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Comparative Study of Post-Marriage Nationality Of Women in Legal Systems of Different Countries http://ijmmu.com [email protected] International Journal of Multicultural ISSN 2364-5369 Volume 7, Issue7 and Multireligious Understanding August, 2020 Pages: 54-65 Critique of Ethan Kohlberg's Views on the Martyrdom of Early Muslims Sakineh Razzaghi zadeh1; Mohammad Reza Aram2* 1 PhD Student of Quranic Sciences and Hadith, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran 2* Associate Professor of Department of Quranic Sciences and Hadith, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]* * Corresponding Author: Mohammad Reza Aram http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i7.1918 Abstract The special place of martyrdom in Islam has caused researchers to pay attention to this issue; The issue of martyrdom in Islam has also attracted the attention of Orientalists. Ethan Kohlberg is one of the Islamologists who has dealt with the subject of martyrdom in his research. Medieval Muslim Views on Martyrdom (Medieval Muslim views on martyrdom) He concludes that the concept of martyrdom in Islam is to give up life and seek an opportunity to reach death. In another part of the article, Kohlberg discusses the relationship between suicide and martyrdom, and challenges the issue of boycotting suicide in Islam and its ugliness. He believes that attacking the enemy is a form of suicide. Arguing against historical narrations, he considers suicide permissible in Islam. In this study, after briefly introducing the concepts of martyrdom and suicide in Islamic verses and hadiths, in the content critique section, to express and explain the citations of this Orientalist about his views on martyrdom, the ruling on suicide in Islam, and that martyrdom seeks suicide. We will pay and the inaccuracy of his views will be revealed. Keywords: Martyrdom; Martyrdom; Suicide; Ethan Kohlberg; Islam Problem Statement The subject of martyrdom is one of the most important issues in Islam, which has a special place among Muslims. According to Islamic sources, the martyr is alive1 (Al-Imran, 169) and with the first drop of the martyr's blood, all his sins are forgiven except religion. (Ameli, 327) Martyr means to be killed in the way of God. The sum of those martyrs is martyrdom: seeking martyrdom and martyr who is alive, that is, he is alive before God. (son Manzoor, 1414 AH, 3/242) is stated in the definition of martyrdom: »(Motahari, 1372, 71). 1 - wala tahsabann alladhin qutiluu fi sabil alllah 'amwatana bal 'ahya' eind rabbihim yurzaqun Critique of Ethan Kohlberg's Views on the Martyrdom of Early Muslims 54 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 7, No. 7, August 2020 The subject of martyrdom and martyrdom-seeking has entered the researches of Orientalist Islamology, and it has been seriously analyzed and studied, and different views have been put forward on this subject. Among these orientalists, the Shiite orientalist Ethan Kohlberg has authored several articles on the subject of martyrdom in Islam. "Martyrdom"2 has been written. In this article, Ethan Kohlberg offers thoughtful insights into martyrdom in Islam, and its relationship to suicide. He believes that suicide is permissible in Islam and attacking the enemy is a kind of suicide if suicide means consciously destroying oneself to get rid of the unbearable situation (Asgari, 2014, 109) Which the Qur'an forbids (Nisa: 29); But seeking martyrdom means wanting to desire martyrdom, the question that arises is whether seeking death by martyrdom from God is acceptable in Islam? Is such a request worthwhile or not? Examining the verses of the Holy Quran and the narrations of the Ahl al-Bayt (as), we will come to the conclusion that the purpose of seeking martyrdom is to defend Islamic values, so these two issues have two different rulings in Islam. Given the differences between the two issues, with what documents did Kohlberg present his views on the subject of testimony? And how does he consider the martyrdom of Muslims as a kind of suicide? In this research, we will refer to the analysis of martyrdom-seeking views in Islam from the point of view of Ethan Kohlberg. We will finally come to the inaccuracy of Ethan Kohlberg's views on the subject of martyrdom. Background In this study, we analyze Ethan Kohlberg's views on testimony. Given that Ethan Kohlberg has written many works in the field of Shiism and Islam, only a few of these works have been criticized. The issue of martyrdom is one of the most important topics in Islam, to which several research works by Ethan Kohlberg are dedicated. Despite the fact that Islamic thinkers have tried to defend Shiism over time; However, in response to the suspicions and currents of thought that have been raised against the issue of martyrdom, there are no significant writings in response to it. Description of Ethan Kohlberg: Ethan Kahlberg was born in 1943 in Tel Aviv. His father, Dr. Joshua Kahlberg (1909-1999), is a Zionist activist, and his mother, Dr. Arma Kohlberg (1909-2002), is Jewish. His family settled in occupied Palestine in 1937. Who were of European descent and from areas under German and Ukrainian rule after World War II, this made it easier for Kohlberg to learn different languages. Ethan Kohlberg lived in many countries and studied with many professors. After completing his military service, he joined the Hebrew University, completing his bachelor's degree in 1966, obtaining his bachelor's degree two years later, and two years later his master's degree by defending his dissertation in He received the subject of "Sunnis and Shiites around the first caliph of Abu Bakr." He studied at the University of Oxford from 1969 to 1971 and earned his doctorate by defending a dissertation on "Shiite Imami views on the Companions". He then taught at the Hebrew University in 1972 and became a professor in 1991. His activities revolve around the research of Islamic thought and religious teachings in the Middle Ages and focus on Shiite Islam. He has written many articles on Shiite beliefs. He pays special attention to Shiite culture, especially what belongs to hadith and tradition, and what is related to current issues, between Shiites and other Muslims. The issue of martyrdom in Islam is one of the topics seen in the works of Ethan Kohlberg. The title of Kohlberg's articles on the subject of martyrdom in Islam is as 2 - Medieval Muslim Views on Martyrdom Critique of Ethan Kohlberg's Views on the Martyrdom of Early Muslims 55 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 7, No. 7, August 2020 follows (Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali, & Bar-Asher, Meir M. & Hopkins, Simon, 2009, 11-29) Martyr 1995.3 Medieval Muslims' views on the 1997 martyrdom4 The image of the Prophet Muhammad as a martyr20055 Martyr: A Framework on Islamic Martyrdom in 20066 Martyrdom and martyrdom in Islam: Martyrdom is the way to attain true happiness and immortality in heaven, and a believer who seeks perfection must seek martyrdom; Because martyrdom is the way to reach his desired degrees, the truth of what has been said, according to God Almighty in the Holy Quran <<wala tahsabana aladhin qutiluu fi sabil allah 'amwatana bal 'ahya' eind rabihim yurzaquna,farihin bima atahum allah min fadlih wayastabshirun bialadhin lam yalhaquu bihim min khalfihim 'alaa khawf ealayhim wala hum yahzanuna, yastabshirun biniemat min allah wafadl wa'ana allah la yudie 'ajr almuminina(al eamrana:171-169). Witnessing is for a person to sacrifice his life for the sake of God, to defend the homeland and the religion of truth and the believers, and not to be afraid of any threat, in order to achieve a higher goal. Prefer death with dignity over life with humiliation. (Qaraati, 1387, 2/115) And as mentioned before, suicide is completely different from destroying oneself to get rid of an unbearable situation. A martyr is someone who is killed in the way of God. (Ibn Manzur, 1414 AH, 3/242) and the infidels killed him in battle. (Fayumi, 1987, 124) Tashahhud means seeking martyrdom. (Hosseini Zubaydi, 1414 AH, 5/50) and it is also said that the martyr is deceased and for this reason it is named because the angels of mercy are present with him.<<'iina aladhin qaluu rabuna allah thuma astaqamuu tatanazal ealayhim almalayikat 'alaa takhafuu wala tahzanuu wa'abshiruu bialjanat alati kuntum tueadun >>. (fsalta, 30) Oh, the guide of Aynkeh, the martyrs, in it, that it is the secret of the blessings of which Anan, Maha Farmoudeh, witness Hastand, oh, the guide of Inaka, the souls of Anan, the souls of Anan, the souls of the nazd, are present, and he witnessed what may be more intense. (The Imran family 171- 169) waladhin amanuu biallah warusulih 'uwlayik hum alsidiyqun walshuhada' eind rabihim lahum 'ajruhum wanuruhum (alihadayd, 19). (raghb,1412q, 468; taryhy, 1375sh, 3/81) Since the present article deals with the lack of connection between the two issues of martyrdom and suicide in Islam, it is necessary to examine these two issues in Islamic sources; In the following, we present the contents of both topics in verses and hadiths alone. 1 -SHAHID 1997. 2- Medieval Muslim Views on Martyrdom1997. 3-The image of the prophet Muhammad as a shahid 2005. 4-shahid: a framework on islsmic martydom 2006 Critique of Ethan Kohlberg's Views on the Martyrdom of Early Muslims 56 International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding (IJMMU) Vol. 7, No. 7, August 2020 Ethan Kohlberg's view on martyrdom in Islam: Ethan Kohlberg, in his article "Medieval Muslims' Views on Martyrdom", examines the subject of martyrdom in Islam and considers it a form of suicide.
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