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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9316201 A history of women in Germanics, 1850-1950 Nagy, Ellen Manning, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1993 Copyright ©1993 by Nagy, Ellen Manning. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. ZeebRd. Ann Aibor, MI 48106 A HISTORY OF WOMEN IN GERMANICS, 1850-1950 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Ellen Manning Nagy, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1993 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Charles W. Hoffmann David P. Benseler Leslie Adelson Dagmar Lorenz Charles W. Hoffmai dvisor Department of Germanic/ nguages and Literature Copyright by Ellen Manning Nagy 1993 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to express sincere appreciation to the members of my committee, Charles W. Hoffmann, Leslie Adelson and Dagmar Lorenz, for their suggestions, comments, and guidance. I am indebted to David P. Benseler, whose move to an endowed professorship at Case Western Reserve University prior to the actual completion of the dissertation meant that, under Ohio State University’s rules, he could no longer serve as chair of my committee, for his insights into this project, his professional advice and most importantly his friendship. My special thanks as well to Charles W. Hoffmann for agreeing to chair the committee in the final phase of the project, and to TEM, JLM and PDN, thanks for having faith in me. VITA September 30, 1959 Bom - Oberlin, Ohio 1981........................ B.A., Colorado College 1985 ........................ M.A., Bowling Green State University FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Germanic Languages and Literature TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................ii VITA . .'..............................................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES......................................................................................................... v CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 H. STATE OF RESEARCH ................................................................................. 24 m . PUBLICATION ACTIVITY OF WOMEN GERMANISTS ...................... 42 IV. WOMEN AND THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF TEACHERS OF GERM AN.................................................................................................. 84 V. THE TEACHING STATUS OF WOMEN IN AMERICAN GERMANICS..................................................................................................... 121 VI. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................. 181 APPENDIX A ................................................................................................................. 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CONSULTED...................................................... 205 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1 Male/Female Distribution of Doctorates, 1981-85...................................... 37 2 Percentage of Women Faculty, 1981-85....................................................... 37 3 Faculty and Women Faculty in German, Totals at Select Universities, 1938-39 through 1948-49................................................................................ 50 4 Article Totals for Germanic Journals, 1889-1949...................................... 62 5 Article Totals for Journals in Modem Languages, 1889-1949.................. 65 6 Distribution of Articles Authored by Women, 1889-1949........................ 69 7 Elected Officers—President and First Vice-President, 1927-1991, of the American Association of Teachers of G erm....................................... an 101 8 Elected Officers—Second and Third Vice-President, 1927-1991 of the American Association of Teachers of German............................................. 105 9 Elected Officers—Secretary, 1927-90 of the American Association of Teachers of G e rm a n ..........................................................................................109 10 Number and Percentage of Doctoral Degrees Granted by American Universities to Women in Germanics, 1861-1949..................................... 125 11 Comparison of Female Faculty Rank 1939/40 and 1989/90..................... 129 12 Number and Percentage of Women by Rank by Year, 1938/39 - 1948/49 and 1989/90 .......................................................................................131 13 Number and Percentage of Faculty Women in Germanics Based on Institutional Type: Four Year Women’s and Men’s Colleges................... 134 v 14 Number and Percentage of Faculty Women in Germanics Based on Institutional Type: Public and Private Universities.......................................135 15 Number and Percentage of Faculty Women in Germanics Based on Institutional Type: Land Grant Colleges........................................................136 16 Comparison of Women’s Institutional Affiliation: 1938/39 and 1989-90................................................................................................................ 137 17 Total Number and Percentage of Faculty Women by Rank According to Institutional Type, 1938-39 through 1948-49........................................... 139 18 Number and Percentage of Faculty Women by Rank According to Institutional Type, 1989-90.............................................................................. 140 vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in an historical evaluation and assessment of the German teaching profession in the United States. Events such as the Bicentennial of the United States (1976), the Tricentennial of the first German settlement at Germantown (1983), and the hundredth anniversary of the Modem Language Association of America (1983) have stimulated interest in the past and in its evaluation. Moreover, a number of research projects, professional organizations, and individual language periodicals have encouraged further research into the origins and development of the profession. Much discussion has been devoted to assessing the aims, structures, and functions of the German-teaching profession in the United States and to finding a method of collecting and interpreting data "so as to better understand the ups and downs of Germanistik during the past 150 years or so."1 Although publications on various aspects of the history of the profession have increased in number, left largely untouched is the role of women in the development of German studies in the United States. This dissertation attempts to provide the first comprehensive analysis of the roles and contributions of women in the profession of Germanics in the United States between 1850 and 1950. "Role" refers to a woman’s position and status as teacher and scholar in higher education, more specifically as faculty members in four-year colleges and universities. "Contribution" denotes the professional endeavors of and service rendered by a woman while serving on the faculty of any four-year higher educational institution in this country, i.e. the introduction or improvement of pedagogical methods and curricular innovations, articles and books written and published, and responsibilities within professional service organizations and on college campuses. Throughout this study I use the term "Germanist" to mean the individual who devotes most of his/her working career to the study and teaching of German language, literature, and/or culture and the term "Germanics" to refer collectively to that study and teaching, that is, to the discipline itself. This dissertation demonstrates that women have traditionally been subordinate members of the profession and that their activities have been undervalued or ignored by male professionals in American Germanics. Specifically, I examine women’s involvement in Germanics in three areas—publishing, teaching, and professional service—using the careers of four women