COUNTRY REPORT
ON
ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES
OF
INDIA
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & DAIRYING
MINISTRY OF AGRICUCLTURE
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
Preparation of Country Report on AnGR
Training for the preparation of Country Report was provided by the FAO (at Bangkok) to three Scientists viz. Dr. D K Sadana, PS from NBAGR, Dr. A. Batobyal, Jt. Commissioner, GOI and Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Sr. Scientist, ICAR. The NBAGR, Karnal was identified as the Nodal Institute to prepare the draft Country Report. The scientists of the Animal Genetic Resources Division prepared answers to the background questions, collected livestock data from various sources, examined, discussed and compiled the received input. Chief Nodal Officers of the five regions of the country (North, West, South, East and North East) were identified to coordinate the collection of information from the Nodal Officers (Data contributors) from different states of the Country. Three national workshops were organized, two at NBAGR, Karnal and one at UAS, Bangalore.In the National Workshops, the Nodal Officers from different states were given training and guidelines for answering the background questions. Subsequently, the Draft Report was updated with the details received from nodal officers and other data contributors. Following scientists have contributed in writing and preparation of the Draft Country Report on AnGR:
1. Dr. V.K. Taneja, DDG (AS), ICAR, New Delhi 2. Dr. S.P.S. Ahlawat, Director, NBAGR, National Coordinator 3. Dr. D.K. Sadana, P.S., Organising Secretary 4. Dr. Anand Jain, Sr. Scientist & Support Scientist for NE Region 5. Dr. P.K. Vij, Sr. Scientist & Chief Nodal Officer - Northern Region 6. Dr. M.S. Tantia, Sr. Scientist & Support Scientist for Northern Region 7. Dr. P.K. Singh, Sr. Scientist Support Scientist for Western Region 8. Dr. Goutam Sahana, Scientist (SS) & Support Scientist for Eastern Region 9. Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Senior Scientist, ICAR, New Delhi 10. Dr. A. Batobyal, Joint Commissioner, Dept. of AH & Dairying, GOI. 11. Dr. P.C. Dash, Joint Commissioner, Dept. of AH & Dairying, GOI, Member Secretary, NCC Chief Nodal Officers 1. Dr. S.B. Gokhale, BAIF, Urulikanchan, Pune - Western Region 2. Dr. M.G. Govindaiah, UAS, Bangalore - Southern Region 3. Dr. R.K. Misra, NDRI-ERS, Kalyani (WB) - Eastern Region 4. Dr. Dharmeswar Das, A A U, Khanapara - NE Region Other Scientists of NBAGR & Other ICAR Institutes 1. Dr. Gurmej Singh, PS 2. Dr. S.C. Gupta, PS 3. Dr. Neelam Gupta, Sr. Scientist 4. Dr. B.P. Mishra, Sr. Scientist 5. Dr. R. A.K. Aggarwal, Sr. Scientist 6. Dr. R.K. Pundir, Sr. Scientist 7. Dr. S.P. Dixit, Scientist (SS) 8. Dr. Rekha Sharma, Scientist (SS) 9. Dr. Avtar Singh, NDRI, Karnal. 10. Dr. G.K. Gaur, PDC, Meerut. Address for correspondence: Dr. S P S Ahlawat, Director, NBAGR, KARNAL 132 001 (Haryana) Phone (0184) 2267918 Fax (0184) 2267654 Email [email protected] Dr. P C Dash, Joint Commissioner, Deptt. of A H & Dairying, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi-110001. Phone (011) 23389206 Fax (011) 23389206 Email [email protected]
CONTENTS
Pages
Preparation of Country Report on AnGR
Introduction 1-2
Part
I. The State of Genetic Resources in Farm Animal Sector 3-13
II. The Changing and Growing demands on the Farm Animal 14-19 Sector
III. State of National Capacities related to Farm Animal Genetic 20-28 Resources.
IV. Priorities for the Development of an Enhanced National 29-35 Programme of Sustainable Conservation and Utilization of Genetic Resources in the Farm Animal Sector
V. Recommendations for International Cooperation 36-37
Executive Summary 38-39
References 40-41
Tables 42-74
Annexures
I. Agro-ecological zones in India 75-76
II. Central Acts relating to Domestic Animal Biodiversity 77-79
III. Breeding Policy in different states 80-82
IV. Estimated Breed Population 83
V. Breeds under Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources 84-88 and NATP. Adhoc schemes of ICAR – in collaboration with SAUs and other agencies.
Maps
1. Agro-ecological zones in India
2. Distribution of Cattle breeds
3. Distribution of Buffalo breeds
4. Distribution of Sheep breeds
5. Distribution of Goat breeds
6. Distribution of Camel breeds
7. Distribution of Horse breeds
8. Distribution of Poultry breeds
Abbreviations and Acronyms used
Introduction
India is located in the northern hemisphere between 80 4’ to 370 6’ N latitude and 680 7’ to 970 25’ E longitude; stretched about 3,214 km from North to South and about 2,933 km from East to West; covers an area of 32,87,263 sq. km. India is the second most populous country with human population of 1027 million1 which constitutes about 16 per cent of world’s population. Trends in population since the beginning of the century have shown a steady increase and during the last decade (1991-2001) there was a growth of 21.34% in the population1. There has been higher growth in urban population (31.11%) than in rural (17.97%) during the same decade mainly due to shifting of rural people to urban areas in search of better employment opportunities and amenities. About 22.5% (i. e. 68.97 million hectares) of the total geographical area of the country is under forest cover2 and 11.10 million hectares is under pasture. The country has 75.55 million hectares of irrigated area while there is 19.55 million hectares of barren land.
In order to derive maximum benefits from the available resources and prevailing conditions, the country has been divided3 into 15 regions on the basis of a commonality of agro-climatic factors like soil type, rainfall, temperature, water resources etc. (Annexure-I). The criteria adopted were homogeneity and convenience in terms of planning and implementation with reference to geographical area covered. These regions are: Western Himalayan, Eastern Himalayan, Lower Gangetic Plains, Middle Gangetic Plains, Upper Gangetic Plains, Trans-Gangetic Plains, Eastern Plateau and Hills, Central Plateau and Hills, Western Plateau and Hills, Southern Plateau and Hills, East Coast Plains and Hills, West Coast Plains and Hills, Gujarat Plains and Hills, Western Dry, and The Islands.
Livestock production systems in India are mostly based on low cost agro-by- products and traditional technologies primarily for producing milk, draft power, meat, egg, fiber etc. The land holding is invariably small. Average land holding has decreased from 2.28 ha in 1977 to 1.55 ha for all land classes and 1.08 ha including landless in 1990-91 (Table 2.18a & 1.5). Medium to large herds of cattle and buffalo exist in the periphery of large towns and cities mainly for supply of milk. Small ruminants and pigs are reared under extensive and semi-intensive systems of production. Resource-poor small and marginal farmers and landless labourers maintain majority of the livestock. 71% of cattle, 63% of buffaloes, 66% of small ruminants, 70% of pigs and 74% of poultry are owned by marginal and small land holders4. Intensification of production system has occurred only in poultry industry and on a limited scale in dairy industry. Intensive pig farming has been initiated at a low scale.
India is endowed with vast and varied forms of animal genetic resources that have played crucial role in augmenting agrarian economy. In domesticated livestock
1 and birds, the number of documented breeds are: 30 of cattle, 10 of buffalo, 40 of sheep, 20 of goat, 18 of poultry, 9 of camel and 6 of horse. In addition, the other species found are: pig, Mithun, yak, duck, goose, turkey, guinea fowl, pheasant, dog, and cat.
India ranks first in the world in terms of total milk production at 85.7 million tonnes, egg production at 39092 million numbers in 2001-021 (table 3.7a) while the meat production in 1999-2000 (including poultry) was 4.91 million tonnes (Table 3.6a). Livestock outputs (milk, meat and egg) have grown at an annual rate of about 5 per cent. There are estimates that by 2020 demand for milk, meat and eggs under different income and population growth scenarios would be in the range of 126-183, 6.3-12.1 and 9.5-18.5 million tonnes respectively4.
However, the importance of livestock goes beyond its food production function. Livestock provide valuable draft power worth Rs. 33,792 crores5, organic manure for agriculture worth Rs. 5,700 crores1, dung as fuel for domestic purpose worth Rs. 4,482 crore1 and other by-products including leather, bones and horns worth Rs. 100 crores5. The contribution of livestock sector to the GDP has increased from about 4.82% in 1980-81 to 5.51% in 1999-2000. The value of output from livestock sector was Rs.1,302 billion which is about 24% of the total value of output of Rs.5,358 billion from the agriculture sector during 1999-20001. Livestock and products worth Rs. 34.7 billion were exported from the country during 2000-01.
Livestock sector is an important source of income and employment for landless and small landholders. According to a National Sample Survey (1993-94), employment in animal husbandry sector was 9.8 million in principal status and 8.6 million in subsidiary status.
The growth in crop production could not be sustained hence the focus shifted to sustainable agriculture and its diversification. Indigenous genetic resources in livestock sector and their conservation have thus become crucial for sustained food production. The global (FAO) initiative for the State of World Animal Genetic Resource would greatly help the countries to assess their strengths and weaknesses to formulate globally competitive and farmer friendly programmes and policies to meet the growing needs within the country as well as the new emerging standards of world trade.
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PART I
The State of Genetic Resources in the Farm Animal Sector
State of Genetic Diversity
Traditionally, India has been a mega biodiversity center and rearing of domesticated animals viz. cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, camel, horse, donkey, yak and mithun has been practiced since time immemorial. In poultry, apart from chicken, domesticated strains of avis such as ducks, geese, quails, turkey, pheasants and partridges also exist. Other species viz. elephant, dog, rabbit and pigeon are also important in some of the regions.
Species No of Breeds Population Population 199715 200316 (million) (million) Provisional Cattle 30 198.88 187.38 Buffalo 10 89.92 96.62 Sheep 40 57.49 61.79 Goat 20 122.72 120.10 Pig 3 13.29 14.14 Donkey - 0.88 0.67 Horse 6 0.83 0.79 Mule - 0.22 0.31 Camel 9 0.91 0.64 Yak - 0.06 0.07 Mithun - 0.18 0.28 Rabbit - - 0.40 Poultry chicken 18 347.61 440.70 Duck 5
On the basis of use, livestock population can be classified under the following major heads:
Milk group: This group comprises of cattle, buffalo and goat. Camel and sheep also contribute to some extent, but their contribution is very little. Total provisional milk yield for 2002-03 is 89.38 million tonnes. Share of cow, buffalo and goat was 42, 54 and 4 percent respectively. In cattle, indigenous cows produced bulk of the milk as compared to that of crossbreds.
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Draught group: This group comprises of work bullocks (castrated male among cattle), buffalo, camel, horses, ponies, mules, donkeys and yak. Cattle and buffalo constitute the major draught animal species in the farming sector, accounting for nearly 90% of the total work output10. The number of work animals11 decreased by about 25% in cattle and by 29% in buffaloes during 1972-92. Contribution of draught animals to total power availability to agriculture has declined from 61% in 1971 to 23% in 1991. Absolute contribution has, however, remained unchanged at about 30,000 megawatts (Table 3.3a). Total draught animal pairs has decreased from 41.80, 33.98 during 1971-96 (Table 3.4a), however draught animal power intensity has increased from 4.12 ha/animal pair in 1976-77 to 5.03 ha/animal pair in 1986-87. (Table 3.5a).
Meat group: comprises of buffalo, cattle, goat, pig, sheep and poultry. Rabbit, Yak and Mithun also contribute in small ways. Meat production in India grew from 0.85 million tonnes in 1981 to 5.90 million tonnes in 2003. Beef & veal, buffalo meat, poultry meat, pig meat, goat meat, and mutton & lamb accounted for 25.3, 24.9, 27.1, 10.7, 8.0 and 4.0 percent respectively of the total meat in the year 2003(Table 3.6a).
Wool group: Sheep are used for wool production. Wool production grew from 32 million Kg in 1980-81 to 50.7 million Kg in 2001-02 (Table 3.7a). In addition, Angora goats are reared for mohair production and Pashmina goats for pashmina wool. The annual production of mohair is about 500 Kg; the yield of pashmina ranges from 100 to 250 gm/animal/year1.
Egg group: This group comprises mainly of fowls and ducks. Total egg production has increased by more than 3 times during the last two decades from 10060 million in 1980-81 to 39092 million in 2001-02(Table 3.7a). Share of egg productivity by fowls and ducks was 92.5 and 4.7% respectively in 1998-99. Improved fowls contributed around 70% as compared to 30% by desi fowls. (Table 3.8a)
Assessment of Genetic Diversity
Cattle
India has 30 indigenous breeds of cattle in addition to the vast cattle population which comes under the non-descript category. There are 3 major types of cattle breeds as per their utility (i) Milch breeds – Sahiwal, Gir, Rathi and Red Sindhi (few animals only at organized farms); (ii) Draft breeds – Amritmahal, Bachaur, Bargur, Dangi, Hallikar, Kangayam, Kenkatha, Kherigarh, Khillari, Malvi, Nagori, Nimari, Ponwar, Umblachery, Red Kandhari and Siri, and (iii) Dual-purpose breeds – Deoni, Gaolao, Hariana, Kankrej, Krishna Valley, Mewati, Ongole and Tharparkar. Vechur and Punganur are the dwarf breeds. The population of some breeds like
4 Nagori, Hariana, Ponwar, Kherigarh, Mewati, Hallikar, etc. is declining mainly due to mechanization of agriculture. In addition to these, there exist some stable populations in different regions that significantly contribute to the food and agriculture production of that region. These are Alambadi, Binjharpuri, Ghumsuri, Pullikulam, Kumauni, Ladakhi, Malnad Gidda, Mampati, Manipari, Motu, Red Purnea, Shahabadi, Gangatiri, ThoTho, and Tarai. There are no wild relatives of cattle in India.
Some of the crossbred strains developed are Sunandini, Frieswal, and Karan- Fries. Except Sunandini, the population of other strains is small.
Buffalo
India possesses the richest source of germplasm of buffalo and the best dairy breeds are domesticated in north-western region of the country. There are 10 recognised breeds of riverine buffaloes (2N = 50) in India. These include large sized breeds – Murrah, Nili-Ravi and Jaffarabadi; and medium sized – Mehsana, Marathwada, Nagpuri, Pandharpuri, Bhadawari, Surti and Toda. Murrah is the best dairy breed and is most sought after.
There also exist a number of buffalo populations, which have not been defined as breeds. The local varieties need to be assessed, defined and recognized. Though number of buffalo breeds has not decreased, but the population of breeds like Bhadawari, Nili-Ravi and Toda is declining.
Goat
Diversity in goats, represented by 20 breeds, is related with the geography and ecology of the region, environmental variations, production system and genetic potential of the breed. Goats of temperate Himalayan region(Changthangi and Chegu) possess the finest quality under-coat called cashmere or pashmina. The goat breeds found in north and north-western region viz. Jamunapari, Marwari, Zalawadi, Beetal, Kutchi, Sirohi, Barbari, Mehsana, Surti, Jhakrana and Gohilwadi are large in size and primarily used for meat and milk purpose. In the southern and peninsular part of India, goats with dual production of meat and milk viz. Sangamneri, Osmanabadi, Kanai Adu and Malabari are found. The highly prolific meat breeds (Ganjam and Black Bengal) are found in the eastern region. Some other populations are also found in different parts of India like Andaman Feral goat, Barren goat, Teressa (A & N Islands); Bidari (Karnataka); Assamese hill goat (Assam) and Attapady Black (Kerala). Wild relatives of domesticated goat include Markhor, Himalayan Ibex, Himalayan Tahr and Nilgiri Tahr.
Sheep
There are 40 breeds of sheep in India. A sizeable population of sheep is non- descript due to inter-mixing of breeds. These breeds can be classified on the basis
5 of major product i.e. apparel wool (3 breeds), carpet wool (11 breeds), meat and carpet wool (13 breeds), and meat (13 breeds). Some of the sheep breeds are known for their unique characteristics like Magra for lustrous wool; Changthangi for fine wool; Garole for high fecundity; Chokla and Pattanwadi for best carpet quality wool; Mandya for mutton; and Marwari, Decanni, Hassan, Jaisalmeri and Chokla for their hardiness and capability to travel long distances. Some other population groups like Kheri and Munjal in Rajasthan, Biangi in Himachal Pradesh and Dumba in Gujarat are also available.
Bharat Merino, Avikalin, Avivastra, Avimanns, Nilgiri Synthetic, Patanwadi synthetic, Kashmir Merino and Indian Karakul are synthetic breeds developed in India.
Camel
The camel in India are single humped (Camelus dromedaries) although a very small number (about 100) of double-humped camel (Camelus bactrinus) are also present. Camel are used for transportation and agricultural operations. There are a total of 9 breeds (Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi, Marwari, Mewari, Sindhi, Shekhawati, Mewati and Malvi)
Horse
There are 6 important breeds of Indian horses namely Kathiawari, Marwari, Bhutia, Manipuri, Spiti and Zanskari. Kathiawari is well known for its pace and speed, and possesses good endurance power. Manipuri breed is used for polo, racing and military transport.
Donkey
Three distinct types of donkeys: Indian donkeys, Indian wild and Kiang are available in India. Grey colour predominates but black, white and even piebald colours are also seen. Indian wild donkeys are available in Rann of Kutch. Kiang is available in Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh, and is dark red brown with white underparts. Various types of donkeys have not been evaluated and characterized.
Pig
There are 3 types of indigenous pigs – Desi, Ghori and Ankamali. Some locally known populations are: Nicobari pigs and Andaman wild pigs (A & N Islands), Doom (Assam), and Ghungroo (West Bengal).
Rabbit
India does not have indigenous rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and the Hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) is the nearest related species. There are three
6 major types of Indian hare. The black napped hare (Lepus nigricollis nigricollis) is found in most parts of the country, major concentration being in Southern India. The other variety of Indian hare is rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus). Their distribution ranges from Himalayas to river Godavari. The desert hare (Lepus nigricollis dayanus) is found in Western desert zone of India.
Rabbits have been imported from other countries and reared under various agro-climatic regions. The various rabbit breeds available in India are New Zealand White, Soviet Chinchilla, Grey Giant, and White Giant for meat and fur, and Russian, British and German Angora for hair.
Yak
No breeds have been identified in Indian yaks. Indian yaks can be classified into distinct types viz. Ladakhi, Himachal, Sikkim and Arunachal types. Wild yak (Bos mutus) is found in Changthang valley of Ladakh.
Mithun
There are three distinct types of mithuns viz. Nagami, Zosial and Arunachali. Nagami mithuns are mostly found in the Zunheboto district of Nagaland and the Ukhrul district of Manipur; Zosial are found in Mizoram and Arunachali in Arunachal Pradesh. Mithun is used primarily as a sacrificial animal and regarded as social status symbol. Wild Gaur (Bos Gaurus) is present in wild life sanctuaries.
Poultry
Fowl
India and the neighbouring countries in the east are considered to be the original home of the well-known Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus) from which the present day domestic birds have descended. The fowl population of India can be classified into two types - desi/indigenous and improved/exotic.The birds are raised mostly by the rural folks as a backyard enterprise. About 18 breeds of fowl have been documented. The status of most of these breeds except Aseel, Kadaknath, Kashmir Faverolla, Miri and Nicobari is not known.
Most of the present day populations are commercial hybrids involving White Leghorn, Cornish, Barred Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red and Black Australorp. Some crossbred strains of fowl have been developed to use them for rural poultry production. Some of these are Giriraja, Vanaraja, Krishna–J, Yamuna, Kalinga Brown, Dhanraja, Mrityunjay, Cari Gold, Debendra, Nandanam-I, Girirani, Athula, Gramalakshmi, Gramapriya. Vanaraja .
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Duck
Ducks are mainly reared for egg production and are concentrated in eastern and southern states of India. Indian breeds of ducks are Indian Runner, Nageshwari, Sythetemete, Kuttanadu Chara and Chemballi. Khaki Campbel – a synthetic breed is being used as an improver breed.
Quail
Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) is the domesticated version of common wild quail (Coturnix coturnix). Indian subspecies of quail, viz. Rain, Grey and Button quail collectively known as ‘Bater’ has distinct popularity as game bird. Quails are seen in diversified colour varieties. Commonly seen plumage is a mixture of different shades of brown with some black patterns.
Besides the cultural and religious considerations for animal keeping, all the breeds of different domestic livestock and poultry species are contributing significantly to food and agriculture in terms of milk meat, wool, fibre, egg, manure, fuel and draft power. Variations in regional demand for animal products have influenced the use of different AnGR.
The AnGR capable of surviving the following specific conditions are:
Conditions AnGR High altitude Mithun, Yak, Changthangi, Gaddi, Gurez, Karnah, Poonchi, Rampur Bushair, Bhakarwal and Nilgiri sheep; Changthangi, Chegu, Gaddi goat; Siri cattle; Toda buffaloes; Double Humped Camel Saline condition Garole sheep, Chilka Buffalo, Goat breed in Andamans. Desert Nali, Chokla, Jaisalmeri, Magra, Kheri, Pugal, Marwari sheep; Rathi, Tharparkar cattle; Jhakrana, Sirohi, Marwari goats; camel. Hot humid Bachaur , Vechur , Umblacherry , Kangayam cattle; Balangir, climate Bonpala, Chotanagpuri, Ganjam, Garole, Tibetan and Madras Red sheep; Bengal and Ganjam goat.
State of Knowledge of AnGR
The animal genetic resources of the country have been documented in respect of their distribution, utility and morphometric characters. Most of the breeds of cattle and buffalo are maintained at state owned organized farms where information on growth, production and reproduction parameters is recorded and maintained. For other species of AnGR, there are very few farms where
8 performance parameters on breeds maintained are recorded regularly. Information on some of the breeds has also been collected through field surveys. However, there are still some breeds which neither have any organized farm nor any systematic survey has been conducted. Their performance records which are essential for planning breed improvement programmes are not available. These breeds are :
Cattle: Krishana Valley, Kenkatha, Kherigarh, Mewati, Ponwar and Siri
Buffalo: Marathwada and Toda
Sheep: Poonchi, Magra, Sonadi, Jalauni, Coimbototre, Tiruchi Black, Kenguri, Shahbadi, Tibetan, Bonpala
Goat: Kutchi, Surti, Gohilwadi, Ganjam, Sangamneri, Malabari, Changthangi.
Horse: Manipuri, Bhutia, Zanskari
Camel: Marwari, Mewari, Shekhawati, Mewati, Malvi
Fowl: Busra, Punjab Brown, Chittagong, Danki, Ghagus, Harringhata Black, Kalasthi, Tellichery, Tani
Most of the breeds have been identified on the basis of morphological characters while the information on genetic architecture is available for few breeds. The molecular characterization of AnGR for establishing genetic distances among various breeds has been undertaken using microsatellite based DNA markers. FAO recommended markers are being used in cattle, sheep, pig and poultry. The breeds under various species covered are:
Species Breeds Buffalo Murrah, Jaffarabadi, Nili Ravi, Mehsana, Bhadawari, Toda, Pandharpuri, Surti, Tarai Cattle Sahiwal, Hariana, Red Kandhari, Umblachery, Kangayam, Ongole, Gir, Deoni Sheep Garole, Jaisalmeri, Pugal, Gaddi, Nali, Chokla, Muzzafarnagri, Karnah, Gurej Goat Black Bengal, Chegu, Gaddi, Parbatsari, Osmanabadi, Pig Pig population from northern and north-eastern India Poultry Aseel, Nicobari, Miri, Kashmir Favorolla Camel Jaisalmeri, Bikaneri, Kachchhi, Double Humped
The information on population status of AnGR, production environment and infrastructure in the country are available for all species at district level and at five
9 years interval starting from 1961. This information contains age-wise, sex-wise and utility wise (breeding males, working males, females in milk, dry females, etc.) distribution under each species. Authentic breed-wise population data is not available for the country as a whole. However some states have initiated breed–wise census in recent years.
An information system on AnGR of India has been developed at NBAGR, Karnal and the database is maintained in the format of population, breeds, infrastructure, production, utilization, semen banks, vaccine production and livestock farms. Some information on AnGR is available in DAD-IS.
Information on land resources under grazing, pastures and fodder crops is available. Feed and fodder resources available in different regions of the country have also been documented at IGFRI, Jhansi, NIN&P, Bangalore and Ministry of Agriculture. Occurrence of various diseases under different agro-ecological regions is also recorded. A database on animal disease surveillance and monitoring is being maintained at Project Directorate, Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Bangalore.
Quantitative data on economic viability of various breeds is not available. Indigenous traditional knowledge (ITK) plays an important role in management of AnGR but the same has not been documented yet. Quantitative information on disease resistance capabilities and draft capacity is also missing.
Use of Improved AnGR is being considered a primary element in Country’s strategy for enhancing productivity. Improved breeding male stock is produced at some of the Government Livestock Farms and used for improvement of farmers’ stock under different schemes. However, the improved AnGR produced at Government Livestock Farms is not adequate so as to meet the requirement of the farmers. Both the private and public sectors need to be organized further to produce and use improved breeding stocks. However, other non-genetic development approaches including health coverage, feed and fodder resources development, management and marketing aspects are also given due weight for enhancing the productivity of AnGR.
The Animal Production Systems in India can be classified mainly into three types:
Extensive Animal Production System (low input-low output): The most prevalent system in the country is extensive animal production system prevailing all over the country across all the states and agro-climatic regions. System is characterized by low input use and low productivity. Almost all the species of livestock viz. cattle,
10 buffalo, sheep, goat, camel, donkey, horse, yak, mithun, pig and poultry are maintained primarily under this system. Mostly farmers maintain animals of more than one species to meet the domestic needs of animal product. Under extensive production system, majority of the animals belong to locally adapted populations. Typical herd/flock size under extensive animal production system ranges between 40-200 for sheep, 20-100 for goat, 5-15 for pig and 50-100 for duck. Average herd size6 for cattle and buffalo is 3.7. The recently introduced breeds of livestock are generally not maintained under this system.
This system is based on seasonal movements between Dry Western zone and the Himalayan Central Plateau and on crop residues of the irrigated areas. About 30 per cent of small ruminants are maintained by nomads. Yak, mithun and swamp buffaloes are maintained in semi-domesticated system. In this system animals remain in the forest for most of the time and are collected at the time of need.
Throughout rural India, local breeds of poultry are raised in the backyard system at about 100,000 farms with flock size6 ranging from 25 to 250 birds with no or little investment. These free roaming indigenous chickens have low productivity (40 – 80 eggs/year). These also meet cultural and religious needs and provide a reliable and readily convertible means of managing family resources. These breeds are less susceptible to most of the common diseases and require less veterinary care. The replacement stocks are also farm bred and therefore the inputs are negligible. The labour cost is low as animal rearing is a family occupation. The extensive production system has low risk factors as the locally adapted AnGR can withstand most of the natural calamities. Moreover, there is very little cash investment in this system.
Semi-intensive Animal Production System: In urban and peri-urban areas small to medium herds of cattle and buffaloes are maintained for supply of milk under semi-intensive animal production system. Locally adapted high producing as well as recently introduced breeds/crossbreds are maintained under this system.
Typical farm size under semi-intensive system ranges between 5-20 for cattle and buffalo. Very few farmers keep sheep and goat under semi-intensive system. The flock size varies from 5 to 30 for sheep and from 5 to 20 for goat. Some farmers also maintain10-50 poultry birds or 15-30 pigs under semi-intensive system. Mostly one or two species are maintained at the same farm under this system.
The major risk factors under semi-intensive livestock production system are natural calamities like drought, famine, flood and blockage of external inputs. Outbreaks of epidemic diseases also affect this system to a certain extent. The
11 availability of high quality low priced feed is another limiting factor6, which determines the feasibility of stall-feeding.
Intensive Animal Production System: Intensive animal production system is followed primarily in poultry and to some extent in cattle, buffalo, rabbit and pigs.
Under this system, high producing recently introduced breeds or strains are maintained for commercial purposes. Typical farm size under intensive animal production system ranges between 50-200 for cattle and buffalo, 40-120 for pigs and 1,000-10,000 for poultry. Mostly one species is maintained under this system.
About 60% of poultry meat and 56% of eggs are produced under intensive system. There are about 60,000 poultry farms, some of which raise more than 100,000 birds. By 1991 there were 3000 poultry co-operatives with 190,000 members6.
The major risk factor for intensive system is spread of epidemic diseases in the herd/ flock. Other factors like capital and labour availability; lack of insurance; seasonal fluctuations in supply of feed ingredients, produce & market demand are also important.
Interventions towards Genetic Improvement
All types of breeding structures are being used in India for genetic improvement. Straight breeding is the main programme for buffaloes and few breeds of cattle. Unstructured breeding, grading up and to certain extent crossbreeding are followed in cattle, sheep and goat. Crossbreeding in cattle is being practiced to augment the milk production of indigenous breeds and in sheep to augment the quality wool/meat production.
Progeny-testing scheme was started in the Third Five-Year Plan to ensure identification of superior Hariana and Murrah bulls tested on the basis of performance of their progeny rather than only the dam’s yield. The tested bulls were used through AI for achieving higher genetic gain. There are some field progeny testing programmes for indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes supported by the Government, Cooperatives dairies, Research Institutes and NGOs. Even these programmes are deficient for want of requisite performance recording. Most of ongoing progeny testing programmes are dependent on institutional herds, leaving out good animals possessed by the farming community. Progeny testing programmes have been undertaken for Sahiwal, Hariana, Ongole cattle and Murrah
12 and Surti buffaloes. However, the number of bulls tested and selected is too few to make any appreciable impact on genetic improvement.
Under the AICRP/Network Project approach, genetic improvement and conservation of indigenous AnGR is being undertaken at a number of species specific institutes of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and in collaboration with the State Agricultural Universities. Such activities have also been taken up by State and Central Government Farms, NDDB and some NGOs including Gaushalas. The breeds on which improvement and conservation programmes are going on are listed below:
Institute Species Breeds PDC, Meerut Cattle Tharparkar, Ongole, Hariana, Gir CIRB, Hisar Buffalo Murrah, Jaffarabadi, Nili Ravi, Surti, Pandharpuri, Godavari, Swamp buffaloes of Assam and Bhadawari CIRG, Makhdoom Goat Jamunapari1, Sirohi1, Barbari2, Black Bengal3, Ganjam3, Sangamneri3, Surti3, Malabari3 CSWRI, Avikanagar Sheep Chokla2, Marawari2, Muzaffarnagari2, Deccani3, Nellore3, Magra3, Madras Red3, Ganjam3 NRCC, Bikaner Camel Bikaneri, Jaisalmeri, Kachchhi, Double humped camel 1 Both farm & field unit; 2 farm unit; 3 field unit
13 PART II
The Changing and Growing Demands on The Farm Animal Sector
The pattern of urbanization and economic development have provided opportunities for farmers to move from subsistence production for primarily home use to market oriented production with attendant demands for greater consistency of production, more reliable and predictable quality, better producer organization, equitable price negotiation, reliable product delivery, access to credit, greater economic risk and increasing competition for resources, markets, credit and favours from government organizations outside the traditional agricultural sector7. As such this system relies on increasing external inputs.
In arid areas, shift from bovines towards sheep and goats reflect increased pressure on grazing resources. About 40% of sheep and goat are slaughtered for meat production each year, which is about the total off take to be expected for small ruminant production under low input conditions6.
High input livestock production is also becoming common in peri-urban areas as urban population expands and economic development leads to larger, more lucrative and more consistent markets for animal products. Private entrepreneurs and multinational companies are making investments under this system. Intensive animal production system is followed primarily in poultry. The farms following intensive production system are using technology and inputs developed locally or imported.
Specialized draft breeds are becoming irrelevant in their home tracts because of drastic changes in irrigation, agro-climatic and agronomic packages.
Animal Products and their Contribution to Total Value
Milk, meat, eggs, draft power, wool, hair, hides, skins, dung for fuel (cake and biogas) and manure are the important animal products and by-products. Milk is the most important contributor to the value of output from livestock sector. Its contribution to total value was more than 69 per cent in 1999-2000. Meat, dung, eggs, hides & skin, and wool & hair contributed about 13.6, 7.8, 3.1, 1.8 and 0.27 per cent respectively (Table 2.19a).
14 In last two decades the meat production increased by about 4.5 times. There were 4030 registered and 5891 unregistered slaughterhouses (1999) in India (Table 4.11a). Population slaughtered in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig were 6.4, 11.03, 30.0, 37.98 and 83.7 percent, respectively (Table 2.20a). Unsophisticated slaughtering practices contribute to poor meat quality and low recovery of various by-products8.
Indian leather industry has 125 medium and large scale units, 1200 small scale units and thousands of tiny tanneries in rural areas. Hides and skins are terminal markets. The states of Tamilnadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal account for more than 80% of country’s leather output. The leather raw material imports were Rs. 8730.6 million in 2000-01 to increase capacity utilization resulting in export worth Rs. 17455.7 million1.
Wool production increased by 54% during 1980-81 and 2000-01. The government buys 10-15% of marketed wool6. Majority of wool produced in India is carpet type. The deficit of wool is met by imports to the tune of 53763.7 mt valued Rs 4579.6 million1 (2000-01).
Major Trends in Use and Management of AnGR
Although small farm production is the major animal production system, yet more and more animals are now being reared under semi-intensive and intensive system of management. There has been reduction in pastoral way of animal keeping due to increase in urbanization and socio-economic conditions. Low productivity of indigenous breeds, urbanization/ deforestation/ commercialization are the factors that disfavour low producing locally adapted AnGR.
In large ruminants, until recently, cattle have mainly been contributing to draft power. However, with the increased availability of mechanical power in the recent past demand for animal draft power has decreased resulting in preference for milch type animals. The co-operatives have provided organized and assured market for milk, thus encouraging the farmers to rear milch animals. Buffalo, being multi- purpose animal (for milk, meat and draft), is becoming the species of choice in large ruminants. Improvement in mechanized transportation has led to decline in use of pack animals (camel, horse, donkey, mule etc.) and these are now more confined to inaccessible areas. For instance, yak is vital as a pack animal in high altitude hills and mountains. Further, the increase in demand for food of animal origin has favoured the livestock for meat production.
15 Mechanization and diversification has resulted in reduced availability of crop residues to animals. Green revolution varieties of food grains produce less and poorer quality straw6. The market of green and dry fodder is not yet developed. Fodder seed supply is also an important constraint. Utilization and dissemination of new technologies is highly limited.
Impact of Crossbreeding
Crossbreeding was introduced in India to enhance the milk, wool, egg and meat production in the country. It involved crossing of females of indigenous breeds with males/semen of exotic breeds.
The exotic breeds used for crossbreeding are:
Cattle Holstein Friesian, Jersey, Brown Swiss. Sheep Merino, Rambouillet, Suffolk, Dorset, Karakul, Awassi, Corriedale, SouthDown. Goat Alpine, Saanen, Angora. Pig Landrace, Yorkshire, Hampshire, Boer. Chicken White leghorn, Cornish, Plymouth Rock, Rhode Island Red, Australorp, New Hampshire Duck Khaki Campbell.
Population of crossbred cattle15 has shown an increasing trend with an annual growth rate of 5.73% between 1992 and 1997 as compared to -1.14% in indigenous cattle during the same period, indicating a gradual substitution of indigenous cattle by crossbred cattle. There are regional variations in adoption of crossbred cattle. The major states adopting crossbreeding were Kerala(79%) Punjab (69%), Tamil Nadu (39%), Haryana (35%) and Jammu & Kashmir (34%). The farmers maintain mainly Holstein Friesian crossbreds. High protein diet consisting of green fodder and concentrate, and health care are provided to these crossbreds. In sheep also, growth in crossbred population15 was much faster as compared to indigenous animals (5.22% vs 2.37% per annum).
The average yield1 per cross bred cow is 6.46kg as compare to 1.89 kg from indigenous cow(1998-99). Crossbreeding to evolve new breeds of quality wool and meat in sheep, and meat and milk in goats was undertaken. Australian Merino crossbreds are prevalent in Jammu & Kashmir, and Russian Merino/Rambouillet crosses in Himachal Pradesh. The crossbred strains produce fine quality wool with average fiber diameter ranging between 19 and 23 µ and medullation percent ranging from less than 1 to 20.
16
In spite of these gains, crossbreds have not been able to perform to the optimum under field conditions. The crossbreds under field conditions, however, had high incidence of disease and reproductive disorders due to which resource poor farmers did not accept them.
The main reasons for under performance of crossbreds in the field are:
Non-adaptability to local agro-climatic conditions. Non-availability of quality feed and fodder. Poor resistance to tropical diseases. Genetic instability of crossbred animals. Poor draft capacity Low price for milk because of low fat Reproduction problems Non –availability of superior crossbred males.
Some superior Indian breeds have been used in various parts of the country for upgradation of local animals. These are
Cattle Kankrej, Gir, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi ,Hariana Buffalo Murrah, Jaffarabadi ,Surti Sheep Nali, Magra, Mandya, Nellore, Chokla, Patanwadi Goat Jamunapari, Barbari, Beetal, Sirohi
The State of Conservation of AnGR
The extent of importance of these factors depends on species, breed and location. Some of the native breeds showing declining trend in population and require conservation efforts for their improvement and sustainable utilization are: Cattle: Vechur, Punganur, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Krishna Valley, Amritmahal ,Tharparkar Buffaloes: Toda, Bhadawari, Nili -Ravi Sheep: Bhakerwal, Gurez, Karanah, Poonchi, Niligiri, Pugal, Magra, Shahbadi Goat: Jamnapari, Beetal, Surti, Ganjam Horses: Marwari, Kathiawari, Zanaskari, Spiti Chicken: All native breeds except Aseel Duck: Nageshwari. Camel: Sindhi, Mewari, Double humped camel
17 Trends and Future use of AnGR
The utility pattern of different domestic livestock species has slightly changed. More emphasis has been noticed on milk production from cattle and buffaloes. A shift from draft to milk has been seen in cattle in the recent past and animals were brought for stall-feeding from grazing due to shrinkage in grazing land. The farm mechanization especially in prosperous states like Haryana and Punjab has reduced the draft utility of cattle and buffaloes. The combination of species being used by farmers is more or less unchanged. However, the increase in population of buffalo has been more as compared to cattle during the last decade. The effect on overall food and agriculture system has been recorded in terms of increased milk, meat and egg production. Cross breeding with exotic cattle breeds, selective breeding in buffalo, sheep and goat and establishment of cooperatives and breed societies for marketing of milk are the main factors for increasing animal production and productivity in the country.
The advancement of technologies and methodologies has improved the use of AnGR in India. In recent years different disease diagnostic, cheaper and adequate vaccine production by using methods of molecular biology, bio-technology and the reproduction methodologies like A.I (and ETT) as tools to implement breeding programmes have been in use. In addition to this, the use of selection and breeding methodologies for genetic improvement, production of balanced feed, epidemiological studies and extension of technologies etc. have had a significant impact on use of AnGR in terms of animal production. A marginal increase in commercialization of domestic livestock husbandry and significant commercialization in egg and broiler production has been noticed in the country.
Trends in international policies have not potentially affected the use of AnGR in India due to large domestic market in the country itself. However, awareness towards commercial animal keeping has increased in the recent past. This is likely to affect the production system as well as production and productivity of animals. Multinational companies like Nestle is working in the villages of state of Punjab for hygienic milk production and quality assurance in dairy products; Venkateswara Hatcheries in the area of poultry production. Some private resource rich farmers are also venturing into intensive commercial animal production in view of changed international policies of export and quality assurance of animal products.
18 Future production systems
Although subsistence farming dominates the animal production system in the country, semi-intensive and intensive systems will play a enhanced role in meeting the increased demand. Population increase, urbanization and income growth is leading to increase in demand for food of animal origin. The per capita consumption of food from animal sources is low at present as compared to the developed countries. However, the demand has shown an increasing trend in the last three decades by three times in meat consumption and more than double in milk consumption4.
Though the production of milk, meat, egg etc. is increasing, the present subsistent livestock farming may not be able to meet the increased demands in future. Livestock enterprises with improved breeds/ strains under semi-intensive and intensive management are likely to grow. However, small holder subsistent production system will be the mainstay in livestock production at least for the foreseeable future. Given the existing price incentives for higher fat milk, the buffalo population can be expected to grow further.
19 PART III
State Of National Capacities Related To Farm Animal Genetic Resources
The development and conservation of AnGR has overlapping domains involving the departments of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) and Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) in the Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment and Ministry of Environment and Forests. The Department of Biotechnology in the Ministry of Science and Technology also has considerable involvement in conservation through bio-technological tools. These departments undertake activities pertaining to AnGR, although perceptions of conservation and dimensions of activities differ. The Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) is primarily related with research and education on conservation, improvement and development of AnGR whereas the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) is related with policy formulation and its execution in these and other aspects of animal husbandry in the country. The Department of Biotechnology lays more emphasis on biotechnological aspects involving development of new technology related with semen, ova, DNA and cell lines etc. to increase the production and productivities of various livestock species. The Ministry of Environment and Forest looks into the aspect related with relationship between the animals and the forests and protection of forests to avoid degradation of environment. The Government has been and continues to be the sole financier for conservation programmes for AnGR in the country.
Existing Capacities for Management and Characterization of AnGR
The livestock development is a state subject in our country. Each state government is preparing its development programmes for domestic livestock and poultry.
India has vast infrastructure for management of AnGR. There exists a large network of central and state animal husbandry departments looking after the development of animal husbandry (health care, breeding and feeding) at the grass root level. Indian Council of Agricultural Research has full-fledged Animal Science Division. There is a vast network of species-specific institutes (4), National Dairy Research Institute, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Nutrition & Physiology, National Research Centers (6), Project Directorates (2), AICRPs (17) for carrying out research for the improvement and management of various livestock genetic resources, processing of products, health care and to develop trained manpower. ICAR has also established National Bureau of Animal
20 Genetic Resources with the mandate of identification, evaluation, characterization, conservation and utilization of livestock and poultry genetic resources. There are 30 Agricultural Universities in various states dealing specifically with the requirements and problems of the region and also producing trained manpower in veterinary and animal sciences. In addition, there are four veterinary universities imparting education and conducting research in animal husbandry sector. There is an extension network in the country in the form of Krishi Vigyan Kendras (261) for dissemination of information generated in different research organizations. Besides, there are large number of farms (485 for livestock, 3172 for poultry and ducks, and 42 for rabbit)1, NGOs, Muths, Panjrapoles and Gaushalas (866)1 of religious organizations which maintain indigenous animals. The rearing and management of animals is an age-old tradition and farming communities are well-versed in the upkeep of animals.
State of Capacity to Use AnGR
Besides the state government, some NGOs like Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF) for cattle and buffalo improvement and Private organizations specially for providing improved stock of Broiler and layer for commercial use have also been involved in the genetic improvement programmes of AnGR in the country. The results of the main breeding systems have been evaluated on farms and research stations under government/ non-government and private sectors. The infrastructure facilities available in the country for the use and development of AnGR are summarized in the Table No. 4.11a.
The semi-intensive system is growing due to assured market through co- operatives and private entrepreneurs. The dairy cooperatives are working at the grass root level by providing quality input, expertise and ready market. This growth has been more pronounced in dairy and poultry sectors primarily because of changing consumer demand and taste as well as strengthening of production and processing infrastructure. The co-operatives are operational in more than 200 districts. Their number has increased phenomenally from 1588 in 1970-71 to 84,289 in 2000 with 10.6 million members (Table 4.11a). About 60% of the total milk produced is sold in market, out of which only 36% through organised and remaining 64% through unorganised sector. There are 678 milk plants with an installed capacity of 72.98 million litres per day. Co-operative sector alone accounts for 39% of the total capacity with 212 plants (Table 4.12a). About 45% of milk is consumed in liquid form, 35% converted as butter/ghee, 7% as paneer/cheese, 4% as milk powder and rest as khoa, dahi (yogurt), ice-cream etc6.
The 84289 Dairy Cooperative Societies operational in the country provide marketing facility to 107 lakhs farmers. These cooperative societies procure 158 lakhs kg. milk every day1. The processing of milk is being carried out in the country
21 by various Dairy plants under cooperative, Private and other sectors. The number and capacity of these plants is summarized in the Table No. 4.12a.
State of Development of AnGR
Efforts for Indigenous Breed Development: Some attempts to develop selected indigenous breeds of cattle and buffalo were made through the following programmes:
Cattle/Buffalo breeding Farms: Central/State Governments have established cattle/buffalo breeding farms in different parts of the country for indigenous breeds. Except for few, there is one or more farms for each breed. These farms follow scientific breeding policy for improvement of the breeds. The farms act as multiplication centre and produce superior bulls for dissemination in the field. The number of farms in government as well as private sector for cattle, buffaloes, Sheep, goats, rabbit, pig camel, horses, and poultry are 190, 33, 78, 53, 42, 118, 4, 9 and 3137, respectively1.
Support to Gaushalas: The government is assisting several gaushalas by providing them financial grant, equipment and technical advice. But there is little coordination among institutions having animals of the same breed. The efforts have not produced desired results. The gaushalas help in conservation of local breeds/ populations and multiplying them, and some of these are also contributing for genetic improvement. At present there are more than 2000 Gaushalas in the country, of which 866 are registered with state bodies1.
Herd Registration Programme: There are four herd registration units involving seven breeds of cattle and buffalo. These programmes are sensitizing the farmers and playing important role in conservation of indigenous breeds.
Intensive Cattle Development Project: An area development approach, popularly known as Intensive Cattle Development Project (ICDP), was started in 1966-67. It was envisaged to cover 0.1 million cows/she-buffaloes and take care of all aspects of development such as, breeding, feeding, disease control and extension activities. Each project is linked with a dairy project to provide marketing facilities. The programme was expected to achieve a breeding coverage of about 70% of the cattle population of each project and an increase in milk production by about 30% over a period of 5 years. At present there are about 122 ICDPs. The main impact of the ICDP is genetic improvement through AI using the semen of genetically superior males.
Progeny Testing Programmes: Progeny-testing schemes were started in the Third Five-Year Plan. The tested bulls are used through AI for achieving higher genetic gain. There are some field progeny testing programmes for indigenous breeds of
22 cattle and buffalo sponsored by the different agencies. Presently field progeny testing programs are running in the country mainly for testing of cross breds and few indigenous breed cow bulls and Murrah, Mehsana, & Jaffarabadi buffalo bulls.
Multiple Ovulation and Embryo Transfer: In recent years the possibility of increasing animal productivity by controlled breeding has been explored. In 1987, the Government of India initiated a National Science and Technology Project on Embryo Transfer in Cattle and Buffaloes implemented by the Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology jointly with the Ministry of Agriculture and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). The project was implemented by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) as nodal agency in collaboration with the National Institute of Immunology (NII), New Delhi, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, and Central Frozen Semen Production and Training Institute (CFSP&TI), Hessarghatta (Karnataka). The implementing agencies maintain a nucleus herd of superior animals for breeding purposes and take the technology to field for benefit of farmers. The NDDB has set up a main Embryo Transfer (ET) laboratory, three regional centres and 14 state centers. Private agencies like Raymond have also established ETT centres.
The All India Coordinated Projects /Network Projects( AICRPs/Network)
The ICAR has launched All India coordinated Projects on Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Pig and Poultry for genetic improvement of these species for higher milk, wool, meat, egg etc. Some of these programmes are in Network Mode. Presently 17 AICRP/ Network projects are in operation that include 3 each on cattle and Poultry, one each on buffalo, goat, sheep, pig, embryo transfer, micro nutrients in animal production, Animal disease monitoring and epidemiological studies on Foot and Mouth Disease, besides one on Animal Genetic Resources (characterization and conservation). The basic objective of the project is the genetic improvement of different livestock and poultry by evolving high yielding breeds/ strains, which would suit local environment in different agro-climatic zones and high breeding efficiency. A separate Network Project has also been initiated for characterization and conservation of Animal Genetic Resources of the country. In the VIIIth five-year plan eight breeds were characterized through detailed surveys in the breeding tract. In the IX plan 12 more breeds were morphologically characterized and five units were initiated for the in situ and ex situ conservation of 17 breeds of livestock and poultry (Annexure v). Three Core labs are also working for genetic characterization and genetic distancing between different livestock breeds of the country.
23 National Project for Cattle and Buffalo breeding (NPCBB)
The government of India initiated action in the beginning of IXth Plan towards formulation of a comprehensive scheme for cattle and buffalo breeding in consultation with State governments and other concerned agencies with an aim to consolidate the gains achieved till VIII Plan period, to maximize returns on investments, and to ensure sustainability of operations as well as quality in breeding inputs and services. These efforts culminated in merger of the ongoing centrally sponsored schemes on cattle and buffalo breeding, namely Extension of Frozen Semen Technology & Progeny Testing Programmes (EFST & PTP) and National Bull Production programmes (NBPP) into a new centrally sponsored National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (NPCBB) which aims at thorough re-organization and reorientation of the cattle and buffalo breeding operations in the country. The objectives of the project include establishment of appropriate institutional structures to channel and supply high quality breeding inputs and services; setting up national standards for bulls, semen, semen laboratories and AI services to guarantee quality assurance; training of inseminators and professionals based on nationally accepted curriculum and hands- on practices and regulating and strengthening breeding system in area covered by natural service as well as fostering breeders organizations. Most of the states have participated in implementation of the project.
Initiatives by Central and State Animal Husbandry Departments for Conservation of AnGR
During the last 10 years, various government and non-government organizations have initiated a number of conservation programmes. Efforts have been made to prioritize the activities including a) building research capacity, b) human resource development, c) acquiring financial resources d) Institutional/Policy development, e) storage facility, f) product processing and g) technology transfer.
The livestock improvement activities in the country have centered on production of breeding males of various species primarily for genetic improvement of production traits. A huge infrastructure of 155 cattle and 29 buffalo breeding farms, 77 bull stations, 114 sheep and goat breeding farms, 118 pig breeding farms, 207 poultry breeding farms, 35 duck breeding farms, 4 camel breeding farms, 9 horse breeding farm and 42 rabbit breeding farms have been established by state and central governments1. In addition there are number of animal farms owned by cooperative organizations, non-governmental organizations and private sector besides Gaushalas and Panjrapoles. Though these infrastructures were created primarily for improvement of various livestock and poultry breeds, some of these farms are also acting as a major in situ conservation focal points. However, it is necessary that the breeding policy of these livestock and poultry breeds be regulated in a manner that they can act as integral part of national AnGR conservation programme. The livestock and poultry breeding farms of various ICAR institutes and state agricultural and animal science universities are also playing a
24 significant role in ex situ and in situ conservation of AnGR. State animal husbandry departments have also initiated some conservation programme on indigenous breeds of cattle and buffaloes under the NPCBB. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) through its departmental programmes such as Central Cattle Breeding Farms (CCBFs), Central Frozen Semen Production and Training Institute (CFSP&TI), and Central Herd Registration Scheme (CHRS) are trying to increase the number as well as productivity of indigenous breeds. The number of indigenous animals (breed-wise) at various state owned farms are given in the Table No. 5.6 (a).
Initiatives by ICAR and SAUs for Conservation of AnGR
Efforts for conservation of indigenous AnGR received impetus after establishment of National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR), Karnal by Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) in 1984. A number of programmes have been undertaken on characterization and conservation of Indigenous breeds in collaboration with various agencies viz. ICAR institutes, State Agricultural Universities, State Animal Husbandry Departments and Non-Government Organizations. A list of these programmes is presented in Annexure-V. Besides, sensitization of the various organizations involved in the conservation of AnGR, awareness was also created among the farmers about the importance of indigenous breeds.
Under these programmes, the in situ conservation units are established in the native tract of the breed. Initially a total of 150 females are identified on the basis of production, tagged and recorded for performance traits. Based on the performance, 100 unrelated elite females per breed are selected and registered. These females are mated with the proven males of the same breed. The owners are provided an incentive for two years to retain the animals. A total of 50 unrelated male progeny are selected from these mating. The farmers rear the selected males. An incentive is provided as maintenance cost. The programme envisages that the farmers would maintain these males and provide service to the animals in that area through natural mating. The farmers would charge for the service and meet the expenses for further maintenance of these males.
The ex situ conservation, under this programme, is in terms of preservation of semen. A total of 20 to 25 unrelated young males conforming to breed characteristics are procured from the breeding tract and maintained at the organized farm. Rearing cost of these males to maturity is provided by NBAGR. The semen doses from 15 males/breed (2000 doses/male for large animals; 1000 doses/male for small ruminants) would be frozen and shifted to National Gene Bank at NBAGR. Semen processing cost would also be provided by NBAGR. Further these males
25 would be extensively used for breeding in the tract. The breeds on which conservation programme have been initiated by NBAGR are listed below.
The in situ and ex situ conservation programmes initiated for the breeds are given below:
Species In situ cnservation Ex situ conservation Cattle Tharparkar, Sahiwal, Ongole, Nagauri, Rathi, Kangayam Punganur, Vechur Punganur, Ongole Buffaloes Nili-Ravi, Toda Bhadawari, Pandharpuri, Nili-Ravi, Tarai, Kattanad Sheep Magra, Nilgiri Bhakarwal, Magra, Pugal, Garole, Malpura, Jaisalmeri, Gurej, Karnah Goat Beetal, Jamunapari Beetal, Chegu, Jamunapari, Black Bengal, Gaddi Horse Spiti Camel Jaisalmeri
State of Policy Development and Legal Instruments
During the post-independence era, the Government undertook various measures towards improvement and development of the indigenous breeds; conservation, as such, was not the area of primary concern. Broad policy frame work for cattle and buffalo breeding in the country was laid down in mid-sixties, which was generally accepted and subsequently endorsed by the National Commission on Agriculture in 1976. The recommended policy envisaged improvement of indigenous breeds in their breeding tract through selective breeding and their use for upgrading the non-descript stock. Crossbreeding was initially restricted to hill areas and areas with preponderance of non-descript cattle. But, overwhelming demand for crossbred cattle necessitated the expansion of crossbreeding programme nationwide – even to the home tracts of pure indigenous breeds. This has resulted in dilution of indigenous breeds like Ongole, Hariana, Tharparkar, Gir and Kankrej. In buffaloes the policy was selective breeding of Murrah buffalo and grading up the non-descript buffaloes with Murrah.
Castration of scrub bulls and expansion of artificial insemination network were simultaneously adopted as strategic framework. The programme generally included opening of herd books for selected breeds, establishment and strengthening of breeding farms for indigenous breeds, setting up of bull centers for natural service with indigenous bull centres, milk yield competitions, livestock shows, assistance to Gaushalas etc.
26 In sheep, NCA9 recommended crossbreeding of carpet type sheep breeds with Rambouillet and/or Merinos for fine wool production, selective breeding for important sheep breeds of Rajasthan like Marwari, Jaisalmeri, Pugal and Magra, crossbreeding of coarse wooly breeds with exotic dual purpose breed like Corriedale to improve wool as well as mutton production, upgradation of hairy breeds using Mandya and Nellore as the improver breeds and selective breeding of Mandya and Nellore based on six monthly body weight. Most of the states had their breeding policy more or less as per the recommendations of the NCA.
In 1993, the Government of India set up a Task Force to look into the problems of breeding programmes on Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Production. The Task Force has delineated State wise breeding policy for sheep, goats and rabbit improvement, conservation and utilization. The Task Force in its report10 recommended selective breeding of a number of indigenous sheep breeds and conservation of a few important breeds with dwindling population. Crossbreeding of indigenous sheep in the hilly temperate zone and in certain areas of the northwestern dry region has been recommended with Merinos/Rambouillets to improve wool production and in the southern and eastern zones with Rambouillet/Bharat Merino to improve growth rate and mutton production. The crossbreeding in the northwestern, southern and eastern regions has been recommended only for the areas having quality input resources and sedentary system of management. In goats, the task force recommended improvement of the recognized breeds through selective breeding and upgrading of non-descript populations using the improver breeds. Conservation has been recommended in the fast eroding/endangered breeds. In rabbits, the task force recommended Angora rabbit rearing in temperate regions and broiler rabbit strains in remaining parts of the country.
There is also a programme on “Development of pack animals” which covers horses, donkeys, camels and yak. Community farms for conservation of mithuns have also been set up under NBPP. Some state governments have established farms for conservation of indigenous poultry breeds.
Indian economic policy has so far made extensive use of direct government action. In the livestock sector, for example, state level dairy development corporations, city milk schemes, Poultry development corporations, sheep and wool corporations, the scientific research establishment under the ICAR, state Veterinary colleges, animal husbandry departments- all these represent direct action by the government at the center, state and municipal levels to achieve specific policy goals. The government also plays a promotional role to start innovative and socially useful activities, programmes, experiments or organizations. The re-promotion of the National Dairy Development Board as statutory government corporation is an example of such a promotional role. In many countries, organizations promoted by the government are often hived off to work as autonomous going-concerns with their own charters and governance structure. In India, however, it is rare for a government promoted organization to operate in a truly autonomous manner. Similarly, tax-
27 subsidy policies too have general and specific character. Integrated Rural Development Programme(IRDP) subsidies to rural poor for purchase of cattle is an example of specific subsidy; subsidies provided by some states to cooperative unions to cover incremental cost of collecting milk from far-flung areas too are specific subsidies. On the other hand, administrative regulation of milk selling prices in cities like Madras and Delhi are an example of implicit specific tax on milk producers. In contrast, sales and excise taxes levied on livestock products, income tax levied on firms in the sector are examples of general tax measures.
The regulatory role of the government has been the most pervasive in processing, marketing and foreign trade. This role is played through legislative framework, GRs and executive orders. Two types of regulatory framework need to be distinguished: General and Specific. Many laws and policies encompass the entire economy; it is generally difficult for a specific sector to change these because they are grounded into a larger macro level logic. These constitute the general regulatory framework; its examples are tax laws, company laws, cooperative laws etc. The cooperative law, for example, applies to all manner of cooperatives in a state; and it is difficult to have separate cooperative law for each sector. Specific regulatory framework is however specific to a sector: Milk and Milk Products Order(MMPO), the Veterinary Council Act, the National Dairy Development Board(NDDB) Act, the Prevention of cow slaughter Act, Ban on import of livestock products- all these are elements of the specific regulatory framework for the livestock sector.
Capacity Building and Conservation of AnGR
The National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources (NBAGR) vigorously pursues its objectives of identification, evaluation, characterization, conservation and utilization of livestock and poultry genetic resources. A countrywide network by undertaking a number of programmes and activities in collaboration with various State Agricultural Universities has been developed, and to a limited extent with Animal Science Research Institutes of ICAR, Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, State Animal Husbandry Departments and Non-Government Organization etc. At present the aforementioned organizations and departments have been sensitized about the importance of AnGR and the activities related with their conservation.
28 PART IV
Priorities For The Development Of An Enhanced National Programme Of Sustainable Conservation And Utilization Of Genetic Resources In The Farm Animal Sector.
Many local livestock breeds and minor species continue to represent the lifeline of rural populations. They fulfill a much wider range of functions and provide a large number of products. Their maintenance is ecologically more sustainable, especially in marginal environments. They often have scope for specialty products. Indigenous animals are being maintained by farmers in small herd/flock size. The number of holding for all the breeds are very large. They are well adapted to the local conditions under low input system and are proving employment and livelihood to a large section of the society under the rural conditions. The diversity of AnGR helps them to produce under diverse environment. Commercialization of animal husbandry practices is still slow in most parts of India.
Agricultural priority for increased grain production has reduced the area under fodder crops from 8.267 million hectare in 1993-94 to 7.981 million hectare in 1996- 97. National feed balance calculations, such as those estimated by the Wasteland Development Board and the Ministry of Agriculture consistently project feed deficiency of about 20-30% of requirements (Table 2.21a).
Priorities for Capacity Building to Improve Understanding of AnGR
At present, priority is being given to characterization and evaluation of animal genetic recourses. Surveys are being conducted in the breeding tracts through a network approach by involving various agencies. Conservation of various breeds both in-situ and ex-situ has also been taken up. Programmes for the genetic improvement of breeds are undertaken. Livestock Development Boards are being set up in each state to boost these activities. Priorities areas for further improving the understanding of AnGR are: -
• Breeds-wise livestock census to monitor status of breeds. • Establishment of Breed Accreditation Board. • Formation of Breed Societies. • Training of manpower. • Awareness creation among masses. • Networking of institutions. • Breeding policies for vertical genetic improvement and conservation
29 • Documentation of Indigenous Technology Knowledge(ITK). • Development of online GIS based information system to act as decision support mechanism.
There is a need for comprehensive livestock policy to address all the issues related to management and development of AnGR as well as to review the existing laws which have become old and ineffective under the modern developing systems.
Most of the legal provisions made by central government and different state departments are very old and the general public is unaware even about existence of these legal provisions. Some of these laws cover aspects like breed improvement, control of diseases, cruelty to animals and illegal slaughter of animals. There are few legal provisions regarding preservation/ conservation of domestic animal diversity in the country.
A list of some of the legal provisions related to the AnGR available in the country has been given in Annexure II. In the absence of strong legal provisions back up by appropriate policies, the efforts being put up by various agencies working on AnGR conservation remains on a weak footing.
The issues requiring legal framework are as under:
¾ Essential commodities Act ¾ Cattle Movement Policy ¾ Control Over Common Property Rights ¾ Some legislation enforcing pedigree breeding and animal recording is essentially required.
The common property resources available for grazing of livestock in rural areas over the years have not only shrunk but also become less productive. Information on the present status of pastures and grazing lands/community lands both with regard to physical availability and production potential needs to be generated and suitable strategy for reseeding of pasturelands, especially in high altitude regions, and their management to avoid over grazing needs to be spelled out.
Effective use of non-conventional animal feed resources to make available to protein and energy for livestock feeding needs attention. Further efforts to increase availability of green fodder and grasses by increasing yield of plant biomass per unit of land area under fodder crops, agro-forestry, and rejuvenation of barren and fallow lands need to be addressed on priority.
Trade: The largest number of laws relevant to domesticated biodiversity relate to its barter, sale, import, export, or other forms of exchange. Provisions for controlling trade within India are contained in the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marketing
30 etc.) Act of 1937. The National Dairy Development Board Act of 1987 covers international trade in some kinds of livestock. In addition, import/export of specified kinds of animals can potentially be controlled by the Import and Export (Control) Act of 1947 and the Customs Act of 1962.
Indian livestock (in various forms) over centuries has been taken to other countries and successfully multiplied. There is a need for networking to define common breeding programmes, exchange of germplasm, sharing of information which will help in effective management, conservation and overall development of such livestock and poultry breeds/species.
Intellectual Property Rights: The genetic diversity is associated with certain very unique attributes of each domesticated animal breed. The new Intellectual Property Concepts and Biological Diversity Conservation Regimes have come into force. It is, therefore, logical that Indian farm animal diversity still remains to be evaluated from both the angles. The advent of trade related intellectual property (TRIPs) under World Trade Organization (WTO) has also affected the biodiversity scenario. An act on Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights has been framed in 2002. A similar act on AnGR is also required to protect the interests of farmers and stakeholders.
At the same time, it is also needed that the law should make it obligatory to develop comprehensive animal biodiversity inventories. Unless there is proper legal coverage, it would be difficult for the conservationists to make an impact. It has also been observed that it is not mandatory for farmers/breeders to implement the breeding plans or programmes recommended by either Central or State Government agencies. This results in decline in many of the breeds/populations and needs to be provided proper legal coverage.
Obstacles, opportunities, and needs for use and development of AnGR
Obstacles in the use of AnGR
1. Low productivity. 2. High population density vs. resources. 3. Lack of pricing policy. 4. Lack of organized market for livestock, livestock products and byproducts. 5. Lack of coordination and organized efforts. 6. Lack of specific breeding policy for individual breeds of AnGR. 7. Lack of legal framework breed societies/patronage. 8. Non-Judicious Utilization of Animal Genetic Resources. 9. Inadequate number of superior breeding stock.
31 10. Lack of adequate Insurance coverage of livestock and poultry.
Obstacles in development of AnGR
1. Inadequate capital resources. 2. Habitat erosion e.g. squeezing grazing land. 3. Inadequate extension activities for transfer of technology. 4. Inadequate HRD activities for the development of AnGR 5. Small herd/flock size and lack of cooperative farming/ breed society. 6. Illiteracy and ignorance of the farmers to foresee the long term advantages of breed conservation. 7. High proportions of non-descript animals. 8. No recording in field. 9. Change in the Utility pattern of AnGR. 10. Poor health coverage.
Opportunity in use and development of AnGR
1. Integral part of agriculture with synergistic relationship. 2. Substantial contribution to GDP. 3. Gainful employment, particularly to rural women and youth. 4. Presence of mega biodiversity in terms of number of breeds adapted to the specific agro-climatic conditions. 5. Best buffalo genetic resources of the world. 6. An essential requirement to cater the fast growing dietary demand, especially of animal protein, of human population of the country. 7. Animal-based industrial products. 8. Sufficient export potential. 9. Human resource and organizational network (though not oriented to AnGR). 10. Strong traditions in rearing and management of AnGR. 11. High potential/scope to increase production further. 12. Disease resistance.
Need for use of AnGR
1. Fast growing human population in the country leading to increasing demand of animal products. 2. Providing employment to the people. 3. Providing animal products like number of by-products like bone meal, hormones, blood proteins, meat meal, blood meal, surgical threads etc. 4. Wide diversity base for genetic improvement. 5. Have some unique characteristics: Disease resistance Drought resistance
32 Heat tolerance Ability to utilize coarse fodder Other characteristics like high butterfat, therapeutic value of milk/products
Need for developing the use of AnGR
1. Diversity as genetic security 2. Unique genes for future use(Prolificacy gene of Garole) 3. Production in low input system 4. Improve socio-economic status
In sheep, all breeds of Jammu & Kashmir and other important indigenous breeds like Magra, Pugal, Nilgiri need immediate steps for conservation. Horse breeds are facing threat of extinction because of reduced utility and require immediate attention. All the native breeds of poultry though have large genetic variation, are facing threats of extinction and they need conservation.
Strategy for conservation
The strategies should adopt a balanced approach required to cost effectively manage the AnGR over time to better understand, use, develop, maintain and access AnGR of interest to food and agriculture in order to meet the challenges of increasing production and productivity. The most rational management strategy of improving and conserving livestock breeds is to ensure that these remain a functional part of the production system.
The centrally sponsored scheme of National Ram/Buck Production Programme (NRBP, NBPP) provided scope to different states for strengthening farms of indigenous sheep and goat breeds and for distribution of rams and bucks of such breeds to the farmers for breeding purpose. The impact of the sheep breeding programmes has been limited, largely because of non-conducive agroclimatic conditions for fine-wool production outside the Himalayan region. The breeding programmes should be reoriented to improve local breeds for meat, with strong farmers’ participation.
India is signatory to Convention of Biological Diversity and passed an act on biodiversity which covers flora and fauna. Emphasis is on species but domestic animal diversity within a species i.e. breeds/strains are not covered under this Act. The issues specific to domestic animals still remain to be addressed. The Legislation should activate the process of creation of legal instruments.
33 Priority of Needs in Policy Development for AnGR Conservation and Utilization
In almost all the livestock species, except poultry and to some extent pigs, the majority of the populations are maintained under smallholder system, mainly in the rural areas. In view of the little focus on activities related to utilization of AnGR (Table 6.2), there is a need to develop policies and legal instruments for conservation and utilization of these resources.
In developing the AnGR policies the foremost priority is the need to provide breeding males/AI (Table 6.3). In all the species, there is a shortage of pedigreed breeding males/semen of high genetic merit. In addition, there is a need of field progeny testing, establishing breeders associations, developing assured market for the products, technology for the value added products and improvement in inputs like feed & fodder and veterinary care. The priorities of future needs in policy development for AnGR conservation and utilization programmes are more or less similar across all the species (Table 6.4). There is a higher need for development of human resources, financial resources and organizational structures.
At present various agencies (both Government and Non-Government) are working in isolation and there is very little linkage among them. An apex body should be set up for inter-departmental co-ordination on activities concerning utilization and management of AnGR.
The genetic improvement programmes in cattle need a strategic shift from the current emphasis on introducing exotic breeds to utilization and development of indigenous breeds. In buffaloes, strategy encompasses identification of the pedigreed bull of high genetic potential and their use in the farmers’ herds to upgrade the non-descript populations. The programmes targeted at improvement and utilization of adapted indigenous breeds would enable to exploit and conserve the valuable gene pool associated with the adaptive traits they have developed over a long period of time. Use of modern biotechnology techniques need to be encouraged in such programmes.
In case of poultry, there is a greater emphasis on development and utilization of hybrids at commercial level. However there is little emphasis on conservation and utilization of indigenous AnGR. More efforts are needed for conservation of poultry genetic resources through free-range chicken production with an emphasis on backyard poultry production systems.
34 Human Resource Development
The scientific and technical manpower available in the country do not have specialized skills and expertise in the field of conservation and utilization of AnGR. There is a need to reorient and upgrade their skills. Research efforts should be reoriented to focus on creating awareness, breed evaluation, characterization, inventorying, management of live populations, and up-gradation of human skill and competence. It is essential to develop a skill of professionals to support management of AnGR on long-term basis. This needs to be introduced in the course curriculum in related professional courses. Despite all these achievements, there are some key weaknesses of livestock sector including shortage of funds, scarcity of trained personnel, effective involvement of State Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Departments in programmes related with conservation of AnGR.
Farmers, practically being exclusive custodians of AnGR, are the real and most important stakeholders at the grass-root level. There is practically no representative body of the breeders, who can demand or undertake breed conservation activities. Breed organizations/ societies should be promoted who can guard the interest of the breeds.
Generating mass awareness on AnGR issues using mass media and communication methods should be an integral part of manpower training. Special orientation programmes for politicians, bureaucrats, judges, lawyers and economists should also be organized. Women, who play a pivotal role in the management of AnGR, need to be trained and involved in these programmes and activities.
35
PART V
Recommendations for International Cooperation
Cattle breeds such as Red Sindhi and Sahiwal which have their breeding tracts in Pakistan, and Tharparkar for which India shares the breeding tract with Pakistan are available with few institutional herds and private breeders. These breeds need to be improved and conserved by constituting a common approach to avoid any wastage of funds and duplication of efforts. Guidelines need to be developed for sharing, managing and use of both data/information and germplasm in all forms between countries.
A large number of indigenous germplasm was taken to a number of countries in other continents where it has been successfully developed into herds. A strategy in view of the newly developing global scenario for production, management and value added production involving sharing of the benefits/revenue generated as well as operational cost needs to be discussed and worked out.
Under the newly developing WTO regime and in view of stringent sanitary and phytosanitary norms, a unified policy suitable/acceptable to countries which share the germplasm in any form needs to be delineated to develop better global understanding and reducing unnecessary hindrance on sharing of germplasm and data/information. The area of value added products production also needs special attention of the major international players for developing countries.
Encouraging farmers/breeders associations at international level would greatly help in formulating strategies for global management of common property resources especially for protection of threatened breeds of livestock and poultry using upstream embryo technologies, conservation of animal biodiversity and control/eradication of communicable animal diseases making international trade/cooperation farmers friendly and remunerative.
Human Resource Development
The scientific and technical specialized skills in the field of conservation and utilization of AnGR need to be reoriented and upgraded. International cooperation to focus on creating awareness, breed evaluation, characterization, inventorying, management of live populations, and up-gradation of human skill and competence needs prime attention Despite all these achievements shortage of funds and scarcity of trained personnel seriously affects programmes related to management and conservation of AnGR.
36
Generating mass awareness on AnGR issues using mass media and communication methods should be an integral part of manpower training. Special orientation programmes for politicians, bureaucrats, judges, lawyers and economists should also be organized. Women, who play a pivotal role in the management of AnGR, need to be trained and involved in these programmes and activities.
37 Executive Summary
The Government Of India agreed to participate in Preparation of the Country Report on the State of AnGR. A National Consultative Committee (NCC) was constituted and the Deputy Director General (Animal Science), Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR) was designed as chairman, the Assistant Director General(Animal Production & Breeding), ICAR as member and Director, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal of ICAR as Technical Secretary.
FAO arranged a workshop at Bangkok from 25th November to 2nd Dec., 2001. Dr. D.K. Sadana, Principal Scientist (AG&B) NBGAR Karnal, Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Sr. Scientist (AG&B) ICAR HQ. and Dr. A. Batobyal, Joint Commission, DAH&D, were deputed to participate in the above workshop. The training programme involved operational aspects of SOW - AnGR Module developed by FAO to assist the NCC and the National Data Contributors (NDC) in the preparation of the Country Report.
During the training programme at Bangkok, the country representatives expressed the need of budgetary support from FAO for holding of Country Workshops to train the identified NCCs/NDCs, other experts on the operational aspect of the Module and to prepare the Country Report as per FAO format. Dr. Hans Wagner, the FAO representative at Bangkok very kindly agreed to take up the matter with the FAO authorities. The FAO provided a financial assistance of US $ 20,000/- in support of the preparation of the country report to NBAGR, Karnal.
The NBAGR, Karnal was identified as the Nodal Institute to prepare the draft Country Report. The scientists of the Animal Genetic Resources Division prepared answers to the background questions, collected livestock data from various sources, examined, discussed and compiled the received input. Chief Nodal Officers of the five regions of the country (North, West, South, East and North East) were identified to coordinate in providing information from the Nodal Officers (Data contributors) from different states of the Country.
In the National Workshops, the Nodal Officers from different states were trained on the guidelines for answering the background questions. Subsequently, the Draft Report was updated with the details received from nodal officers and other data sources.
38
The first draft country on Animal Genetic Resources of India consists of five parts:
Part I: The section broadly details the state of genetic resources in farm animal sector, assessing the state of genetic diversity of various livestock and poultry breeds and the state of knowledge with regard to their management. Programmes for production/development, interventions towards genetic improvement, in-situ and ex-situ conservation, phenotypic and molecular characterization and information on production and genetic aspects of AnGR maintained on organized farms presented. The information on the production systems and the type of species/breeds being reared in various agro climatic zones is also detailed
Part II : This chapter deals with changing and growing demands on farm animal sector, and the contribution of animal products towards country's economy with the changing pattern of urbanization and economic development. Major trends of AnGR, the state of their conservation and impact of crossbreeding have been analyzed. The trends in future use of AnGR and production systems, international trade, policies and advancement of technologies and methodologies for improvement of AnGR have been examined.
Part III : The chapter identifies the Government Ministries, Departments, research and development institutions/organisations which play a major role in research management, development and conservation of AnGR and their state of capacity. Programmes, state of policy development and legal instruments for regulation, and development in various livestock and poultry breeds have been discussed.
Part IV: It deals with capacity building, legal frame work required, obstacles and opportunities, strategy of conservation and human resource development for improved understanding of AnGR.
Part V: The chapter details with the policies and international cooperation required for Common Property Resources (AnGR and other related aspects), sharing of information, germplasm in all forms, new techniques and technologies for genetic improvement of AnGR as well as value added products and sharing of profits from them in view of the WTO regime and stringent sanitary and phytosanitary norms. In the area of human resource development both scientific and technical and skills for conservation and utilization of AnGR needing international cooperation have also been detailed.
39 Selected References
1. Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. 2002. Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
2. Agricultural Statistics at a Glance. 2002. Agricultural statistics Division, Dept. of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
3. Agro-climatic Regional Planning-An Overview 1989. Planning Commission. Govt. of India, New Delhi.
4. Policy Paper 15. National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.
5. Animal Energy Management, 2003. Central Institute for Agricultural Engineering (ICAR), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
6. India Livestock Sector Review, Enhancing Growth and Development. 1999. The World Bank, Allied Publishers, New Delhi.
7. National Livestock Policy Perspective - Report of steering group. 1996. Dept. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi P-98, 107.
8. Livestock Census, 1972,1987,1992. Directorate of economics and statistics, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi.
9. NCA. 1976. Report of the National Commission on Agriculture, Part VII: Animal Husbandry. Govt. of India. Ministry of Agriculture & Irrigation, New Delhi.
10. Task Force. 1996. Report of the Task Force on sheep, goat and rabbit production. Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Animal Husbandry & Dairying. New Delhi.
11. Delgado, Christopher; Rosegrant, Mark; Steinfeld, Henning; Ehui, Simeon; Courbois, Claude. 1999. Livestock to 2020 – The Next Food Revolution. Food, Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper 28. FAO, Rome.
12. Report of Study on Livestock Breeding Programmes and their Implementation. 1998. Submitted to Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, New Delhi. Sustainable Livestock Research and Development Trust, Faridabad.
40 13. NAAS. 2001. Conservation and management of genetic resources of livestock. Policy paper 14, National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi.
14. Agricultural Research Data Book. 2003. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi.
15. 16th Indian Livestock Census. Deptt. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
16. Livestock and Poultry Key Results (Provisional) - 17th Livestock Census 2003. Deptt. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
~~~~~
41
Pre-Defined and additional Tables
Table 1.1 Importance of livestock to the gross domestic product in
agriculture ( Year : 1999-2000 )
Activity Rs. (billions) Percent of total GDP Share in GDP from: i)Livestock 646 5.61 ii) Other agricultural 2023 17.56 production Best estimate of additional value of NI livestock
Source: National accounts statistics, Central Statistical Organisation, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation
Table 1.2 Land use and current trends (area in ‘000 ha) Area Area Current trend Category 1990-1991 1998-1999 Total cropped area 185.74 192.62 103.7% Permanent pastures 11.40 11.10 97.3% and Grazing lands Total land area 297.29 297.32 - Total water area 31.44 Total Area 328.73 328.73 -
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a glance, 2002
42 Table 1.3 Land use for livestock and current trends
Area (1000 ha) Area (1000 ha) Current trend (%) Category 1990 1999 Natural pasture -NA- -NA- Improved pasture -NA- -NA- Fallow 23.36 23.44 100.3 Forest 67.80 68.97 101.7 Area under Non-agricultural 21.09 22.81 use 108.2 Barren and uncultivable land 19.39 19.55 100.83 Cultivable waste land 15.00 13.97 93.13 Gross irrigated area 62.47 75.55 120.9 Total area 328.73 328.73 -
Source: Agricultural Statistics at a glance, 2002
Table 1.4 Land tenure for livestock production
Category Area (1000 ha) % Private NI Government and communal NI Total
43 Table 1.5 Farm structure and distribution
Size class Perce Size of Size of livestock holding of land nt of land (numbers/household) holding hous holding e- (ha) Cattle Buffal Sheep Pig Poultry holds o and goat Landless 21.8 0.0 0.15 0.08 0.20 0.01 0.49 (2.4) (2.8) (5.1) (7.7) (6.4) <1.0 ha 48.3 0.35 1.35 0.44 0.81 0.04 1.90 (15.5) (47.1) (36.1) (46.2) (49.5) (54.8) 1.0-2.0 ha 14.2 1.41 2.34 0.90 1.15 0.06 2.23 (18.6) (24.0) (26.7) (19.3) (20.4) (19.0) 2.0-4.0 ha 9.7 2.69 2.38 1.23 1.31 0.06 2.47 (24.2) (16.6) (20.2) (15.0) (13.9) (14.4) 4.0-10.0 4.9 5.78 2.34 1.72 1.66 0.06 1.41 ha (26.4) (8.3) (14.4) (9.7) (7.1) (4.2) >10.0 ha 1.1 15.44 2.09 2.66 3.75 0.04 1.74 (15.3) (1.6) (4.8) (4.7) (1.0) (1.1) All 100.0 1.08 1.39 0.59 0.85 0.04 1.65 (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) Figures in parentheses are shares in total population of a species Source: National Sample Survey Organization, Ministry of Programme Planning and Implementation, Govt. of India.
Table 1.6 Livestock population, number of owners/house-holders and employment by species (Year 1997) Livestock Number of Number of persons additionally population owners / employed (Million)15 householders Species 1997 Fully Partially (principal status) (subsidiary status) Cattle 198.88 NI NI NI Buffalo 89.92 NI NI NI Sheep 57.49 NI NI NI Goats 122.72 NI NI NI Camels 0.91 NI NI NI Lamas and Alpaca -NA- NI NI NI Horses and ponies 0.83 NI NI NI Donkeys 0.88 NI NI NI Pigs 13.29 NI NI NI Poultry including 347.61 NI NI NI Chicken and Ducks Total 832.53 16th Indian Livestock Census.
44 Table 1.7 Human population in the country
Year Total Rural or Farming Urban or Non Farming (millions) 1991 846.30 74.3 % 25.7 % 2001 1027.02 -NA- -NA- Decadal growth 21.34 % rate Average annual 1.93% exponential growth rate
Source : Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002
Table 1.8 Major livestock primary production (‘000 tonnes/million numbers)
Meat (t) Milk (t) Eggs (No.) Fiber (t) Skin (No.) Species 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 Cattle 1271 1421 - 30454 - - Buffalo 1048 1410 - 40413 - - Sheep 173 228 - - 41.2 47.9 - - Goats 410 466 - 3236 - - - - Camels ------Lamas and ------Alpaca Horses ------Donkeys ------Pigs 360 560 - - Chicken* 334 559 20204 29476 - - - - Turkey ------Ducks ------Geese ------Rabbits - -
*Includes egg production from ducks. Source : Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002
45 Table 1.9 Major livestock primary product imports (1000 tonnes/numbers)
Meat (t) Milk (t) Eggs (t) Fiber (t) Skin (No.) Animals (No.) Species 1990 1999-2000 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1997- 98 1999-00 Cattle 1.7 18428.5 * 13.8 61632.6 13969.2 [bovine] ** 23700 1400 Buffalo Sheep 3.2 [sheep & goat] 27400 20300 Goats Camels Lamas & Alpaca Horses Donkeys Pigs 0.6 [2000- 01] Chicken Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits * milk & creme including conc. Milk ** For hides and skins of bovines and equines
Table 1.10 Major livestock primary product exports (1000 tonnes/numbers)
Meat (t) Milk (t) Eggs (t) Fiber (t) Skin (No.) Animals (No.) Species 1997-98 1999-00 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1999 1990 1991 Cattle 176328.7 167291.5 1606.9 4597.2 9381.2 6130.9 1766.3 766.6 48.0** -
Buffalo Sheep 7546.6 12419.4 20000 Goats 8500 Camels Lamas and Alpaca Horses 40 Donkeys Pigs 241.9 283.5 Chicken 3237.7 4327.7 Turkey Ducks Geese Rabbits
** For hides and skins of bovines and equines.
46
Table 1.11a* Major livestock primary product imports (1000 tonnes/numbers)
Item 1997-98 1999-2000 Meat of bovine - 1.7 Meat of Swine - 0.6 [year 2000-01] Meat of sheep/goat - 3.2 Milk & cream 751.3 18428.5 Eggs 2.1 13.8 Wool 58289.9 61632.6 Skin & raw hides Bovine/Equine 11264.7 13969.2 Sheep/Goat 2267.0 3654.6 [year 1998-99] Others 1984.3 1361.7 Live animals Bovine 23700 1400 Swine 12500 28800 Sheep/Goat 27400 20300 *a – additional table Source : Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002
Table 1.12a Major livestock primary product exports (1000 tonnes/numbers)
Item 1997-98 1999-2000 Meat of bovine 176328.7 167291.5 Meat of Swine 241.9 283.3 Meat of sheep/goat 7546.6 12419.4 Milk & cream 1606.9 4597.2 Eggs 9381.2 6130.9 Wool 1766.3 766.6 Skin & raw hides Bovine/Equine - 48.0 [year 2000-01] Sheep/Goat - 1.0 [year 2000-01] Others - 1.5 [year 2000-01] Live animals Bovine - - Sheep/Goat 20000 [year 1998-99] 8500 Poultry Fowls 3237.7 [year 1998-99] 4327.7 Horse 40 [year 1998-99] -
Source : Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002
47 Table 2.1 Distribution of livestock by production system (%) Production systems Species Low input Medium input High input Total Cattle NI NI NI 0 Buffalo NI NI NI 0 Sheep NI NI NI 0 Goats NI NI NI 0 Camels NI NI NI 0 Lamas and NI NI NI 0 Alpaca Horses NI NI NI 0 Donkeys NI NI NI 0 Pigs NI NI NI 0 Chicken NI NI NI 0 Turkey NI NI NI 0 Ducks NI NI NI 0 Geese NI NI NI 0 Rabbits NI NI NI 0 0
Table 2.2 Changes in the distribution of production systems during the last 20 years Production systems Species Low input Medium input High input Total Cattle NI NI NI 0 Buffalo NI NI NI 0 Sheep NI NI NI 0 Goats NI NI NI 0 Camels NI NI NI 0 Lamas and NI NI NI 0 Alpaca Horses NI NI NI 0 Donkeys NI NI NI 0 Pigs NI NI NI 0 Chicken NI NI NI 0 Turkey NI NI NI 0 Ducks NI NI NI 0 Geese NI NI NI 0 Rabbits NI NI NI 0 0
48
Table 2.3 Type of livestock farm by production system for cattle (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.4 Type of livestock farm by production system for buffalo (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.5 Type of livestock farm by production system for sheep (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.6 Type of livestock farm by production system for goats (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
49
Table 2.7 Type of livestock farm by production system for camels (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.8 Type of livestock farm by production system for llamas and alpaca (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.9 Type of livestock farm by production system for horses (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.10 Type of livestock farm by production system for donkeys (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
50
Table 2.11 Type of livestock farm by production system for pigs (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.12 Type of livestock farm by production system for chicken (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.13 Type of livestock farm by production system for turkey (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.14 Type of livestock farm by production system for ducks (%) Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
51
Table 2.15 Type of livestock farm by production system for geese (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.16 Type of livestock farm by production system for rabbits (%)
Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.17 Type of livestock farm by production system for other species (%) Name of species Production systems Type of operation Low input Medium High input Total input Subsistence NI NI NI 0 Smallholder NI NI NI 0 Small-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0 Large-scale-commercial NI NI NI 0
Table 2.18a Average Size of Holding by Different Size Classes
Major Size Classes Average size of holding (ha.) 1970-71 1985-86 1990-91 Marginal (below 1 ha.) 0.40 0.39 0.39 Small (1 to 2 ha.) 1.44 1.43 1.43 Semi-Medium (2 to 4 ha.) 2.81 2.77 2.76 Medium (4 to 10 ha.) 6.08 5.96 5.90 Large (10 ha. And above) 18.10 17.21 17.33 All size classes 2.28 1.69 1.55 Source: Agriculture Research Data Book 1997, IASRI, New Delhi
52
Table 2.19a Value of output from livestock sector – at current prices (Rs. crores) Item 1993- 1994- 1995- 1996- 1997- 1998- 1999- 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 1 Milk Group 43408 50448 57231 64334 70729 79654 90358 2 Meat Group 12538 13404 15422 17784 19832 20531 20856 2.1 Meat 10860 11632 13255 15100 16940 17596 17732 2.1.1 Beef 1460 1338 1509 1748 1970 2172 2336 2.1.2 Mutton 4386 1573 5207 6354 7099 7808 7931 2.1.3 Pork 528 612 693 781 955 1114 1236 2.1.4 Poultry meat 4486 5109 5846 6217 6916 6502 6229 2.2 Meat Products 429 418 480 546 945 682 735 2.3 By-Products 1249 1354 1687 2138 2247 2253 2389 2.3.1 Hides 541 591 697 889 882 852 916 2.3.2 Skins 515 575 779 1004 1052 1036 1085 2.3.3 Other by- 193 188 211 245 313 365 388 products 3 Eggs 2282 2603 2834 3168 3419 3717 4005 4 Wool & Hair 178 199 212 242 305 322 348 4.1 Wool 139 158 170 196 249 263 285 4.2 Hair & Bristles 39 41 42 46 56 59 63 5 Dung 6214 6741 7379 8242 9047 9548 10182 5.1 Dung Fuel 2875 3175 3356 3701 3957 4175 4482 5.2 Dung Manure 3339 3566 4023 4541 5090 5373 5700 6 Silk Worm 970 1254 1221 1357 1508 1510 1634 Cocoons & Honey 7 Increment in 1375 1394 1538 2031 2366 2507 2850 Stock Value of output from 66965 76043 85837 97158 10726 117789 130233 livestock Sector
Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. 2002.Deptt. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
53 Table 2.20a Estimated number of livestock and livestock slaughtered – 1996 to 2000 (000 no) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Cattle Stocks 200001 198881 196582 194309 192063 Slaughtered 13347 13411 13475 13540 13605 % Slaughtered 6.67 6.74 6.85 6.97 7.08
Buffaloes Stocks 87742 89918 91267 92636 94025 Slaughtered 9642 9733 9824 9917 10010 % Slaughtered 10.99 10.82 10.76 10.71 10.65
Sheep Stocks 56086 57494 58356 59232 60120 Slaughtered 16575 16928 17289 17657 18033 % Slaughtered 29.55 29.44 29.63 29.81 30.44
Goats Stocks 121194 122721 122230 121741 121254 Slaughtered 45381 45789 46201 46617 47036 % Slaughtered 37.44 37.31 37. 80 38.29 38.79
Pigs Stocks 13189 13291 13663 14046 14439 Slaughtered 12416 12885 13372 13878 14402 % Slaughtered 94.14 96.94 97.87 98.88 99.74
Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. 2002. 16th Indian livestock census & 17th Livestock census (Provisional)
Table 2.21a Estimated Feed and Fodder Availability and Requirement in India, 1991
Availability Requirement Deficiency Percent Feed Component Deficiency Straw/stovers 398.88 583.62 134.74 31% Green fodder 573.50 744.73 171.23 23% Concentrate 41.98 79.40 37.42 47%
Source: India Livestock Sector Review, Enhancing Growth and Development. 1999. The World Bank, Allied Publishers, New Delhi.
54 Table 3.1 Breed Diversity (Number of Breeds)
Number of breeds Current Total At risk Widely used Others Lost (last 50 yr) Species L E L E L E L E L E Cattle 30 2 1 - 24 - 5 - NI NI Buffalo 10 - - 9 NA 1 - NI NI Sheep 40 1 2 - NI - NI 6 NI NI Goats 20 1 NI - NI - NI 3 NI NI Camels 9 - 1 NI - NI NI NI NI Lamas and Alpaca NA - NA NA NA NA NI NI NI NI Horses 6 - NI NI NI - NI NI NI NI Donkeys - - NI NI NI - NI NI NI NI Pigs 3 NI NI NI - NI NI NI NI Chicken 18 10 NI NI - NI NI NI NI Turkey - - NI NI NI - NI NI NI NI Ducks 5 NI NI NI - NI NI NI NI Geese - - NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits - NI NI NI - NI NI NI NI
L=local; E=exotic
Table 3.2 Number of breeds for which characterization has been carried out (Number of breeds) At population level At individual level Species Baseline Genetic Breeds Valuation Performance Genetic Molecular survey distance and recording evaluation evaluation crosses evaluation Cattle 16 4 NI NI NI NI NI Buffalo 7 4 NI NI NI NI NI Sheep 10 8 NI NI NI NI NI Goats 1 - NI NI NI NI NI Camels - - NI NI NI NI NI Lamas and Alpaca NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Horses 3 - NI NI NI NI NI Donkeys - - NI NI NI NI NI Pigs - - NI NI NI NI NI Chicken - 4 NI NI NI NI NI Turkey - - NI NI NI NI NI Ducks - - NI NI NI NI NI Geese NA NA NI NI NI NI NI Rabbits - - NI NI NI NI NI
55
Table-3.3a Share of livestock in total energy available to Indian Agriculture
1971 1981 1991
Source of Power Power % in Power % in Power % in (mw) total (mw) total (mw) total
Human 8385 18.7 10951 12.4 12906 10.1
Draught animal 30426 60.5 31556 35.8 29840 23.3
Machines 10487 20.8 45699 51.8 85226 66.6
Source: Policy Paper 15. National Centre for Agricultural economics and Policy Research, New Delhi.
Table-3.4a Population of draught animals under field operations (million)
Livestock 1971-72 1976-77 1981-82 1986-87 1990-91 1991-92 1996-97 Cattle Male 72.56 73.23 61.05 63.78 61.62 61.10 58.53 Female 2.07 2.05 2.04 1.95 1.92 1.91 1.87 Buffalo Male 7.61 7.93 7.32 6.56 6.31 6.25 5.94 Female 0.37 0.34 0.33 0.68 0.81 0.84 1.03 Camels** Male 0.49 0.47 0.41 0.36 0.33 0.32 0.29 &Female Total animal 41.80 41.25 35.79 35.86 35.66 35.77 33.98 pairs*
* Bovine in pair and Camels in single; ** Camels are mainly used in Rajasthan & Haryana for field operation and thus, 60% of its total camel population assumed for field operations Source: Agricultural Research Data Book. 1999. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi-110012
56 Table-3.5a Acreage per draught animal pair in India
DAP Intensity, ha/ animal- pair States Net sown Gross cropped area basis % Change area basis 1986-87 1976-77 1986-87 1976-87 A. High DAP Intensity States 1. Himachal Pradesh 1.29 2.24 2.21 -1.34 2. Manipur 1.65 3.18 1.17 -63.21 3. Bihar 1.79 2.84 2.50 -11.97 4. Uttar Pradesh 2.50 3.12 3.68 17.95 5. Orissa 2.51 2.68 3.91 45.90 B. Medium DAP Intensity States 1. West Bengal 2.70 3.02 4.12 36.42 2. Assam 3.06 2.48 4.11 65.73 3. Jammu & Kashmir 3.16 2.09 4.46 113.40 4. Tamil Nadu 3.36 3.22 3.76 16.77 5. Madhya Pradesh 3.96 3.90 4.56 16.92 6. Sikkim 4.68 2.95 9.24 213.22 7. Andhra Pradesh 4.87 3.76 5.46 45.21 C. Low DAP Intensity States 1. Maharashtra 5.35 6.05 5.86 -3.14 2. Rajasthan 5.60 8.21 13.30 62.00 3. Punjab 6.07 8.13 10.54 29.64 4. Karnataka 6.79 5.00 7.48 49.60 5. Gujarat 7.17 7.20 8.37 16.25 6. Haryana 8.62 10.30 18.60 83.61 7. Kerala 14.00 10.13 18.60 83.61 All India 3.87 4.12 5.03 22.09
Source: Agricultural Research Data Book. 1999. Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Library Avenue, New Delhi-110012
57 Table-3.6a Meat production– All India (000 tonnes)
Year Beef & Buffalo Mutton Goat Pig Meat Poultry Total Veal Meat & Lamb Meat Meat* Meat 1981 78 127 125 277 75 141 823 1982 80 130 132 298 80 153 873 1983 80 132 134 302 80 161 889 1984 149 148 135 346 82 176 1036 1985 150 152 141 358 85 189 1075 1986 160 163 147 370 86 209 1135 1987 239 207 162 380 80 225 1293 1988 232 290 148 378 357 228 1633 1989 845 936 160 385 359 318 3003 1990 1271 1048 173 410 360 371 3633 1991 1185 1176 168 455 364 389 3737 1992 1216 1182 167 456 397 497 3915 1993 1276 1182 169 466 403 543 4039 1994 1292 1204 171 470 408 507 4052 1995 1365 1351 194 450 420 578 4358 1996 1370 1382 218 454 514 665 4603 1997 1378 1403 222 458 533 630 4624 1998 1401 1380 226 462 543 710 4722 1999 1421 1410 228 466 560 820 4905 2000 1442 1421 229 467 577 1080 5216 *2001 1452 1428 230 469 595 1251 5425 *2002 1463 1443 233 470 612 1401 5622 *2003 1490 1471 234 473 630 1600 5898 Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. 2002.Deptt. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India. * FAO STAT Database Results (FAO 20004)
58 Table-3.7a Estimates of production of wool and eggs – All India
Eggs Year Wool (million kg.) Million Per Capita (nos.) Availability (nos./head/annum) 1980-81 32.0 10060 15 1981-82 33.1 10876 16 1982-83 34.5 11454 16 1983-84 36.1 12792 18 1984-85 38.0 14252 19 1985-86 39.1 16128 21 1986-87 40.0 17310 22 1987-88 40.1 17795 23 1988-89 40.8 18980 24 1989-90 41.7 20204 25 1990-91 42.2 21101 25 1991-92 41.6 21983 26 1992-93 38.8 22929 26 1993-94 39.9 24167 27 1994-95 40.6 25975 29 1995-96 42.4 27198 30 1996-97 44.4 27496 29 1997-98 45.6 28689 30 1998-99 46.9 29476 30 1999-2000* 47.9 30461 32 2000-01* 49.2 36633 32 2001-02** 50.7 39092 34
* Provisional; ** Anticipated Achievement Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. 2002. Deptt. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
Table-3.8a Share of egg production by fowls & ducks-1998-99 (lakh nos.)
Fowls Desi 80809 Improved 191914 Total 272723 Ducks Desi 12673 Improved 1289 Total 13962 Total egg production 294756
Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics. 2002.Deptt. of Animal Husbandry & Dairying, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India.
59
Table 4.1 Relative importance of livestock products and services within species (%)
nt nt ntal Milk Fuel Skin Risk Meat Total Eggs Fiber Culture manure Feather Species Draught Fertiliser Environme Recreation manageme manageme Cattle NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Buffalo NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Sheep NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Goats NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Camels NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Lamas NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 and Alpaca Horses NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Donkeys NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Pigs NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Chicken NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Turkey NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Ducks NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Geese NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 Rabbits NI NI NI NI NI NI NI 0 0
60
Table 4.2 Relative importance of species within livestock products and services (%)
r e h
t n a ent ent Milk Fuel Skin Risk Meat ental e Eggs Fiber Culture manure F Species Draught Fertiliser Recreatio Environm managem managem
Cattle 41 31 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Buffalo 54 30 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Sheep 1 5 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Goats 4 10 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Camels 0 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Lamas 0 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI and Alpaca Horses 0 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Donkeys 0 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Pigs 12 NI NI NI NI NI Chicken 12 93 NI NI NI NI NI NI Turkey 0 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI Ducks 0 5 NI NI NI NI NI NI Geese 0 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI Rabbits 0 NI NI NI NI NI NI Others NA NA 2 NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
Total 100 100 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
61 Table 4.3 Number of widely used breeds with breeding strategies (No. of breeds)
Breeding strategies Species Total Purebred Cross- Both number of selection breeding breeds Cattle 30 NI NI NI Buffalo 10 NI NI NI Sheep 40 NI NI NI Goats 20 NI NI NI Camels 9 NI NI NI Lamas and - NI NI NI Alpaca Horses 6 NI NI NI Donkeys - NI NI NI Pigs 3 NI NI NI Chicken 18 NI NI NI Turkey - NI NI NI Ducks 5 NI NI NI Geese NI NI NI Rabbits - NI NI NI
Table 4.4 Number of breeds with current breeding strategies and tools being used (No. of breeds)
Breeding strategies Tools Species Breeding Designed Designed Individual Recording AI ET Genetic goals and identification evaluation implemented Cattle M, D b b X X b X b Buffalo M, D b b X X b X b Sheep W, Mu b b X X X X b Goats Ch, M, F b b X X X X b Camels D b X X X X b Lamas and ------Alpaca Horses D b X X X X b Donkeys D b X X X X b Pigs P b X X X X b Chicken E, Me b b X X X X b Turkey - X X X X Ducks E, Me b b X X X X b Geese - X X X X Rabbits Me b b X X X X Comments: AI = Artificial Insemination; ET = Embryo Transfer. M- Milk; D- Draft; W- Wool; Mu- Mutton; Ch- Chevon; F- Fibre/Hair; P- Pork; E- Egg; Me- Meat; Individual identification and recording is practiced at organized herds only. Number of breeds can not be assigned in each class.
62 Table 4.5 State of the art of technologies / methodologies used in breeding strategies
Used for: Technology or Research Breeders Methodology Multi-trait selection index b X construction Optimization tools for b X breeding plans Electronic database related b X to recording schemes Genetic evaluation Software b X for: phenotypic selection breeding values (use of BLUP) Reproductive technologies b X (AI, ET, etc) Microsatellite linkage maps X X for QTL identification for Marker Assisted Selection Other technology (specify) X X
The breed associations are insignificant. bThe methodologies/ technologies are in initial phase only.
Table 4.6 Role of stakeholders in the implementation of tools for the development of AnGR
Stakeholders Breeding Individual Recording Artificial Genetic goals identification insemination evaluation Federal Government 2 2 1 4 2 State Government 2 1 1 5 2 Local Government NA NA NA NA NA Breeder’s associations 1 1 1 1 1 Private companies* 4 4 4 1 4 Research 4 5 3 3 4 institutions/Universities NGO’s/ Cooperatives 4 3 4 3 3
* Significant role for commercial farms of Poultry only
63 Table 4.7 Involvement of stakeholders in activities related to the development of AnGR
Stakeholders Legislation Breeding Infrastructure Human Farmer’s strategies resources organization Federal Government 5 3 5 4 2 State Government 5 4 5 4 2 Local Government NA NA NA NA NA Breeder’s 1 1 1 1 1 associations Private companies* 1 1 1 3 1 Research 4 4 1 5 1 institutions/universities NGO’s/ Cooperatives 2 4 1 4 2
* Significant role for commercial farms of Poultry only
Table 4.8 Stakeholders preference for animal genetic resources
Stakeholders Locally Imported Imported adapted within region exotic breeds breeds Federal Government 3 2 2 State Government 3 1 4 Local Government NA NA NA Breeder’s 1 1 1 associations Private companies* 1 1 5 Research 4 2 4 institutions/universities NGO’s/ Cooperatives 2 1 4
* Significant role for commercial farms of Poultry and Dairy only
Table 4.9 Priority of needs for utilization of technologies for the development of AnGR
Needs Technology Knowledge Training Financial Breeder's resources organization Recording 5 5 5 5 Genetic evaluation 4 4 4 4 AI / ET 3 3 5 5 Molecular techniques 5 5 5 1 Breed organisation 4 3 3 5 techniques Comments: AI= Artificial Insemination; ET= Embryo Transfer
64 4.10a Proportionate contribution of different items in total value of out put from Livestock Sector at current prices.
S.No. Item Value in Rs. Value in % Crores at current prices 1 Milk Group 90358 70.26 2 Meat Group 20856 16.22 2.1 Meat 17732 13.79 2.1.1 Beef 2336 1.81 2.1.2 Mutton 7931 6.17 2.1.3 Pork 1236 0.96 2.1.4 Poultry Meat 6229 4.85 2.2 Meat Products 735 0.57 2.3 Meat by-products 2389 1.86 2.3.1 Hides 916 0.71 2.3.2 Skins 1085 0.85 2.3.3 Other By-products 388 0.30 3 Eggs 4005 3.11 4 Wool and Hair 348 0.27 4.1 Wool 285 0.22 4.2 Hair & Bristles 63 0.05 5 Dung 10182 7.92 5.1 Dung fuel 4482 3.49 5.2 Dung Manure 5700 4.43 6 Increment in stock 2850 2.22 TOTAL 128599 100
65 4.11a Infrastructure facilities for the use and development of AnGR in India
SN Infrastructure AH Others Total Department 1 Veterinary Hospitals 7872 - 7872 2 Veterinary Dispensaries 18845 - 18845 3 Vet. Aid Centre/Mobile 28195 - 28195 Dispensaries 4 Intensive Cattle Dev. Units 122 - 122 5 Semen Production Centre 116 17 133 6 Frozen Semen Bank 127 13 140 7 AI Centres 34960 5972 40932 8 Cattle Breeding Farms 155 35 190 9 Buffalo Breeding Farms 29 4 33 10 Gaushalas 598 268 866 11 Semen Bull stations 67 10 77 12 Liquid Nitrogen Plants 141 13 154 13 Poultry Breeding Farms 207 2930 3137 14 Duck Breeding Farms 34 1 35 15 Hatcheries 112 128 240 16 Sheep Breeding Farms 61 17 78 17 Intensive Sheep Dev. Units 19 - 19 18 Sheep & Wool Extraction 1285 - 1285 Centres 19 Wool Grading Centres 30 - 30 20 Goat Breeding Farms 53 - 53 21 Rabbit Breeding Farms 42 - 42 22 Fodder & Fodder Production 122 77 199 Farms 23 Pig Breeding Farms 118 - 118 24 Camel Breeding Farms 4 - 4 25 Horse Breeding Farms 9 - 9 26 Rinderpest Check Post 203 - 203 27 Carcass Utilization Centre 7 9 16 28 Registered Slaughter Houses NI NI 4030 29 Unregistered Slaughter Houses NI NI 5891 30 Milk Processing Factories NI NI 58 31 Liquid Milk Plant NI NI 104 32 Dairy Cooperative Societies NI NI 84289 33 Farmer Members in DCS NI NI 10608000 34 Milk Marketing in litres per day NI NI 9535000
Source: Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics 2002
66
4.12a Number and capacity of Dairy plants in India Capacity in thousand liters/day Dairy Plants Cooperative Private Others Total No. Capacity No. Capacity No. Capacity No. Capacity By Central 138 25790 113 21920 33 11260 284 58970 Authority By State 74 2604 290 10495 30 910 394 14009 Registering Authority Sector Wise 212 28394 403 32415 63 12170 678 72979 distribution
Source Basic Animal Husbandry Statistics, 2002
67
Table 5.1 Current number of breeds in managed conservation Programmes
Number of locally adapted breeds at risk Species Total Managed Managed Both in situ ex situ (in and ex situ) Cattle 6 - - 1 Buffalo 4 - - - Sheep 8 - - 1 Goats 4 - - - Camels 1 - - - Lamas and Alpaca NA - - - Horses 1 - - - Donkeys NI - - - Pigs NI - - - Chicken 3 - - - Turkey NI - - - Ducks NI - - - Geese NA - - - Rabbits NI - - -
Table 5.2 Current number of breeds receiving incentives and for which various tools for management of ex situ conservation programmes are used
Incentives Tools Species Gov. NGO Market Semen Embryos DNA/Tissue In Monitoring storage storage storage vivo system Cattle NI NI NI 2 - - - Buffalo NI NI NI 1 - - - Sheep NI NI NI - - - - Goats NI NI NI - - - - Camels NI NI NI - - - - Lamas and Alpaca NI NI NI NA NA NA NA NA Horses NI NI NI - - - - - Donkeys NI NI NI - - - - - Pigs NI NI NI - - - - - Chicken NI NI NI - - - - - Turkey NI NI NI - - - - - Ducks NI NI NI - - - - - Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NI NI NI - - - - -
68 Table 5.3 Current number of breeds receiving incentives and for which tools for in situ conservation programmes are used
Incentives Technical tools Species Gov. NGO Market Private Recording AI ET Others company (specify) Cattle NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Buffalo NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Sheep NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Goats NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Camels NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Lamas and Alpaca NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Horses NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Donkeys NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Pigs NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Chicken NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Turkey NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Ducks NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI Geese NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits NI NI NI NI NI NI NI NI
Table 5.4 Stakeholders involvement in the management of conservation programmes
Stakeholders In situ Ex situ Conservation Conservation Government 5 5 Breeder’s associations 1 1 Private companies 1 1 Research institutions/universities 4 4 NGO’s/cooperatives 3 2
Table 5.5 Priority of needs for utilization of technologies for in situ conservation programmes
Needs Technology Knowledge Training Financial Technology resources Recording 5 5 5 5 Genetic evaluation 4 4 4 4 AI / ET 4 4 4 4 Molecular techniques 3 3 3 3 Breeder improvement 4 4 4 4 techniques
69
Table 5.6a Number of animals of indigenous breeds maintained at various organized farms
Specie/Breed No. of farms No. of Animals Buffalo Bhadawari 1 28 Murrah 31 3874 Jaffarabadi 2 184 Mehsana 2 170 Nili Ravi 2 431 Surti 7 958 Cattle Amritmahal 2 1416 Dangi 1 44 Deoni 4 160 Gaolao 2 192 Gir 7 796 Hallikar 2 108 Hariana 9 1921 Kangayam 1 128 Kankrej 7 1373 Khillari 3 298 Malvi 2 407 Nagori 1 16 Nimari 1 138 Ongole 2 415 Red Sindhi 4 383 Sahiwal 12 1947 Tharparkar 9 1315 Umbalachery 1 407 Sheep Bellari 1 73 Balangir 2 101 Deccani 5 1430 Ganjam 1 90 Madras Red 1 383 Malpura 3 136 Mandya 3 1409 Marwari 1 316 Vembur 1 314 Patanwadi 4 1162 Dorset Pol 2 80 Ramnad white 1 726 Mecheri 1 946 Nellore 4 1705
70
Table 5.6a Number of animals of indigenous breeds maintained at various organized Farms (contd…)
Specie/Breed No. of farms No. of Animals Goat Beetal 1 2 Black Bengal 6 256 Jamunapari 6 406 Jhakrana 1 4 Kannai Abu 1 90 Mehsana 1 48 Osmanabadi 7 1377
Source: Database maintained at NBAGR, Karnal
71 Table 6.1. Effects of existing policies and legal instruments on the utilization (use and development) of AnGR
Urban/peri-urban Rural production systems Species Industrial Small- Industrial Small- systems holder systems holder systems systems Cattle NA 3 NA 3 Buffalo NA 3 NA 3 Sheep NA 3 NA 3 Goats NA 3 NA 3 Camels NA 2 NA 2 Lamas and NA - NA - Alpaca Horses NA 2 NA 2 Donkeys NA 1 NA 1 Pigs NA 2 NA 2 Chicken NA 2 NA 2 Turkey NA NI NA NI Ducks NA NI NA NI Geese NA NA NA NA
Table 6.2 Focus of current policies on activities related to the utilization (use and development) of AnGR.
Activities Species Use of exotic Use of locally Training, Organization of breeds adapted research and breeders/farmers breeds extension Cattle 3 3 3 2 Buffalo - 3 3 2 Sheep 2 3 2 - Goats - 3 2 - Camels - 2 - - Lamas and Alpaca NA NA NA NA Horses - 2 3 2 Donkeys - 2 - - Pigs 4 3 3 - Chicken 3 4 3 2 Turkey - - - - Ducks 2 3 3 - Geese NA NA NA NA Rabbits 3 3 2
72
Table 6.3 Prioritising the needs to enable the development of AnGR policies
Required Needs Immediately Medium Long term term Providing breeding males / AI Yes Field performance recording Yes Breeders association Yes Yes Assured market Yes Technology for value added products Yes Yes Improving veterinary inputs & Feed and fodder development Yes
Table 6.4 Priority of future needs in policy development for AnGR conservation programmes
Policy development related to:
Species Technology Infrastructure Human Financial Organizational resources resources structures Cattle 3 4 4 4 Buffalo 3 4 4 4 4 Sheep 3 3 4 4 3 Goats 3 3 4 4 3 Camels 4 4 4 4 4 Lamas and NA NA NA NA NA Alpaca Horses 2 3 3 4 4 Donkeys 3 3 3 4 4 Pigs 3 2 4 3 4 Chicken 3 3 4 3 4 Turkey 2 2 3 4 4 Ducks 2 2 3 4 4 Geese NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits 3 4 4 4 4
73 Table 6.5 Priority of future needs in policy development for the utilization (use and development) of AnGR
Policy development related to: Species Technology Infrastructure Human Financial Organizational resources resources structures Cattle 4 3 4 4 5 Buffalo 4 3 4 4 5 Sheep 4 3 4 4 5 Goats 4 3 4 4 5 Camels 3 2 2 4 3 Lamas and NA NA NA NA NA Alpaca Horses 2 2 2 4 3 Donkeys 3 3 3 4 3 Pigs 3 3 3 4 2 Chicken 3 3 3 4 4 Turkey 3 3 3 3 3 Ducks 3 3 3 4 4 Geese NA NA NA NA NA Rabbits 4 4 3 4 4
74 Annexure I Agro-ecological zones in India.
Zone Zone Name States Typology Area No. (000 sq km) 1 Western Himalayan Himachal Pradesh, Less favourable land and water Region Jammu & Kashmir and resources, low land productivity, 245 Uttaranchal low pressure on land and fragile eco-system. 2 Eastern Himalayan Arunachal Pradesh, Less favourable land and water Region Assam, Manipur, resources, low land productivity, 275 Meghalaya, Mizoram, low pressure on land and fragile Nagaland, Sikkim, eco-system. Tripura and West Bengal 3 Lower Gangetic West Bengal Rich soil and water resources, Plains Region low productivity level and high 69 population pressure on land, increasing proportion of problem soils 4 Middle Gangetic Bihar and Uttar Rich soil and water resources, Plains Region Pradesh low productivity level and high 162 population pressure on land, increasing proportion of problem soils 5 Upper Gangetic Uttar Pradesh Rich soil and water resources, Plains Region medium productivity level and 143 moderate population pressure on land, deteriorating environment with respect to land quality. 6 Trans- Gangetic Chandigarh, Delhi, Rich water and soil resources, Plains Region Haryana, Punjab and high land productivity (major 125 Rajasthan crops), moderate population (Ganganagar Dist.) pressure on land. 7 Eastern Plateau Bihar, Madhya Large volume of land and water &Hills Region Pradesh, Maharashtra, resources, very low productivity 395 Orissa and West of land with predominance of Bengal subsistence agriculture, low population pressure, high proportion of problem soils 8 Central Plateau & Madhya Pradesh, Large volume of land and water Hills Region Rajasthan and Utter resources, very low productivity 375 Pradesh of land with predominance of subsistence agriculture, low population pressure, high proportion of problem soils.
75
9 Western Plateau & Madhya Pradesh, Less Favourable soil and Hills Region Maharashtra and water resources, low land 332 Rajasthan (Jhalawar productivity, low to medium Dist.) population pressure, deteriorating environment in respect of soil erosion and water quality. 10 Southern Plateau & Andhra Pradesh, Less Favourable soil and Hills Region Karnataka and water resources, low land 394 Tamilnadu productivity, low to medium population pressure, deteriorating environment in respect of soil erosion and water quality. 11 East Coast Plains & Andhra Pradesh, Rich water resources but Hills Region Orissa, Pondicherry relatively poor land, medium 192 and Tamilnadu land productivity, medium to high population pressure, fragile eco-system. 12 West Coast Plains & Karnataka, Kerala, Rich water resources but Hills Region Maharashtra, relatively poor land, medium 114 land productivity, medium to high population pressure, fragile eco-system 13 Gujarat Plains &Hills Dadra & Nagar Semi- arid to arid conditions, Region Haveli, Gujarat, and moderately good land quality 196 Daman & Diu and land productivity, moderate population pressure on land. 14 Western Dry Region Rajasthan Arid conditions, large but less fertile soil resources pressure 175 and fragile eco-system 15 The Islands Region Andaman & Nicobar Rich water resources but and Lakshadweep relatively poor land, medium 8 land productivity, medium to high population pressure, fragile eco-system
76 Annexure II
CENTRAL ACTS RELATING TO DOMESTIC ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY
1. Custom Act, 1962
a) Regulation or Prohibition of Import and Export of Specified Articles (21). b) Regulation of import-export specifically for: I. The protection of human, animal or plant life or health [11 (t)]. II. The conservation of exhaustible natural resources [11 (m) ]. c) Regulation of transportation and storage of notified items [11 (j, k, l, m)].
2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
a) General measures to protect environment [3(1)]. b) Restriction of Industrial and other processes/activities in specified areas [3(2) (v)]. (Read with Rule 5 of Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986) c) Prevention and Control of hazardous substances including the manufacture, use, release and movement [3 (2), 7, 8].
3. Import and Export (Control) Act, 1947
a) Prohibition or restriction on imports and exports of specified items [3] b) Regulations on transportation of specified items [4e]
4. National Dairy Development Board Act, 1987
a) Establishment of a board which promotes dairy development and other agricultural based industries [4, 16 (1a)]
b) Financing and facilitating animal husbandry, agriculture, high yielding cattle (including import of semen), import-export of milch animals and bulls and general enhancement of cattle wealth [16 (1)]
5. Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960
a) Restrictions on cruel treatment of animals, including transportation, and trade [chapter III, and Rules under Section 38 ]
b) Restrictions on use of animals for purpose of experimentation.
6. Indian Veterinary Council Act , 1984
An act to regulate veterinary practice and to provide, for that purpose, for the establishment of a Veterinary Council of India and State Veterinary Councils and the
77 maintenance of registers of the veterinary practitioners and for matters connected therewith.
7. Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 and Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act, 1991
a) Restriction of prohibition on hunting of animals [chapter III] b) Protection of specified plants (Chapter III A) c) Setting up and managing sanctuaries and National parks (Chapter IV) d) Setting up of zoo authority, control of zoos and captive breeding [chapter IVa] e) Control of trade and commerce in wild animals, animal articles and trophies [chapter V & chapter Va]
STATE ACTS HAVING RELEVANCE TO DOMESTIC ANIMALS
State Name Year Andhra Pradesh Animals and Birds Sacrifices Prohibition Act 1950 Andhra Pradesh Dangerous Drugs (A.P) Andhra Area Amendment 1950 Act Andhra Pradesh Livestock Improvement Act 1940 Andhra Pradesh Prohibition of Cow Slaughter and Animal 1977 Preservation Act Andhra Pradesh Slaughter of Animal Act 1950 Assam Cattle Prevention Act 1951 Assam Cruelty to Animal Act 1869 Assam Pure food Act 1947 Bihar Preservation and improvement of animal act, Bihar 1956 Daman & Diu Diseases of Animal Act 1974 Daman & Diu Livestock Improvement Act, 1972 1973 Goa Diseases Of Animal Act 1974 Goa Livestock Improvement Act, 1972 1973 Gujarat Animals and Birds Sacrifices Prohibition Act, 1972 Gujarat Diseases of Animals (Control) Act Gujarat 1963 Haryana Cattle Fairs Act (Haryana) 1914 Haryana Livestock and Birds Diseases Act (Punjab) 1948 Himachal Livestock Improvement Act 1968 Pradesh Himachal Livestock and Birds Diseases Act, 1968 1969 Pradesh J & K Livestock Improvement Act. Svt.: 1996 J & K Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act. Svt: 2006 J & K Removal of Bovine Animal Prohibited. Svt: 1950 J & K Sheep and sheep Products Development Board Act. 1979 J & K Wild Life Protection Act 1978
78 Karnataka Livestock Improvement Act. 1961 Karnataka Prevention of Animal Sacrifices Act, 1959 Karnataka Prevention of Cow Slaughter and Cattle 1964 Preservation Act. Karnataka Prevention of Cruelty of Animals the Bombay district 1953 police and the city of Bombay Police (Amendment) Act, Bombay Karnataka Sheep and Sheep products Development Act, 1973 1974 Karnataka Slaughter of animals Act, Hyderabad 1950 Kerala Animals and Birds sacrifices 1968 Kerala Livestock Improvement Act 1961 Kerala Prevention and control of animal diseases act. 1967 Kerala Prevention of Cruelty of animals 1995 Kerala Prevention of cruelty of animals (Applicable to 1979 Cochin only). M.P. Live stock Improvement Act 1950 M.P. Prevention of cruelty to Animals Laws Repealing Act 1962 M.P. Pashu (Niyantran) Adhiniyam 1976 M.P. Rajya Pashudhan Evam Kukkut Vikas Nigam 1982 Adhiniyam Maharashtra Animal Preservation Act, Maharashtra 1977 Maharashtra Diseases of Animal Act, Maharashtra 1948 Maharashtra Essential Commodities and Cattle (Control) Act, 1958 Bombay Maharashtra Fodder and Grain control Act, Bombay 1939 Maharashtra Slaughter of Animal Act (Hyderabad) 1950 Nagaland Livestock and Poultry Contagious diseases Act, 1981 1980 Orissa Livestock Improvement Act 1958 Pondicherry Animals and Birds Sacrifices Prohibition Act 1965 Pondicherry Patents (Abolition) Act 1970 Punjab Animal Contagious Diseases Act 1948 Punjab Cattle Fairs (Regulation) Act 1968 Punjab Livestock Improvement Act 1953 Rajasthan Animal Diseases Act 1959 Rajasthan Animals and birds Sacrifices (Prohibition) Act 1975 Mizoram Animal Movement Regulation Act 2000
79 Annexure III Breeding policy in different states
Cattle:
State Breed Breeding Policy
Andhra Ongole Selective breeding in Ongole Pradesh Deoni Selective breeding in Deoni Local Crossbreeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Assam Local Crossbreeding with Jersey, Selective breeding of local cattle Arunachal Local cross breeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian Pradesh Bihar Local Crossbreeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Gujarat Gir Selective breeding Kankrej Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Holstein-Friesian.
Haryana Hariana Selective breeding Sahiwal Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Himachal Local Cross breeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian Pradesh
Jammu & Local Cross breeding with Jersey Kashmir
Kerala Local Crossbreeding with Jersey, Brown Swiss / Holstein-Friesian Crossbred Inter-se mating
Karnataka Deoni Selective breeding Krishna Valley Selective breeding Khillari Selective breeding Amritmahal Selective breeding Hallikar Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Madhya Nimari Selective breeding Pradesh Malvi Selective breeding Kenkatha Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Jersey
80 Maharashtra Khillari Selective breeding Dangri Selective breeding Gaolao Selective breeding Nimari Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Jersey
Manipur Local Crossbreeding with Jersey
Mizoram Local Grading up with Hariana; crossbreeding with Jersey
Orissa Local Grading up with Red Sindhi / Hariana; cross- breeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Punjab Sahiwal Selective breeding Local Cross breeding with Holstein-Friesian
Rajasthan Nagori Selective breeding Malvi Selective breeding Tharparkar Selective breeding Gir Selective breeding Kankrej Selective breeding Rathi Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Tamil Nadu Kangayam Selective breeding Umblacherry Selective breeding Local Crossbreeding with Jersey / Holstein-Friesian
Tripura Local cattle Crossbreeding with Jersey
Uttar Kenkatha Selective breeding Pradesh Local Grading up with Sahiwal, Tharparkar, Red Sindhi / Hariana crossbreeding with Jersey Holstein-Friesian
West Bengal Local Grading up with Hariana, Tharparkar / Sahiwal; crossbreeding with Jersey
81 Buffalo:
State Breed Breeding Policy
Andhra Pradesh Local Grading up with Murrah Assam Swamp Selective breeding Bihar Local Grading up with Murrah Delhi Murrah Selective breeding Local Grading up with Murrah Gujarat Jaffarabadi Selective breeding Mehsana Selective breeding Surti Selective breeding Haryana Murrah Selective breeding Local Grading up with Murrah Himachal Local Grading up with Murrah Pradesh Kerala Local Grading up with Murrah Karnataka Local Grading up with Murrah / Surti Madhya Pradesh Local Grading up with Murrah Maharashtra Nagpuri Selective breeding Pandharpuri Selective breeding Local Crossing with Surti and grading up with Murrah Orissa Local Grading up with Murrah Punjab Nili-Ravi Selective breeding Murrah Selective breeding Local Grading up with Murrah / Nili-Ravi Rajasthan Local Grading up with Murrah / Surti Tamil Nadu Local Grading up with Murrah Uttar Pradesh Bhadawari Selective breeding Local Grading up with Murrah West Bengal Local Grading up with Murrah
82 Annexure IV
Estimated breed population Species Breed Year Population Cattle Bachaur 2001 10948 Dangi 2001 108197 Deoni 1998 119000 Umbalachery 1998 283157 Buffalo Jaffarabadi 1997 1096636 Toda 1994 3531 Goat Chegu 2001* 6600 Bengal 2001* 17225000 Sheep Bhakarwal 2002* 2596 Changthangi 2001 66822 Nilgiri 2001 < 1000 Deccani 2001 149942 Mecheri 2001 564000 Garole 2001* 265000 Pugal 2001* 80000 Poultry Ankleshwar 2001 4500 Nicobari 2001* 7500 Source: Network Project on AnGR; * NATP (MM) Project Animal Genetic Resource Biodiversity, NBAGR, Karnal
83 Annexure V Breeds under Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources and NATP, Ad-hoc schemes of ICAR – in collaboration with SAUs and other agencies
Characterization Sr. Species Breed Location 1 Cattle Deoni Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani (NWP-AnGR) (Maharastra) 2 Umblachery Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Science (NWP-AnGR) University, Chennai. 3 Gir Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagarh (NWP-AnGR) (Gujarat) 4 Ongole NG Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (AP) (NWP-AnGR) 5 Bachaur Bihar Veterinary College, Patna (NWP-AnGR) 6 Dangi Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation, (NWP-AnGR) Urulikanchan (Pune) 7 Amritmahal University of Agricultural Science, Bangalore (NWP-AnGR) 8 Desi Cattle of Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Kerala Trichur. (NATP-MM) 9 Vechur Kerala Agricultural University, (Ad-hoc scheme) Mannuthy, Trichur 10 Malvi Jawahar Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (Ad-hoc scheme) Jabalpur 11 Nimari Jawahar Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (Ad-hoc scheme) Jabalpur
12 Buffalo Jaffarabadi Gujarat Agricultural University, Junagarh (NWP-AnGR) (Gujarat)
13 Nagpuri Punjab Rao Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Akola (NWP-AnGR) 14 Bhadawari Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture (NATP-MM) and Technology 15 Desi Buffaloes Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy (Ad-hoc scheme) & (NATP-MM) 16 Tarai Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology
84 17 Pandharpuri Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, (Ad-hoc scheme) Maharastra 18 Marthwada Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani, (Ad-hoc scheme) Maharastra 19 Sheep Mecheri Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Science (NWP-AnGR) University, Chennai 20 Deccani Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation, (NWP-AnGR) Urulikanchan (Pune) 21 Changthangi Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NWP-AnGR) Technology, Srinagar. 22 Pugal Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, (NATP-MM) Avikanagar (Raj.)
23 Bhakarwal Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology, Srinagar.
24 Garole West Bengal University of Animal & Fisheries (Ad-hoc scheme) Sciences 25 Malpura Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, (NATP-PSR) Avikanagar (Raj.)
26 Jaiselmeri Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, (NATP-MM) Avikanagar (Raj.) 27 Gaddi Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (NATP-PSR) Palampur 28 Karnah Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology, Srinagar. 29 Gurej Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology, Srinagar. 30 Goat Osmanabadi Mahatma Phule Krishi Vishva vidyalaya. Rahuri (NWP-AnGR) 31 Barbari Central Institute for Research on Goat, (NWP-AnGR) Makhdoom, Mathura (UP) 32 Attapaddy College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, (NWP-AnGR) Mannuthy 33 Gaddi Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (NATP-PSR) Palampur. 34 Parbatsari Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (NATP-PSR)
85 35 Chegu Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwa-vidyalaya, (NATP-MM) Palampur. 36 Black Bengal West Bengal University of Animal & Fishery (NATP-MM) Science, Kolkata. 37 Changthangi Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (Ad-hoc scheme) Technology, Srinagar 38 Bidari University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad (Ad-hoc scheme) 39 Zalawadi Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushi (Ad-hoc scheme) Nagar
40 Camel Kutchi Gujarat Agricultural University, Sardar Krushi (NWP-AnGR) Nagar. 41 Jaisalmeri National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner. (NATP-MM) 42 Mithun Arunachali Mithun State Animal Husbandry Department, Arunachal (NWP-AnGR) Pradesh 43 Poultry Aseel Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishva-vidyalaya, Raipur (NWP-AnGR) (MP) 44 Ankleshwar State Animal Husbandry Deptt., Gujarat (NWP-AnGR) Agricultural University, Junagarh 45 Miri Aasam Agricultural University, Khanapara, (NATP-MM) Guwahati. 46 Kashmir Favourola Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology, Srinagar. 47 Nikobari Fowl Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port (NATP-MM) Blair. 48 Kadaknath Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidayalaya, (Ad-hoc scheme) Jabalpur
In-situ Conservation units
1 Cattle Tharparkar Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (NWP-AnGR) 2 Desi Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Trichur. (NATP-MM)
86 3 Punganur NG Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur (Ad hoc Scheme)& (NATP-MM)
4 Buffalo Desi Kerala Agricultural University, Mannuthy, Trichur. (NATP-MM) 5 Toda Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Science (NWP-AnGR) University, Chennai. 6 Bhadawari Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agricultaure (NATP-MM) and Technology,
7 Tarai Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Tech., Pant Nagar (UT) 8 Surti Mohan Lal Sukhadia University of Animal (Ad-hoc scheme) Genetics & Technology, Udaipur 9 Sheep Magra Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner. (NWP-AnGR) 10 Nilgiri Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Science (NWP-AnGR) University, Chennai. 11 Pugal Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, (NATP-MM) Avikangar, Rajasthan. 12 Bhakarwal Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology, Srinagar. 13 Goat Jamnapari Central Institute of Research on Goat, Makhdoom, Farah, Mathura. 14 Chegu Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (NATP-MM) Palampur. 15 Bidari University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad (Ad-hoc scheme) 16 Horse Spiti Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (NWP-AnGR) Palampur. 17 Camel Jaisalmeri National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner. (NATP-MM) 18 Poultry Miri Assam Agricultural University, Khanapara, (NATP-MM) Guwahati. 19 Kashmir Favourola Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-MM) Technology, Srinagar. 20 Nicobari Fowl Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair. (NATP-MM)
87
Ex-situ Conservation units
1 Cattle Nagori Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (NWP-AnGR) 2 Rathi Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (NWP-AnGR) 3 Kangayam Tamilnadu Veterinary & Animal Science University, (NWP-AnGR) Chennai. 4 Buffalo Pandharpuri Mahatma Phule Krishi Vishva-vidyalaya, Rahuri. (Ad-hoc -scheme) 5 Murrah National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, (Ad-hoc-scheme) Karnal (Haryana) 6 Bhadawari National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, (NATP-MM) Karnal. 7 Sheep Malpura Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, (NATP-PSR) Avikangar, Rajasthan. 8 Jaiselmeri Central Sheep & Wool Research Institute, NATP-PSR) Avikangar, Rajasthan. 9 Gaddi Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (NATP-PSR) Palampur. 10 Karnah Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-PSR) Technology, Srinagar 11 Gurej Shere-Kashmir University of Agriculture & (NATP-PSR) Technology, Srinagar. 12 Magra Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner (NWP-AnGR) 13 Goat Gaddi Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, (NATP-PSR) Palampur HP 14 Parbatsari Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (NATP-PSR) 15 Camel Jaisalmeri National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, (NATP-MM) Karnal.
NWP-AnGR: Network Project on Animal Genetic Resources NATP-MM : National Agriculture Technology Project-Mission Mode NATP-PSR: National Agriculture Technology Project – Priority Sector Research
88 Preparation of Country Report on AnGR
Training for the preparation of Country Report was provided by the FAO (at Bangkok) to three Scientists viz. Dr. D K Sadana, PS from NBAGR, Dr. A. Batobyal, Jt. Commissioner, GOI and Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Sr. Scientist, ICAR. The NBAGR, Karnal was identified as the Nodal Institute to prepare the draft Country Report. The scientists of the Animal Genetic Resources Division prepared answers to the background questions, collected livestock data from various sources, examined, discussed and compiled the received input. Chief Nodal Officers of the five regions of the country (North, West, South, East and North East) were identified to coordinate the collection of information from the Nodal Officers (Data contributors) from different states of the Country. Three national workshops were organized, two at NBAGR, Karnal and one at UAS, Bangalore.In the National Workshops, the Nodal Officers from different states were given training and guidelines for answering the background questions. Subsequently, the Draft Report was updated with the details received from nodal officers and other data contributors. Following scientists have contributed in writing and preparation of the Draft Country Report on AnGR:
1. Dr. V.K. Taneja, DDG (AS), ICAR, New Delhi 2. Dr. S.P.S. Ahlawat, Director, NBAGR, National Coordinator 3. Dr. D.K. Sadana, P.S., Organising Secretary 4. Dr. Anand Jain, Sr. Scientist & Support Scientist for NE Region 5. Dr. P.K. Vij, Sr. Scientist & Chief Nodal Officer - Northern Region 6. Dr. M.S. Tantia, Sr. Scientist & Support Scientist for Northern Region 7. Dr. P.K. Singh, Sr. Scientist Support Scientist for Western Region 8. Dr. Goutam Sahana, Scientist (SS) & Support Scientist for Eastern Region 9. Dr. Vineet Bhasin, Senior Scientist, ICAR, New Delhi 10. Dr. A. Batobyal, Joint Commissioner, Dept. of AH & Dairying, GOI. 11. Dr. P.C. Dash, Joint Commissioner, Dept. of AH & Dairying, GOI, Member Secretary, NCC
Chief Nodal Officers 1. Dr. S.B. Gokhale, BAIF, Urulikanchan, Pune - Western Region 2. Dr. M.G. Govindaiah, UAS, Bangalore - Southern Region 3. Dr. R.K. Misra, NDRI-ERS, Kalyani (WB) - Eastern Region 4. Dr. Dharmeswar Das, A A U, Khanapara - NE Region
Other Scientists of NBAGR & Other ICAR Institutes 1. Dr. Gurmej Singh, PS 2. Dr. S.C. Gupta, PS 3. Dr. Neelam Gupta, Sr. Scientist 4. Dr. B.P. Mishra, Sr. Scientist 5. Dr. R. A.K. Aggarwal, Sr. Scientist 6. Dr. R.K. Pundir, Sr. Scientist 7. Dr. S.P. Dixit, Scientist (SS) 8. Dr. Rekha Sharma, Scientist (SS) 9. Dr. Avtar Singh, NDRI, Karnal. 10. Dr. G.K. Gaur, PDC, Meerut. ~~~~~~
89
Abbreviations and acronyms
AI Artificial Insemination AICRP All India Coordinated Research Project AnGR Animal Genetic Resources BAIF Bhartiya Agro Industries Foundation CCBF Central Cattle Breeding Farm CFSP&TI Central Frozen Semen Production and Training Institute CHRS Central Herd Registration Scheme CIRB Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar (Haryana) CIRG Central Institute of Research on Goats, Makhdoom (UP) CSWRI Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar (Rajasthan) DAD Domestic Animal Diversity DAD-IS Domestic Animal Diversity - Information System DAHD Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Education EFST&PTP Extension of Frozen Semen Technology & Progeny Testing Programmes ET Embryo Transfer ETT Embryo Transfer Technology FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GDP Gross Domestic Product GIS Geographical Information System GOI Government of India GR Government Rules HRD Human Resources Department ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi ICDP Intensive Cattle Development Project IGFRI Indian Grassland and Forest Research Institute, Jhansi (MP) IRDP Integrated Rural Development Programme ITK Indigenous traditional Knowledge IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
i IVRI Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar (UP) MMPO Milk and Milk Products Order, 1992 MP Madhya Pradesh NATP National Agriculture Technology Project NBAGR National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal (Haryana) NBBF Nucleus Buck Breeding Farms NBPP National Bull Production Programme NCA National Commission on Agriculture NCC National Consultative Committee NDDB National Dairy Development Board NDRI National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana) NGO Non-Government Organization NII National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi NIN&P National Institute on Nutrition and Physiology, Bangalore (Karnataka) NPCBB National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding NPSRAOL National Project on Small Ruminants and other Livestock NRC National Research Centre NRCC National Research Centre on Camel NRPP/NBPP National Ram/Buck Production Programme ONBF Open Nucleus Breeding Farm PDC Project Directorate on Cattle, Meerut (UP) SAU State Agricultural University TRIP Trade Related Intellectual Property UP Uttar Pradesh WTO World Trade Organization
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