Antenna Designs Using Matching Circuits for 4G Communicating Devices Aykut Cihangir
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3GPP Radio Prototyping Using Radio420x
3GPP Radio Prototyping Using Radio420X Technical Article 3GPP Radio Prototyping Using Radio420X nutaq.com 1 3GPP Radio Prototyping Using Radio420X 3GPP.Radio.Prototyping.Using.Radio420X Written by M. Ahmed Ouameur, PhD, MBA Abstract This application note addresses 3GPP radio design and prototyping when using the Nutaq Radio420X FPGA mezzanine card (FMC). It discusses the most critical radio requirements as they relate to 3GPP radio conformance testing, namely TS 51.021 (GSM) and TS 36.141 (LET). Being similar to some extent to LTE, we invite the reader to apply the same methods and analysis to WCDMA. The main focus is on the GSM DCS1800 pico base station (BTS) and the LTE local area and home eNB. The scope is limited to FDD in UMTS bands 1, 2, 3 and 4, with a 5 MHz bandwidth for LTE enhanced node B (eNB). Table.of.Content 1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 2 RADIO420X.CAPABILITIES.AND.RF.PERFORMANCE.......................................................................................................... 4 3 TRANSMITTER.RF.REQUIREMENTS.......................................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 MODULATION ACCURACY: FREQUENCY ERROR, PHASE ERROR AND ERROR VECTOR MAGNITUDE .......9 3.2 ADJACENT CHANNEL POWER ..............................................................................................................................................................12 -
1G 2G 3G LTE 4G What's Next
What’s Next in the Cellular Evolution & How to Leverage it for New Business As you will come to see, this goal can 2006 only be accomplished by phasing out 3G and reallocating the extra bandwidth to 4G LTE. This task can only be described 2001 as daunting and challenging from not just 2018 our security perspective, but more so from theirs. 1989 Looking for more proof? First, because of demand it is necessary to upgrade all cellular networks on a regular basis. Two 2002 billion people on the planet use cellphones, according to James Katz, professor of com- munication at Rutgers University. In fact, as of 2011 there were more cellphone sub- 1999 scribers in the United States than people, ac- LTE cording to a study, underwritten by CTIA, a trade association representing the wireless 1983 1G 2G 3G 4G communications industry in the U.S., as re- ported by Bridget Kelly, author of “What Is Courtesy of Napco StarLink the Role of the Cell Phone in Communica- tion Today?” Ride the New Wave in Cellular for New RMR Society at large is becoming more mo- bile-oriented because of convenience, busi- There’s undeniably a lot of upside system control, remote video monitoring or ness and personal lifestyles. According to for savvy installing security contractors long-distance doorbells. We as an industry market research firm Statista of New York and fire/life-safety professionals whose are on the small screen to the tune of brand City, the number of smartphone users is billable offerings keep pace with the new relevance and new recurring revenue. -
ANTENNAS for LOW POWER APPLICATIONS Basic Full
ANTENNAS FOR LOW POWER APPLICATIONS By Kent Smith Introduction: There seems to be little information on compact antenna design for the low power wireless field. Good antenna design is required to realize good range performance. A good antenna requires it to be the right type for the application. It also must be matched and tuned to the transmitter and receiver. To get the best results, a designer should have an idea about how the antenna works, and what the important design considerations are. This paper should help to achieve effective antenna design. Some Terms: Wavelength; Important for determination of antenna length, this is the distance that the radio wave travels during one complete cycle of the wave. This length is inversely proportional to the frequency and may be calculated by: wavelength (cm)=30000 / frequency (Mhz). Groundplane; A solid conductive area that is an important part of RF design techniques. These are usually used in transmitter and receiver circuits. An example is where most of the traces will be routed on the topside of the board, and the bottom will be a mostly solid copper area. The groundplane helps to reduce stray reactances and radiation. Of course, the antenna line needs to run away from the groundplane. dB, or decibel; A logarithmic scale used to show power gain or loss in an rf circuit. +3 dB is twice the power, while -3 dB is one half. It takes 6 dB to double or halve the radiating distance, due to the inverse square law. The Basic Antenna, and how it works. An antenna can be defined as any wire, or conductor, that carries a pulsing or alternating current. -
History of Wireless Communications (Key Milestones in the Development of Wireless Communications Are Listed)
Lect4: History of Wireless Communications (key milestones in the development of wireless communications are listed) Dr. Yazid Khattabi Communication Systems Course EE Department University of Jordan 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 1 History of wireless communications Terrestrial fixed links (telephone services) ~ 1940s. Satellite intercontinental links ~1960s. Cellular mobile communications: The fastest growing industry. 1G, 2G. 2.5G, 3G, 3.9G, 4G,5G Number of subscribers increasing rapidly Financial investment More developments address challenges understanding the wireless channel characteristics 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 2 History of wireless communications . 1820: Oersted demonstrated that an electric current produces a magnetic field. 1831: Faraday showed that a changing magnetic field produces an electric field. 1837: Samuel Morse invented Telegraph (not wireless). 1864: From that Maxwell predicted EM radiation existence. Formulated the basic theory of electromagnetics (which is basis of wireless comm.) [41]. 1876: Alexander Bell Invention of the telephone (not wireless). 1887: Hertz verified Maxwell’s theory experimentally. 1894: coherer invented by Lodge: a sensitive device that detects radio signals and was used to demonstrate wireless communication at a 150 yards distance. 2018 Dr. Yazid Khattabi. The University of Jordan 4 History of wireless communications . 1895: Marconi has demonstrated first radio signal transmission ~ 2 km. • 1897: Marconi patented a radio telegraph system and founded the Wireless Telegraph and Signal Company [42,43]. He demonstrated mobile wireless communication to ships. • 1898: Marconi experiments with a land ‘mobile’ radio system (LMR) – the apparatus is the size of a bus with a 7 m antenna. • 1916: The British Navy uses Marconi’s wireless apparatus in the Battle of Jutland to track and engage the enemy fleet. -
UMTS: Alive and Well
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE…………………………………………………………………...……………………………… 5 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 10 2 PROGRESS OF RELEASE 99, RELEASE 5, RELEASE 6, RELEASE 7 UMTS-HSPA .......... 12 2.1 PROGRESS TIMELINE .................................................................................................................. 12 3 PROGRESS AND PLANS FOR RELEASE 8: EVOLVED EDGE, HSPA EVOLVED/HSPA+ AND LTE/EPC ............................................................................................................................ 19 4 THE GROWING DEMANDS FOR WIRELESS DATA APPLICATIONS ................................... 26 4.1 WIRELESS DATA TRENDS AND FORECASTS ................................................................................. 28 4.2 WIRELESS DATA REVENUE ......................................................................................................... 29 4.3 3G DEVICES............................................................................................................................... 31 4.4 3G APPLICATIONS ...................................................................................................................... 34 4.5 FEMTOCELLS ............................................................................................................................. 41 4.6 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. -
Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: a Survey
future internet Review Long-Range Wireless Radio Technologies: A Survey Brandon Foubert * and Nathalie Mitton Inria Lille - Nord Europe, 59650 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2019; Accepted: 11 January 2020; Published: 14 January 2020 Abstract: Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology. Keywords: long-range; wireless; IoT; LPWAN; mobile; cellular; LoRa; Sigfox; LTE-M; NB-IoT 1. Introduction Wireless radio technologies, such as Wi-Fi, are used daily to enable inter-device communications. In the last few years, new kinds of wireless technologies have emerged. In opposition to standard wireless technologies referred to as “short-range”, long-range radio technologies allow devices to communicate over kilometers-wide distances at a low energy cost, but at the expense of a low data rate. -
Investigating Energy Harvesting Technology to Wirelessly Charge Batteries of Mobile Devices
Investigating energy harvesting technology to wirelessly charge batteries of mobile devices By Neetu Ramsaroop (19751797) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Master of Information and Communications Technology degree In the Department of Information Technology in the Faculty of Accounting and Informatics Durban University of Technology Durban, South Africa July, 2017 DECLARATION I, Neetu Ramsaroop, declare that this dissertation represents my own work and has not been previously submitted in any form for another degree at any university or institution of higher learning. All information cited from published and unpublished works have been acknowledged. ________________________ ____________________________ Student Date Approved for final submission Supervisor: ___________________________ ____________________________ Prof. O. O. Olugbara Date Co-supervisors: ___________________________ ____________________________ Esther D. Joubert Date i DEDICATION To My family and my supportive friends ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to God for embracing me with the strength and inspiration all through this research journey. My sincere gratitude is accorded to my Supervisor, Professor O.O. Olugbara, for his dedication, academic knowledge, expertise, guidance, patience, direction, feedback, comments and meticulous checking of this study. Not to mention his “reminder” phone calls to keep me in check. I would also like to express my deepest appreciation to my Co-Supervisor, Mrs Esther Joubert, for her dedication, constant encouragement, guidance, motivation, outstanding academic writing, patience with my messages at odd hours, dealing with my panic moments and the pleasant manner in which she provided direction in this study. I am thankful to all my friends, DUT colleagues and work colleagues for their support, motivation and advice during this work. -
Understanding Mmwave for 5G Networks 1
5G Americas | Understanding mmWave for 5G Networks 1 Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Status of Millimeter Wave Spectrum ............................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Regional Status ........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2 Global Millimeter Wave Auctions .............................................................................................................12 3 Millimeter Wave Technical Rules in the United States ...............................................................................15 3.1 Licensed Spectrum ..................................................................................................................................15 3.2 Lightly Licensed .......................................................................................................................................16 3.3 Unlicensed Spectrum ..............................................................................................................................17 4 Millimeter Wave Challenges and Opportunities ..........................................................................................19 4.1 Losses in Millimeter Wave .......................................................................................................................19 -
Evaluation of an Electronically Switched Directional Antenna for Real-World Low-Power Wireless Networks
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Swedish Institute of Computer Science Publications Database Evaluation of an Electronically Switched Directional Antenna for Real-world Low-power Wireless Networks Erik Ostr¨ om,¨ Luca Mottola, Thiemo Voigt Swedish Institute of Computer Science (SICS), Kista, Sweden Abstract. We present the real-world evaluation of SPIDA, an electronically swit- ched directional antenna. Compared to most existing work in the field, SPIDA is practical as well as inexpensive. We interface SPIDA with an off-the-shelf sensor node which provides us with a fully working real-world prototype. We assess the performance of our prototype by comparing the behavior of SPIDA against tradi- tional omni-directional antennas. Our results demonstrate that the SPIDA proto- type concentrates the radiated power only in given directions, thus enabling in- creased communication range at no additional energy cost. In addition, compared to the other antennas we consider, we observe more stable link performance and better correspondence between the link performance and common link quality estimators. 1 Introduction The use of external antennas is a common design choice in many deployments of low- power wireless networks [13]. Indeed, an external antenna often features higher gains compared to the antennas found aboard mainstream devices, enabling increased relia- bility in communication at no additional energy cost. To implement such design, re- searchers and domain-experts have hitherto borrowed the required technology from WiFi networks [10, 22]. This holds both w.r.t. scenarios requiring omni-directional communication [22], and where the application at hand allows directional communica- tion [10]. -
AB Antenna Family.Qxp
WIRELESS PRODUCTS Airborne™ Antenna Product Family ACH2-AT-DP000 series ACH0-CD-DP000 series (other accessories) Airborne™ Antennas are designed for connection to 802.11 wireless devices operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band. These antennas fully support the entire line of Airborne™ wireless 802.11 products. This assortment of antennas is intended to provide OEMs with solutions that meet the demanding and diverse requirements for transportation, medical, warehouse logistics, POS, industrial, military and scientific applications. Applications The Airborne™ Antenna family offers antennas for embedded applications, fixed stations, mobile operation and client side devices, and for indoor and outdoor applications. The antennas feature RP-SMA, N-type and U.FL connectors that provide the designer with flexible ways to connect to Airborne wireless products. A wide range of antenna types and gain options enable an OEM to select the antenna that best matches their application requirements. The Recommended for AirborneTM 802.11 lower gain and smaller antennas, such as the “rubber duck” antennas, would fit applications embedded and system bridge products where the range is not required to exceed 200- 400m while the higher gain directional antennas Made for Embedded or External mounting, would be suitable for extended range that require greater than 800m reach. Embedded antennas Mobile or Fixed station, and Indoor and/or provide ranges from 50m up to 300m. Outdoor operation Specialty Antenna Embedded antenna options are intended for Select from Omni Directional, Highly applications where it is not desirable to use an Directional, or Corner Reflector external antenna, or where the enclosure or application does not allow for an external antenna. -
UMTS Report an Investment Perspective
UMTS Report An Investment Perspective [ RESEARCHING THE FUTURE / / INVESTING TODAY ] www.durlacher.com Durlacher UMTS Report An Investment Perspective Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Highlights 5 1.2 Investment Hypothesis 7 1.3 Methodology 8 1.4 Scope 9 2 Current Mobile Market Overview 10 2.1 The UMTS Dream 10 2.2 Market Drivers 11 2.2.1 Mobility in Europe is booming 11 2.2.2 2001: Crossroads in the European Market 11 2.2.3 Will the mobile data market fly? 13 2.2.4 The mobile data crunch 13 2.3 UMTS Investment 14 2.3.1 Investment Drivers for UMTS 14 2.3.2 UMTS License Fees Will Total €120 billion in Europe 15 2.3.3 Infrastructure Costs Will Top €140 billion 16 2.3.4 Handset Subsidies Are Here to Stay 16 2.3.5 UMTS Will Accelerate Market Consolidation 17 2.4 Market Forecasts 19 2.5 Dynamics of the Mobile Data Value Web 23 2.5.1 Network Equipment 24 2.5.2 Devices 24 2.5.3 Enabling Technologies 25 2.5.4 Application Developers 26 2.5.5 Application Providers 27 2.5.6 Content Providers 27 2.5.7 Mobile network operators 28 2.5.8 Virtual Operators 29 2.5.9 Mobile Portals 29 2.6 Benchmarking Europe with Japan and the US 30 2.6.1 Europe 31 2.6.2 Japan 31 2.6.3 United States 34 3 New Mobile Business Models 35 3.1 Mobile Networks Will Open Up 35 3.2 WASP (Wireless ASP) 37 3.2.1 Drivers 37 3.2.2 Players 37 3.2.3 Revenue Models 38 3.2.4 WASPs: Success Factors 39 3.2.5 Market Outlook 39 3.3 Virtual Operators 40 3.3.1 Definition 40 3.3.2 VOs: A Varied Breed 41 3.3.3 Drivers 42 3.3.4 New VOs 43 3.3.5 Revenue Models 44 3.3.6 Key Success Factors 45 3.3.7 Implementation Strategies 45 3.4 Multi-Access Portals 46 3.4.1 Definition 46 3.4.2 Point Solutions Dominate Today ’s Market 46 3.4.3 Players 47 3.4.4 Key Success Factors 48 3.4.5 Market Entry Strategies 49 3.4.6 Revenue Models 49 COPYRIGHT, DURLACHER RESEARCH LTD., EQVITEC PARTNERS OY 1 Durlacher UMTS REPORT 4 Impact of Technology 51 Contents (continued) 4.1 Network and Coverage Evolution 52 4.1.1 2G Technologies 53 4.1.2 2.5G Network Technologies 53 4.1.3 3G Network Technologies 54 4.1.4 Bandwidth – Hype vs. -
Private Land Mobile Radio Services: Background
Federal Communications Commission Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Paper Private Land Mobile Radio Services: Background December 18, 1996 Michele Farquhar, Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Project Team David Wye John Borkowski Eli Johnson Sean Fleming Federal Communications Commission Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Paper Private Land Mobile Radio Services: Background December 18, 1996 Michele Farquhar, Chief, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Project Team David Wye John Borkowski Eli Johnson Sean Fleming Federal Communications Commission Wireless Telecommunications Bureau Staff Paper The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge the assistance of the many representatives of the private wireless community who contributed to this Staff Paper. Within the Federal Communications Commission, Wireless Telecommunications Bureau, many people were also generous with their time and attention, and contributed valuable insights and comments. The information, perspectives, and suggestions all these contributors provided greatly improved the final product. The views expressed in this Staff Paper do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Communications Commission or any individual Commissioner. This Staff Paper is not a statement of policy by the Commision, nor does it bind the Commission in any way. We do not intend by this Paper to prejudge the outcome of any proceeding that is now or may in the future come before the Commission. Executive Summary Since the 1920s, the private land mobile radio services (PLMRS) have been meeting the internal communication needs of private companies, state and local governments, and other organizations. These services provide voice and data communications that allow entities to control their business operations and production processes, protect worker and public safety, and respond quickly in times of natural disaster or other emergencies.