Madagascar Labramia costata 7 Labramia louvelii I Labramia mayottensis Labramia ankaranaensis Labourdonnaisia calophylloides Labourdonnaisia revoluta 11 Faucherea manongarivensis K Labourdonnaisia madagascariensis Faucherea thouvenotii 31 J Faucherea sp Faucherea parvifolia Asia 16 Manilkara udoido L Manilkara dissecta Manilkara fasciculata Manilkara letouzei 36 H 10 Manilkara bequaertii Figure 7.7 Maxium clade credibility chronogram of the ITS dataset derived from an analysis in BEAST T3 Manilkara suarezensis Africa/Madagascar Manilkara boivinii using the GTR+I+G model and a relaxed clock for all three partitions, calibrated with the SapMim fossil Manilkara perrieri T1 Manilkara capuronii scenario. Dashed lines indicate branches which lead to nodes with a posterior probability of <0.95. Mean Manilkara zenkeri Manilkara obovata (multinervis type) ages are given for profiled nodes and node bars indicate 95% HPD age ranges. Lettered nodes are Manilkara lososiana discussed in the text. Starred nodes indicate the placement of the Sapotaceae and Mimusopeae (SapMim) Manilkara pelligriniana 17 Letestua durissima fossils (Table 7.1). Lineages are colored according to their distribution: Yellow = Africa, Green = Mada- T Manilkara fouilloyana Manilkara mabokeensis gascar, Blue = Asia, Pink = South America, Orange = Central America & the Caribbean. Geological Manilkara welwitschii epochs are indicated in a scale at the bottom of the chronogram. Tribal and subtribal classification is Manilkara koechlinii 36 Manilkara sp.1 represented to the right of the chronogram. Outgroups have been reduced to grey bars at the base of the Manilkara sansibarensis Manilkara T2 Manilkara discolor Subtribe chronogram. Age ranges of all profiled nodes are detailed in Appendix 7.2. 30 Φ Manilkara dawei 5 Manilkara obovata (butugi type) T4 Manilkara sahafarensis Manilkara cuneifolia Tribe Manilkara hoshinoi (a) Manilkara vitiensis Asia U2 Manilkara smithiana 25 Manilkara kauki

U Manilkara hoshinoi (b) Manilkara sp. 2 Manilkarinaesensu Manilkara littoralis Mimusopeae U1 Manilkara hexandra Manilkara triflora Central/South 42 Manilkara staminodella Δ P1

Manilkara zapota 16 Manilkara mayarensis stricto 33 P Manilkara sideroxylon M 21 P3 N Manilkara chicle P2 Manilkara pleeana Manilkara jamiqui Manilkara gonavensis Manilkara valenzuelana Manilkara salzmannii 19 N1 Manilkara elata Manilkara maxima Manilkara rufula

O1 27 Manilkara decrescens America Ψ1 Manilkara bella Manilkara subsericea 14 Manilkara cavalcantei O Manilkara longifolia Manilkara huberi 29 Manilkara paraensis 46 Ψ C Manilkara bidentata (a) O2 Manilkara inundata Manilkara bidentata (b) 6 Manilkara mochisia (a) R Manilkara concolor Africa/Madagascar 9 Manilkara obovata (obovata type) (b) S Manilkara lacera 33 Tieghemella heckelii G

Autranella congolensis Mimusops kummel Mimusopinae 39 Mimusops zeyheri Γ F3 Mimusops caffra F2 Mimusops comorensis Z 25 Mimusops elengi F Mimusops obovata Mimusops coriacea Mimusops sp F1 Mimusops perrieri Mimusops membranacea Vitellaria paradoxa 35 D Baillonella toxisperma 30 Vitellariopsis dispar Vitellariopsis cuneata E Vitellariopsis marginata Vitellariopsis kirkii Outgroups Isonandreae Capurodendron androyense Northia seychellana 102 Xantolis/Englerophytum 62 B 115 Sideroxyleae A Eberhardtia tonkinensis Eberhardtia aurata Sarcosperma laurinum

115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 MYA Cretaceous Paleocene Eocene Oligocene Miocene Plio Ple 147