anaerobically over time, releasing methane and other gases.
Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Septage must be removed from septic tanks and transported off-site for treatment prior to disposal.
Additional Infrastructure:
Septic tank desludging. Septage treatment.
Limitations and Risks:
The biggest disadvantages of septic tanks are the cost and space requirements for the soak away or drain field. The leaching system is often not constructed and common practice is to discharge effluent directly into an open drain. Septic tanks often receive too much wastewater. As a result, the retention time in the septic tank is insufficient and the soak away becomes hydraulically overloaded. This means that the septic tanks needs to be desludged regularly, but more commonly the householder bypasses the soak away and connects the overflow directly to a surface water drain. Shock loadings and disturbance of settling zones caused by large inflows (typically from Sullage discharges) can affect the efficiency of the septic tank and cause excess solids to flow into the soak away. Performance monitoring of septic tanks is rarely undertaken and regulation to control private sludging operators is problematic.
Management Arrangements:
Responsibility for operation and maintenance lies with the owner of the
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property. Municipal utility or private contractors are required for desludging of septic tanks and to ensure safe disposal of septage at a treatment plant. d) Communal Toilet Block:
Description: A communal toilet block is a shared facility provided for a group of residents or anentire settlement. Pour flush technology is generally used though dry ‗ecological sanitation‘ (Ecosan) toilet blocks have been piloted in a few locations. Washing facilities are sometimes included in the block. Applicability: There are two situations where a communal toilet block is appropriate: Communal toilet blocks are used primarily in low-income informal and illegal settlements where house connections are too expensive or nonviable due to a lack of space and/or land tenure problems. Public toilet blocks are provided for occasional use by the general public in places such as markets, train stations or other public areas where there is a considerable number of people passing by. Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Operation and maintenance requirements depend upon the technology adopted. If the facility discharges into a sewer, then the operation and maintenance requirements will primarily concern keeping the toilet block clean; and (b) If the toilet block has on-site wastewater collection and treatment then the operation and maintenance burden (including desludging) will be higher. Additional Infrastructure or Treatment Requirements: Toilets blocks either discharge to a sewer or into a septic tank—potentially with additional on-site treatment depending on the discharge or reuse requirements. Limitations and Risks: The main risk is that the municipality (or contracted operator) does not maintain the block adequately so that it becomes unsanitary and falls into disuse. People may be deterred by the user charge and the facility is underused. Reliable water and electricity supplies are essential, but not always available. Women and children may not use the facility if found unsafe
Management Arrangements: A range of management options are possible depending upon whether the toilet block is communal or public. Communal blocks are commonly
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY managed by the municipality, a nongovernment organization (NGO) or a community based organization with NGO support. Examples of Successful Community Toilets: Sulabh International pioneered the nongovernment organization-managed toilet block in India and operates facilities in many cities. CBOs and NGOs such as SPARC and Shelter Associates have promoted community management of toilet blocks in Mumbai and Pune. The approach adopted by SPARC was incorporated into a World Bank-funded project in Mumbai. Under this program the typical per seat cost was Rs80,000 and the toilet block included water supply, overhead tank, electricity, septic tank, and a caretaker‘s room. BORDA and its nongovernment organization partners (including FEDINA, EXNORA)have promoted community managed toilet blocks in Bangalore and other cities. These are successfully managed by community-based organizations but require ongoing support to help with technical issues, especially where there is on-site treatment. In New Delhi, the municipal bodies have piloted the involvement of private entrepreneurs via Build, Operate, and Transfer contracts. A novel feature of the contracts is that the operators are allowed to use the road-facing walls of the premises as advertising space. This enables them to generate substantial revenues.
7.2.2 Off Site Wastewater Treatment Technologies: a) Treatment: Oxidation Ditch
Figure 7.3: Oxidation Ditch
Description: An activated sludge treatment process with a long solids retention time to improve the efficiency of pollutant removal. Typically consists of a single or multichannel configuration within a ring-, oval- or horseshoe-shaped basin. Horizontally or vertically mounted aerators ensure that the wastewater is oxygenated and promote a circular flow of wastewater through the channel.
Applicability: Most appropriate for treatment of intermittent flows from small
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communities and isolated institutions where there is sufficient land for installation.
Mode of Operation: Long hydraulic retention time and complete mixing Lesser sludge than other aerobic treatment processes
Operation and maintenance requirements: Needs a skilled wastewater engineer and electro-mechanic technician for operation Sludge tends to have high water content but is relatively easy to dewater Higher power consumption than conventional activated sludge
Additional infrastructure or treatment requirements: Needs primary sedimentation tank. Excess biomass is removed in a clarifier and some is returned to the oxidation ditch to maintain sufficient concentration of active biomass in the reactor. Excess sludge collected by the clarifier must be dewatered and treated before disposal Limitations and Risks: Effluent suspended solids‘ concentrations are relatively high compared to activated sludge process. Power requirement is higher than for conventional activated sludge processes Management Arrangements: Oxidation ditches are simpler to operate than activated sludge plants but are considerably more complex than waste stabilization ponds. b) Wastewater Treatment: Figure 7.4: Rotating Biological Contactor
Description: Rotating biological contactor consists of a series of discs which are partially immersed in the wastewater and rotate slowly to allow active bacteria to digest dissolved organic wastes.
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Applicability: Most effective for small communities and isolated institutions where there is enough land for installation. it is not generally recommended for use in India. Treats Domestic sewage, effluents, and process wastewater from biodegradable industrial discharges can be treated by the process. Mode of operation: As the discs rotate, a film of biomass grows on their surface, comes into contact with the wastewater and treats biodegradable organic matter. Atmospheric oxygen is supplied to the bacteria in the bio-film when the discs are out of the wastewater. Excess biomass sloughs off the discs by the shearing forces exerted as the discs rotate combined with the force of gravity. Operation and maintenance: Operation and maintenance minimum, but there can breakage of the shaft and the mechanism that turns the discs. Additional treatment requirements: Raw municipal wastewater should not be applied to a rotating biological contactor. Primary settling tanks are required for removal of grit, debris, and excessive oil or grease prior to the rotating biological contactor process. In some cases, fine screens (0.03–0.06 inches) may be installed. Excess biomass is removed in a clarifier that follows the rotating biological contactor. It then requires sludge treatment. Limitations and Risks: Dependent upon electricity, the rotating biological contactor is prone to failure as a result of power cuts. The shaft, discs, and motor all require maintenance. Management Arrangements: Skilled personnel are required for maintenance and repair. c) Wastewater Treatment: Anaerobic Baffled Reactor(Otherwise known as Baffled Septic Tanks.)
Description: An anaerobic baffled reactor consists of a settling compartment with the same dimensions as the first compartment of a conventional septic tank, followed by a number of smaller compartments arranged in series. After passing through the first compartment, sewage passes from bottom to top through the remaining compartments in turn. Intensive contact between resident
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sludge and incoming liquid increases treatment efficiency.
Applicability: Baffled reactor tank is suitable for all kind of wastewaters (including domestic) but its efficiency increases with higher organic loadings and is therefore most appropriate for the treatment of black water. Suitable for small community schemes and housing developments with no access to municipal sewerage.
Mode of operation: Combination of physical treatment and anaerobic digestion as the incoming wastewater passes through a blanket of suspended flocculation of active bacterial sludge in each compartment. Wastewater flows from bottom to top with the effect that sludge particles settle against the upstream flow of liquid. Digestion of substances that are difficult to degrade takes place in the upward flow baffled reactors after more easily degradable material has been digested in the front chamber. Treatment performance depends on the availability of active bacterial mass but is normally 65 percent COD (70 percent BOD) removal.
Operation and Maintenance: Periodic removal of sludge from the first compartment. Sludge accumulation in the baffled compartments should be much less. Active sludge in smaller quantity is to be left in each of the compartments to maintain a stable treatment process.
Additional Treatment Requirements:
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Anaerobic filter to improve treatment performance at last chamber. Reed bed or maturation pond for post treatment is necessary to eliminate septicity and increase dissolved oxygen level before releasing into surface water or using for irrigation.
Limitations and Risks: Operation and maintenance is easily ignored, leading to deterioration in performance.
Management Arrangements: Easy to operate but nevertheless requires organized technical management
Wastewater Treatment: Reed Beds: Also known as constructed wetlands, planted horizontal gravel filters, subsurface flow wetlands or root zone treatment.
Description: Reed beds are engineered natural treatment systems that use fast growing plant species to assimilate dissolved organic impurities. A combination of physical settlement, photosynthesis, uptake by plants, degradation by bacteria in the rootzone and filtration bring about improvement in wastewater quality. Reed beds are for different types treatment applications. Horizontal sub-surface flow systems are most appropriate for domestic wastewater treatment whereas vertical flow is used for dewatering of sludge and treatment of septage. Reeds are planted in the media. Commonly used plants are cattails, bulrushes and reeds, with Phragmitesaustralisbeing ideal due to its extensive root system.
Applicability: Reed beds provide secondary and tertiary treatment and can treat a wide range of wastewaters, septage, and faecal sludge of varying strengths and composition. Suitable for pre-treated (pre-settled) domestic or industrial wastewater with a COD
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content less than 150–200 mg/l (BOD 70–90 mg/l) and are generally good at handling intermittent and variable flows. Most common use is to provide additional or advanced treatment of wastewater from homes, businesses, and small communities.
Mode of Operation: Reed beds mimic the treatment that occurs in natural wetlands by relying on plants and a combination of naturally occurring biological, chemical, and physical processes to remove pollutants from the water. Treatment is mostly anaerobic as the layers of media and soil remain saturated and unexposed to the atmosphere.
Operation and Maintenance Requirements: Operation and maintenance requirements are simple but essential to ensure system performance. Removal of excess weed, occasional scraping of the top layer of filter media, and removal of the floating scum layer, plastic and other debris. Insect and odor problems should not be a problem as long as the wastewater remain sunder the gravel and sand. Otherwise insecticide spray should be used to control mosquitoes and other insects. Inlet and outlet structures should be cleaned periodically. The filter media will eventually become clogged and should be changed every 8 to 15 years.
Additional Treatment Requirements: To prevent clogging of the media, wastewater must be pretreated to reduce suspended solids. For this reason, reed beds are best used for secondary treatment following primary treatment in a sedimentation tank, septic tank, baffled reactor or other form of anaerobic treatment. Sludge production is relatively low as solids are retained in or on the reed bed. Limitations and Risks: Careful design is required to ensure that the filter media is of appropriate grain size and quality. Reed beds require a large amount of space, up to 5 m2 per person, depending on conditions, and are therefore not always appropriate in urban areas. Odor caused by ponding on the surface, blockages in inlet pipe work and problems with drainage at the outlet can result in the development of septic conditions in the reed bed.
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A blocked or overloaded reed bed can cause the wastewater to rise above the surface, which may result in problems with mosquitoes or other insects. Management Arrangements: Although the process is natural, constructed wetlands are complex systems that require specialist knowledge and technical expertise to ensure sustained performance. d) Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Treatment: Waste Stabilization Ponds: Description: There are three basic types of waste stabilization ponds and these are normally connected in series to provide a two- or three-stage treatment process. Anaerobic Ponds: Comparatively small and deep (3–4 m) as there is no need for aeration. They receive raw sewage which is treated by anaerobic bacteria, while sludge that builds up in the bottom of the pond is digested by anaerobic micro-organisms. Facultative Ponds: Shallower (1.5–2 m) with a larger surface area than anaerobic ponds. They consist of an aerobic zone close to the surface and a deeper, anaerobic zone. Maturation Ponds: Shallow (1–1.2 m) with a large surface area to enable light penetration. They receive treated effluent from the facultative pond and provide tertiary treatment to remove turbidity, pathogens, and nutrients.
Applicability: Waste stabilization ponds are appropriate for medium- to low-density settlements with sufficient free space, but should not be located very close to houses due to possible odor. They offer a robust treatment process that can deal with a wide variety of wastewaters of varying types and concentrations. Ponds are particularly appropriate where pathogen removal is an important objective of treatment. Waste stabilization ponds may be combined with aquaculture systems (duckweed, water hyacinth or fish production).
Mode of operation: Treatment efficiency of high-loaded ponds with long retention times ranges from 70–95 percent BOD removal (COD removal: 65 percent to 90 percent) depending on biodegradability of the wastewater. Treatment efficiency increases with retention time but the number of ponds is not of major significance (splitting one pond into two ponds may increase performance by approximately 10 percent).
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Pond systems continue to operate well when overloaded beyond their theoretical design loads, but they will invariably fail if they are not maintained. Treatment in anaerobic and facultative ponds is based on microbial activity and settlement of suspended solids and sludge, while in maturation ponds it is achieved by solar radiation, predation by zooplankton, and the acidity created by photosynthesis.
Operation and maintenance requirements The commissioning of facultative ponds involves the development of algal culture and aheavily loaded anaerobic pond may release a bad odor until a layer of scum seals the surface. Routine operation and maintenance with sludge removal by emptying ponds and manually digging out the sludge or under hydrostatic pressure using pumps mounted on rafts. Spraying to prevent fly breeding may be required at various times of the year Additional treatment requirements: The three-stage process is a complete treatment system. The only additional requirement is for sludge treatment after its removal from ponds. Limitations and risks: Ponds require a lot of land, at least 5 m2 per person. Under design, hydraulic short-circuiting, and poor operation and maintenance can all reduce performance. Possible problems related to odor and insects if the ponds are not managed properly, or are overloaded. Management arrangements: Performance and operation and maintenance practices need supervision and monitoring e) Wastewater and Faecal Sludge Treatment: Activated Sludge Process
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Description: Aeration of the wastewater, either by mechanical surface aerators or a submerged compressed air system, to create optimal conditions for treatment. The aeration basin is followed by a secondary clarifie (settling tank) designed to remove suspended micro-organisms (flocs) prior to discharge. Active biomass is returned to the aeration tank.
Applicability: Widely used for the treatment of municipal wastewater from medium to large towns where land is scarce and power is reliable.
Mode of operation: Vigorous aeration elevates dissolved oxygen to create optimum conditions for aerobic bacterial growth. The bacterial population is maintained in suspension and grows rapidly, consuming large quantities of organic matter. A fraction of the settled microbial sludge is pumped back from the secondary clarifier to maintain an active population of micro-organisms and an adequate supply of biological solids for the adsorption of organic material. Provided the reactor is well operated, a very good removal of BOD and suspended solids can be achieved, though pathogen removal is low. Performance is critically dependent on the performance of secondary clarifier and the sludge settling characteristics. Sludge production depends on the sludge retention time in the reactor (an extended aeration process can reduce the quantity of sludge produced). Excess sludge is removed from the secondary clarifier and pumped to a separate sludge-handling process. Operation and maintenance requirements:
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Continuous supply of oxygen and sludge is essential; hence maintenance of the aeration equipment and sludge pump is important. Careful monitoring and control of concentrations of suspended sludge solids and dissolved oxygen levels in the aeration tank is required.
Additional treatment requirements: Pre-treatment: There is usually a need for primary sedimentation, but in many cases it is omitted, with only preliminary screening provided. Post treatment: The treated effluent from the secondary clarifier may require additional treatment depending on the discharge requirements. Sludge production and treatment: Provision must be made to digest, dewater, and dispose of excess sludge. Limitations and risks: High energy consumption results in high recurring costs. Performance is adversely affected due to interruptions in power supply, even for short periods of time, due to impacts on aeration process and sludge recirculation Foaming, particularly in the winter, may adversely affect the oxygen transfer, and hence performance. Mixing of industrial effluent with domestic wastewater can lead to toxicity and major malfunctioning. Management arrangements: The activated sludge process is technically complex and requires a highly competent and trained supervisor and workforce to be able to operate the system effectively. f) Wastewater Treatment: Biological Trickling Filter: Description: An ‗attached-growth‘ system comprising a circular tank filled with a bed of crushed aggregate, cylindrical plastic or foam blocks. Wastewater trickles vertically through the filter and the biomass growing on the media removes organic matter under aerobic conditions. Applicability: Can be used as a standalone treatment or a preliminary treatment for high strength wastewater in combination with activated sludge process or as a post treatment operation for UASB effluent. Land requirement: Between 0.28 to 0.65 hectare/MLD.
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Mode of operation: A rotating arm distributes wastewater across the surface of the filter bed. Effluent is drained at the bottom.
Micro-organisms growing on the media break down organic material to produce a consistent effluent quality and sludge with good settling characteristics. Bacteria use oxygen to convert ammonia in the effluent to nitrate and the BOD is reduced by 65–85 percent, nitrogen by 10–20 percent, and coliform bacteria by 60–90 percent. Recirculation of effluent may be required to avoid low flow conditions and reduce odor and flies.
Operation and maintenance requirements: Relatively straight forward though hydraulic loading needs to be controlled to prevent the loss of bio-film. Clogging of screens must also be controlled. Maintenance of the turntable is required, as well as cleaning of stone filter media once in five or seven years or more. Additional treatment requirements: Pre-treatment: Primary sedimentation is compulsory to avoid clogging of filter bed. Post treatment: Effluent requires secondary clarification. Sludge treatment: Excess sludge production = 0.8 kg/kg of BOD removed. Thickening, digestion, and drying are required.
Limitations and risks: Mechanical breakdown of the distribution arm is common; ponding resulting from blockages due to excess bio-film growth can also be a problem.
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High organic loadings can create anaerobic conditions on the filter, causing an odor problem. Filter flies (Psychoda) may proliferate due to inadequate filter media moisture.
Management arrangements: Low-skilled manpower requirements under technical supervision. g) Wastewater Treatment: Fluidized Aerated Bed (FAB) Reactor:
Description: An aerobic process in which wastewater flows vertically upwards through a filter bed of lightweight inert media at a sufficient velocity to ‗fluidize‘ the bed. A bacterial bio-film develops on the mediaparticles and treats the wastewater as it passes through.
Applicability: Good for treatment of small to medium flows in congested locations. Being a closed reactor, it is suitable for sensitive locations. Mode of operation: High BOD removal with effluent concentration under 10 mg /l and high suspended solids removal with effluent concentration under 20 mg/l. Faecal coliforms removal for a two-stage FAB. Electrical energy requirement rather low (between 99 to 170 kWh/MLD).
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Additional treatment requirements: Secondary settling, sludge removal, thickening, and drying. Digestion is not required as the sludge is stabilized.
Management arrangements: Straightforward operation but requires a skilled workforce.
Limitations and risks: Reliance on patented filter media. Choking of reactor by floating plastic matter and of outlet by fluidized media. Excess biomass growth or low hydraulic loads can result in blockages. Long shutdowns may lead to septic conditions, and restart may involve a long stabilization period. Uncertain durability of media under varying climatic conditions. h) Wastewater Treatment: Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB):
Description: Wastewater flows upwards through a blanket of flocculated biomass in a vertical reactor containing anaerobic bacteria which break down carbonaceous organic matter. Applicability: Best suited to higher strength wastewaters: blackwater and industrial wastewater, but can also treat lower strength domestic wastewater. Appropriate for medium-size wastewater treatment plants. UASBs need less land than aerobic systems but require follow-up treatment to achieve comparable performance in terms of COD/BOD removal.
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Mode of operation: The upward motion of gas bubbles produced during anaerobic digestion causes turbulence that enables mixing without mechanical assistance. Baffles at the top of the reactor allow gases to escape but prevent outflow of the sludge blanket. No external energy requirements in the reactor, thereby the process is not vulnerable to power cuts. Can bring down BOD of domestic wastewater to 70–100 mg/l and suspended solids as low as 50–100 mg/l, but removal of nitrogen and bacteria is poor. Additional treatment requirements: Pre-treatment: Screening and degritting but no other form of primary treatment is required. Post treatment: Like other anaerobic treatment technologies, UASBs only provide partial treatment and rarely meet discharge standards unless appropriate post-treatment is provided. As yet, only a waste stabilization pond system has been found to be an appropriate post treatment option. Sludge production and treatment: Relatively low sludge production with good dewatering characteristics. Requires thickening, drying, and safe disposal. Operation and maintenance requirements: Careful monitoring and control of the reactor sludge levels and sludge withdrawal. Frequent cleaning or desludging of distribution or division boxes and influent pipes. Removal of scum and floating material from the settling zone. Control of the flow rate is difficult for small units. Prevent mixing of industrial effluents with toxic elements and sulfates or sulfides.
Management arrangements: Skilled supervision during start-up and for control of biomass levels in the reactor. Limitations and risks: Long start-up and high initial oxygen demand of effluent during this period may cause oxygen depletion in receiving water bodies. Sensitive to seasonal temperature variations and low removal efficiency in winter. Release of corrosive and odorous hydrogen sulfide and ammonia in the air.
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY i) Wastewater Treatment: Up flow Anaerobic Filter: Also known as fixed bed or fixed film reactor. Description: Anaerobic filters provide additional treatment by bringing wastewater into contact with active bacteria attached to media as the wastewater flows upwards through the filter. Filter material, such as gravel, rocks, cinder or specially formed plastic pieces provide additional surface area for bacteria to form a slime. Applicability: Appropriate for treating effluent from septic tanks (individual or shared/communal) in areas where infiltration is not possible due to low soil permeability, high water table and/or lack of space.
Mode of operation: There is no physical straining of particulates; non-settle able and dissolved solids are removed through close contact with a surplus of active bacterial mass. May be operated as down flow or Up flow systems. Up flow is generally preferred as there is less risk of washing out active bacteria, but cleaning of the filter is easier with the down flow system. Treatment quality (when combined with pretreatment) can be as high as 80 percent BOD removal. Operation and maintenance: Active sludge (for example, from septic tanks) should be added to the filter before starting continuous operation. The bacterial film gradually thickens and must eventually be removed. This is usually done by back-washing with wastewater. Additional treatment requirements: The filter should be preceded by a septic tank. Limitations and risks:
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Lack of attention to maintenance results in blockage of the filter. In addition, the perforations of the distribution pipe at the bottom of the filter get clogged easily. On average, 25–30 percent of the total filter mass may be inactive due to clogging. While a cinder or rock filter may not block completely, reduced treatment efficiency is indicative of clogging in some parts. A sand or gravel filter may block completely due to smaller pore size resulting in backup of wastewater into the septic tank. Management arrangements: Responsibility will normally lie with the manager of the property served. j) Wastewater Treatment: Duckweed Ponds: Description: Duckweed (Lemnaceae) is a small, floating, and fast growing aquatic plant that grows vigorously in pretreated wastewater to produce a protein-rich biomass. Duckweed-based pond systems take nutrients from wastewater and produce a highly nutritious feed for fish, poultry or livestock. Fish yields may be two to three times higher than in conventional ponds. Applicability: Appropriate for treating low strength domestic wastewater or as a polishing treatment after primary sedimentation. Requires a considerable amount of land (5–10 m2 per person for 7- or 20-day retention period). Best suited for rural and semi urban settlements. Mode of operation: Duckweed-based systems are a modification of conventional lagoon technology with the pond functioning as a facultative lagoon. Deeper layers are anaerobic. Duckweed grows rapidly and is harvested for use as a mulch or natural soil enricher. Harvesting promotes growth and removal of nutrients and dissolved carbon from the wastewater. Algal growth is suppressed by duckweed due to competition for sunlight and nutrients and possibly secretion of organic substances. Duckweed suppresses mosquito breeding by forming a mat over the water surface. Operation and maintenance requirements:
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Relatively simple maintenance: Frequent duckweed harvesting from the surface to ensure productivity, prevention of other vegetative growth, and control of wave action using bamboo or similar vegetation. The pond needs desludging every two or three years. Additional infrastructure or treatment requirements: Pre-treatment required if used as part of a wastewater treatment process. This often takes the form of a waste stabilization pond but other forms of treatment can be used. Limitations and risks: Low pathogen removal due to reduced light penetration. Duckweed dies in cold weather. If flows are not adequately controlled, duckweed can flow out with the effluent. Treatment capacity may be lost during floods. Management arrangements: Technical and commercial skills are needed for the production, marketing, and sale of dried duckweed for animal or fish feed if this is to succeed as a microenterprise.
7.3 REFERENCE
Reference to relevant Indian Standards and Codes of Practice notified by the Bureau of Indian Standards for sanitation:
The most relevant include the following: • IS 1172:1993 – Basic requirements for water supply, drainage, and sanitation. • IS 12314:1987 – Code of Practice for sanitation with leach pits for rural communities? • IS 2470(Part 1):1985 – Code of Practice for installation of septic tank: design criteria and construction. • IS 2470(Part 2):1985 – Code of Practice for installation of septic tank secondary treatment and disposal of septic tank effluent. • IS 9872:1981 – Precast concrete septic tanks. • IS 5611:1987 – Code of Practice for waste stabilization ponds (facultative type). • IS 10261:1982 – Requirements for settling tanks (clarifier equipment) for wastewater treatment? • IS 13496:1992 – General requirements for suction machines for cleaning sewers, manholes and so on
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Chapter 8 : SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Solid waste Management is an obligatory function of Municipal Council of Udaipur. However, this service is not properly performed, resulting in problems of health, sanitation and environmental degradation. The major draw backs in the management of solid waste in the city are;
Lack of sanitary workers Lack of collection efficiency Improper choice of technology Improper site of solid waste Lack of trained manpower Poor public participation and cooperation
Udaipur city is not an exception and different from other cities in terms of solid waste management. With the growth of population and huge influx of the tourists in the town, the problem of solid waste is increasing day by day.
The city on an average generates about 231 metric tons of solid wastes daily which includes domestic waste, waste from commercial establishments, waste from institutions and waste from street sweeping. At present out of total generation of 231 metric tons, UMC claims 120 metric tons waste is collected and disposed off daily.
8.2 ADMINISTRATION
Present waste management services in Udaipur are provided by UMC. Health Officer, Chief Sanitary Inspector, Sanitary Inspector, Jamadar, Supervisor, Garrage Supt. & sweepers are deployed under Municipal Commissioner. Cleaning work of a ward is looked after by administration through staff deployed at ward level.
Less than 50 % of municipal solid waste is actually collected and transported. Collection and transportation is being done in open vehicle creating an ugly look and littering on travelled road. Proper landfill site has not been developed by UMC. Presently it is crudely dumped at Teetardi and in Baleecha near Savina in the southern part of the city. Transfer and transport of waste, involving deployment of vehicles and provision of garages and workshop facility is available and responsibility of transport wing. Total number of sweepers involved in Solid Waste Management stands at 1469 against the total beat of 2799 and the remaining 1330 posts are vaccant. The total posts work out to 5.9 workers per thousand residents. This is
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY higher than the range of 2-3 workers / 1000 residents prevalent in other Indian cities.
8.3 SOLID WASTE QUANTITIES
The source of solid waste generated in the city are 1. Residential and Commercial area 2. Slum area 3. Vegetable / fruits mobile vans 4. Hotel / Restaurants 5. Dead bodies of cattle and cattle-dung. 6. Construction / Demolition 7. Medical establishments 8. Industries Quantity of waste generated is assumed to be 300g. per capita in residential areas. The average solid waste generated per capita per day in various households depending on income levels is given in the following table.
Table 8.1: Category Wise Waste Generation Per Capita
S. No. Category Sub- category Average Solid Waste generated per capita/day 1 Residential Waste High income Group 0.19 Kg Middle income Group 0.26 Kg Low income Group 0.35 Kg 2 Commercial Waste 7000 Commercial 0.5 Kg Establishments 3 Hotels and Restaurant 120 hotels supported by 8 5 MT Waste lakh tourists 4 Hospital waste Bio-medical waste from 135 5 MT Hospitals with 3000 beds (approx). 5 Industrial Waste 1800 industries (approx) 45- 65 MT 6 Vegetable/ fruit market 8 15-20 T Source: UMC
Table 8.2: Solid waste Composition
S. No Type Vegetable Commercial Residential Area Markets Area LIG HIG MIG 1 Compostable 61.9% 44.1% 52.5 % 54.5 % 49.3 % 2 Silt 27% 18.7% 0 0 0 3 Plastic 2.5% 13.3% 14.3 % 18 % 16.7 % 4 Paper 6.1% 8.9% 0 0 0 5 Cloth 1.1% 6.7% 0 0 0 6 Glass 1.4% 8.3% 0 0 0 7 Others 0 0 33.2 % 27.5 % 34 % Total 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 % 100 %
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Figure 8.1: Composition of Waste (Veg. Market) and in commercial centre
Compostable 1.40% Compostable 6.10% Silt 8.30%0 Silt 2.50%1.10% 6.70% Plastic Plastic 8.90% 44.10% Paper Paper 27% Cloth 13.30% Cloth 61.90% Glass Glass 18.70% Others Others
Source: RUIDP Estimates 8.4 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
No decentralization for management of waste has been instituted by City administration. Solid waste management has not received adequate attention from civic authorities though a large amount of money is spent every year under health budget.
The population of Udaipur city, according to 2011 census is 4.51 Lakh and the current population is 4.68 lakh. The average waste generated in the city is 300 grams per capita per day thus the total waste generated in Udaipur is 231 MT per day. Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC) looks after collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste. There are 55 wards in the city and the total area of the city is 64 sq km.
CATEGORIES in KG in MT Percentage Domestic 140671 140.67 60 Commercial 75025 75.02 32 Institutional 14067 14.07 6 Waste From Street Sweeping And Parks 1172 1.17 2 Total Solid Waste Generated In A Day 230935 230.93 100
Source: Analysis
8.5 DOMESTIC WASTE
Domestic waste is generated at the household level and varies from town to town and at an average, range between 200 to 500 gm. As per the standards, a town like Udaipur will generate 300 gms of solid waste per head per day. Thus this domestic sector will generate 140.67 Metric Tonne solid waste per day with the current population of 4,68,904 (in the year 2013). It comprises of maximum of organic material like vegetable waste, papers, cloths etc which can be easily disposed. The household wastes includes a small percentage of
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY inorganic materials like metals and plastics.
8.6 COMMERCIAL WASTE
The commercial waste includes the waste from hotels and eating establishments, shops, trading units, small street traders, etc. The daily waste generated is about 75.02 MT, which is 32 percent of the total waste generated in the town. It mainly comprises of paper, plastics and other in-organics, which are finding their way to the disposal yard along with the domestic waste.
8.7 WASTE FROM OTHER INSTITUTIONS
The waste from offices, schools, colleges etc mainly comprised of paper and plastic wastes. The total generation of waste from these institutions is 14.04 MT per day.
8.8 WASTE FROM STREET SWEEPING
The street sweeping is practiced in every major streets in the city. These wastes include the dried leaves, papers, plastics etc. The quantity wastes from streets are around 1.17 metric tonne per day.
8.9 HAZARDOUS WASTE
The hazardous wastes include the biomedical wastes from hospitals and clinics, nursing homes, medical research laboratories. The components of biomedical wastes are;
(i) Human anatomical waste (tissues, organs, body parts etc.),
(ii) Animal waste (as above, generated during research/experimentation, from veterinary hospitals etc.),
(iii) Microbiology and biotechnology waste, such as, laboratory cultures, micro-organisms, human and animal cell cultures, toxins etc.,
(iv) Waste sharps, such as, hypodermic needles, syringes, scalpels, broken glass etc.,
(v) discarded medicines and cyto-toxic drugs
(vi) soiled waste, such as dressing, bandages, plaster casts, material contaminated with blood etc.,
(vii) Solid waste (disposable items like tubes, catheters etc. excluding sharps),
(viii) Liquid waste generated from any of the infected areas,
(ix) Incineration ash,
(x) chemical waste.
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At present 0.4-0.5 MT of bio-medical waste is generated in the city. An organization ‗named En-Vision Enviro-Engineers Pvt Ltd‘ is responsible for collection, transportation and disposal of bio-medical waste. 4 Hospitals, 12 Dispensaries, 3 Health care centres and 1200 private clinics are registered with the organization. The waste is segregated at source into Red (Plastics), Yellow (Cotton, Body parts, Blood), Blue (Syringe, blades, metals) and Black (General Waste) bins at the source. The organization has 4 vehicles for transportation of waste to the site in Umrada where the waste is incinerated. The hospitals are charged Rs.85/bed/month (Govt) and Rs. 100/bed/month as user charges.
8.10 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
30 MT of industrial waste is generated in the city per day. A private organization ‗Ramkey‘ is involved with collection, transportation and disposal of industrial waste. Udaipur has industrial areas towards the eastern and northern side. The industries mainly deal with stone cutting and marble. The waste from industries is collected every alternate day and it is transported to Mewar Industrial area where it is processed.
8.11 COLLECTION SYSTEM Waste from Residential and commercial areas constitute 60% and 32% respectively of the total waste generated in the city (231 MT/day). The city is divided into 10 sectors for the purposes of SWM. Each sector consists of 4-6 wards. The population of each sector is approximately 35 to 50 thousand. The sectors in the old city area are smaller and consist of lesser population. At present, the UMC collects waste from only 26 of the 55 wards. Remaining 29 wards are serviced by the private contractors hired by the UMC. Map 2 shows the wards serviced by the UMC workers and by private contractors. 1600 workers are involved in the collection of waste, out of which 650 are under UMC and rest 950 are hired by the private contractors.
Only 50% of the waste gets collected on a day to day basis. The workers are engaged in two
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY shifts, first from 6:00 AM to 10:00 AM and second, from 2 PM to 5 PM. At present waste in residential and commercial areas is thrown on the streets by the residents or shopkeepers.
The street sweeper responsible for that area sweeps the road and thus collects the garbage. Waste is collected by handcarts and rickshaws. There are 500 handcarts and 58 rickshaws at city level. The garbage is collected in containers put up at colony level. There are 400 containers at the city level, each of capacity 18 cum. The city streets are divided in beats where street sweeping of 1 beat is responsibility of 1 sweeper. 1 beat is equal to 250 m. Collection of waste near the lakes is done by the National Lake Conservation Project (NLCP)‘s trucks.
UMC is responsible for transportation of waste from various containers in the city to the disposal site in Teetardi and Baleecha. Both these sites are not Sanitary Landfill (SLF) Sites but plain dumping grounds. The below map shows the location of Teetardi which is 7.3 km from the city and has an area of 19 Ha and Baleecha which is 8.3 km from the city and has an area of 54 Ha.
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Figure 8.2: : Location of Dust Bins and Solid waste dumping site
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8.11.1 Work Force
MCU have 900 sweepers and another 100 for supervisory categories. There is a deployment for 3 nos. private contractors entrusted with cleaning and disposal on monthly contractual agreement. The details are not available.
There is one sweeper per 1100m of road length. There is a sweeper for every 435 people. There is a container per 1840 people. There is expenditure of Rs.230 per citizen for SWM services. The cost for collection and disposal works out to be Rs.2045 / MT.
Table 8.3: Details of Manpower and Equipment
SWEEPERS 1469 (1330 vacant)
VEHICELS 50 + 5
CONATINERS 400 + (170 proposed)
Source: UMC-2014
There is high absenteeism and low productivity of workers, partly due to public attitude and habits; roads are not tidy as expected. Just additional employment of people at this level would not improve the situation. The number of vehicles in use for present practice of transportation and disposal of SWM are given in following table.
Table 8.4: SWM Vehicles
S. No. Type of Vehicle No. Use 1 Truck 10 Secondary Collection 2 Dumper 12 Secondary Collection
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3 Mini Trucks 3 Secondary Collection 4 Front Loader 6 Secondary Collection 5 Tempo 5 Construction purpose 6 Tractors 3 Secondary Collection 7 Excavator 2 Total 41 Source: RUIDP Estimates 8.11.2 Street sweeping and Solid Waste Collection
Primary collection of solid waste is done through street and road sweeping as door to door collection system is not prevalent in Udaipur except for a few colonies. It is observed that only 0.5 percent of the total population is served by house-to-house collection through a private contractor or a NGO, Astha. The debris contains not only municipal solid waste but also demolition waste and silt removed from drains.
Table 8.5: Existing SWM system in the City
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8.12 GAP ANALYSIS
Deficiency in the system
In Udaipur Municipal Corporation the door to door collection is not practicing. So most of the people are putting waste in the nearby dustbins placed by UMC. But this activity is not practiced everywhere, where the containers might be located little far away. Around 20 to 30 percentage of the households are throwing the waste in nearby open land and in roads. Since the secondary collection is not done in regular intervals, the animals and birds are attracted by these wastes in the containers. These creatures will drag out the waste and make the surrounding ugly. In this situation also people are reluctant to approach the dustbins.
Deficiency in work force (1330 vacant posts) • The coverage of whole city is not possible Absence of scientific disposal system • Leads to pollution in surface and underground water. • Leads to air pollution • Leads to soil degradation
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PARTICULARS NOS
SANITARY WORKERS 1469 NEW RECRUITMENT UNDER PROCESS 1330 EXISTING CONTAINERS 400 - SANCTIONED TO BUY BY UMC 170 EXISTING VEHICLES 50 -SANCTIONED TO BUY 5 LANDFILL SITES 2
Source: Analysis
9.1 PROPOSALS UNDER CSP
Under CSP, it is planned to establish twin dustbin system in each household. These are provided for put bio degradable waste and non-bio degradable separately. This practice of separation of waste in the source itself will be easier for treatment plants. The size of the container should be 14 litre. For the collection of waste from hotels and restaurants, it planned to provide 0.5 cubic metre volume containers. There is proposal for procurement of new and modern vehicles for transporting the waste from the containers to treatment plants. The waste should be treated as against the present landfills. The UMC can generate income from these treatment plants.
WASTE BINS - 2 PER HOUSEHOLD (14 LITRE) 177800
WASTE BINS TO HOTELS AND RESTAURENTS (2 EACH) 0.5 CUBIC METRE 2000
INSTALLATION OF NEW CONTAINERS (4.5 CUBIC METRE) 60
PROCUREMENT OF NEW VEHICLES
COMPOSTING PLANT AT TEETARDI OR\ BIO-GAS PLANT
WASTE RECYCLE PLANT AT BALEECHA
. Source: Analysis
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Figure 9.1: Containers Proposed in UMC and in OG area
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9.2 FUTURE WASTE GENERATION
By considering the present generation of waste (300 gm per capita per day)in the city, it is assumed that by 2041 the total waste generation in the city will be 231 MT per day in 2041 and the Bio degradable waste will be 119 MT per day
TOTAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN TONNE BIO-DEGRADABLE WASTE (32% of total)
YEAR PER DAY PER MONTH PER YEAR PER DAY PER MONTH PER YEAR
2013 231 6930 83160 74 2218 26611
2021 267 7997 95958 85 2559 30707
2031 316 9478 113730 101 3033 36394
2041 372 11166 133992 119 3573 42877
Source: Analysis
9.3 WASTE TREATMENT OPTIONS
The solid waste generated in the city is composed of papers, metals, plastics, vegetable wastes etc. This waste can be broadly classified as Debris, Recyclable waste, bio- degradable waste and the waste should go for landfill site.
Debris 16%
42% 10% Recyclable waste
Bio-degradable waste
32% Landfill
Income Generation from Waste
The debris, which is 16% of the total solid waste generated, can be used in construction of roads, bridges and buildings. The Nagar Palika can sell this debris and generate revenue from this waste.
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Composting plant
Compost is organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. Compost is a key ingredient in organic farming. At the simplest level, the process of composting simply requires making a heap of wetted organic matter (leaves, "green" food waste) and waiting for the materials to break down into humus after a period of weeks or months. Modern, methodical composting is a multi-step, closely monitored process with measured inputs of water, air, and carbon- and nitrogen-rich materials. The decomposition process is aided by shredding the plant matter, adding water and ensuring proper aeration by regularly turning the mixture. Worms and fungi further break up the material. Aerobic bacteria manage the chemical process by converting the inputs into heat, carbon dioxide and ammonium. The ammonium is further converted by bacteria into plant-nourishing nitrites and nitrates through the process of nitrification.
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Compost can be rich in nutrients. It is used in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, and agriculture. The compost itself is beneficial for the land in many ways, including as a soil conditioner, a fertilizer, addition of vital humus or humic acids, and as a natural pesticide for soil. In ecosystems, compost is useful for erosion control, land and stream reclamation, wetland construction, and as landfill cover. Organic ingredients intended for composting can alternatively be used to generate biogas through anaerobic digestion. Anaerobic digestion is fast overtaking composting in some parts of the world (especially central Europe) as a primary means of down cycling waste organic matter.
Income from Composting
The waste generated in the city is 231 MT per day, out of this the bio-degradable waste is 74 MT (32%). Bio-manure or Bio-fertilizer can be generated from this biodegradable waste by decaying it. The current market price of Bio manure is Rs.3000 Tonne. If Nagar Nigam is selling this waste, a sum of Rs. 33,000 per day can be earned.
Total Waste Generated 231 MT
Bio degradable waste per day 74 MT
Bio manure from the waste (15%) 11.25 MT
Estimated market price of compost per Tonne INR 3000
Estimated income generation per day from compost for 75.02 MT INR 33,000
Annual Income generation from waste (4927.5 MT) 1.21CRORE
Source: Analysis
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Bio Gas plant
A biogas plant is an anaerobic digester that produces biogas from bio-degradable waste such as plant waste and animal waste. Biogas is a type of biofuel created via anaerobic, or oxygen-free, digestion of organic matter by bacteria. A biogas plant is composed of a digester and a gas holder. The digester is an airtight container in which the waste is dumped and decomposed, and the gas holder is a tank that harnesses the gases emitted by the slurry. Bacteria within the digester tank breaks down the waste and, as it decomposes, gases such as carbon monoxide, methane, hydrogen, and nitrogen, are released. Through a pressurized system, the gas holder conducts the flow of these gases upward into a hole in its drum. The hole is specially designed to allow gases to pass freely into the holder while prohibiting any gases from escaping back into the digester. In a controlled environment, the gases are later combusted, or reacted, with oxygen to create an energy source for such processes as heating and lighting.
Salient features of Bio Gas Plant
1. For treating a given amount of organic waste about twice the amount of water is required.
2. The total volume of digestion chamber should be at least four times greater than the volume of generated garbage.
3. Area required for treatment plant is approximately 600sqm per tonne of solid waste.
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4. 1 MT of organic waste will approximately generate 300 cubic feet of methane gas.
5. 1 kwh of electricity can be generated from 2.5 cubic feet of methane gas.
Income generation from Bio Gas Plant
A considerable income can be generated from the Bio gas/Methane gas which is the produce of the plant. Approximately 4050 cubic feet of methane gas can be generated from the total waste collected in CMC. The gas can be used as cooking fuel in households. The gas can be used for electricity generation. Approximately 1 kwh electricity can be generated from 2.5 cubic feet of methane gas. As per this standard, around 1,620 kwh electricity can be produced per day and 48,600 kwh per month. This much quantity of electricity is sufficient for around 324 households having average consumption of 150 units per month.
PARTICULARS DAILY MONTHLY YEARLY
Generation of Organic waste in MT 74 2218 26611
Methane Gas Production in cubic feet (300 cubic feet 22,176 665,280 7,983,360 from 1 MT)
Electricity from Methane Gas in kwh (1 kwh from 2.5 c f 55,440 1,663,200 19,958,400 gas)
Revenue Generation in INR (Rs.4.65 / kwh) 257,796 7,733,880 92,806,560
Source: Analysis
9.3.1 Strategies and Time Frame
S. No. Strategy 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
1 Door to Door Collection
2 Introduction of Twin Bin System at Storage
3 Source Segregation
4 Mechanization of Transportation
5 Fleet Management System
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6 Development of Aerobic Plant
7 Development of Scientific Landfill Site
8 Landfill for Industrial waste
9.3.2 Recommendations
Highest priority has to be accorded for segregation & storage at source irrespective of the area of generation so as to facilitate an organized and environmentally acceptable waste collection, processing and disposal.
Source segregation of recyclables and biodegradable (organic waste) will not only provide an efficient way for resource recovery, but will also substantially reduce the pressure and pollution in landfill sites.
Implementation of ‗Door-to-door collection‘ through 100 percent privatization – In order to achieve the above objective, a ‗Bin system of Solid Waste Storage‘ at source is being recommended. As per this system, each of the households shall be directed to keep separate bins/ containers for biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste generated within their premises. The segregated waste so stored in these bins will have to be transferred to the dumper placer provided for each area.
Source Segregation and Collection of Commercial Waste, Hotels and Market Waste through privatization; and Source Segregation and Collection of– Construction waste has to be stored at the premises of the construction either in skips or suitable containers and has to be directly emptied to the notified disposal site by the generator. Meat and fish markets should store waste in non-corrosive bins of maximum 100-liter capacity each and transfer contents to large container to be kept at the market just before lifting of such large containers. Slaughterhouses should keep separate containers for animal waste and other wastes. It is also being recommended that this system of source segregation and storage is encouraged through community education and awareness campaigns and hence no capital investments are envisaged in this regard.
Street Sweeping and Mopping on Daily Basis - Since further areas and eventually the entire town is can be brought under privatization, it is considered that there would not
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be any further requirement to induct conservancy workers. To ensure operational efficiency of the system, the following measures are suggested. (a) Markets and other areas of the city shall be swept at least twice a day;
Sweepings shall be collected separately as degradable and non-biodegradable waste and deposit in containers kept at various locations and a separate crew equipped with appropriate implements may do de-silting of larger drains.
Community Participation and Enforcement of By-laws and Waste Collection and
Handling Rules - It is recommended that the community be involved in primary collection through segregation at household level to minimize the number of waste handling operation. Non-biodegradable waste shall be collected separately from premises where door to door collections are organized. Present system of primary collection should be supplemented by introducing multi-bin carts (Push carts / Tricycles) covering the entire area of the town.
9.4 PROPOSED SITE
At present the solid waste is dumping at two landfill sites namely Teetardi and Baleecha. We can convert this landfill site into the scientific dumping yard. The proposed composed plant and the bio-gas plant can be setup over there.
2: Existing Landfill site
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Chapter 10 : DRAINAGE AND STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
10.1 EXISTING STATUS
Ayar River and its tributaries drain Udaipur city. Kotra River one of the biggest tributary of Ayar commands an extensive catchment area in the southern west part of the city. Most of the rainwater in Kotra River pour into Pichola Lake and enter the river Ayar through Swaroop Sager Lake and Gumania Drain. In general the undulating topography and existence of a number of huge water bodies do not cause any drainage problem.
Most of the existing roads of the city have lined drains alongside and most part of the area run off is discharged into the Ayar River. The city is generally free from prolonged drainage congestion except in few places identified as problematic areas. The main drains leading to storm water receivers are irregular and mostly unlined. The vents of the cross drainage works are almost choked and are not functioning properly resulting sluggish flow. Moreover the service pipes in many places crossing through drains also impede the flow. The internal drainage network also needs to be improved in some places. An inventory of the existing drainage lengths of the city is presented in the table below.
Table 10.1: Inventory of Existing Drainage Length
S. No. Type of drain Approx Length Condition (percentage/ effective) 1. Major Primary drains 31 km 20% 2. Major Secondary drains 1000 km 80% Source:
The existing major drains are mostly irregular and unlined. The drains are full of weeds, vegetation, silt and rubbish. The vents are totally choked with reduced cross sections causing sluggish flow. The drains are insufficient to carry the runoff during storm resulting flooding of adjacent roads and colonies. These drains carry the runoff as well as domestic waste water from the city. Ultimately, these drains lead the total storm water and waste to Ayar River through agricultural lands with no definite alignment. They simply follow the contours of the land.
DEFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM
After the major flood in the year 1973, the drains were totally damaged and in spite of major repairs and construction of the new drains, they are working properly in the present day situation since the existing watercourses are heavily silted and weeded resulting the considerable reduction in cross sectional area. The drains were also found to be invariably
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY carrying sewage and sullage flow in the absence of branch and trunk sewers thereby increasing the quantity of flow in the drains. All the major Drains terminate their journey either in the Gumania drain, or in non-perennial Ayar River.
The major causes for this system to become ineffective are:
Haphazard expansion of the settlement. Encroachments on the drains with unauthorized construction Logging of drains due to uncontrolled and haphazard disposal of solid waste Garbage into the drains High rate of siltation. Absence of integrated drainage network in the new layouts. Poor motivation, lack of regulation and poor public awareness
10.2 INDUSTRIAL WASTE
There are two industrial areas namely Madri and Bhuwana. The major industrial units are located in Madri known as Mewar Industrial Estate. It covers an area of 544.19 ha, whereas Bhuwana covers an area of 80.62 ha. All the drains within these industrial areas are constructed and maintained by RIICO.
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10.3 ISSUES IN EXISTING DRAINAGE SYSTEM
The major problems in the existing system, which hinder the smooth functioning Storm Water Drainage in Udaipur, can be listed as follows: Encroachments in various stretches Open drains and broken slabs Choked drains due to the dumping of solid wastes Very narrow drains cause flooding during rainy season. Silting and weeding of drains; Partial/haphazard lining of drains; Flow of sewage and disposal of solid wastes in drains.
10.4 MAJOR WATER BODIES
As already discussed in previous chapters, a large number of water bodies exist in Udaipur such as Goverdhan Vilas Tank, Fateh Sagar, Pichola & Swaroop Sagar, Bada Madar,
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Chhota Madar, Lakhawali Tank, Nandeshwar Badi Tank and Udaisagar. Besides these, there are Roop Sagar, Nehla Tank, Titardi Tank & Jogi ka Talao.The detail of Major water bodies is in following
Table 10.2: Major Water Bodies
Catchment Capacity S. No. Name Location Area (Sq km) (Million cum) 1 Goverdhan Villas Tank Near Dungarpur Road (5 2.6 0.25 Km from city) 2 Fateh Sagar Lake Within main city 35.9 12.08 3 Pichhola & Swaroop Within main city 143.4 13.67 Sagar Lake 4 Bada Madar (Big) Udaipur–Gogunda Road 79.4 2.37 (16 Km from city) 5 Chhota Madar (small) Near Bada Madar 20.5 0.85 6 Lakhawali 10 km away from city 15.4 2.07 7 Nandeshwar 12 km away from city 53.8 3.96 8 Badi tank 7 km away from city 15.4 10.47 Source:
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Table 10.3: Major Flood Prone Areas in Udaipur City
S. No. Flood Prone Area Major Reasons for flooding New area under development by U.I.T. Absence of outfall 1 Transport Nagar drains The drain coming from Goverdhan Vilas Tank is unlined 2 Choti /Futa Talao in its initial stages. The drain carries storm water form Hiran Magri to Kachhi 3 Gariawas Basti. In front of DCP School Two drains coming from Telecommunication colony get 4 Gayatrinagar, stagnated This existing drain is a lined drain in part and is covered 5 Roadways Bus stand with no provision for maintenance This area is the heart of the city. The existing drain is a 6 Delhi Gate/ LIC/ Collectorate covered lined drain with poor maintenance. Sobhagpura Abhinandan A small stretch of the drain is lined behind Bhairoji ka 7 Complex Temple and is totally unlined up to Abhinandan Complex. 8 Mahaveer Nagar Both the sides of the drain are encroached Originates from Neemachmata hill slope and meets Ayad 9 Pancharatna Complex through Pancharatna Complex. Originates from Abhinandan Complex and is partly lined 10 Down Stream of Maha Satya with Sidewalls in broken Condition.
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Brick kilns near Bedia causeway, Heavy silting & 11 Both banks of Ayad River weeding, Encroachment and Dumping of solid waste, rubbish etc on the banks of river causes water stagnation. Bohra Ganesh, Jayashree This area is under development. Water logged is the 12 Colony, Bahubali Colony problem due to absence of drainage system. To unlined drain meet at Savina Mutt near causeway and 13 Near Savina Mutt it is choked and water is flooded. It is situated near Gumania drain which meets Ayad river 14 Panchawati Colony near Alipura. Partially silted and solid waste is thrown from the adjacent residential areas. 10.5 CONSTRUCTION OF NEW DRAINS
1. Goverdhan Villas to Sector 13 via Krishi mandi, Gayariyawas, Nokha to Ayar River. 2. Savina Khera to Krishi mandi via Rajputana resorts. 3. Manva khera (Sector 4,5) to Ayar River. 4. Shobhag pura to Ayar via Roop sagar, Kashav Nagar, Maha sathiya. 5. CTAI College to Bhora Ganesh Temple, Ganesh Jain Hostel. 6. Kharol colony to Purana Chungi Naka, Panchratna Complex. 7. Back side of Badla to Bhuvana, Bhuvana to Ayar. 8. Fateh sagar out fall to UIT Bridge. 9. Nelha Talab to Sector 13,14.
10.6 DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR AHAR RIVER
Encroachment should be removed from both side of river bank (At least 130 feet each side). The mason wall should be constructed on both side of riverbank. Green belt should be developed on both side of the riverbank (each side 100 feet) parallel to the riverbank. The cleaning of the riverbank should be properly done because the plant leaves can pollute the water. The special type of plants (e.g. various types of flowering plants) should be developed near the riverbank. The road should be constructed on the both sides of the riverbank (each side 30 feet) Parallel to the riverbank.
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Chapter 11 : THE LAKE AND LAKE SYSTEM
11.1 INTRODUCTION Udaipur is known for its several lakes and its picturesque setting. Udaipur is otherwise known as "City of Lakes". Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly, or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources, tourism, and the ecosystem at large.
11.1.1 History In 1559 Maharana Udai Singh founded Udaipur as the secure capital of the Princely State of Mewar after Chittor fell to Mugal Army. Udaipur is strategically located amidst a saucer shaped basin, in the Valley of Ahar River. It is surrounded by hills of Aravali Range on all sides. The selection of site was made in part because of its isolation and inaccessibility, favoring its defense.
11.2 LAKE SYSTEM: Udaipur lake system arising out of the Berach river (it is a tributary of Banas Riveer), in which originates from the Gogunda hills lying in the (Aravalli Ranges) North West of Udaipur. Ahar river flows towards eastwards and joins Udaisagar.
The Udaipur lake system, comprising of reservoirs/lakes Pichola (Swaroop Sagar), Fateh Sagar, Bari ka Talab, Chhota Madar, Bada Madar, Chikalwas feeder, Lakhawali, Udai Sagar, Vallabhnagar tank; and are primarily owned by the Water Resources Department of Government of Rajasthan as shpown in Fig2.1
11.2.1 Pichola It is the oldest among all the city lakes. The scenic views of Pichola reservoir is shown in Plate 3.5. It was constructed at the time of Rana Lakha by a nomadic ‗Banjara‘ and renovated and enlarged in 1559 A.D. by Rana Udai Singh along with the establishment of Udaipur itself. In 1795 A.D., during the reign of Maharana Bhim Singh, incessant rainfall destroyed the lake causing excessive floods in which half of the city was washed away. Pichola is situated in the south western part of the city at 73040‘ 2" E longitude and 24°35‘ 8.5" N latitude and its east-west extent is only a little more than its north-south extent viz. 3.6 and 2.0 km respectively. Deriving its name from the village of ‗Pichholi‘ the lake is roughly triangular in shape with its base along the palace ridge, as shown in Fig. 2.2.
It accounts for a total water-body area of around 6.96 Sq.Km. (4.56 Sq.Km at FTL) and has gross, live and dead capacities of 13.676 mcm. 9 mcm and 4.676 mcm
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY respectively. The gauge heights above and below sill level are 3.35 m and 5.2 m respectively. The maximum depth of the reservoir is 10.5 m at dam site. Its net catchment area is 146 Sq.Km.
11.2.2 Pichola Watershed
The total area of this watershed is 14610.63 ha in which mainly fine loam, loam, gravelly sandy clay loam and rocky soils are there. The parts of the watershed which have moderately deep to deep soils generally ranging from 75 to 100 cm are under cultivation which covers area of 5240.3 ha, with soil slope varying from 1 to 15 per cent. The infiltration rates calculated is 1.4 to 5.2 cm/hr. Most of the remaining portion is rocky formation having slopes varying from 30 to 50 per cent. This part of the watershed is under pasture. The area which is under cultivation is placed under hydrologic soil group B and the area under pasture is placed under hydrologic soil group C.
Figure 11.2 Udaipur Lake System
In the year 1987, the runoff from watershed was 0.19 mm which is nearly zero whereas maximum runoff of 301.93 mm (34.54 per cent) was observed in 2005. The mean annual runoff of thirty years was found to be 12.18 per cent. It was observed that in 1976, despite
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649.80 mm of rainfall, only 88.90 mm (6.88 per cent) runoff was observed, whereas in 1985 only 658.05 mm of rainfall produced 228.35 mm (29.06 per cent) of runoff. It was mainly because runoff producing storms were few in 1976. But, in 1985, there were continuous rainfalls of high intensities and long durations. Roy(1998) calculated 26.07 %(295.35 mm) runoff for the year 1973.
11.2.3 Parts of Pichola
Rang Sagar:
This reservoir was constructed in 1668 A.D., has a length of 1030 m, width of 245 m and a maximum depth of 7 meters. It is one of the smallest lakes (water spread of 0.136 sk. km.) along the western water-front of Udaipur, providing watery connection between Pichola and Swaroop Sagar in south to Fateh Sagar in north. Rang Sagar lake was constructed by Amar Singh Badava and is also called ‗Amarkund‘ after him.
Swaroop Sagar:
Further southwards of Rang sagar is the ultimate part of Pichola reservoir known as Swaroop Sagar. The reservoir Swaroop Sagar provides a waste weir for Pichola. Moreover, Swaroop Sagar also link Pichola and Rang Sagar , with the adjoining lake Fateh Sagar, through a canal. The canal is sometimes employed to draw water in Fateh Sagar during monsoon when Pichola maintains a higher water level. On the eastern side of Swaroop sagar, is a masonry dam which has become a convenient site for open defecation.
11.2.4 Govardhan Sagar Situated at 10 km. of distance from Udaipur in south-west at 74042‘ E. longitude and 24034‘ N. latitude, it commands a gross catchment area of 1 Sqmile and is endowed with gross capacity of about 0.255 mcm. It also receives water from Pichola through a link canal.
11.2.5 Fateh Sagar Reservoir The reservoir Fateh Sagar (Plate ) occupies an important place in the social, economic and cultural life of Udaipur city. The reservoir is situated on 24°36‘ 16" N latitude and 73°40‘ 45" E longitude at 578 m altitude (above MSL) in the north western sector of the city. This pear shaped lake was constructed as a medium sized lake in 1678 A.D. Later on, in 1795 A.D., during the reign of Maharana Bhim Singh incessant rainfall destroyed the lake. It was renovated in 1889 A.D. by Maharana Fateh Singh. The dam is 720 m long and about 100m wide. Fateh Sagar reservior stretches 2600 m in north-south and 1800 m in east-west directions, covering total water spread of nearly 4.0 Sq.km (2.56 Sq km at FTL) and has a
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY maximum depth of 11.5 m. It commands a total catchment area of about 43.25 Sq. km. Its gross, live and dead capacity of 12.09 mcm, 7 mcm and 5.0 mcm respectively, evidently lower than that of Pichola. The reservoir is mainly fed by Chikalwas (Madar) feeder, from Madar reservoirs built across river Ahar and are located at a distance of 8 Kms north of the reservoir. It also receives overflow of the Badi reservoir.
11.3 MORPHOMETRIC OF UDAIPUR RESERVOIRS The watersheds of Pichola, Fateh Sagar, and Udai Sagar are located in Arawali ranges and cover many revenue villages of Girwa, Badgaon and Gogunda Panchyat Samitees. Some of the villages situated near the ridge lines are partly covered in the watershed. The general slope of the wathersheds is from S-W to N-W directions. Topography is very undulating. Important morphometric features and agriculture details of Udaipur reservoirs are shown in Table 3.5. The Maps of Catchment area of Udaipur reservoirs is shown in annexure
Fateh Sagar Pichola Udai Sagar
Longitude 73º 40' 45" E 73º 41' 2" E 73º 49' 31"
Latitude 24º 36' 16" N 24º 35' 8.5" N 24ºE 34' 41"
Catchment 43.25 Sq.Km 146.06 Sq.Km 479.00N
GrossArea Capacity 12.09 mcm 13.676 mcm 31.149Sq.Km mcm
Live Capacity 7.00 mcm 9.00 mcm 27.6 mcm
Water Spread 2.59 Sq.km 4.60 Sq.km 5.60 Sq.km
Depth Above 3.96 m 3.35 m 7.31 m
DepthSill Below 6.70 m 3.04 m 6.00 m
GrossSill 803 ha. 258 ha. 5094 ha.
CulturableCommand Area 667 ha. 238 ha. 4655 ha. (GCA) IntensityCommand Area of 405 ha. 202 ha. 1947 ha. (CCA) MaximumCulture (ICA) 319 ha. in the year 1977-78 125 ha. in the year 1978-79 2510 ha. in Irrigation Water reserved for drinking Water reserved for drinking the year Table 11.1 Morphometric features & irrigation details of reservoirs after 1986 after 1986 1992-93
11.4 IMPORTANCE Tourism sector is the largest contributor to Udaipur‘s economy. Udaipur lake system plays important role in the tourism sector. Growth in tourism in Udaipur has been higher than that of Rajasthan State. In 2005 Udaipur attracted about 15% of the total foreign tourist in the state and 3% of the domestic tourists. Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly, or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources. Revenue
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY from fishing activity from the lakes is approximately 25 lakhs per annum. Lakes influences the local climate of the Udaipur.
11.4.1 As water Resources The water resources are the integral part of the urban system, which plays an important role in environmental, aesthetic and climatic conditions of the Town. In case of Udaipur Lakes are not only important for the environmental viewpoint but also significantly contribute to economy of the town. People are depending on lakes for their livelihood in terms of tourist inflow and fisheries. Out of various functions of the lake and water bodies, the most important role is to maintain biodiversity and nurturing biota both the aquatic amphibious and terrestrial flora and fauna. The Udaipur is known as the city of lakes therefore importance of lakes and lentic water resources has been recognized from ancient time. The lakes being source of potable water fetch due importance for its maintenance but now water front is also invites visitors and tourists which are directly related to the economy people and town, therefore public and Government both are looking for the sustenance of lakes. The conservation and sustainable management of lakes and water front therefore is top priority agenda of the State Government. The water holding capacity of important water bodies are enlisted here for the ready reference.
11.4.2 As Tourist Centre The Udaipur, known as city of lakes and a historical town, invite domestic and foreign tourists, which one of the sources of income to the local people. The palaces, monuments and witnesses of historic events present in and around town attract people to visit the Udaipur. The valleys and water-fronts exhibits are nature‘s gift that provide ample opportunity to the visitors to be closure to the nature. Now the tourism is the main attraction and source of income to the local people and also to the Government. The Rajasthan tourism department has developed facilities to attract tourist in the Udaipur. Number of agencies both the Government and private are involved in promotion of tourism and to make Udaipur, a prime tourist place.
11.5 ISSUES
Almost all surface water reservoirs of Udaipur are facing severe threat of nutrient rich sedimentation because of degradation of their respective catchment areas, which are the sources of water for the aforesaid reservoirs, and also of the potential sediments. The changes in land use and degradation of land in the catchment area have disturbed the whole balance of the reservoir ecosystems. The high velocity runoff, coming from barren hills, human habitations, agricultural fields and industrial areas is damaging the reservoir
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ecosystems.
11.5.1 Waste Disposal Untreated Sewage is being released into the lakes at 45 drain spots. The total solid waste being dumped into the lakes is approx. 500 tons annually. Solid waste from 53 hotels and restaurants is being dumped into the lakes. The inflow of solid waste into the lake with storm water not only increases nutrient load but also accumulation of solid waste makes the lakes shallow. The solid waste after decomposition releases nutrients, which increases pollution load.
11.5.2 Drying up of Lake Due to the inconsistency of rainfall and the degradation of the catchment area, the Lakes become dry.
11.5.3 Siltation The heavy siltation after deforestation has reduced the depth of the lakes to a quarter of which it used to be 40 yrs ago. Heavy sedimentation in the lakes due to soil erosion on hill slopes and construction waste being dumped into lakes.
11.5.4 Weeding The excessive weed growth disturbs the biochemical cycle of lake and affects the residents day today life. The lack of regular de-weeding makes situation more critical. The weeding and de-weeding in lakes remain in debate among scientist and environmentalist from long time and still questions are raised for doing or not doing weeding for the ecological imbalances of the lakes.
11.5.5 Boating The impact of boating is even visible with naked eyes that smear of oil is form on the water surface of Lake. The oil spells from motorized boats using out boat engines is polluting lake in several ways and disturbing the lake eco-system too. The concentration of oil in the water may further increase in the summer season when Lake water level goes down.
11.5.6 Idol immersion Idol Immersion is social, cultural and religious activity associated with Lakes and water bodies especially in urban centers. The Udaipur lakes are not exception to this and also be used for the idol immersion. Earlier idol immersion was being done in the lotic water resources, which is not available nearby Udaipur city therefore people are immersing idols in the lakes. The materials used in idol preparations are wood strips, metal sheets, cloths, over
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CITY SANITATION PLAN –DRAFT REPORT– UDAIPUR CITY and above synthetic colours. The regular input of heavy metals in one or the other forms may lead to toxicity, otherwise metallic irons goes to food chain and accumulates in plants and animals body. The bio accumulation process elevates the concentration of the metallic toxicity from one trophic level to other. Lakes of Udaipur are being used for potable water therefore, heavy metallic contamination needs to be avoided, for which idol immersion shifting from the lakes is necessary.
11.5.7 Sewage Inflow The Lake Pichola has settlement at 3 sites while Rang Sagar and Swaroop Sagar are surrounded by habitation, receiving waste water and untreated sewage from the settlements situated in the close vicinity of the Lakes. Besides the settlements about 53 hotels are situated in the close proximity and catchment of the Pichola Lake system. The occupancy of the hotels is estimated as 33,000 which is substantial figure to be counted in calculating in sewage and waste water disposal to the lake. The residential population was considered 24000 with number of houses 6000.
11.5.8 Washing The lake Pichola being situated in the city hence people are easily reaching to the lake water for washing of cloths and bathing. Besides this washer men also washing cloths collected from the houses, which is not only projecting poor picture but also polluting the lake. Soap, detergents and washing powders being used in washing of cloths and utensils flow into lake and causing water quality deterioration. On an average 200 to 300 local people are daily taking bath and washing clothes. Apart from it washer men washing clothes collected from people regularly in clusters at number of points within the lake.
Other problems are deforestation, Over Exploitation of Surface & Ground Water, Eutrophication, Brick Kiln, Immersion of Idols, and Stream Flow Obstructions.
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