Accommodation A 395

Index

Page numbers in bold indicate extensive coverage of the subject

A Aqueduct, 220 central, 274 cerebral (of Sylvius), 10, 132, cerebellar Accommodation, 362, 363 134, 282 inferior negative, 362 Arachnoidea mater, 290 anterior, 272 positive, 362 spinal, 64 posterior, 272 Acetylcholine (ACh), 26, 148, Arbor vitae, 10, 154 superior, 272 296, 316 Archicerebellum, 152 cerebral nicotinic receptor, 30, 31 , 208, 232–237,336 anterior, 272, 274, 276 Acetylcholinesterase, 28, 148 rudimentary, 336 middle, 272, 274, 276 Adaptation Archipallium, 208–210 posterior, 272, 274, 276 light–dark, 362 Architectonics, 246 choroidal near–far, 362 Area(s) anterior, 272, 274, 276 Adenohypophysis, 200 association, 210 posterior, 276 Adhesion, interthalamic, 10, auditory ciliary, 350 174 primary, 384 anterior, 350 Adrenergic system, 296 secondary, 384 posterior Agnosia, 252 Broca’s motor speech, 250, long, 350 visual, 338 251 short, 350 Agraphia, 264 cortical, 246, 247 communicating Alexia, 264 dorsocaudal, 194 anterior, 272 , 246 entorhinal, 226, 230, 234, posterior, 272, 276 Alveus, 232, 234, 236 246 frontobasal Alzheimer’s disease, 32 motor, 180, 250, 251 lateral, 274 Ampullae, membranous, 372 motosensory, 248, 250 medial, 274 Amusia, 264 of origin, 210 hyaloid, 346 Amygdala, 174, 176, 218, olfactory, 172, 176, 214, 230 hypophysial 228–231 optic integration, 256 inferior, 200, 274 subnuclei, 228 orbitofrontal, 248 superior, 200, 272, 274 Analgesia, 68 parolfactory, 336 insular, 274 Anesthesia, 74 periamygdalar, 226, 230 intercostal, 60 dissociated, 68 postcentral, 252, 253 labyrinthine, 272 Angle postremal, 44, 288, 289 lumbar, 60 iridocorneal, 348 precentral, 248, 249, 250, ophthalmic, 272, 274, 350 medial, of the eye, 342 251 paracentral, 274 Annulus, fibrocartilaginous, motor, 180 pericallosal, 274 366 prefrontal, 248 pontine, 272 Ansa premotor, 248 radicular, 60 cervical, 72 preoptic, 230 large, 60 deep, 70, 72, 112 prepiriform, 226, 230, 240 recurrent artery of Heubner, superficial, 122 projection, 246 272, 276 lenticular, 174, 192 sensorimotor, 248, 250 retinal, central, 350 subclavian, 298 sensory postcentral, 180 segmental, 60 Antrum, mastoid, 368, 370 septal, 336, 338, 339 spinal Aortic arch, 116 striate, 222, 224, 256, 358, anterior, 60 Aperture 360 posterior, 60 lateral, 100, 284 subcallosal, 214 subclavian, 116, 272 median, 100, 284 termination, 210 sulcocommissural, 60 Aphasia vestibular, 100c, 44, 272–277 temporal, 274 motor, 250 basilar, 272, 276 trabecular, 200 sensory, 250, 264 callosomarginal, 274 vertebral, 60, 272 Apparatus carotid, internal, 104, 272, spinal branches, 60 lacrimal, 342, 343 274, 275,370 vestibular, 366, 378 396 A Astrocytes (-f)

Astrocytes, 42, 43, 44, 158 lateral, 178–180, 186, 187, Bundle fibrous, 42, 43 190, 220, 258, 358– Arnold’s, 166 protoplasmic, 42, 43 360 forebrain, medial, 196 Astroglia, 42 medial, 132–134, 178–180, Meynert’s, 132, 176 Auricle, 366, 367 186, 187, 190, 384, 385 papillomacular, 354 Autonomic nervous system, 2, Herring, 204, 205 Schütz’s, 108, 110, 134, 144, 294–305 Luys’, 174, 192 196, 332 central, 294 mamillary, 10–12, 134, 144, Türck’s, 166 peripheral, 296, 302–305 170, 174, 175, 178, 194, Axolemma, 36 198, 202–204, 218, Axon(s), 18, 36 232–234, 336 C collaterals, 18 peduncle, 196 corticofugal, 162 Nissl, 18, 22, 156 Calcar avis, 256 hillock, 18 orbital fat, 342 Calyx, nerve, 380 terminals, 18, 24 pacchionian, 290 Canal(s) transport, 28 pineal, 176 Alcock’s, 96 Axoplasm, flow of, 28, 29 restiform, 100, 108, 120, 154, carotid, 104, 370 164 central, 8 subthalamic, 218 facial, 122, 370 B tigroid, 18 hypoglossal, 104, 112 trapezoid, 110, 120, 382 mandibular, 126 Balance, 366, 386 anterior nucleus, 382 musculotubal, 370 organ of, 378, 379 posterior nucleus, 382 outer ear, 366 see also Ear vitreous, 346 pterygoid, 122, 128 Band Boutons, 18, 19, 24 pudendal, 96 Baillarge’s, 242 see also Synapses Schlemm’s, 348 diagonal, of Broca, 226, 336, Brachium conjunctivum, 100, semicircular, 372 338 154, 166 lateral, 370 Giacomini’s, 226 Brachium pontis, 100, 110, 154, spiral, of the cochlea, 372 Vicq d’Azyr’s, 174, 182, 194, 166 vertebral, 48 196 Brain, 4, 6–15 Canaliculus(i) Barr body, 18 age-related atrophy, 8 ependymal, 288 Basal membrane, 62 axes, 4, 5 lacrimal, 342 Bladder, urinary, 300 Forel’s, 4 mastoid, 114 Blind spot, 350, 360 Meinert’s, 4 tympanic, 118 Blood vessels, 44, 45, 272–281, development, 6, 7, 14 Capillaries, 44, 45 290 divisions, 4, 6 endothelium, 44 eye, 350, 351 emotional, 336 Capsule hypophysis, 200, 201 evolution, 14, 15 external, 216 spinal cord, 60, 61 function, 310, 311 extreme, 216 visualization, 266 gyrencephalic, 210 internal, 174, 192, 216, 224, Blood–brain barrier, 44, 288 lissencephalic, 210 260, 261 Blood–cerebrospinal fluid bar- mantle, 208 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 76 rier, 44 olfactory, 226 Cartilage, tubular, 366 Bochdalek’s flower basket, 284 visceral, 336 Caruncle, lacrimal, 342 Body(ies) weight, 8 Catecholamines, 26, 148 amygdaloid, 174–176, 196, Brain stem, 4–12, 32, 100, 101, Cauda equina, 48, 64, 65 218, 219, 228–231, 132, 136, 180 Cave, trigeminal, 290 238, 336 divisions, 4 Cavity subnuclei, 228 histochemistry, 148–149 subarachnoidal, 346 basal, 286 Brown–Séquard’s syndrome, trigeminal, 104 cavernous, 96 68, 69 tympanic, 118, 366, 368–371 cerebellar, 152 Bulb promontory, 370 anterior lobe, 152 Krause’s end, 324 Cecum posterior lobe, 152 olfactory, 6, 12, 32, 102–104, cupular, 372 ciliary, 346, 348, 349 176, 208–214, 226, vestibular, 372 geniculate 227, 230, 231,334 pontine, 110, 132 Convolutions (-h) C 397

Cell(s) taste, 330 Cleft(s) amacrine, 352 tufted, 230 subneural, 316 anterior horn, 320 tympanic, 370 synaptic, 24 axo-axonal, 32 Center Clivus, 104 basal, 330 cardiovascular control, 146, Cochlea, 366, 372, 374, 375 basket, 156, 158, 159, 160, 147 frequency analysis, 374 236, 244 ciliospinal, 128 osseous, 372 GABAergic, 32 depressor, 146 Collaterals, Schaffer, 236 Bergmann’s glial, 158 inhibition, 146 Colliculus(i) Betz’s, 248 respiratory control, 146, 147 facial, 100, 110 Cajal–Retzius, 212, 244 semioval, 222 inferior, 100, 132, 382, 383, complex, 256 speech (Wernicke’s), 250, 384 cone cells, retina, 352–356 264 brachium, 186 endothelial, 40, 44 Central gray, 132, 134 superior, 100, 134–136, 144 Fañanás, 158 Central nervous system, 2, 3 Column(s) ganglion, 358 Cerebellum, 4–12, 32, 100, anterior, 50 geniculate, 358 152–167, 210, 222– anterolateral, 50 glitter, 42 224, 312 Burdach’s, 326 Golgi, 156, 158, 159, 160 cortex, 156–159 Clarke’s, 164 granule, 158, 159, 160, 230, tentorium, 290 color, 258 236, 242 vermis, 12, 152, 153, 162 dorsal, 50 hair Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 4, 8, Goll’s, 326 inner, 376, 377 48, 266, 282, 286 lateral, 50 outer, 376, 377 circulation, 282 ocular dominance, 258 vestibular, 380, 381 , 4 orientation, 258 horizontal, 352 falx, 290 posterior, 50 hypercomplex, 256 Chemoarchitectonics, 148 projection, 258 Martinotti’s, 244 Chemoreceptors, 118, 330 ventral, 50 mastoid (air), 366, 368 Chiasm, 176 vertical, 242, 243 Merkel’s touch, 322, 323 optic, 10–12, 102, 170–172, Commissure, 196 Meynert’s, 256 178, 194, 202–204, anterior, 10, 172–174, 178, mitral, 230, 334 216, 230, 358, 359 194, 216, 217, 224, nucleus, 18, 22 Choline acetyltransferase, 28 225, 230, 231, 232 periglomerular, 230 Cholinergic system, 296 epithalamic, 134, 176 phalangeal Chorda dorsalis, 4, 100 Gudden’s, 384 inner, 376 Chorda tympani, 122, 130, 368 habenular, 176 outer, 376 communicating branch, 130 of the fornix, 234 pillar Choroidea, 342, 346, 350, 354 posterior, 176 inner, 376 Cilium(a) Probst’s, 382 outer, 376 connecting, 356 supraoptic, inferior, 384 Purkinje, 156, 157, 158–160 olfactory, 334 supramamillary, 134 pyramidal, 234–236, Cingulum, 234, 262 white, 50 242–244, 248 Circle Computed tomography (CT), giant, 248 arterial, of the iris 266–268 radial glial, 212 greater, 348, 350 Conduction receptor, 334 lesser, 350 saltatory, 40 Renshaw, 52 of Willis, 272 velocity, 40 rod cells, retina, 352–356 Cisterna ambiens, 282 Cone(s) satellite, 42, 62 Cistern(s), 282 medullary, 48 scavenger, 42 cerebellomedullary, 282 retinal, 352–356 Schwann, 36–38, 40, 304 chiasmatic, 282 Conjunctiva, 342 simple, 256 interpeduncular, 282 Connective tissue, 64 stellate, 156, 158, 160, 242, marginal, 22 endoganglionic, 62 256 subarachnoid, 282 Contrast radiography, 266, 267 supporting, 330, 334, 378 Claustrum, 216–220, 224, Convergence, 362, 363 Deiters’, 376 228 Convolutions, 214 glial, of Müller, 352, 354 Clawhand, 78 Heschl’s, 180, 186, 214, 218, 254, 255 398 C Cord(s) (-l)

Cord(s) sensory, 210 anterior, 372 lateral, 70, 71, 74–76 somatosensory, 252 lateral, 372 medial, 70–74, 78–80 striate, 256 posterior, 372 posterior, 70–74, 80–82 subplate, 212 uniting, 372 vocal, 117 ventricular zone, 212 utriculosaccular, 372 see also Spinal cord visual, 180, 210, 224, 246, Dura mater, 104, 290, 291 Cornea, 346, 348, 349 256–259 spinal, 64 Corona radiata, 178, 260 see also Area(s) Dynein, 28 Corpus callosum, 6, 10, Crest 170–174, 178, 208, ampullary, 372, 378, 379, 386 216–220, 222, 223, neural, 62 E 224, 260–262 Crown, ciliary, 348 development, 7 Culmen, 152 Ear, 366–387 rostrum, 262 Cuneus, 180, 214 external, 115, 366, 367 splenium, 220–224, 262 Cup, optic, 346 inner, 366, 367, 372–381 transection, 264 Cupula, 372, 378 middle, 118, 119, 366, 367, Corpus striatum, 180, 314 Cytoarchitectonics, 246 368–371 Corpuscles Cytoplasm, 22, 36 vestibule, 372 bulboid, 324 Eardrum, 366–372 Golgi–Mazzoni, 324 Embolism, 276 lamellar, 324 D Eminence Meissner’s tactile, 322, 323 hypothenar, 78 Ruffini’s, 324, 325 Declive, 152 mamillary, 6 Vater–Pacini, 324, 325 Decussation medial, 100 Cortex Forel’s, 134 pyramidal, 370 activation of, 314 inferior, 134 thalamic, 188 agranular, 246, 248 medial lemnisci, 326 thenar, 76, 78 auditory, 180, 210, 254, 255, Meynert’s, 134 Encephalon, 4 384, 385 pyramidal, 58, 100, 310 Endolymph, 372 cerebellar, 156–159, 160,161 superior cerebellar peduncle, Endoneural sheath, 40 granular layer, 158 132, 166, 220 Endoneurium, 40 molecular layer, 156 superior tegmental, 134 Endoplasmic reticulum Purkinje cells, 156, 157 Dendrite(s), 18 rough, 18–22 cerebral, 10, 32 apical, 242, 243 smooth, 22 entorhinal, 226 Dendritic tree, 156, 160 Endorhachis, 64 frontal, 136 Dermatomes, 66, 67 Enlargement granular, 246, 248, 252, 254 Diaphragm cervical, 48, 54 hippocampal, 236, 237 paralysis of, 72 lumbar, 48, 54 homogenetic, 246 sellar, 290 Enophthalmos, 298 insular, 240, 241, 246 urogenital, 96 Enzyme pattern, 148 interpretative, 254 Dictyosomes, 22 Ependyma, 286, 287, 288 isogenetic, 246 Diencephalon, 4–12, 170–205, Epicanthus, 342 marginal zone, 212 222, 223 Epineurium, 40, 64 motor, 210, 246–249 Digital subtraction angiogra- Epiphysis, 10, 170, 176 orbital, 182 phy (DSA), 266, 267 cerebri, 176 orbitofrontal, 248 Disinhibition, 34 Epithalamus, 172, 176, 177 periamygdalar, 226, 228 Disk Epithelium polar, 182 ciliary, 348 neural, 352 precentral, 136, 248, 249, optic, excavation of, 350 olfactory, 102, 334, 335 250, 251, 320 prolapse, 66 plexus, 284, 286, 287 prefrontal, 248 Dopamine (DA), 26, 148, 149 Erb’s palsy, 74 premotor, 180, 182, 248 Duct(s) Evoked potentials, 162 prepiriform, 226 cochlear, 372, 374, 377 Extrapyramidal motor system, preplate, 212 endolymphatic, 372 312, 313 radial fibers, 212 nasolacrimal (tear), 342 projection pathway radial glial cells, 212 perilymphatic, 372 direct, 314 retrosplenial, 246 semicircular, 120, 366, 372, indirect, 314 378, 380 Fissure (-p) F 399

Eye, 342–363 inferior, 262 pallido-olivary, 144 chambers, 346 superior, 262 pallidosubthalamic, 192 anterior, 346, 348, 349 of Burdach, 56 parallel, 156–160 posterior, 346 of Goll, 56 pontine, transverse, 110 equator of, 346 of Spitzer, 140 projection, 260, 261 medial angle of, 342 orbitofrontal, 262 radial, 212, 242 muscles, 102, 106, 344–345 pallidohypothalamic, 196 Reissner’s, 288 nerves, 138, 139 proprii, 52, 53 reticulo-olivary, 144 oblique reticulothalamic, 146 reticuloreticular, 144 inferior, 344 retroflexus, 132 rubro-olivary, 136, 144 superior, 344, 345 rubro-olivary, 144 rubroreticular, 136 rectus strionigral, 136 secretory, 294 inferior, 344 subcallosal, 262 somatomotor, 70 lateral, 344 tegmental, anterior, 140 somatosensory, 70 medial, 344 telencephalic, medial, 196 specific, 244 superior, 344, 345 thalamic, 174, 184, 192 spinocerebellar, 162 Eyeball, 342, 346, 347 uncinate, 164, 262 strionigral, 238 movements, 344 Fiber(s), 36, 37 subthalamopallidal, 192 Eyelids, 342 amygdalofugal, 230 taste, 114, 118, 122, 128, 332, anterior margin, 342 ventral, 336 333 lower, 342 arcuate, 262 primary, 332 posterior margin, 342 internal, 108 secondary, 140, 332 upper, 342 superficial, 108 tertiary, 332 association, 242, 244, 260, unmyelinated, 38 262, 263 vestibular, 312 F centrostriate, 238 vestibulocerebellar, 162 cerebellofugal, 320 visceroefferent, 118, 122 Fascia circular, 348 visceromotor, 70, 114, 116, dentata, 232, 234 climbing, 156, 160, 161 294 lata, 90 commissural, 242, 260, 262, viscerosensory, 70, 114, 118, Fascicle 263 294, 302 lateral, 74 cortical, 312 zonular, 348 medial, 74 corticonigral, 136 see also Axon(s) longitudinal, 58 corticonuclear, 140, 141,310 Field posterior, 74 corticopontocerebellar, 162 cortical, extrapyramidal, 312 Fasciculus(i) corticostriate, 238 eye cuneatus, 56, 57, 326 cuneate, 140, 326 frontal, 250, 251, 256 dentatorubral, 134, 136 Déjérine, 140 occipital, 256 gracilis, 56, 57, 326 exteroceptive, 114 Flechsig’s oval, 56 degeneration, 58, 59 extragemmal, 330 Forel’s, 174, 192 interstitiospinal, 142, 312, γ-fibers, 318 lateral, 194 320 gracile, 326 of projection, 180 lenticular, 174, 192 heterotopic, 262 receptive, 354 longitudinal, 144 homotopic, 262 Fila olfactoria, 334 dorsal, 196 intragemmal, 330 Filament, terminal, 48, 64 inferior, 262 lens, 346 dural, 64 medial, 108–110, 132–134, meridional, 348 Fimbria, 232, 234, 236 142, 143 mossy, 158–161, 236 Fissure posterior, 108–110, 134, motor, 114–118, 122, 130 anterior median, 48, 100 144, 145,332 muscle cerebral, longitudinal, 10–12, superior, 262 extrafusal, 318 214–218, 222–226 mamillotegmental, 194, 196, intrafusal, 318 choroid, 284 336 nigropallidal, 192 lateral, 8 mamillothalamic, 174, 194, nigrostriate, 136, 238 of Sylvius, 8, 240 196 nuclear bag, 318, 319 orbital, 104 occipital, vertical, 262 nuclear chain, 318, 319 superior, 138 occipitofrontal olivocerebellar, 108, 144 palpebral, 342 400 F Fissure (-p)

Fissure of Sylvius, 216 spiral, 120, 374, 380 posterolateral, 152 popliteal, 94 stellate, 294–298 telodiencephalic, 170 primary, 152 submandibular, 130, 131 tympanomastoid, 114 pterygopalatine, 126 sympathetic trunk, 298 see also Sulcus rhomboid, 100, 101, 107, 120 terminal, 298 Flocculus, 152, 154 Fovea, central, 350, 354, 355, trigeminal, 102–104, Fold 360 122–130, 290 mallear Fundus, 350, 351 vagus nerve anterior, 368 Funiculus(i) inferior, 114 posterior, 368 anterior, 50, 100 superior, 102, 114 palpebronasal (mongolian), tracts, 56,58 vestibular, 120, 164, 380 342 cuneate, 326 Gap junctions, 26, 304 Folium(a), 152, 157 gracile, 326 Geniculum, lateral, 190 Foramen, 4 lateral, 50, 58 Genitals, 300 ethmoidal, anterior, 124 tracts, 56,58 Genu infrapiriform, 96 posterior, 50, 100, 108, 327 corpus callosum, 222, 224, interventricular, 8–10, 178, pathways, 56,57 262 278, 282, 288 Funnel, pial, 290 facial nerve intervertebral, 4, 48 external, 122 jugular, 112, 114, 118 internal, 106, 110, 122 lacerum, 122, 128 G internal capsule, 260 magnum, 64, 104 occipital, 358 mental, 126 G proteins, 30 temporal, 260, 358 of Key and Retzius, 282 Gamma-aminobutyric acid Gland(s) of Luschka, 100, 282, 284 (GABA), 26, 160 Bowman’s, 334 of Magendie, 100, 282, 284 receptors, 30 ceruminous, 366 of Monro, 8–10, 178, 278, Ganglion(a), 4 lacrimal, 124, 128, 342 282, 288 autonomic, 294 meibomian, 342 oval, 104, 126 basal, 218 olfactory, 334 round, 104, 126 celiac, 294, 296, 300 parotid, 106, 122, 130 sciatic, lesser, 96 cervical pineal, 10, 172, 176, 177, 222 stylomastoid, 122 inferior, 298 pituitary, 200 Forceps middle, 296, 298 see also Hypophysis major, 256, 262 superior, 128, 294–298 sublingual, 106, 130 minor, 262 cervicothoracic, 294, 296 submandibular, 106, 130 Forebrain, 4, 32 ciliary, 124, 128, 129, 130, tarsal, 342 Formation 362 Glia, 18, 42, 43, 158,159 hippocampal, 336 extramural, 298 Bergmann’s glial cells, 158 reticular, 32, 52, 108, 146, Gasser’s, 102, 124, 290 intrafascicular, 42 147, 182, 294, 312, 320 geniculate, 122, 332 of Fañanás, 158 pontine, 320 glossopharyngeal nerve Glial feet, perivascular, 44, 45 Fornix, 10, 32, 170–174, inferior, 118 Globus pallidus, 172–174, 192–196, 208, superior, 118 182–184, 192, 218–224, 232, 234,336 intramural, 298–303 216–218,224,312,314 conjunctival, 342 jugular, 114 see also Pallidum postcommissural, 234 mesenteric Glomerulus(i), 62, 230 precommissural, 234 inferior, 294, 296, 300 cerebellar, 158 Fossa superior, 294, 296, 300 olfactory, 334 cranial nodose, 114, 332 Glomus, carotid, 118 anterior, 104 otic, 118, 130, 131 Glutamate, 26, 32 middle, 104 parasympathetic, 128–131 receptors, 30 posterior, 104 petrosal, 118, 332 Glycine, 26 infratemporal, 126 prevertebral, 298 Goldmann’s experiments, 44, interpeduncular, 100, 102 pterygopalatine, 122, 128, 45 ischioanal, 96 129,130 Golgi complex, 22 jugular, 104, 370 semilunar, 102, 124, 290 Granulations, arachnoid, 282, lateral, 8–10, 216–220, 224, spinal, 44, 48, 49, 62, 63,294 290 240 development, 62, 63 Lamina (-s) L 401

Granules Hemiatrophy, 112 I chromatin, 22 Hemiballismus, 192 meningeal, 290 Hemidepersonalization, 252 Immunocytochemistry, 20 Gray matter, 12, 13 Hemispheres Incus, 368 intermediate, 52 cerebellar, 12, 152, 162 Indusium griseum, 208, 222, spinal cord, 50–54 cerebral, 4–10, 170, 208, 214, 232 Gyrus(i), 10, 214 215 Infundibulum, 174, 194, 200, ambient, 226 asymmetry, 264, 265 201,218 angular, 214, 220, 252, 264 dominant, 264 Inhibition cingulate, 32, 180–182, rotation, 208, 209 feed-forward, 34 214–216, 220, 336, Hiatus, diaphragmatic, 290 postsynaptic, 34 338 Hindbrain see Rhomben- recurrent, 34 isthmus, 214 cephalon “Inside-out” principle, 212 dentate, 214, 226, 232–236 Hippocampus, 32, 174, Insula, 6, 8, 208, 240, 241 ectosylvian, posterior, 384 208–210, 218–224, stimulation responses, 240, frontal 232 241 inferior, 214, 216 Histological techniques, 20 Interneurons, 18, 32, 244 middle, 214, 216 Homunculus Iris, 346, 348 superior, 214, 216 motor, 250 Iron, 148, 149 limbic, 214, 336 sensory, 252 Isocortex, 240, 242, 246 lingual, 214 Hormone occipitotemporal gonadotropic, 202 lateral, 214 luteotropic, 202 K middle, 214 thyrotropic, 202 orbital, 214 Horn Karyoplasm, 22 paracentral, 214 Ammon’s, 208, 220, 224, Kinesin, 28, 29 parahippocampal, 214, 220, 232, 233, 234, 235, Kinetosomes, 286 224–226, 232–234, 236 Kinocilia, 380 336 anterior, 50–54, 216, 224, Klumpe’s palsy, 74 paraterminal, 214, 226, 336 282, 320 Klüver–Bucy syndrome, 338 postcentral, 10, 214, 218, dorsal, 50 Koniocortex, 246, 252, 254 222, 252 frontal, 282 precentral, 10, 184, 214, 218, inferior, 232, 282 222 lateral, 52, 54 L rectus, 214 occipital, 282 semilunar, 226 posterior, 50–54, 224, 232, Labyrinth, 366, 372 supramarginal, 214, 252 282 kinetic, 380 temporal temporal, 282 membraneous, 372, 373 inferior, 214, 216 ventral, 50 osseous, 372, 373 middle, 214, 216, 254 Humor, aqueous, 346, 348 tonic, 380 superior, 214, 216 Hyperacusis, 122 Lacunae, lateral, 278, 290 transverse, 180, 186, 214, Hyperalgesia, 66 Lamina 218–220, 254, 255 Hypoesthesia, 66, 68, 74 affixa, 170, 171, 174 Hypophysial stalk, 102, basal, 40, 44 198–202 choroid, 284 H Hypophysis, 10–12, 104, 176, cribosa, 104, 354 198, 200, 201, 202 limiting Habenula(e), 170–172, 176, 177, blood vessels, 200, 201 anterior, 348 222 Hypothalamohypophysial sys- posterior, 348 Hair follicles, roots, 322 tem, 204, 205 medullary Hairs Hypothalamus, 32, 172–174, external, 178, 188 olfactory, 334 194–201, 202, 218, internal, 178, 188 organ of Corti, 376 228–230, 234, 294 membranous, 366 Hallucinations, 254 functional topography, 198, spiral Hand of oath, 76 199 bony, 374 Helicotrema, 374 oral, 144 hamulus of, 374 Hematoma, subdural, 278 limbus of, 376 secondary, 374 402 L Lamina (-t)

Lamina semilunar Metameres, 66 tectal, 10 inferior, 152, 154 Microglia, 42, 43 terminal, 6, 170 superior, 152, 154 Midbrain, 132–137, 220, 221 vascular organ, 288, 289 simple, 152, 154 see also Mesencephalon Larynx, muscles, 116 Locus caeruleus, 32, 100, 132, Mitochondria, 22 Lemniscus 146 Modiolus, 374 lateral, 110, 120, 132, 154, Loop, median, 72, 76 Motor end plate, 316, 317 190, 382 Lumbar puncture, 64, 65 Motor system nuclei, 382 Lysosomes, 22 ecotropic somatomotor, 2 medial, 108–110, 132–134, idiotropic visceromotor, 2 140, 141, 154, 190, Motor unit, 316 326–328, 332 M Muscle spindle, 318, 319, 320 spinal, 140, 328 Muscle(s) trigeminal, 140, 184, Macroglia, 42 abdominal, 86 326–328 Macula(e), 186, 350, 354, 360, oblique Lens, 342, 348, 349 378, 379, 380 external, 84, 86 accommodation, 362 adherentes, 24 internal, 84 Leptomeninx, 64, 290, 291 saccule, 372, 378, 386 transverse, 84 Ligand-gated ion channels, 30 utricle, 372, 378, 386 adductor, 90 Ligament(s) Magnetic resonance imaging great, 94 denticulate, 64 (MRI), 268, 269 long, 90 inguinal, 88 Malleus, 368 short, 90 palpebral Margin, pupillary, 348 anconeus, 82 lateral, 342 Marginal zone, 212 anus, external sphincter, 96 medial, 342 Meatus, acoustic autochthonous, 72, 84 pectinate, 348 external, 366 biceps spiral, of the cochlea, 374 internal, 104, 120, 122, 380 arm Limbic system, 336–339 Mechanoreceptors, 118 long head, 74 Line(s) Medulla oblongata, 6–12, 100, short head, 74 choroid, 170, 284 103, 106, 107, 108, thigh Gennari’s, 222, 256 109, 132, 133, 220 long head, 94 period, 36, 38 Medulla spinalis, 4 short head, 92 Lingula, 152, 154 see also Spinal cord brachial, 74 Lobe Membrane brachioradial, 82 floculonodular, 152 basilar, 374, 376 branchial arch, 102, 114 frontal, 8–12, 180–182, 214, Bowman’s, 348 bulbocavernous, 96 216–218, 222–224, Descemet’s, 348 ciliary, 106, 128, 138 248–251 limiting coccygeal, 96 occipital, 8–10, 214, external, 352 coracobrachial, 74 222–224, 256–259 glial, 42, 44 cremaster, 86 olfactory, 12 internal, 352 cricothyroid, 116 parietal, 8–10, 180, 214, 220, postsynaptic, 24 deltoid, 80 252, 253 presynaptic, 24 detrusor, 300 piriform, 210, 226 Reissner’s, 374 digastric, 122, 124, 126 temporal, 8–10, 180, 210, reticular, 376 dilator muscle of the pupil, 214, 216, 220–224, statoconic (otolithic), 378 128, 348 232, 254, 255 tectorial, 376 eye-muscles see Eye Lobotomy, prefrontal, 248 tympanic, 366 fibular, 92 Lobule secondary, 370, 374 fingers biventral, 152, 154 Meninges, 290, 291 abductor, 78 central, 152, 154 spinal, 64 extensor, 82 wing, 152, 154 Meniscus, tactile, 322 common, 82 gracile, 152 Mesaxon, 38 flexor parietal Mesencephalon, 6, 8, 100, 132, deep, 76, 78 inferior, 214 170 short, 78 superior, 214 see also Midbrain superficial, 76 quadrangular, 152, 154 , 240, 241 opposing, 78 Myotomes M 403 forearm, flexor, 76 pronator, 76 superior, 342 gastrocnemius, 94 quadrate, 76 temporal, 126 gemellus, 90 round, 76 tensor tympani, 124–126, genioglossal, 112 psoas, 86 130, 366–370 geniohyoid, 72, 112 greater, 86, 88 tensor veli palatini, 124, 126, gluteus lesser, 86 130 greatest, 90 pterygoid, 126 teres least, 90 pyramidal, 84 greater, 74 middle, 90 quadrate lesser, 80 gracilis, 90 lumbar, 86 thoracic, transverse, 84 head, long, 72 thigh, 90 thumb hypoglossal, 112 rector abductor, 78 iliac, 88 inferior, 138 long, 82 infrahyoid, 72 medial, 138 short, 76 infraspinous, 74 superior, 138 extensor intercostal, 84 rectus long, 82 lumbar, 86 abdominis, 84 short, 82 interosseous, 78, 94 capitis flexor ischiocavernous, 96 anterior, 72 long, 76 laryngeal, 116 lateral, 72 short, 76, 78 paralysis, 116 femoris, 88 opposing, 76 latissimus dorsi, 74 lateral, 138 thyrohyoid, 72, 112 levator, of the upper eyelid, rhomboid tibial 342, 344 greater, 74 anterior, 92 levator ani, 96 lesser, 74 posterior, 94 lumbrical, 76, 78, 94 sartorius, 88 toes lateral, 94 scalene abductor, 94 masseter, 126 anterior, 72 adductor, 94 masticatory, 124 medial, 72 extensor mylohyoid, 112, 124, 126 scapular, 74 long, 92 neck semimembraneous, 94 short, 92 deep, 72 semitendinous, 94 flexor long, 72 serratus long, 94 oblique anterior, 74, 84 short, 94 inferior, 138 posterior tongue, 106, 112 superior, 138 inferior, 84 trapezius, 112 obturator superior, 84 triceps, 82 external, 90 shoulder girdle, 74 vastus internal, 90 soleus, 94 intermediate, 88 omohyoid, 72 sphincter lateral, 88 orbicular, of the eye, 342 deep, 96 medial, 88 palmar, long, 76 external, 96 wrist pectineal, 88, 90 pupillary, 106, 128, 138, extensor pectoral 348 long, 82 greater, 74 stapedius, 368, 370 short, 82 lesser, 74 sternocleidomastoid, 112 ulnar, 82 perineal, transverse sternohyoid, 72 flexor deep, 96 sternothyroid, 72 radial, 76 superficial, 96 styloglossal, 112 ulnar, 78 peroneal stylohyoid, 122 Myelin sheath, 18, 36–38,62 long, 92 stylopharyngeal, 118 CNS nerves, 38, 39 short, 92 subclavius, 74 development, 38, 39 pharynx, 116 subscapular, 74 period lines, 36, 38 constrictor muscles, 116 supinator, 82 peripheral nerves, 40 piriform, 90 supraspinous, 74 ultrastructure, 36, 37 plantar, 94 tarsal Myeloarchitectonics, 246 popliteal, 94 inferior, 342 Myelography, 266 Myotomes, 66 404 N Neocerebellum

N dorsal tonsillar branches, 118 intermediate, 92 gluteal Neocerebellum, 152 lateral, 94 inferior, 90, 91 , 32, 208, 238, medial, 92 superior, 86, 90, 91 242–265 sural hypoglossal, 72, 102–104, layers, 212 lateral, 92 108, 112, 113 Neopallium, 208, 210 medial, 92, 94 arch, 112 Neorubrum, 136 depressor, 116 lingual branches, 112 Neostriatum, 238, 239, 312 digital trigon, 100, 112 Nerve cell see Neuron(s) dorsal, 82 iliohypogastric, 84, 86,96 Nerve fibers see Fiber(s) palmar ilioinguinal, 84, 86,96 Nerve(s) common, 76, 78 infraorbital, 126 abducens, 102–104, 110, 138, proper, 76, 78 infratrochlear, 124 139 plantar intercostal, 84, 85 accessory, 102–104, 112, 113 common, 94 intercostobrachial, 84, 85 external branch, 112 proper, 94 intermediate, 102, 122, 332 afferent, 2 efferent, 2 labial, posterior, 96 alveolar ethmoidal lacrimal, 124 inferior, 126, 130 anterior, 124 laryngeal superior posterior, 124 inferior, 116 anterior, 126 facial, 102–104, 110, 122, recurrent, 116 middle, 126 123, 130, 154, 332 esophageal branches, posterior, 126 buccal branches, 122 116 ampullar cervical branch, 122 tracheal branches, 116 anterior, 380 marginal mandibular superior, 114, 116 lateral, 380 branch, 122 external branch, 116 posterior, 380 paralysis, 122, 123, 370 internal branch, 116 anococcygeal, 96 temporal branches, 122 leg, interosseous, 94 arm, cutaneous zygomatic branches, 122 lingual, 122, 126, 130, 332 lateral femoral, 86, 88, 89 lumbar, 48, 49 inferior, 82 anterior cutaneous mandibular, 104, 124, 126, superior, 80 branches, 88 127,130 medial, 76, 80, 81, 84 muscular branches, 88 meningeal branch, 126 posterior, 82 femur, cutaneous motor branches, 126 auricular lateral, 86, 88, 89 masseteric, 126 greater, 70, 72 posterior, 86, 90 maxillary, 104, 124, 126, 127 posterior, 122 fibular ganglionic branches, 126, auriculotemporal, 126, 130 common, 92 128 axillary, 72, 80, 81 communicating branch, 92 meningeal branch, 126 branchial arch, 102 forearm median, 72, 74, 76, 77 motor nuclei, 106 cutaneous communicating branch, 78 buccal, 126, 130 lateral, 74 muscular branches, 76 caroticotympanic, 118 medial, 72, 80, 81 palmar branch, 76 cervical, 48, 49, 72 posterior, 82 paralysis, 76, 77 ciliary interosseous mental, 126 long, 124 anterior, 76 motor, 2 short, 128 posterior, 82 musculocutaneous, 70, 74, clitoris, dorsal nerve, 96 frontal, 124 75 cluneal genitofemoral, 84, 86,96 nasociliary, 124, 128 inferior, 90, 96 femoral branch, 86 nasopalatine, 128 medial, 84, 96 genital branch, 86 neck, transverse, 70, 72 superior, 84 glossopharyngeal, 102–104, obturator, 86, 90, 91,96 coccygeal, 48, 49 114–116, 118, 119,332 cutaneous branch, 90 cranial, 4, 12, 100, 102, 103, lingual branches, 118 deep branch, 90 112–127 pharyngeal branches, 118 superficial branch, 90 nuclei, 106, 107 stylopharyngeal branch, occipital cutaneous 118 greater, 72, 84 Neuron(s) (-c) N 405

lesser, 70, 72 cutaneous branches auricular branch, 114 third, 72 anterior, 84 celiac branches, 116 oculomotor, 102–104, 128, lateral, 84 cervical cardiac branches, 134, 138, 139 lumbar, 84, 86 116 olfactory, 102–104, 230–334 mammary branches gastric branches, 116 ophthalmic, 104, 124, 125 lateral, 84 hepatic branches, 116 tentorial branch, 124 medial, 84 meningeal branch, 114 optic, 12, 102–104, 346, 354, meningeal branch, 70 paralysis, 116, 117 355, 358–360 posterior branches, 70, 84 pharyngeal branches, palatine, 128, 130 sacral, 84, 86 114–116 pectoral thoracic, 84, 85 renal branches, 116 lateral, 74 splanchnic trigon, 100 medial, 74 greater, 294–300 vestibulocochlear, 102–106, pelvic, 296 lesser, 300 120, 121,154 penis, dorsal nerve, 96 stapedius, 122, 370 vomeronasal, 334, 335 perineal, 96 subclavius, 74 zygomatic, 124, 126 peripheral, 4, 36, 40, 41, subcostal, 84, 86 see also Ganglion(a); 70–72,100 suboccipital, 72 Nucleus(i) peroneal subscapular, 74 Nervous system common, 86, 92, 93 supraclavicular, 70, 72 autonomic, 2 deep, 92 supraorbital, 124 central, 2, 3 superficial, 92 suprascapular, 74 development, 2, 3 petrosal supratrochlear, 124 functional circuits, 2, 3 deep, 128 sural, 92, 94 parasympathetic, 2, 114 greater, 122, 128, 130 calcaneal branches peripheral, 2 lesser, 118, 130 lateral, 94 position of, 4, 5 hiatus, 122 medial, 94 somatic, 2 phrenic, 70–73 muscular branches, 94 sympathetic, 2, 50, 114 pericardiac branches, 72 temporal, deep, 126 Neural crest, 62 plantar tensor tympani, 126, 130, Neural groove, 2, 6 lateral, 94 370 Neural network, 2, 3, 35 medial, 94 tensor veli palatini muscle, Neural plate, 2, 62 pterygoid, 126 126, 130 Neural tube, 2, 6, 102 pterygopalatine, 126, 128 terminal, 334, 335 longitudinal zones, 12 pudendal, 86, 96, 97 thigh, cutaneous primary cavity, 8 muscular branches, 96 lateral, 86, 88, 89 Neurite, 18 radial, 72, 82, 83 posterior, 86, 90, 91,96 Neuroendocrine system, deep branch, 82 thoracic, 48, 49 202–205 muscular branches, 82 long, 74 Neurofibrils, 18, 19, 22 paralysis, 82, 83 thoracodorsal, 74 Neurofilaments, 22 superficial branch, 72 tibial, 86, 92, 94, 95 Neuroglia see Glia ulnar communicating motor branches, 94 Neurohypophysis, 200 branch, 82 paralysis, 94 Neurokeratin, 36 radicular, 64, 65 popliteal branch, 94 Neuronal circuit(s), 34, 35, 298, rectal, inferior, 96 trigeminal, 102–104, 110, 299, 312 saccular, 380 124–127,154 cerebellum, 160, 161 sacral, 48, 49, 96 spinal tract, 108, 110 extrapyramidal motor sys- saphenous, 88 trochlear, 102, 104, 138, 139 tem, 312, 314 cutaneous branches, 88 tympanic, 118, 370 of Papez, 336, 337 infrapatellar branch, 88 ulnar, 72, 78, 79 retina, 354, 355 scapular, dorsal, 74 deep branch, 78 Neuron(s), 18–23 sciatic, 86, 92–94 dorsal branch, 78 autonomic, 304, 305 scrotal, posterior, 96 palmar branch, 78 bipolar, 18, 352–354, 358, sensory, 2 paralysis, 78, 79 380 spinal, 4, 48, 49, 70 superficial branch, 78 catecholaminergic, 28, 29, anterior branches, 70, 84 utricular, 380 148 communicating branch, 70 vagus, 102–108, 112, 114– cholinergic, 28, 32, 33 117, 296, 332 406 N Neuron(s) (-d)

Neuron(s) anterior, 120, 382 posterior, 108 development in the cerebral posterior, 120, 382 parasympathetic, 106 cortex, 212 cranial nerves, 106, 107 paraventricular, 194, 196, dopaminergic, 32, 136 caudal, 146 204 GABAergic, 32, 34, 314 cuneate, 108, 310, 326 Perlia’s, 138 glutamatergic, 32 lateral, 164 phrenic, 52 multipolar, 18 tubercle, 100 pontine, 110 noradrenergic, 32 Darkshevich’s, 134, 176 posterolateral, 52, 54 peptidergic, 32, 146 Deiter’s, 110, 120, 386 posteromarginalis, 54 projection, 18, 244 dentate, 136, 154, 162, 320 posteromedial, 52, 54 serotoninergic, 28, 32, 148 diencephalic, 146, 180 premamillary, 194 ultrastructure, 22 dorsal, 52, 54, 56 prestitial, 134 unipolar, 18 dorsomedial, 194, 202 pretectal, 134 Neuropeptides, 26 Edinger–Westphal, 106, proprius, 52 Neuropil, 148 132–134, 138, 144, raphe, 32, 108 Neuropore, oral, 6 294 posterior, 32, 144 Neurosecretion, 202, 204 emboliform, 154, 162, 182, red, 106, 132–134, 136, 137, Neurotransmitter receptors, 320 312, 320 30, 31 entopeduncular, 172 reticular, lateral, 108, 164 ligand-gated ion channels, facial nerve, 106, 110, 122, retroposterolateral, 52, 54 30 144 Roller’s, 108 receptors coupled to G pro- fastigial, 154, 162 salivatory, 294 tein, 30 geniculate see Body, genicu- inferior, 106, 118, 130, 144 Neurotransmitters, 26–28,148, late subthalmic 314 304 globose, 154, 162, 320 superior, 106, 110, 122, pharmaceutical effects, 32 glossopharyngeal nerve, 106 130, 144 Neurotubules, 22, 28, 29 gracilis, 108, 310, 326 Schwalbe’s, 110, 120, 386 Nigrostriatal system, 136 tubercle, 100 sensory, 106 Nodes of Ranvier, 36–41 gustatory, 332 septal, 32, 176, 230, 234 Nodulus, 152, 154 habenular, 32, 144, 176, 220, solitary, 32, 106–108, 114, Norepinephrine (NE), 26, 148, 336 118, 122, 144, 148, 332 149, 296 hypoglossal, 106, 108, 112, somatomotor, 106 Notch, supraorbital, 124 144 Staderini’s, 108 Notochord, 100 inferior colliculus, 132 subthalamic, 144, 174, 192, Nucleolus, 18, 22 infundibular, 194, 202 312 Nucleus(i) integration, 184, 186 supraoptic, 194, 196, 204 abducens, 106, 110, 122, 138, intercalate, 108 tegmental 382 intermediolateral, 54, 298 anterior, 336 accessory, 52 intermediomedial, 54, 298 central, inferior, 110 spinal, 106, 112 interpeduncular, 32, 132, dorsal, 176 ambiguous, 106, 108, 144, 176, 336 pedunculopontine, 132 112–118 interstitial, 134, 176, 320 posterior, 336 anterolateral, 52, 54 lateral, 194, 228 thalamic, 174, 178–187, 230, anteromedial, 52, 54 lentiform, 218 312 arcuate, 108 magnocellular, 146 anterior, 178–180, 182, basal, 32, 174, 182, 228 medial, 194, 234 183, 188, 196, 234, 336 Bechterew’s, 120, 384 Meynert’s, 174, 182 centromedian, 180, 182, Cajal’s, 134, 176, 320 Monakow’s, 164 183, 190, 320 caudate, 136, 172–174, 182, oculomotor nerve, 106, 132– dorso-oral, 180 192, 208, 209, 134, 138, 148 dorsocaudal, 180 216–224, 238, 312 accessory, 106, 132–134, dorsointermediate, 180 cell, 18, 22 138, 144 intralaminar, 180, 182, 188 central, 228 of origin, 106 lateral, 178–180, 184, 185, centromedian, 178 of termination, 106 188–190 cerebellar, 154, 155,160 olfactory, anterior, 226, 230 dorsal, 178, 180, 184 Clarke’s, 52, 54, 56 olivary, accessory posterior, 178, 184 cochlear, 106, 382, 383 medial, 108 lateropolar, 180 Peripaleocortex P 407

medial, 178–180, 182, 183, O Paraganglia, 302 188–190, 196, 230 Paralysis, 68 nonspecific, 178, 180–187 Oligodendrocytes, 36–39, 43, brachial plexus reticular, 174, 178, 188, 190 158 lower (Klumpke’s palsy), semilunar, 190 Oligodendroglia, 42, 43 74 specific, 178–180 Olive, 100, 106–108, 136, 144, upper (Erb’s palsy), 74 ventral, 178, 180, 184–187, 154, 164, 220, 320 diaphragm, 72 188, 190 accessory, 320 facial, 140 anterior, 178, 180 superior, 110, 382 facial nerve, 122, 123, 370 intermediate, 184 Opening gluteus nerve lateral, 178–180, pharyngeal, 366 inferior, 90 184–188, 320 tympanic, 366 superior, 90 posterior, 178–180, Operculum(a), 8, 240 levator muscle of the velum 184–186, 190, 326– frontal, 240 palatinum, 116 328, 332 parietal, 240 median nerve, 76, 77 posterolateral, 184 temporal, 224, 240 obturator nerve, 90 posteromedial, 184 Ora serrata, 346, 350, 354 radial nerve, 82, 83 ventro-oral, 180 Orbit, 342, 343 recurrent laryngeal, 116 ventrocaudal, 180 Organ(s) tibial nerve, 94 ventrointermediate, 180 acoustic, 366 ulnar nerve, 78, 79 ventrolateral, 178 see also Ear vagus nerve, 116, 117 thoracic, posterior, 54, 164 circumventricular, 288, 289 Paraphysis, 288 trapezoid, 120, 186 gustatory, 330–333 Paraplegia, 68 anterior, 110 Jacobson’s, 334 Parasympathetic nervous sys- posterior, 110 of balance, 378, 379 tem, 2, 114, 294, 296 trigeminal nerve, 110 of Corti, 120, 374, 376, 377 Parkinson’s disease, 192, 314 internuclear connections, olfactory, 334, 335 Pathway(s) 142 sensory, cutaneous, 322–325 auditory, 382–385 mesencephalic, 106, 124, spiral, 376 common terminal motor, 132–134 subcommissural, 288 320, 321 motor, 106, 110, 124, 144 subfornical, 288, 289 vestibular, 386, 387 pontine, 106, 110, 124 tendon, 316, 317 visual, 358–361 spinal, 106–110, 114, 124, vascular, of the terminal see also Tract(s) 125, 328 lamina, 288, 289 Peduncle(s) trochlear nerve, 106, 132, vomeronasal, 334 cerebellar, 100, 154, 155 138 Ossicles, auditory, 366, 368, inferior, 100, 108, 120, 154, tuberal, 196 369 164 tuberomamillary, 194 Otoliths, 378 medial, 100, 110, 154, 166 vagus nerve Oxytocin, 204 superior, 100, 136, 154, dorsal, 106, 294 166, 182–184, 220 motor, 106 cerebral, 100, 132–134, 166, posterior, 108, 114–117, P 220, 260 144, 148 inferior colliculi, 384 ventromedial, 194, 196, 202 Pachymeninx, 64, 290 mamillary body, 196, 336 vestibular, 106–110, Paleocerebellum, 152 septum pellucidum, 216 160–164, 312, 320, , 208, 216, 226, 227 thalamic 386, 387 Paleopallium, 208, 210 anterior, 260 inferior, 120, 386 Paleorubrum, 136 dorsal, 260 lateral, 110, 120, 386 Pallidum, 136, 144, 172, 312 posterior, 260 medial, 108–110, 120, 386 Pallium, 208 , 246, 336 superior, 120, 386 Papilla(e) Perifovea, 354 visceromotor, 106 foliate, 330 Perikaryon, 18 fungiform, 330 Perilymph, 372 optic nerve, 350, 354, 355, Perineurium, 40, 64, 324 360 Periorbita, 342 vallate, 330, 331 Periosteum, 342 Paraflocculus, 152 Peripaleocortex, 246 408 P Peripheral nervous system

Peripheral nervous system, 2 prostatic, 300 thalamic, 179 Pharynx, 114, 115, 118, 119 pulmonary, 116, 298 anterior, 178 constrictor muscles, 116 renal, 116 inferior, 178 Phillippe–Gombault triangle, sacral, 86, 90–96 posterior, 178 56 submucous, 302, 303 superior, 178 Photoreceptors, 356, 357,358 tympanic, 118, 370 Radiography, 266, 267 Pia mater, 290 uterovaginal, 300 Radix spinal, 64 venous cochlearis, 374, 380, 382 Pigment architectonics, 246 epidural, 60 vestibularis, 380, 386 Pinealocytes, 176, 177 internal vertebral, 64 Raphe, 108 Pinna, 366 visceral, 300 Recess Placodes, lens, 346 Point, lacrimal, 342 epitympanic, 366 Plagiocephaly, 112 Pole infundibular, 200, 282 Plasticity, 308 frontal, 214 lateral, 100, 282 Plate occipital, 214 optic, 282 alar, 4, 12, 50, 102, 132 temporal, 214 pineal, 176, 282 basal, 4, 12, 50, 102, 132 Pons, 6–12, 100, 110, 111, 132, preoptic, 172 commissural, 6 133, 136, 220, 221, 320 superior, of the tympanic cortical, 212, 246 Pontocerebellum, 152 membrane, 368 motor end plate, 316, 317 Positron emission tomography suprapineal, 282 neural, 2, 62 (PET), 266, 268, 269 Redlich–Obersteiner zone, 62, quadrigeminal, 10, 100, 132, Pouch, Prussak’s, 368 63 170 Precentral area (neocortex), Reelin, 212 tarsal, 342 180, 248 Reflex, 50 tectal, 100, 154 Preplate, 212 accommodation, 362 Platysma, 122 Precuneus, 214 corneal, 142 Plexus, 70 Process(es) fixation, 362 aortic, abdominal, 300 ciliary, 348 lacrimal, 142 Auerbach’s, 302 cochleariform, 370 ocular, 362, 363 brachial, 4, 70, 71, 74–83 neuronal, 12, 286 oculocardial, 142 infraclavicular part, 70, phalangeal, 376 pharyngeal, 142 74–83 Proisocortex, 246 pupillary, 140, 362, 363 paralysis, 74 Prosencephalon, 4, 6, 170 sneezing, 142 supraclavicular part, 70, Psalterium, 234 stretch, 50, 51, 318 74, 75 Ptosis, 298 withdrawal, 50, 51 cardiac, 116, 298 Pulvinar, 134, 178–180, 186, Reflex arcs, 50, 51 carotid, internal, 298 190 monosynaptic, 50, 51 celiac, 116 Punctum nervosum, 72 multisynaptic, 50, 51 cervical, 70, 71, 72, 73 Pupil, 128, 346 Region choroid, 10, 44, 102, 170, 174, Putamen, 136, 172–174, 182, central, 214, 320 222, 232, 282, 192, 208, 209, 216– olfactory, 334 284–287, 288 220, 224, 238, 312 paranodal, 38 coccygeal, 96 Pyramids, 100, 132, 140, 152, preoptic, 176, 194, 196 dental, superior, 126 220 pretectal, 134, 135 enteric, 302 Reticulum trabeculare, 348 esophageal, 116 Retina, 346, 350, 352–355, 360 hepatic, 116 R cerebral layer, 352 hypogastric, 294 ciliary part, 348, 354 inferior, 296, 300 Radial fibers, 212 ganglionic layer, 352 superior, 296, 300 Radial glial cells, 212 iridial part, 348, 354 intramural, 302, 303 Radiation neuroepithelial layer, 352 lumbar, 84, 86–90 acoustic, 254, 260, 384 optic part, 354 lumbosacral, 4, 86, 87 corpus callosum, 262, 263 Rhinencephalon, 208, 210, 226 Meissner’s, 302 occipitothalamic, 186 Rhodopsin, 356 myenteric, 302 optic (of Gratiolet), 256, 260, Rhombencephalon, 100, 170 parotid, 122 261, 358 Ribosomes, 22 pharyngeal, 114, 118 central, 186, 190 Rods, retinal, 352–356 Substance (-r) S 409

Root(s) Sensory systems, 322–335 structure, 50 anterior, 48, 70 Septum(a), 144 syndromes, 68 cochlear, 106, 120, 121 posterior, 50 central injury, 68, 69 cranial, 102, 112 Septum pellucidum, 10, 172, hemisection, 68, 69 dorsal, 48 216, 222 transection, 68, 69 inferior, 72, 112 cave of, 172 Spinocerebellum, 152 lateral, 358 Serotonin (5-HT), 26, 148 Spiny neurons, 314 medial, 358 receptor, 30 Stain, 18 motor, 102, 124 Sheath Golgi’s method, 18, 19, 20 parasympathetic, 128, 130 arachnoid, 354 Nissl’s method, 18, 19, 20 posterior, 48, 62, 63,70 bulbar, 342 Stapes, 368, 370 pain, 66 dural, 354 Statocones, 378 sensorimotor, 130 pial, 354 teppage gait, 92 sensory, 124, 128 see also Myelin sheath Stereocilia, 380 spinal, 102, 112 Signal transmission, 304 Stimuli superior, 72, 112 Single-photon emission com- exteroceptive, 2 sympathetic, 128, 130 puted tomography proprioceptive, 2 trigeminal, terminal, 114 (SPECT), 266, 268, 269 Stratum ventral, 48 Sinus(es) cerebral, 346 vestibular, 106, 120, 121, 380 carotid, 118 lacunosum-moleculare, 236 viscerosensory branch, 118 lemnisci, 134 cavernous, 104 oriens, 236 S confluence of, 104, 278 pigmented, 346 dura mater, 290 pyramidale, 236 Sac petrosal, superior, 278 radiatum, 236 dural, 64 sagittal Stria(e) endolymphatic, 372 inferior, 278 acoustic, posterior, 120, 382 lacrimal (tear), 342 superior, 278, 290 longitudinal, 234 Saccule, 120, 366, 372, 378 straight, 278 lateral, 222, 232 Scala transverse, 104, 278, 290 medial (of Lancisi), 222, media, 372, 374 venous, of the sclera, 348 232 tympani, 372, 374 Skin, 322 mallear, 366 vestibuli, 372, 374 encapsulated end organs, medullary, 100, 120, 164, Schizophasia, 264 322–325 174, 176 Schmidt–Lanterman incisures, free nerve endings, 322, 323 olfactory, 12, 102, 214 36, 37, 40 innervation, 72–95, 124–127, lateral, 172, 226, 230, 231 Sclera, 342, 346, 354 300, 301 medial, 226, 230 Sclerotomes, 66 Skull base, 104, 105 terminal, 176, 196, 230, 336 Segment Somatic nervous system, 2 vascular, 376 interannular, 36 Somatotopic organization, 162, Striatum, 32, 136, 144, 208, internodal, 36 163 216–218, 224, 225, Segmentation, 66 Space(s) 314, 320 Sella turcica, 104 cerebrospinal fluid, 282–289 blood supply, 277 Sensation external, 282 Stroma, 348 loss of, 68 internal, 282 Subiculum, 234 pain, 56, 66, 328, 329 epidural, 64 Subplate, 212 pressure, 56, 328 Meckel’s, 290 Substance taste, 330, 331 Nuel’s, 376 gelatinous, 52, 54, 310 temperature, 56, 66, 328 perichoroidal, 350 intermediate touch, 56, 322, 326–328 perinuclear, 22 central, 50 Sensibility perivascular, 44 lateral, 54 disk prolapse and, 66 subarachnoid, 64, 290, 291 Nissl, 18 epicritic, 56, 62, 68, 124, 140, subdural, 64, 290 perforated 326, 327 Spinal cord, 4, 8, 12, 48, 50–69 anterior, 12, 102, 172, 176, exteroceptive, 2, 56, 106, 140 blood vessels, 60, 61 214, 226, 227, 230 proprioceptive, 2, 56 cross sections, 54, 55 posterior, 100 protopathic, 56, 62, 68, 124, intrinsic system, 52 Rolando’s, 52, 54 140, 328, 329 410 S Substantia (-a)

Substantia excitatory, 24 bulbothalamic, 140 alba, 12, 50 glomerulus-like complexes, cerebellar, anterior, 154 grisea, 12, 52, 312 26 cerebelloreticular, 167 innominata, 174, 182 inhibitory, 24 cerebellorubral, 167, 312 nigra, 32, 50, 132–134, 136, invaginated, 356 cerebellothalamic, 167 137, 174, 192, 218–220 parallel contact, 26, 27 cerebellovestibular, 164 compact part, 136 spinous, 26, 27, 156 comma tract of Schultze, 56 reticular part, 136 symmetric, 24 corticopontine, 167, 320 spongiosa, 52 Synaptic transmission, 30, 31 corticorubral, 136 Subthalamus, 172, 174, 192, 193 corticospinal, 58, 59, 140, Succinate dehydrogenase, 148, 141, 246, 260, 310, 149 T 311, 320 Sulcus(i), 10, 214 anterior, 58, 59, 310 anterolateral, 100 Taenia, 284, 285 lateral, 58, 59, 310 calcarine, 214, 222, 256 choroidea, 284 corticotectal, 134 central, 214, 218, 222 fornicis, 284 cuneocerebellar, 162, 164 insula, 240 thalami, 284 descending, 58, 59 cerebral, lateral, 240 Tapetum, 256 extrapyramidal, 58 circular, 240 Tarsus Flechsig’s, 56, 164 collateral, 214 inferior, 342 frontopontine, 166, 260 fimbriodentate, 234 superior, 342 geniculocalcarine, 190 frontal Taste buds, 330–333 Gowers’, 56, 166 inferior, 214, 216 Tectum, 132, 222, 224 habenulointerpeduncular, superior, 214, 216 Tegmentum, 108, 110, 132, 146 132, 176 hippocampal, 214, 232, 234 Tela choroidea, 170, 284, 285 habenulopeduncular, 336 intraparietal, 214 Telencephalization, 14 habenulotectal, 176 lateral, 8–10, 214–220, 224 Telencephalon, 4, 6, 12, 170, habenulotegmental, 176, 336 posterior, 50 208–269 hypothalamohypophysial, median, 100 evolution, 14, 210, 211 202 occipital, transverse, 214 Telodiencephalic boundary, interstitiospinal, 312 occipitotemporal, 214 170, 171 Lissauer’s, 52, 54, 56, 328 of Sylvius, 10, 214 Teloglia, 316 mamillothalamic, 182, 192 olfactory, 214 Tendon, common annular, 344 mesencephalic, 124 parieto-occipital, 214 Tetraplegia, 68 nucleocerebellar, 164, 165 postcentral, 214 Thalamus, 32, 170, 174, 178, olfactory, 12, 102, 214–217, posterior median, 48, 100 218–224, 314 226, 230 posterolateral, 100 blood supply, 276, 277 olivocerebellar, 108, 164, 165 precentral, 214 caudal, 190, 191 optic, 102, 174, 178, 186, 190, spiral dorsal, 172, 178, 179 218, 228, 232, external, 376 medullary layers, 174 358–361 internal, 376 posterior, 136 pallidorubral, 136 telodiencephalic, 6 rostral, 188, 189 paraventriculohypophysial, temporal Thermoanesthesia, 68 204 inferior, 214, 216 Tissue culture, 20 parependymal, 58 superior, 214, 216 Tongue, 112, 115, 118, 119, 123, pontocerebellar, 166, 167 see also Fissure 126, 127, 331–333 posterolateral, 52–56 Sympathetic nervous system, Tonotopic organization, pyramidal, 58, 59, 108–110, 2, 50,114, 294, 296 382–385 140, 248, 310, 320 Synapse(s), 24–27 Tonsilla(e), 152, 154 reticulocerebellar, 164, 165 asymmetric, 24 Tracers, 20 reticulospinal, 146, 166, 312, axo-axonal, 24, 304 Tract(s) 320 axodendritic, 24 aberrant anterior, 58 axosomatic, 24 mesencephalic, 140 lateral, 58 axospinous, 24 pontine, 140 rubroreticulospinal, 320 chemical, 26 arcuatocerebellar, 108, 164, rubrospinal, 58, 136, 312 complex, 26, 27 165 solitary, 108, 114, 118 electrical, 26 ascending, 56, 57 spinal, 124 Yellow Spot Y 411

spino-olivary, 56, 164 median eminence, 200 transcerebral, 280 spinocerebellar, 108, 163, Tubercle Trolard’s, 278 320 gray, 44, 144 vorticose, 350 anterior, 56, 57, 162–167 olfactory, 226 Velum posterior, 56, 57, 162, 164, Tuberoinfundibular system, medullary 165 202, 203 inferior, 100, 154 spinoreticular, 328 Tunnel superior, 100, 154 spinotectal, 56, 140 inner, 376 palatinum, 117 spinothalamic, 108–110, 140, outer, 376 levator muscle, 116, 130 329 paralysis, 116 anterior, 56, 57, 140, 328 tensor muscle, 124, 126, lateral, 56, 57, 140, 328 U 130 spiral, foraminous, 120, 380 Ventricle(s), 209, 282, 283 supraopticohypophysial, Ultrasound, 266 fourth, 8–10, 100, 108, 220, 204, 205 Uncus, 214, 226 282, 284, 285 tectorubral, 136 Utricle, 120, 366, 372, 378 lateral, 8, 172, 208, 216, 220, tectospinal, 58 Uvea, 346 222, 223, 224–226, tegmental, central, 108–110, Uvula, 152, 154 282, 284, 285 136, 144, 145,154, optic, 346 164, 312, 320 third, 8, 172, 208, 282 tegmentospinal, 58 V Ventricular zone, 212 temporopontine, 166, 260 Vermis, cerebellum, 12, 152, tuberoinfundibular, 202 Vallecula, cerebellum, 152, 154 153, 162 vegetative, 58 Varicosities, 304 Vesicle(s) vestibulocerebellar, 163, 164, Vasocorona, 60 Golgi, 22 165 Vasopressin, 204 granular, 26 vestibulospinal, 56–58, 120, Vein(s), 278–281 lens, 346 164–166, 312, 320, anastomotic olfactory, 334 386 inferior, 278 optic, 6, 346 visualization of, 58 superior, 278 synaptic, 24–27, 316 see also Pathway(s) basal, 278, 280, 281 telencephalic, 6 Transport Browning’s, 278 Vestibular apparatus, 120 anterograde, 20, 21, 28 central, 278 Vestibulocerebellum, 152 axonal, 28, 29 of the retina, 350 Virchow-Robin space, 44 retrograde, 20, 21, 28 cerebral Trendelenburg’s symptom, 90 anterior, 280 Trigone, olfactory, 12, 226 deep, 278, 278, 279 W Trochlea, 344 great (of Galen), 278, 280 Trunk inferior, 278 Wall, labyrinthic, 370 encephalic, 4, 6, 100 internal, 278, 280 White matter, 12, 13, 260 inferior, 70, 74 middle, 278, 280 spinal cord, 50, 54 lumbosacral, 86, 90 superficial, 278, 280 Window medial, 70, 74 superior, 278 oval (vestibular), 368–372 superior, 70, 74 choroid, 280 round (cochlear), 368–372 sympathetic, 294, 296, inferior, 280 Wristdrop, 82 298–301 superior, 280 vagal ciliary, posterior, 350 anterior, 116 interpendicular, 280 Y posterior, 116 jugular, 370 Tube internal, 104 Yellow spot, 350 auditory (eustachian), 118, Labbé’s, 278 366, 368 Rosenthal’s, 278 neural, 2, 6, 102 septum pellucidum, 278, 280 longitudinal zones, 12 spinal, 60 primary cavity, 8 anterior, 60 Tuber posterior, 60 cinereum, 170, 174, 175,194, thalamostriate (terminal), 195 170, 174, 278, 280 412 Z Zona incerta

Z Head’s, 300 trophotropic, 198 intermediate, 162 visceromotor, 102 Zona incerta, 144, 174, 192 longitudinal, 12 viscerosensory, 102 Zone(s) maximum, 74 Zonulae, 24 autonomic, 74 neurohemal, 200 adherentes, 286 border, 246 of apposition, 24 occludentes, 40, 44, 286 ciliary, 348 Redlich–Obersteiner, 62, 63 dynamogenic (ergotropic), somatomotor, 102 198 somatosensory, 102