DOCSLIB.ORG

Accommodation a 395

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Accommodation A 395 Index Page numbers in bold indicate extensive coverage of the subject A Aqueduct, 220 central, 274 cerebral (of Sylvius), 10, 132, cerebellar Accommodation, 362, 363 134, 282 inferior negative, 362 Arachnoidea mater, 290 anterior, 272 positive, 362 spinal, 64 posterior, 272 Acetylcholine (ACh), 26, 148, Arbor vitae, 10, 154 superior, 272 296, 316 Archicerebellum, 152 cerebral nicotinic receptor, 30, 31 Archicortex, 208, 232–237,336 anterior, 272, 274, 276 Acetylcholinesterase, 28, 148 rudimentary, 336 middle, 272, 274, 276 Adaptation Archipallium, 208–210 posterior, 272, 274, 276 light–dark, 362 Architectonics, 246 choroidal near–far, 362 Area(s) anterior, 272, 274, 276 Adenohypophysis, 200 association, 210 posterior, 276 Adhesion, interthalamic, 10, auditory ciliary, 350 174 primary, 384 anterior, 350 Adrenergic system, 296 secondary, 384 posterior Agnosia, 252 Broca’s motor speech, 250, long, 350 visual, 338 251 short, 350 Agraphia, 264 cortical, 246, 247 communicating Alexia, 264 dorsocaudal, 194 anterior, 272 Allocortex, 246 entorhinal, 226, 230, 234, posterior, 272, 276 Alveus, 232, 234, 236 246 frontobasal Alzheimer’s disease, 32 motor, 180, 250, 251 lateral, 274 Ampullae, membranous, 372 motosensory, 248, 250 medial, 274 Amusia, 264 of origin, 210 hyaloid, 346 Amygdala, 174, 176, 218, olfactory, 172, 176, 214, 230 hypophysial 228–231 optic integration, 256 inferior, 200, 274 subnuclei, 228 orbitofrontal, 248 superior, 200, 272, 274 Analgesia, 68 parolfactory, 336 insular, 274 Anesthesia, 74 periamygdalar, 226, 230 intercostal, 60 dissociated, 68 postcentral, 252, 253 labyrinthine, 272 Angle postremal, 44, 288, 289 lumbar, 60 iridocorneal, 348 precentral, 248, 249, 250, ophthalmic, 272, 274, 350 medial, of the eye, 342 251 paracentral, 274 Annulus, fibrocartilaginous, motor, 180 pericallosal, 274 366 prefrontal, 248 pontine, 272 Ansa premotor, 248 radicular, 60 cervical, 72 preoptic, 230 large, 60 deep, 70, 72, 112 prepiriform, 226, 230, 240 recurrent artery of Heubner, superficial, 122 projection, 246 272, 276 lenticular, 174, 192 sensorimotor, 248, 250 retinal, central, 350 subclavian, 298 sensory postcentral, 180 segmental, 60 Antrum, mastoid, 368, 370 septal, 336, 338, 339 spinal Aortic arch, 116 striate, 222, 224, 256, 358, anterior, 60 Aperture 360 posterior, 60 lateral, 100, 284 subcallosal, 214 subclavian, 116, 272 median, 100, 284 termination, 210 sulcocommissural, 60 Aphasia vestibular, 100c, 44, 272–277 temporal, 274 motor, 250 basilar, 272, 276 trabecular, 200 sensory, 250, 264 callosomarginal, 274 vertebral, 60, 272 Apparatus carotid, internal, 104, 272, spinal branches, 60 lacrimal, 342, 343 274, 275,370 vestibular, 366, 378 396 A Astrocytes (-f) Astrocytes, 42, 43, 44, 158 lateral, 178–180, 186, 187, Bundle fibrous, 42, 43 190, 220, 258, 358– Arnold’s, 166 protoplasmic, 42, 43 360 forebrain, medial, 196 Astroglia, 42 medial, 132–134, 178–180, Meynert’s, 132, 176 Auricle, 366, 367 186, 187, 190, 384, 385 papillomacular, 354 Autonomic nervous system, 2, Herring, 204, 205 Schütz’s, 108, 110, 134, 144, 294–305 Luys’, 174, 192 196, 332 central, 294 mamillary, 10–12, 134, 144, Türck’s, 166 peripheral, 296, 302–305 170, 174, 175, 178, 194, Axolemma, 36 198, 202–204, 218, Axon(s), 18, 36 232–234, 336 C collaterals, 18 peduncle, 196 corticofugal, 162 Nissl, 18, 22, 156 Calcar avis, 256 hillock, 18 orbital fat, 342 Calyx, nerve, 380 terminals, 18, 24 pacchionian, 290 Canal(s) transport, 28 pineal, 176 Alcock’s, 96 Axoplasm, flow of, 28, 29 restiform, 100, 108, 120, 154, carotid, 104, 370 164 central, 8 subthalamic, 218 facial, 122, 370 B tigroid, 18 hypoglossal, 104, 112 trapezoid, 110, 120, 382 mandibular, 126 Balance, 366, 386 anterior nucleus, 382 musculotubal, 370 organ of, 378, 379 posterior nucleus, 382 outer ear, 366 see also Ear vitreous, 346 pterygoid, 122, 128 Band Boutons, 18, 19, 24 pudendal, 96 Baillarge’s, 242 see also Synapses Schlemm’s, 348 diagonal, of Broca, 226, 336, Brachium conjunctivum, 100, semicircular, 372 338 154, 166 lateral, 370 Giacomini’s, 226 Brachium pontis, 100, 110, 154, spiral, of the cochlea, 372 Vicq d’Azyr’s, 174, 182, 194, 166 vertebral, 48 196 Brain, 4, 6–15 Canaliculus(i) Barr body, 18 age-related atrophy, 8 ependymal, 288 Basal membrane, 62 axes, 4, 5 lacrimal, 342 Bladder, urinary, 300 Forel’s, 4 mastoid, 114 Blind spot, 350, 360 Meinert’s, 4 tympanic, 118 Blood vessels, 44, 45, 272–281, development, 6, 7, 14 Capillaries, 44, 45 290 divisions, 4, 6 endothelium, 44 eye, 350, 351 emotional, 336 Capsule hypophysis, 200, 201 evolution, 14, 15 external, 216 spinal cord, 60, 61 function, 310, 311 extreme, 216 visualization, 266 gyrencephalic, 210 internal, 174, 192, 216, 224, Blood–brain barrier, 44, 288 lissencephalic, 210 260, 261 Blood–cerebrospinal fluid bar- mantle, 208 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 76 rier, 44 olfactory, 226 Cartilage, tubular, 366 Bochdalek’s flower basket, 284 visceral, 336 Caruncle, lacrimal, 342 Body(ies) weight, 8 Catecholamines, 26, 148 amygdaloid, 174–176, 196, Brain stem, 4–12, 32, 100, 101, Cauda equina, 48, 64, 65 218, 219, 228–231, 132, 136, 180 Cave, trigeminal, 290 238, 336 divisions, 4 Cavity subnuclei, 228 histochemistry, 148–149 subarachnoidal, 346 basal, 286 Brown–Séquard’s syndrome, trigeminal, 104 cavernous, 96 68, 69 tympanic, 118, 366, 368–371 cerebellar, 152 Bulb promontory, 370 anterior lobe, 152 Krause’s end, 324 Cecum posterior lobe, 152 olfactory, 6, 12, 32, 102–104, cupular, 372 ciliary, 346, 348, 349 176, 208–214, 226, vestibular, 372 geniculate 227, 230, 231,334 pontine, 110, 132 Convolutions (-h) C 397 Cell(s) taste, 330 Cleft(s) amacrine, 352 tufted, 230 subneural, 316 anterior horn, 320 tympanic, 370 synaptic, 24 axo-axonal, 32 Center Clivus, 104 basal, 330 cardiovascular control, 146, Cochlea, 366, 372, 374, 375 basket, 156, 158, 159, 160, 147 frequency analysis, 374 236, 244 ciliospinal, 128 osseous, 372 GABAergic, 32 depressor, 146 Collaterals, Schaffer, 236 Bergmann’s glial, 158 inhibition, 146 Colliculus(i) Betz’s, 248 respiratory control, 146, 147 facial, 100, 110 Cajal–Retzius, 212, 244 semioval, 222 inferior, 100, 132, 382, 383, complex, 256 speech (Wernicke’s), 250, 384 cone cells, retina, 352–356 264 brachium, 186 endothelial, 40, 44 Central gray, 132, 134 superior, 100, 134–136, 144 Fañanás, 158 Central nervous system, 2, 3 Column(s) ganglion, 358 Cerebellum, 4–12, 32, 100, anterior, 50 geniculate, 358 152–167, 210, 222– anterolateral, 50 glitter, 42 224, 312 Burdach’s, 326 Golgi, 156, 158, 159, 160 cortex, 156–159 Clarke’s, 164 granule, 158, 159, 160, 230, tentorium, 290 color, 258 236, 242 vermis, 12, 152, 153, 162 dorsal, 50 hair Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 4, 8, Goll’s, 326 inner, 376, 377 48, 266, 282, 286 lateral, 50 outer, 376, 377 circulation, 282 ocular dominance, 258 vestibular, 380, 381 Cerebrum, 4 orientation, 258 horizontal, 352 falx, 290 posterior, 50 hypercomplex, 256 Chemoarchitectonics, 148 projection, 258 Martinotti’s, 244 Chemoreceptors, 118, 330 ventral, 50 mastoid (air), 366, 368 Chiasm, 176 vertical, 242, 243 Merkel’s touch, 322, 323 optic, 10–12, 102, 170–172, Commissure, 196 Meynert’s, 256 178, 194, 202–204, anterior, 10, 172–174, 178, mitral, 230, 334 216, 230, 358, 359 194, 216, 217, 224, nucleus, 18, 22 Choline acetyltransferase, 28 225, 230, 231, 232 periglomerular, 230 Cholinergic system, 296 epithalamic, 134, 176 phalangeal Chorda dorsalis, 4, 100 Gudden’s, 384 inner, 376 Chorda tympani, 122, 130, 368 habenular, 176 outer, 376 communicating branch, 130 of the fornix, 234 pillar Choroidea, 342, 346, 350, 354 posterior, 176 inner, 376 Cilium(a) Probst’s, 382 outer, 376 connecting, 356 supraoptic, inferior, 384 Purkinje, 156, 157, 158–160 olfactory, 334 supramamillary, 134 pyramidal, 234–236, Cingulum, 234, 262 white, 50 242–244, 248 Circle Computed tomography (CT), giant, 248 arterial, of the iris 266–268 radial glial, 212 greater, 348, 350 Conduction receptor, 334 lesser, 350 saltatory, 40 Renshaw, 52 of Willis, 272 velocity, 40 rod cells, retina, 352–356 Cisterna ambiens, 282 Cone(s) satellite, 42, 62 Cistern(s), 282 medullary, 48 scavenger, 42 cerebellomedullary, 282 retinal, 352–356 Schwann, 36–38, 40, 304 chiasmatic, 282 Conjunctiva, 342 simple, 256 interpeduncular, 282 Connective tissue, 64 stellate, 156, 158, 160, 242, marginal, 22 endoganglionic, 62 256 subarachnoid, 282 Contrast radiography, 266, 267 supporting, 330, 334, 378 Claustrum, 216–220, 224, Convergence, 362, 363 Deiters’, 376 228 Convolutions, 214 glial, of Müller, 352, 354 Clawhand, 78 Heschl’s, 180, 186, 214, 218, 254, 255 398 C Cord(s) (-l) Cord(s) sensory, 210 anterior, 372 lateral, 70, 71, 74–76 somatosensory, 252 lateral, 372 medial, 70–74, 78–80 striate, 256 posterior, 372 posterior, 70–74, 80–82 subplate, 212 uniting, 372 vocal, 117 ventricular zone, 212 utriculosaccular, 372 see also Spinal cord visual, 180, 210, 224, 246, Dura mater, 104, 290, 291 Cornea, 346, 348, 349 256–259 spinal, 64 Corona radiata, 178, 260 see also Area(s) Dynein, 28 Corpus callosum, 6, 10, Crest 170–174, 178, 208, ampullary, 372, 378, 379, 386 216–220, 222, 223, neural, 62 E 224, 260–262 Crown, ciliary, 348 development, 7 Culmen, 152 Ear, 366–387 rostrum, 262 Cuneus, 180, 214 external, 115, 366, 367 splenium, 220–224, 262 Cup, optic, 346 inner, 366, 367, 372–381 transection, 264 Cupula, 372, 378 middle, 118, 119, 366, 367, Corpus striatum, 180, 314 Cytoarchitectonics, 246 368–371 Corpuscles Cytoplasm, 22, 36 vestibule, 372 bulboid, 324 Eardrum, 366–372 Golgi–Mazzoni, 324 Embolism, 276 lamellar, 324 D Eminence Meissner’s
Recommended publications
  • A Hypothesis for the Evolution of the Upper Layers of the Neocortex Through Co-Option of the Olfactory Cortex Developmental Program

    A Hypothesis for the Evolution of the Upper Layers of the Neocortex Through Co-Option of the Olfactory Cortex Developmental Program

    HYPOTHESIS AND THEORY published: 12 May 2015 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00162 A hypothesis for the evolution of the upper layers of the neocortex through co-option of the olfactory cortex developmental program Federico Luzzati 1, 2* 1 Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy, 2 Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Orbassano, Truin, Italy The neocortex is unique to mammals and its evolutionary origin is still highly debated. The neocortex is generated by the dorsal pallium ventricular zone, a germinative domain that in reptiles give rise to the dorsal cortex. Whether this latter allocortical structure Edited by: contains homologs of all neocortical cell types it is unclear. Recently we described a Francisco Aboitiz, + + Pontificia Universidad Catolica de population of DCX /Tbr1 cells that is specifically associated with the layer II of higher Chile, Chile order areas of both the neocortex and of the more evolutionary conserved piriform Reviewed by: cortex. In a reptile similar cells are present in the layer II of the olfactory cortex and Loreta Medina, the DVR but not in the dorsal cortex. These data are consistent with the proposal that Universidad de Lleida, Spain Gordon M. Shepherd, the reptilian dorsal cortex is homologous only to the deep layers of the neocortex while Yale University School of Medicine, the upper layers are a mammalian innovation. Based on our observations we extended USA Fernando Garcia-Moreno, these ideas by hypothesizing that this innovation was obtained by co-opting a lateral University of Oxford, UK and/or ventral pallium developmental program. Interestingly, an analysis in the Allen brain *Correspondence: atlas revealed a striking similarity in gene expression between neocortical layers II/III Federico Luzzati, and piriform cortex.
  • The Structural Model: a Theory Linking Connections, Plasticity, Pathology, Development and Evolution of the Cerebral Cortex

    The Structural Model: a Theory Linking Connections, Plasticity, Pathology, Development and Evolution of the Cerebral Cortex

    Brain Structure and Function https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01841-9 REVIEW The Structural Model: a theory linking connections, plasticity, pathology, development and evolution of the cerebral cortex Miguel Ángel García‑Cabezas1 · Basilis Zikopoulos2,3 · Helen Barbas1,3 Received: 11 October 2018 / Accepted: 29 January 2019 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract The classical theory of cortical systematic variation has been independently described in reptiles, monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals, including primates, suggesting a common bauplan in the evolution of the cortex. The Structural Model is based on the systematic variation of the cortex and is a platform for advancing testable hypotheses about cortical organization and function across species, including humans. The Structural Model captures the overall laminar structure of areas by dividing the cortical architectonic continuum into discrete categories (cortical types), which can be used to test hypotheses about cortical organization. By type, the phylogenetically ancient limbic cortices—which form a ring at the base of the cerebral hemisphere—are agranular if they lack layer IV, or dysgranular if they have an incipient granular layer IV. Beyond the dysgranular areas, eulaminate type cortices have six layers. The number and laminar elaboration of eulaminate areas differ depending on species or cortical system within a species. The construct of cortical type retains the topology of the systematic variation of the cortex and forms the basis for a predictive Structural Model, which has successfully linked cortical variation to the laminar pattern and strength of cortical connections, the continuum of plasticity and stability of areas, the regularities in the distribution of classical and novel markers, and the preferential vulnerability of limbic areas to neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
  • Ontology and Nomenclature

    Ontology and Nomenclature

    TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: ONTOLOGY AND NOMENCLATURE OVERVIEW Currently no “standard” anatomical ontology is available for the description of human brain development. The main goal behind the generation of this ontology was to guide specific brain tissue sampling for transcriptome analysis (RNA sequencing) and gene expression microarray using laser microdissection (LMD), and to provide nomenclatures for reference atlases of human brain development. This ontology also aimed to cover both developing and adult human brain structures and to be mostly comparable to the nomenclatures for non- human primates. To reach these goals some structure groupings are different from what is traditionally put forth in the literature. In addition, some acronyms and structure abbreviations also differ from commonly used terms in order to provide unique identifiers across the integrated ontologies and nomenclatures. This ontology follows general developmental stages of the brain and contains both transient (e.g., subplate zone and ganglionic eminence in the forebrain) and established brain structures. The following are some important features of this ontology. First, four main branches, i.e., gray matter, white matter, ventricles and surface structures, were generated under the three major brain regions (forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain). Second, different cortical regions were named as different “cortices” or “areas” rather than “lobes” and “gyri”, due to the difference in cortical appearance between developing (smooth) and mature (gyral) human brains. Third, an additional “transient structures” branch was generated under the “gray matter” branch of the three major brain regions to guide the sampling of some important transient brain lamina and regions. Fourth, the “surface structures” branch mainly contains important brain surface landmarks such as cortical sulci and gyri as well as roots of cranial nerves.
  • The Limbic System I. Overview A. Between the Neocortex And

    The Limbic System I. Overview A. Between the Neocortex And

    The Limbic System I. Overview a. Between the neocortex and hypothalamus regulates behaviors, integrates with somatic motor output (mediates between needs of Hypothalamus and plans of Neocortex – deals with realities of the moment) b. All structures are implicated in the experience and expression of emotions c. The simplest cortex is around the ventricle, then more complex, then neocortex (see II. Organization) d. Limbic forebrain originated as means of controlling internal environment based on external chemosensory and internal hypothalamic input II. Organization a. Limbic Lobe – Cortical structures i. Allocortex (3 layers) 1. Hippocampus 2. Primary olfactory (prepyriform) cortex ii. Periallocortex (4-5 layers) 1. Entorhinal cortex 2. Perirhinal cortex 3. Proximal cingulate, orbitofrontal, and posterior parahippocampal cortex iii. Proisocortex (“almost” neocortex – 6 layers, but very weak layer4) 1. Cingulate cortex 2. Orbitofrontal cortex 3. Posterior parahippocampal cortex b. Limbic Lobe - Subcortical structures (not organized as cortex – no lamina) i. Basal forebrain ii. Amygdala c. Diencephalon i. Hypothalamus ii. Thalamus (AN, MD) iii. Epithalamus (habenula) d. Mesencephalon – Limbic Midbrain Areas (LMA): i. Ventral tegmental area ii. Central gray and tegmentum III. Sensory input a. Olfaction i. First exteroceptive input = olfactory nerve; at first was thought that cortex developed from an “olfactory cortex” ii. Olfactory information has unique assess to memory systems iii. Unique input to limbic system: 1. Olfactory bulb (2nd order neuron, 1st= olfactory receptor cells) 2. Primary olfactory cortex/amygdala/entorhinal cortex 3. Entorhinal cortex hippocampus *2nd order neuron has direct access to allocortex *no thalamic relay to get to primary cortex (fast) b. Other senses – more indirect, first extensively processed through multiple cortical areas: i.
  • Science Journals

    Science Journals

    SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE NEUROSCIENCE Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; Shaping brain structure: Genetic and phylogenetic axes exclusive licensee American Association of macroscale organization of cortical thickness for the Advancement Sofie L. Valk1,2,3*, Ting Xu4, Daniel S. Margulies4,5, Shahrzad Kharabian Masouleh1,2, of Science. No claim to 6 7 8 9 original U.S. Government Casey Paquola , Alexandros Goulas , Peter Kochunov , Jonathan Smallwood , Works. Distributed 10,11,12 6 1,2 B. T. Thomas Yeo , Boris C. Bernhardt , Simon B. Eickhoff under a Creative Commons Attribution The topology of the cerebral cortex has been proposed to provide an important source of constraint for the License 4.0 (CC BY). organization of cognition. In a sample of twins (n = 1113), we determined structural covariance of thickness to be organized along both a posterior-to-anterior and an inferior-to-superior axis. Both organizational axes were present when investigating the genetic correlation of cortical thickness, suggesting a strong genetic component in humans, and had a comparable organization in macaques, demonstrating they are phylogenetically conserved in primates. In both species, the inferior-superior dimension of cortical organization aligned with the predictions of dual-origin theory, and in humans, we found that the posterior-to-anterior axis related to a functional topography describing a continuum of functions from basic processes involved in perception and action to more abstract Downloaded from features of human cognition. Together, our study provides important insights into how functional and evolutionary patterns converge at the level of macroscale cortical structural organization. INTRODUCTION flexible human cognition (6).
  • Medial Temporal Cortices in Ex Vivo MRI

    Medial Temporal Cortices in Ex Vivo MRI

    Review The Journal of Comparative Neurology Research in Systems Neuroscience DOI 10.1002/cne.23432 Medial temporal cortices in ex vivo MRI Jean C. Augustinack 1#, André J.W. van der Kouwe 1, Bruce Fischl 1,2. 1 Athinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown MA 02129 USA 2 MIT Computer Science and AI Lab, Cambridge MA 02139 USA Correspondence should be addressed: Jean Augustinack 1 Athinoula A Martinos Center Massachusetts General Hospital Bldg. 149, 13th St. Charlestown, MA 02129 tel: 617 724-0429 fax: 617 726-7422 [email protected] Keywords: cortical localization, entorhinal cortex, verrucae, perirhinal cortex, perforant pathway Running title: Medial temporal cortices in MRI Support for the research was provided in part by the National Center for Research Resources (P41- RR14075, and the NCRR BIRN Morphometric Project BIRN002, U24 RR021382), the National Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering ( R01EB006758), the National Institute on Aging (AG28521, AG022381, 5R01AG008122-22), the National Center for Alternative Medicine (RC1 AT005728-01), the National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS052585-01, 1R21NS072652-01, 1R01NS070963), and was made possible by the resources provided by Shared Instrumentation Grants 1S10RR023401, 1S10RR019307, and 1S10RR023043. Additional support was provided by The Autism & Dyslexia Project funded by the Ellison Medical Foundation, and by the NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research (5U01-MH093765), part of the multi-institutional Human Connectome Project. This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting, pagination and proofreading process which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record.
  • The Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Systems for Emotion, Action, and Memory

    The Cingulate Cortex and Limbic Systems for Emotion, Action, and Memory

    Brain Structure and Function https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-019-01945-2 REVIEW The cingulate cortex and limbic systems for emotion, action, and memory Edmund T. Rolls1,2 Received: 19 April 2019 / Accepted: 19 August 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Evidence is provided for a new conceptualization of the connectivity and functions of the cingulate cortex in emotion, action, and memory. The anterior cingulate cortex receives information from the orbitofrontal cortex about reward and non-reward outcomes. The posterior cingulate cortex receives spatial and action-related information from parietal cortical areas. It is argued that these inputs allow the cingulate cortex to perform action–outcome learning, with outputs from the midcingulate motor area to premotor areas. In addition, because the anterior cingulate cortex connects rewards to actions, it is involved in emotion; and because the posterior cingulate cortex has outputs to the hippocampal system, it is involved in memory. These apparently multiple diferent functions of the cingulate cortex are related to the place of this proisocortical limbic region in brain connectivity. Keywords Cingulate cortex · Limbic systems · Hippocampus · Orbitofrontal cortex · Emotion · Memory · Depression Introduction: the cingulate cortex and other stream processing areas that decode ‘what’ the stimulus is limbic structures (Rolls 2014b, 2016a, 2019a, b). The hippocampus is a key structure in episodic memory with inputs from the dorsal A key area included by Broca in his limbic lobe (Broca stream cortical areas about space, action, and ‘where’ events 1878) is the cingulate cortex, which hooks around the cor- occur, as well as from the ‘what’ ventral processing stream pus callosum.
  • NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Neuroimage

    NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Neuroimage

    NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Neuroimage. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 January 01. Published in final edited form as: Neuroimage. 2013 January 1; 64C: 32–42. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.08.071. Predicting the Location of Human Perirhinal Cortex, Brodmann's area 35, from MRI $watermark-text $watermark-text $watermark-text Jean C. Augustinacka,#, Kristen E. Hubera, Allison A. Stevensa, Michelle Roya, Matthew P. Froschb, André J.W. van der Kouwea, Lawrence L. Walda, Koen Van Leemputa,f, Ann McKeec, Bruce Fischla,d,e, and The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative* aAthinoula A Martinos Center, Dept. of Radiology, MGH, 149 13th Street, Charlestown MA 02129 USA bC.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Pathology Service, MGH, 55 Fruit St., Boston MA 02115 USA cDepartment of Pathology, Boston University School of Medicine, Bedford Veterans Administration Medical Center, MA 01730 USA dMIT Computer Science and AI Lab, Cambridge MA 02139 USA eMIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge MA 02139 USA fDepartment of Informatics and Mathematical Modeling, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract The perirhinal cortex (Brodmann's area 35) is a multimodal area that is important for normal memory function. Specifically, perirhinal cortex is involved in detection of novel objects and manifests neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease very early in disease progression. We scanned ex vivo brain hemispheres at standard resolution (1 mm × 1 mm × 1 mm) to construct pial/white matter surfaces in FreeSurfer and scanned again at high resolution (120 μm × 120 μm × 120 μm) to determine cortical architectural boundaries. After labeling perirhinal area 35 in the high resolution images, we mapped the high resolution labels to the surface models to localize area 35 in fourteen cases.
  • Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. a Review

    Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. a Review

    REVIEW published: 04 October 2017 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00084 The Human Periallocortex: Layer Pattern in Presubiculum, Parasubiculum and Entorhinal Cortex. A Review Ricardo Insausti 1*, Mónica Muñoz-López 1, Ana M. Insausti 2 and Emilio Artacho-Pérula 1 1Human Neuroanatomy Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain, 2Department of Health Sciences, Physical Therapy School, Public University of Navarra, Tudela, Spain The cortical mantle is not homogeneous, so that three types of cortex can be distinguished: allocortex, periallocortex and isocortex. The main distinction among those three types is based on morphological differences, in particular the number of layers, overall organization, appearance, etc., as well as its connectivity. Additionally, in the phylogenetic scale, this classification is conserved among different mammals. The most primitive and simple cortex is the allocortex, which is characterized by the presence of three layers, with one cellular main layer; it is continued by the periallocortex, which presents six layers, although with enough differences in the layer pattern to separate three different fields: presubiculum (PrS), parasubiculum (PaS), and entorhinal cortex (EC). The closest part to the allocortex (represented by the subiculum) is the PrS, which shows outer (layers I–III) and inner (V–VI) principal layers (lamina principalis externa and lamina principalis interna), both separated by a cell poor band, parallel to the pial surface (layer IV or lamina dissecans). This layer organization is present throughout the anterior- posterior axis. The PaS continues the PrS, but its rostrocaudal extent is shorter than the PrS. The organization of the PaS shows the layer pattern more clearly than in the Edited by: PrS.
  • Mapping Human Cortical Areasin

    Mapping Human Cortical Areasin

    The Journal of Neuroscience, August 10, 2011 • 31(32):11597–11616 • 11597 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Mapping Human Cortical Areas In Vivo Based on Myelin Content as Revealed by T1- and T2-Weighted MRI Matthew F. Glasser and David C. Van Essen Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110 Noninvasively mapping the layout of cortical areas in humans is a continuing challenge for neuroscience. We present a new method of mapping cortical areas based on myelin content as revealed by T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) MRI. The method is general- izable across different 3T scanners and pulse sequences. We use the ratio of T1w/T2w image intensities to eliminate the MR-related image intensity bias and enhance the contrast to noise ratio for myelin. Data from each subject were mapped to the cortical surface and aligned across individuals using surface-based registration. The spatial gradient of the group average myelin map provides an observer- independent measure of sharp transitions in myelin content across the surface—i.e., putative cortical areal borders. We found excellent agreement between the gradients of the myelin maps and the gradients of published probabilistic cytoarchitectonically defined cortical areas that were registered to the same surface-based atlas. For other cortical regions, we used published anatomical and functional information to make putative identifications of dozens of cortical areas or candidate areas. In general, primary and early unimodal association cortices are heavily myelinated and higher, multimodal, association cortices are more lightly myelinated, but there are notable exceptions in the literature that are confirmed by our results.
  • Primate Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Where Motor Control Drive And

    Primate Anterior Cingulate Cortex: Where Motor Control Drive And

    REVIEWS PRIMATE ANTERIOR CINGULATE CORTEX: WHERE MOTOR CONTROL, DRIVE AND COGNITION INTERFACE Tomá˘sPaus Controversy surrounds the function of the anterior cingulate cortex. Recent discussions about its role in behavioural control have centred on three main issues: its involvement in motor control, its proposed role in cognition and its relationship with the arousal/drive state of the organism. I argue that the overlap of these three domains is key to distinguishing the anterior cingulate cortex from other frontal regions, placing it in a unique position to translate intentions to actions. 1 TEMPERAMENT AND The past decade saw a surge of interest in the structure sulcus, which is present in only 30–50% of individuals . CHARACTER INVENTORY and function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in The incidence1–3 and volume4 of the paracingulate sul- A self-report measure of seven human and non-human primates. Three key features cus are greater in the left hemisphere; this asymmetry basic dimensions of dominate current discussions on the role of the ACC in might be related to the involvement of the paracingu- temperament (novelty seeking, 5 harm avoidance, reward behavioural control. First, dense projections from the late region in speech . Conversely, the volume of grey dependence and persistence) ACC to the motor cortex and spinal cord seem to impli- matter buried in the anterior section of the cingulate and character (self-directedness, cate this region in motor control. Second, reciprocal cor- sulcus is greater in the right hemisphere, as compared cooperativeness and self- tico–cortical connections of the ACC with the lateral with the left4.

  • A Cortical Brain MRI Atlas Following a Phylogenetic Approach

    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.205401; this version posted July 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. PhyloBrain atlas: a cortical brain MRI atlas following a phylogenetic approach Zhernovaia M, MD. PhD1; Dadar M, PhD 2-3; Mahmoud S1. MD; Zeighami Y, PhD3; Maranzano, MD, PhD1;3. (1) Anatomy Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (2) Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, LavaL University (3) McConneL Brain Imaging Center, MontreaL NeurologicaL Institute, McGiLL University Corresponding author: Josefina Maranzano, MD, PhD. [email protected] [email protected] - University of Québec in Trois-Rivières, Department of Anatomy. PaviLLon Léon-Provancher. LocaL 3501. 3351, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada. G8Z 4M3. - McGiLL University, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, MontréaL NeurologicaL Institute. 3801 Rue University, Room WB327, MontréaL, Québec, Canada, H3A 2B4 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.205401; this version posted July 16, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. ABSTRACT CorticaL atLases constitute a consistent division of the human cortex into areas that have common structuraL as weLL as meaningful and distinctive functionaL characteristics.