COUNTRY REPORT ON ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES OF INDIA DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING MINISTRY OF AGRICUCLTURE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Preparation of Country Report on AnGR Training for the preparation of Country Report was provided by the FAO (at Bangkok) to three Scientists viz. Dr. D K Sadana, PS from NBAGR, Dr. A. Batobyal, Jt. Commissioner, GOI and Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Sr. Scientist, ICAR. The NBAGR, Karnal was identified as the Nodal Institute to prepare the draft Country Report. The scientists of the Animal Genetic Resources Division prepared answers to the background questions, collected livestock data from various sources, examined, discussed and compiled the received input. Chief Nodal Officers of the five regions of the country (North, West, South, East and North East) were identified to coordinate the collection of information from the Nodal Officers (Data contributors) from different states of the Country. Three national workshops were organized, two at NBAGR, Karnal and one at UAS, Bangalore.In the National Workshops, the Nodal Officers from different states were given training and guidelines for answering the background questions. Subsequently, the Draft Report was updated with the details received from nodal officers and other data contributors. Following scientists have contributed in writing and preparation of the Draft Country Report on AnGR: 1. Dr. V.K. Taneja, DDG (AS), ICAR, New Delhi 2. Dr. S.P.S. Ahlawat, Director, NBAGR, National Coordinator 3. Dr. D.K. Sadana, P.S., Organising Secretary 4. Dr. Anand Jain, Sr. Scientist & Support Scientist for NE Region 5. Dr. P.K. Vij, Sr. Scientist & Chief Nodal Officer - Northern Region 6. Dr. M.S. Tantia, Sr. Scientist & Support Scientist for Northern Region 7. Dr. P.K. Singh, Sr. Scientist Support Scientist for Western Region 8. Dr. Goutam Sahana, Scientist (SS) & Support Scientist for Eastern Region 9. Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Senior Scientist, ICAR, New Delhi 10. Dr. A. Batobyal, Joint Commissioner, Dept. of AH & Dairying, GOI. 11. Dr. P.C. Dash, Joint Commissioner, Dept. of AH & Dairying, GOI, Member Secretary, NCC Chief Nodal Officers 1. Dr. S.B. Gokhale, BAIF, Urulikanchan, Pune - Western Region 2. Dr. M.G. Govindaiah, UAS, Bangalore - Southern Region 3. Dr. R.K. Misra, NDRI-ERS, Kalyani (WB) - Eastern Region 4. Dr. Dharmeswar Das, A A U, Khanapara - NE Region Other Scientists of NBAGR & Other ICAR Institutes 1. Dr. Gurmej Singh, PS 2. Dr. S.C. Gupta, PS 3. Dr. Neelam Gupta, Sr. Scientist 4. Dr. B.P. Mishra, Sr. Scientist 5. Dr. R. A.K. Aggarwal, Sr. Scientist 6. Dr. R.K. Pundir, Sr. Scientist 7. Dr. S.P. Dixit, Scientist (SS) 8. Dr. Rekha Sharma, Scientist (SS) 9. Dr. Avtar Singh, NDRI, Karnal. 10. Dr. G.K. Gaur, PDC, Meerut. Address for correspondence: Dr. S P S Ahlawat, Director, NBAGR, KARNAL 132 001 (Haryana) Phone (0184) 2267918 Fax (0184) 2267654 Email [email protected] Dr. P C Dash, Joint Commissioner, Deptt. of A H & Dairying, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001. Phone (011) 23389206 Fax (011) 23389206 Email [email protected] CONTENTS Pages Preparation of Country Report on AnGR Introduction 1-2 Part I. The State of Genetic Resources in Farm Animal Sector 3-13 II. The Changing and Growing demands on the Farm Animal 14-19 Sector III. State of National Capacities related to Farm Animal Genetic 20-28 Resources. IV. Priorities for the Development of an Enhanced National 29-35 Programme of Sustainable Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Resources in the Farm Animal Sector V. Recommendations for International Cooperation 36-37 Executive Summary 38-39 References 40-41 Tables 42-74 Annexures I. Agro-ecological zones in India 75-76 II. Central Acts relating to Domestic Animal Biodiversity 77-79 III. Breeding Policy in different states 80-82 IV. Estimated Breed Population 83 V. Breeds under Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources 84-88 and NATP. Adhoc schemes of ICAR – in collaboration with SAUs and other agencies. Maps 1. Agro-ecological zones in India 2. Distribution of Cattle breeds 3. Distribution of Buffalo breeds 4. Distribution of Sheep breeds 5. Distribution of Goat breeds 6. Distribution of Camel breeds 7. Distribution of Horse breeds 8. Distribution of Poultry breeds Abbreviations and Acronyms used Introduction India is located in the northern hemisphere between 80 4’ to 370 6’ N latitude and 680 7’ to 970 25’ E longitude; stretched about 3,214 km from North to South and about 2,933 km from East to West; covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km. India is the second most populous country with human population of 1027 million1 which constitutes about 16 per cent of world’s population. Trends in population since the beginning of the century have shown a steady increase and during the last decade (1991-2001) there was a growth of 21.34% in the population1. There has been higher growth in urban population (31.11%) than in rural (17.97%) during the same decade mainly due to shifting of rural people to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities and amenities. About 22.5% (i. e. 68.97 million hectares) of the total geographical area of the country is under forest cover2 and 11.10 million hectares is under pasture. The country has 75.55 million hectares of irrigated area while there is 19.55 million hectares of barren land. In order to derive maximum benefits from the available resources and prevailing conditions, the country has been divided3 into 15 regions on the basis of a commonality of agro-climatic factors like soil type, rainfall, temperature, water resources etc. (Annexure-I). The criteria adopted were homogeneity and convenience in terms of planning and implementation with reference to geographical area covered. These regions are: Western Himalayan, Eastern Himalayan, Lower Gangetic Plains, Middle Gangetic Plains, Upper Gangetic Plains, Trans-Gangetic Plains, Eastern Plateau and Hills, Central Plateau and Hills, Western Plateau and Hills, Southern Plateau and Hills, East Coast Plains and Hills, West Coast Plains and Hills, Gujarat Plains and Hills, Western Dry, and The Islands. Livestock production systems in India are mostly based on low cost agro-by- products and traditional technologies primarily for producing milk, draft power, meat, egg, fiber etc. The land holding is invariably small. Average land holding has decreased from 2.28 ha in 1977 to 1.55 ha for all land classes and 1.08 ha including landless in 1990-91 (Table 2.18a & 1.5). Medium to large herds of cattle and buffalo exist in the periphery of large towns and cities mainly for supply of milk. Small ruminants and pigs are reared under extensive and semi-intensive systems of production. Resource-poor small and marginal farmers and landless labourers maintain majority of the livestock. 71% of cattle, 63% of buffaloes, 66% of small ruminants, 70% of pigs and 74% of poultry are owned by marginal and small land holders4. Intensification of production system has occurred only in poultry industry and on a limited scale in dairy industry. Intensive pig farming has been initiated at a low scale. India is endowed with vast and varied forms of animal genetic resources that have played crucial role in augmenting agrarian economy. In domesticated livestock 1 and birds, the number of documented breeds are: 30 of cattle, 10 of buffalo, 40 of sheep, 20 of goat, 18 of poultry, 9 of camel and 6 of horse. In addition, the other species found are: pig, Mithun, yak, duck, goose, turkey, guinea fowl, pheasant, dog, and cat. India ranks first in the world in terms of total milk production at 85.7 million tonnes, egg production at 39092 million numbers in 2001-021 (table 3.7a) while the meat production in 1999-2000 (including poultry) was 4.91 million tonnes (Table 3.6a). Livestock outputs (milk, meat and egg) have grown at an annual rate of about 5 per cent. There are estimates that by 2020 demand for milk, meat and eggs under different income and population growth scenarios would be in the range of 126-183, 6.3-12.1 and 9.5-18.5 million tonnes respectively4. However, the importance of livestock goes beyond its food production function. Livestock provide valuable draft power worth Rs. 33,792 crores5, organic manure for agriculture worth Rs. 5,700 crores1, dung as fuel for domestic purpose worth Rs. 4,482 crore1 and other by-products including leather, bones and horns worth Rs. 100 crores5. The contribution of livestock sector to the GDP has increased from about 4.82% in 1980-81 to 5.51% in 1999-2000. The value of output from livestock sector was Rs.1,302 billion which is about 24% of the total value of output of Rs.5,358 billion from the agriculture sector during 1999-20001. Livestock and products worth Rs. 34.7 billion were exported from the country during 2000-01. Livestock sector is an important source of income and employment for landless and small landholders. According to a National Sample Survey (1993-94), employment in animal husbandry sector was 9.8 million in principal status and 8.6 million in subsidiary status. The growth in crop production could not be sustained hence the focus shifted to sustainable agriculture and its diversification. Indigenous genetic resources in livestock sector and their conservation have thus become crucial for sustained food production. The global (FAO) initiative for the State of World Animal Genetic Resource would greatly help the countries to assess their strengths and weaknesses to formulate globally competitive and farmer friendly programmes and policies to meet the growing needs within the country as well as the new emerging standards of world trade. 2 PART I The State of Genetic Resources in the Farm Animal Sector State of Genetic Diversity Traditionally, India has been a mega biodiversity center and rearing of domesticated animals viz.