DOCSLIB.ORG

Position Location for Futuristic Cellular Communications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Position Location for Futuristic Cellular Communications O. Kanhere and T. S. Rappaport, “Position Location for Futuristic Cellular Communications - 5G and Beyond,” in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 70-75, January 2021. Position Location for Futuristic Cellular Communications - 5G and Beyond Ojas Kanhere and Theodore S. Rappaport NYU WIRELESS NYU Tandon School of Engineering Brooklyn, NY 11201 {ojask, tsr}@nyu.edu Abstract—With vast mmWave spectrum and narrow of geo-tagged Wi-Fi hotspots have been used by beam antenna technology, precise position location is companies such as Apple and Google. The UE now possible in 5G and future mobile communication may be localized using the known positions of all systems. In this article, we describe how centimeter- level localization accuracy can be achieved, particularly Wi-Fi hotspots that the UE can hear, where the through the use of map-based techniques. We show how UE position estimate is formed from the weighted data fusion of parallel information streams, machine average of the received signal strengths, providing learning, and cooperative localization techniques further an accuracy of tens of meters. Although FCC improve positioning accuracy. requirements specify a horizontal localization error of less than 50 m for 80 percent of enhanced I. INTRODUCTION 911 (E911) callers, a localization error less than Precise position location (also called position- 3 m will be required for positioning applications ing or localization) is a key application for the of the future. Additionally, FCC requires a vertical fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications localization error less than 3 m for 80 percent of and beyond, wherein the position of objects is E911 callers by April 2021, to identify the caller’s determined to within centimeters. With the rapid floor level, which is achievable using barometric adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, a pressure sensors present in modern cell phones (see variety of new applications that require centimeter- FCC’s Fifth Report and Order PS Docket 07-114.). level precise positioning shall emerge, such as In addition to infrastructure-based positioning automated factories that require precise knowledge systems, other sensor-based technologies such as of machinery and product locations to within cen- vision-based localization using cameras (commonly timeters. Geofencing is the creation of a virtual utilized by drones [1]) can provide accurate posi- geographic boundary surrounding a region of in- tioning capabilities when fused with inertial sen- terest to monitor people, objects, or vehicles, and sors. However, in low-visibility environments, lo- by using sensors on a moving object, the location calization systems at cellular frequencies work bet- of the object may be continually and adaptively ter since they are not blocked when visibility is “geofenced” to trigger a software notification im- hampered. Ultrasound indoor positioning systems mediately when the object enters or leaves the such as Forkbeard are able to achieve a preci- virtual geographic boundary. Position location to sion level of 10 cm within an office environment. arXiv:2102.12074v1 [cs.IT] 24 Feb 2021 within 1-2 m will enable accurate geofencing, such Autonomous vehicles utilize light detection and that users entering/leaving a room or equipment and ranging (LIDAR) to estimate the relative distances people may be tracked in hospitals, factories, within to other vehicles with sub-millimeter accuracy [2], and outside buildings. while factory-based systems using infrared have Today’s fourth generation (4G) cellular networks shown good accuracy [3]. rely on LTE signaling and the global positioning Position location solutions are being developed system (GPS) (which is accurate to within 5 m). using other media such as ultra wideband (UWB), However, in indoor obstructed environments, or in RFID, visible light, and Bluetooth. UWB signals, in underground parking areas and urban canyons, GPS the 3.1-10.6 GHz band, have a bandwidth of more signals are attenuated and reflected such that user than 500 MHz. Rapid strides in utilizing UWB equipment (UE) cannot be accurately localized. for localization are expected, with the iPhone 11 To further refine the positioning capabilities of currently carrying UWB chips that are typically GPS indoors and in urban canyons, SnapTrack capable of achieving a ranging accuracy on the “wireless assisted GPS” (WAG) improved the sen- order of centimeters [4]. sitivity of GPS receivers. Additionally, databases The advent of millimeter-wave (mmWave) com- munications enables a paradigm shift in localization capabilities by allowing joint communication and position location, utilizing the same infrastructure. As shown in this article, the massive bandwidths, coupled with the high gain directional, steerable Δ = − multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas 2 1 hyperbola at mmWave frequencies, enable unprecedented lo- calization accuracy in smartphones of the future. circle BS 1 We demonstrate how the utilization of cooperative BS 2 (x1,y1) (x2,y2) d2 ,2 localization, machine learning, user tracking, and d 1 ,3 multipath enables precise centimeter-level position 1 location. d3 Δ 1 − 3 UE (x,y) BS 3 II. FUNDAMENTAL LOCALIZATION (x3,y3) TECHNIQUES Fig. 1. The UE may be localized based on ToA (black circles), Today’s localization solutions primarily focus on TDoA (red hyperbola), or AoA (black dotted lines) localization geometric localization with augmented assistance, techniques [5]. wherein the position of the base station (BS) is known and the UE location is determined based on geometric constraints such as the BS-UE distances The short wavelength in the mmWave frequency and physical angular orientations between BS and band allows electrically large (but physically small) UE. antenna arrays to be deployed at both the UE and In angle of arrival (AoA) localization technique, BS. MmWave BS antenna arrays with 256 antenna the UE estimates the angle of the strongest re- elements and 32-element mobile antenna arrays ceived signal. AoA positioning was conceived for are already commercially available. The frequency- E911 in the early days of cellular [5]. In time independent half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of a of arrival (ToA) (or time difference of arrival, uniform rectangular array (URA) antenna with TDoA) localization techniques, the UE estimates half-wavelength element spacing is approximately the distance (or difference in distance) from the (102/N)°, where N is the number of antenna ele- BS by estimating travel time (or differences in ments in each linear dimension of the planar array travel time) of the reference signal from the BS. [8], as seen in Fig. 2. The UE may then be localized to the point where Narrower HPBWs of antenna arrays allow the the circles (or hyperbolas) corresponding to the AoA of received signals to be estimated precisely, BS-UE distances intersect. A spatial resolution of and further signal processing provides better accu- up to 2.44 m and 4.88 m is achievable with 5G racy. For example, the sum-and-difference for an New Radio (NR) waveforms for ToA and TDoA infrared system technique achieved sub-degree an- measurements, respectively [6]. In addition to uti- gular resolution with two overlapping and slightly lizing GPS for UE localization, 4G (and future 5G) offset antenna arrays [3], showing it is possible to networks implement TDoA localization and utilize very accurately detect precise AoA at UEs or BSs. the barometric pressure sensors in UE for altitude Although mmWave frequencies suffer from estimation [1]. The operation of AoA, ToA, and higher path loss in the first meter of propagation TDoA localization techniques is illustrated in Fig. and experience greater blockage losses compared 1 and is well understood. to lower frequencies, the greater gain provided by the directional antennas coupled with smaller A. Accurate Localization in 5G Networks with Di- serving cells (100-200 m radius) compensates for rectional Antenna Arrays and Wide Bandwidths the additional path loss. Indeed, recent research [9] In the 5G era, it is now possible to achieve very demonstrates the feasibility of using mmWave for accurate localization performance with highly di- outdoor localization. rectional antenna arrays having narrow beamwidths Utilization of mmWave frequency bands will and wide bandwidths [7]. The frequency range (FR) enable unprecedented positioning accuracy due to 2 of 5G NR covers mmWave frequencies ranging the ultra-wide bandwidths available, since the larger from 24.25 GHz to 52.6 GHz. Additionally, the bandwidths allow finer time resolution of multipath IEEE 802.11 ad standard supports the use of the signals transmitted from the BS to the UE, on the 60 GHz mmWave band indoors, from 57 GHz to order of a nanosecond, where a 1 ns time resolution 71 GHz. implies a spatial resolution of 30 cm before addi- more than 5° when the UE was moved by 5 cm, the signal was assumed to correspond to an NLoS path and thus discarded from use in estimating position. By suppressing NLoS multipath and only using the LoS path, a median localization accuracy of 23 cm was achieved with six 2.4 GHz WiFi access points [11]. Estimating the BS-UE distance, a critical step for ToA localization, may additionally be utilized to determine whether the BS-UE link is in NLoS. The running variance of the BS-UE distance estimates Fig. 2. The normalized antenna gain (with respect to boresight - 2 the axis of maximum gain) of URAs with 8×8, 16×16, 32×32, and (σ ) in NLoS is greater than LoS; hence, NLoS BS- 64×64 array elements. Note the half power beamwidths (HPBWs) UE links may be identified based on the running are 12.76°, 6.34°, 3.17°, and 1.55° respectively. variance observed in real time. The UE can accu- rately be assumed to be in NLoS (and the UE-BS link is not used for localization) when σ2 is greater tional processing that can further improve accuracy. than a calibrated threshold γ [12]. The variance of distance estimates is greater for a mobile user B.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1G 2G 3G LTE 4G What's Next
    What’s Next in the Cellular Evolution & How to Leverage it for New Business As you will come to see, this goal can 2006 only be accomplished by phasing out 3G and reallocating the extra bandwidth to 4G LTE. This task can only be described 2001 as daunting and challenging from not just 2018 our security perspective, but more so from theirs. 1989 Looking for more proof? First, because of demand it is necessary to upgrade all cellular networks on a regular basis. Two 2002 billion people on the planet use cellphones, according to James Katz, professor of com- munication at Rutgers University. In fact, as of 2011 there were more cellphone sub- 1999 scribers in the United States than people, ac- LTE cording to a study, underwritten by CTIA, a trade association representing the wireless 1983 1G 2G 3G 4G communications industry in the U.S., as re- ported by Bridget Kelly, author of “What Is Courtesy of Napco StarLink the Role of the Cell Phone in Communica- tion Today?” Ride the New Wave in Cellular for New RMR Society at large is becoming more mo- bile-oriented because of convenience, busi- There’s undeniably a lot of upside system control, remote video monitoring or ness and personal lifestyles. According to for savvy installing security contractors long-distance doorbells. We as an industry market research firm Statista of New York and fire/life-safety professionals whose are on the small screen to the tune of brand City, the number of smartphone users is billable offerings keep pace with the new relevance and new recurring revenue.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Wireless Communications (Key Milestones in the Development of Wireless Communications Are Listed)
    Lect4: History of Wireless Communications (key milestones in the development of wireless communications are listed) Dr. Yazid Khattabi Communication Systems Course EE Department University of Jordan 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 1 History of wireless communications Terrestrial fixed links (telephone services) ~ 1940s. Satellite intercontinental links ~1960s. Cellular mobile communications: The fastest growing industry. 1G, 2G. 2.5G, 3G, 3.9G, 4G,5G Number of subscribers increasing rapidly Financial investment More developments address challenges understanding the wireless channel characteristics 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 2 History of wireless communications . 1820: Oersted demonstrated that an electric current produces a magnetic field. 1831: Faraday showed that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. 1837: Samuel Morse invented Telegraph (not wireless). 1864: From that Maxwell predicted EM radiation existence. Formulated the basic theory of electromagnetics (which is basis of wireless comm.) [41]. 1876: Alexander Bell Invention of the telephone (not wireless). 1887: Hertz verified Maxwell’s theory experimentally. 1894: coherer invented by Lodge: a sensitive device that detects radio signals and was used to demonstrate wireless communication at a 150 yards distance. 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 4 History of wireless communications . 1895: Marconi has demonstrated first radio signal transmission ~ 2 km. • 1897: Marconi patented a radio telegraph system and founded the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company [42,43]. He demonstrated mobile wireless communication to ships. • 1898: Marconi experiments with a land ‘mobile’ radio system (LMR) – the apparatus is the size of a bus with a 7 m antenna. • 1916: The British Navy uses Marconi’s wireless apparatus in the Battle of Jutland to track and engage the enemy fleet.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: a Survey
    future internet Review Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey Brandon Foubert * and Nathalie Mitton Inria Lille - Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2019; Accepted: 11 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology. Keywords: long-range; wireless; IoT; LPWAN; mobile; cellular; LoRa; Sigfox; LTE-M; NB-IoT 1. Introduction Wireless radio technologies, such as Wi-Fi, are used daily to enable inter-device communications. In the last few years, new kinds of wireless technologies have emerged. In opposition to standard wireless technologies referred to as “short-range”, long-range radio technologies allow devices to communicate over kilometers-wide distances at a low energy cost, but at the expense of a low data rate.
    [Show full text]
  • Private Land Mobile Radio Services: Background
    Federal Communications Commission Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Paper Private Land Mobile Radio Services: Background December 18, 1996 Michele Farquhar, Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Project Team David Wye John Borkowski Eli Johnson Sean Fleming Federal Communications Commission Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Paper Private Land Mobile Radio Services: Background December 18, 1996 Michele Farquhar, Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Project Team David Wye John Borkowski Eli Johnson Sean Fleming Federal Communications Commission Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Paper The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the many representatives of the private wireless community who contributed to this Staff Paper. Within the Federal Communications Commission, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, many people were also generous with their time and attention, and contributed valuable insights and comments. The information, perspectives, and suggestions all these contributors provided greatly improved the final product. The views expressed in this Staff Paper do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Communications Commission or any individual Commissioner. This Staff Paper is not a statement of policy by the Commision, nor does it bind the Commission in any way. We do not intend by this Paper to prejudge the outcome of any proceeding that is now or may in the future come before the Commission. Executive Summary Since the 1920s, the private land mobile radio services (PLMRS) have been meeting the internal communication needs of private companies, state and local governments, and other organizations. These services provide voice and data communications that allow entities to control their business operations and production processes, protect worker and public safety, and respond quickly in times of natural disaster or other emergencies.
    [Show full text]
  • Radio Interface of 5G New Radio
    Radio Interface of 5G New Radio Marceau Coupechoux 3 Mar. 2021 MC 5G New Radio 3 Mar. 2021 1 / 83 Introduction Why 5G ? Some potential 5G applications : Multimedia Health • Tele-surgery • Ultra HD video • Bio-connectivity: monitoring, • Immersive and interactive diagnosis, treatment experiences (AR/VR, virtual presence, tactile internet) • Network games • Live/streaming/on demand • Collaborative productions, social networks • Mobile and adaptive • Wearable device contents communications • On demand networking (for • Ambulance- temporary events) hospital [Da Vinci] communications MC 5G New Radio 3 Mar. 2021 2 / 83 Introduction Why 5G ? Industry Energy • Collaborative robots • Smart grids • Factory monitoring and control automation • Fault detections • Consumptions forecasts • Remote • Flow routing controls and • Smart meters diagnostics • Renewable energy management • Indoor communications • Home monitoring • Logistics: goods identification, tracking • Connected drones, collaborating drones [LAAS/CNRS] MC 5G New Radio 3 Mar. 2021 3 / 83 Introduction Why 5G ? Public services Intelligent Transport Systems • Public safety: operations of first responders in case of emergency • Real-time control of vehicles or disaster; presence and • Driver assistance localization of survivors; low • Road traffic monitoring (floating network and terminal energy car data) consumptions • Accident prevention • Remote vehicles diagnostics • Public warning system • V2X communications • Multimedia priority service for police, army, firemen • Platooning • Wide area sensor monitoring • Mobility support: high quality (forests, air and water quality) network access in buses, trains • Private mobile radio (PMR) and airplanes And many others that we don’t even know today... For more information and references : [3GPP 22.891, 2016] MC 5G New Radio 3 Mar. 2021 4 / 83 Introduction Outlines 1 Introduction 2 Use cases classification 3 Challenges 4 Key enablers 5 5G NR radio interface 6 Conclusion MC 5G New Radio 3 Mar.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Overview Tim Burgener | April 2017 Agenda
    Cellular Overview Tim Burgener | April 2017 Agenda • Cellular Frequencies • Certifications • Cellular Antennas • Operational Highlights • Security • IIoT • Field Input 4/20/2017 2 Cellular Frequencies Do you need to memorize this? 4/20/2017 3 Cellular Frequencies Do you need to memorize this? 4/20/2017 4 Cellular Frequencies * Excerpt taken from Red Lion Product hardware guide 4/20/2017 5 Cellular Frequencies MC7354-AM MC7304-EU AT&T Verizon Vodafone - Germany LTE Band I - 2100 Band II - 1900 Band III - 1800 Band IV - 1700 Band V - 850 Band VII (7) - 2600 Band VIII (8) - 900 Band XXII (12) - 700 Band XIII (13) - 700 Band XVII (17) - 700 Band XX (20) - 800 Band XXV (25) - 1900 UMTS Band I - 2100 Band II - PCS 1900 Band III - DCS 1800 Band IV - AWS 1700/2100 Band V - 850 Band VI - 800 Band VIII - 900 CDMA Band 0 - 800 Band 1 - PCS Band 10 - 800 4/20/2017 6 Cellular Frequencies Why do we have different radios in different products? • Don’t remember all the frequencies. Remember the product breakdown has already been done. What happened to GE? – Generic within a region – (AM and EU) Specific Carriers • RAM6900-AT, -VZ, -EU • Software selection • Field switching 4/20/2017 7 Cellular Frequencies 4/20/2017 8 Cellular Frequencies Some sources https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_LTE_networks Customer has a question? Cross reference their country/network with our product guide. http://www.worldtimezone.com/gsm.html http://blog.fosketts.net/2012/05/14/making-sense-global-mobile- phone-networks/ 4/20/2017 9
    [Show full text]
  • Cellular Communications
    Cellular Communications Definition A cellular mobile communications system uses a large number of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells—the basic geographic service area of a wireless communications system. Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber density and demand within a particular region. As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are "handed off" between cells in order to maintain seamless service. Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in another cell some distance away. Cells can be added to accommodate growth, creating new cells in unserved areas or overlaying cells in existing areas. Overview This tutorial discusses the basics of radio telephony systems, including both analog and digital systems. Upon completion of this tutorial, you should be able to accomplish the following: 1. describe the basic components of a cellular system 2. identify and describe digital wireless technologies Topics 1. Mobile Communications Principles 2. Mobile Telephone System Using the Cellular Concept 3. Cellular System Architecture 4. North American Analog Cellular Systems 5. Cellular System Components 6. Digital Systems Self-Test Correct Answers Acronym Guide 1. Mobile Communications Principles Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to talk to the cell site. The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one channel per mobile. Channels use a pair of frequencies for communication—one frequency, the forward link, for transmitting from the cell site, and one frequency, the reverse link, for the cell site to receive calls from the users. Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must stay near the base station to maintain communications.
    [Show full text]
  • 000. {Water 015% {I025 Patent Application Publication Nov
    US 20120282942A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2012/0282942 A1 Uusitalo et al. (43) Pub. Date: Nov. 8, 2012 (54) METHODS, APPARATUSES AND COMPUTER Publication Classi?cation PROGRAM PRODUCTS FOR CONFIGURING (51) Int. Cl. FREQUENCY AGGREGATION H04W 72/00 (2009.01) (52) Us. or. ................................................... .. 455/452.2 (75) Inventors: Mikko Aleksi Uusitalo, Helsinki (57) ABSTRACT (Fl); Mika Petri Olavi Rinne, An apparatus for determining Whether to deactivate a second Espoo (Fl); Antti Sakari Sorri, ary cell includes a processor and memory storing executable Helsinki (Fl); Carl Simon Wijting, computer program code that cause the apparatus to at least Espoo (Fl); Claudio Rosa, Randers perform operations including determining that a secondary (DK) cell should be deactivated based on a measurement(s) of the secondary cell or received information associated With fre quency spectrum of the secondary cell. The computer pro (73) Assignees: Nokia Siemens Networks Oy; gram code may cause the apparatus to generate a deactivation Nokia Corporation message responsive to the measurement(s) indicating sec ondary cell interference or the received information indicat ing that the apparatus should no longer use the frequency (21) Appl. No.: 13/099,019 spectrum. The computer program code may cause the appa ratus to provide the deactivation message to a netWork device. Corresponding methods and computer program products are (22) Filed: May 2, 2011 also provided. @150; " _' 00?. 0mm rage iremzzzmriif * % 000. {water 015% {i025 Patent Application Publication Nov. 8, 2012 Sheet 1 0f 11 US 2012/0282942 A1 Fig‘ 18. m FIG. Patent Application Publication Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • M2M Cellular Antennas: SISO V. MIMO
    M2M Cellular Antennas: SISO v. MIMO Introduction This whitepaper discusses Single Input Single Output (“SISO”) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (“MIMO”) antennas for use in 4G1 LTE cellular technology. Frequency Bands As seen in Figure 1. Cellular Frequency Bands2, in 2G cellular technologies, only certain bands were required for operation in most of the world—thus, a quad-band radio operating at four frequencies, with antennas in two basic ranges, was sufficient. 3G Cellular typically added two more bands in most regions: the AWS and UMTS frequency pairs of 1700/2100 MHz and 1900/2100 MHz. FIGURE 1. CELLULAR FREQUENCY BANDS However, in 4G LTE, the number of available bands has increased dramatically— particularly if the cellular device is to be deployed in multiple areas of the world. Thus, LTE antennas need to support a wide-range of cellular frequencies: typically from 700 MHz to 2600 MHz to cover deployments today. This support needs to include antenna parameters such as: • Efficiency: The radiated power / power delivered to the antenna input (which takes into account mismatch loss, as well as antenna losses and losses in the surroundings). • Return Loss: The amount of power that is reflected at the input to the antenna or device, due to a less than perfect impedance match. • Isolation: A measure of power transfer from one antenna to another, also applicable to two-port antennas (such as dual-polarized or dual-band antennas) • Correlation Coefficient: A measure of the correlation between antennas in a multi-antenna system for their radiation pattern characteristics. 1 Please see Appendix A.
    [Show full text]
  • Global-5G-Rise-Of-A-Transformational-Technology.Pdf
    Table of Contents INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................... 5 INTENSIFYING ROLE OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS......................................... 7 Global Mobile Adoption ............................................................................................ 8 Transformational Elements ..................................................................................... 10 Expanding Use Cases ............................................................................................ 12 THE IMPACT OF 5G ............................................................................................... 16 5G Rollout............................................................................................................ 16 1G to 5G Evolution ................................................................................................ 17 5G Technical Objectives ......................................................................................... 21 5G Applications .................................................................................................... 22 5G Frequency Use ................................................................................................. 25 5G Schedule ......................................................................................................... 30 5G Device Availability ............................................................................................ 31 5G Phase One (Release 15) ...................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Intersection of HFC and 5G
    The Intersection of HFC and 5G A Technical Paper prepared for SCTE/ISBE by Keith R. Hayes Principal Broadband Advisors Group, LLC 175 Hog Farm Circle Canton, GA 30115 770-378-3595 [email protected] © 2017 SCTE-ISBE and NCTA. All rights reserved. Table of Contents Title Page Number Introduction ________________________________________________________________________ 3 Content ___________________________________________________________________________ 3 1. Wireless Mobility Evolution _______________________________________________________ 3 2. 5G Timeline and Foundational Pillars _______________________________________________ 4 3. 5G Spectrum and Radio Access Network (RAN) Densification ____________________________ 7 4. The 5G PAC (Power, Attachment, Connectivity) Conundrum ____________________________ 10 Conclusion ________________________________________________________________________ 12 Abbreviations ______________________________________________________________________ 13 Bibliography & References ___________________________________________________________ 14 List of Figures Title Page Number Figure 1 – Cellular Standards Timeline. Source: Broadband Advisors Group, LLC 3 Figure 2 – Verizon Wireless and ATT Coverage Map. Source: Engadget.com 5 Figure 3 – Key Capabilities IMT 2020 (5G) vs IMT 2015. Source: ITU-R M.2083.0 6 Figure 4 – 3GPP Release Calendar. Source: 3GPP.org 7 Figure 5 – Spectrum by Carrier US. Source: Sprint 9 Figure 6 – Cellular Block Licenses – top 3 US markets. Source: FCC 10 Figure 7 – 500-foot
    [Show full text]
  • Performance of the 5Th Generation Indoor Wireless Technologies-Empirical Study
    future internet Article Performance of the 5th Generation Indoor Wireless Technologies-Empirical Study Mika Hoppari * , Mikko Uitto, Jukka Mäkelä, Ilkka Harjula and Seppo Rantala VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., 90540 Oulu, Finland; mikko.uitto@vtt.fi (M.U.); jukka.makela@vtt.fi (J.M.); ilkka.harjula@vtt.fi (I.H.); seppo.j.rantala@vtt.fi (S.R.) * Correspondence: mika.hoppari@vtt.fi Abstract: The evolution of 5th generation (5G) cellular technology has introduced several enhance- ments and provides better performance compared to previous generations. To understand the real capabilities, the importance of the empirical studies is significant to also understand the possible limitations. This is very important especially from the service and use case point of view. Several test sites exist around the globe for introducing, testing, and evaluating new features, use cases, and performance in restricted and secure environments alongside the commercial operators. Test sites equipped with the standard technology are the perfect places for performing deep analysis of the latest wireless and cellular technologies in real operating environments. The testing sites provide valuable information with sophisticated quality of service (QoS) indicators when the 5G vertical use cases are evaluated using the actual devices in the carrier grade network. In addition, the Wi-Fi standards are constantly evolving toward higher bit rates and reduced latency, and their usage in 5G dedicated verticals can even improve performance, especially when lower coverage is sufficient. This work presents the detailed comparative measurements between Wi-Fi 6 and 5G New Radio Citation: Hoppari, M.; Uitto, M.; (NR) performance in indoor facilities and extensive results carried out in 5G and beyond test site Mäkelä, J.; Harjula, I.; Rantala, S.
    [Show full text]