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Functional Structure(S), Form and Interpretation FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE(S), FORM AND INTERPRETATION The issue of how interpretation results from the form and type of syntactic structures present in language is one which is central and hotly debated in both theoretical and descriptive linguistics. This volume brings together a series of eleven new cutting-edge essays by leading experts in East Asian languages which show how the study of formal structures and functional morphemes in Chinese, Japanese and Korean adds much to our general understanding of the close connections between form and interpretation. This specially commissioned collection will be of interest to linguists of all backgrounds working in the general area of syntax and language change, as well as those with a special interest in Chinese, Japanese and Korean. Yen-hui Audrey Li is Professor of Linguistics and East Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Southern California. Her research focuses on the comparison of grammatical properties in English, Chinese and other East Asian languages. Recent work has considered issues of order and constituency, scope interaction of quantificational expressions, as well as the distribution, structure and interpretation of different types of nominal expressions and relative constructions. Andrew Simpson is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Oriental and African Studies, the University of London. His research interests centre on the comparative syntax of East and Southeast Asian languages, and his work addresses issues relating to processes of language change, DP-structure, the syntax of question formation and the interaction of syntax with phonology. ROUTLEDGECURZON ASIAN LINGUISTICS SERIES Editor-in-Chief: Walter Bisang, Mainz University Associate Editors: R. V. Dhongde, Deccan College Pune and Masayoshi Shibatani, Kobe University Asia is the world’s largest continent, comprising an enormous wealth of languages, both in its present as well as in its eventful past. The series contributes to the understanding of this linguistic variety by publishing books from different theoretical backgrounds and different methodological approaches, dealing with at least one Asian language. By adopting a maximally integrative policy, the editors of the series hope to promote theoretical discussions whose solutions may, in turn, help to overcome the theoretical lean towards West European languages and thus provide a deeper understanding of Asian linguistic structures and of human language in general. VIETNAMESE-ENGLISH BILINGUALISM Patterns of code-switching Ho-Dac Tuc LINGUISTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY Semantics and grammar of language contact in mainland Southeast Asia Nick J. Enfield A GRAMMAR OF MANGGHUER A Mongolic language of China’s Qinghai-Gansu Sprachbund Keith W. Slater FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE(S), FORM AND INTERPRETATION Perspectives from East Asian languages Edited by Yen-hui Audrey Li and Andrew Simpson FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE(S), FORM AND INTERPRETATION Perspectives from East Asian languages Edited by Yen-hui Audrey Li and Andrew Simpson I~ ~~o~;!;n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2003 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Editorial matter # 2003 Yen-hui Audrey Li and Andrew Simpson; individual chapters # the authors Typeset in Times New Roman by LaserScript Ltd, Mitcham, Surrey The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Functional structure(s), form, and interpretation : perspectives from East Asian languages / edited by Yen-hui Audrey Li and Andrew Simpson. p. cm. – (RoutledgeCurzon Asian linguistics series) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. East Asia–Languages–Grammar. 2. Linguistics–East Asia. 3. Grammar, Comparative and general–Syntax. I. Title: Perspectives from East Asian languages. II. Li, Yen-hui Audrey, 1954- III. Simpson, Andrew, 1962- IV. Series. PL493.F86 2003 495–dc21 2002037040 ISBN 978-0-415-29745-5(hbk) CONTENTS List of contributors vii Preface ix PART I Functional structure and processes of interpretation in the DP/NP 1 1 NP as argument 3 YEN-HUI AUDREY LI AND YUZHI SHI 2 Copying variables 28 YOSHIHISA KITAGAWA 3 Classifiers and the count/mass distinction 65 KEIKO MUROMATSU 4 The demonstratives in modern Japanese 97 HAJIME HOJI, SATOSHI KINSUI, YUKINORI TAKUBO AND AYUMI UEYAMA PART II Grammaticalization and the diachronic development of functional structure 129 5 On the re-analysis of nominalizers in Chinese, Japanese and Korean 131 ANDREW SIMPSON 6 Three types of existential quantification in Chinese 161 WEI-TIEN DYLAN TSAI v CONTENTS 7 On the history of place words and localizers in Chinese: a cognitive approach 180 ALAIN PEYRAUBE PART III Clause level structures: processes of interpretation and principles of organization 199 8 Judgments, point of view and the interpretation of causee noun phrases 201 S.-Y. KURODA 9 A computational approach to case and word order in Korean 222 WILLIAM O’GRADY 10 Adjuncts and word order typology in East Asian languages 241 THOMAS ERNST 11 The distribution of negative NPs and some typological correlates 262 C.-T. JAMES HUANG vi CONTRIBUTORS Thomas Ernst, University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Hajime Hoji, University of Southern California. C.-T. James Huang, Harvard University. Satoshi Kinsui, Osaka University. Yoshihisa Kitagawa, Indiana University. S.-Y. Kuroda, University of California at San Diego. Yen-hui Audrey Li, University of Southern California. Keiko Muromatsu, Asahikawa Medical College. William O’Grady, University of Hawaii. Alain Peyraube, CNRS and EHESS, Paris, France. Yuzhi Shi, National University of Singapore. Andrew Simpson, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. Yukinori Takubo, Kyoto University. Wei-Tien Dylan Tsai, National Tsing Hua University. Ayumi Ueyama, Kyushu University. vii PREFACE In 1998, three members of the Department of East Asian Languages and Cultures at the University of Southern California, Professors Hajime Hoji, Nam Kil Kim and Yen-hui Audrey Li decided to organize a conference on the syntax of Chinese, Japanese and Korean in which various experts from around the world would be invited to present papers on aspects of the formal syntax of Chinese, Japanese and Korean. The basic idea behind this special conference was that speakers should address syntactic themes which would have a potential relevance for more than just one of the three languages and that the conference would provide a unique opportunity for specialists from all three languages to meet and exchange ideas. Despite the fact that the three major languages of East Asia, Chinese, Japanese and Korean have many common grammatical properties, there are surprisingly few occasions in which linguists from all three languages actually meet together and share ideas and information. It was also encouraged that papers presented at the conference should commonly attempt to address themes relating to either the interpretation and morphology of functional elements in syntax and/or aspects of the form and interpretation of NPs/DPs. Generally, the conference was organized in the spirit of mind that the detailed investigation of diachronic and synchronic properties of languages which share certain common properties should result in wider benefits for our general understanding of universal grammar and the ways that universal grammar may be visibly manifested. Publicly the aim of the meeting was signalled as below: This workshop is an attempt to integrate the diachronic and synchronic study of Chinese, Japanese and Korean syntax, concentrating on issues of the structures and interpretations of nominal expressions and the syntax and morphology of function words. Following the conference, a series of the papers presented there were written up, externally reviewed, revised, and then finally turned into the present volume. The result is a collection of essays which address the issue of the connection of form to interpretation in a variety of different ways. A number of authors defend the position that functional categories and their organization are of central ix PREFACE importance for matters of interpretation, while other chapters investigate form- interpretation correspondence relations from different perspectives and positions which do not assume the necessary presence or role of strictly functional categories. The term ‘functional structure(s)’ has accordingly been used in the title of the volume with the intention that it can be understood to refer either in the narrow sense to Chomskyean-type functional structure/categories, or alternatively to much more general structures/constructions which encode functional interpretations, where the existence of functional categories is not assumed to be important or play a crucial role. Broadly, the volume is organized into three main parts, as detailed in brief below. Part one of the book includes four chapters which examine issues relating to DPs/NPs. In ‘NP as argument’ Audrey Li and Yuzhi Shi examine how the presence or absence of certain functional structure in DPs/NPs accounts for clear differences in the distribution of plural morphemes in languages such as English and Chinese, and also how the DP/NP distinction
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