Neuroptera) of Utah

Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive

Theses and Dissertations

1956-08-01

A preliminary investigation of the taxonomy and the geographical distribution of the chrysopidae (neuroptera) of Utah

Wayne A. Melander Brigham Young University - Provo

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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Melander, Wayne A., "A preliminary investigation of the taxonomy and the geographical distribution of the chrysopidae (neuroptera) of Utah" (1956). Theses and Dissertations. 7822. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7822

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE TAXONOMY AND THE GEOORAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHRYSOPIDAE (NEUROPTERA) OF UTAH

A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Zoology and Entomology

Brigham Young University

In partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

Wayne A.. Melander

August 1956 This thesis by Vifayne A. Melander is accepted in its present form by the Special Thesis Committee as satisfying the thesis require ments for the degree of Master of Arts.

Signed:

ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

In making acknowledgrnents, the writer wishes to express his gratitude to the many people, some unmentioned by name, who helped to make this work possible. First, I am indebted to the curators of the insect collections who kindly gave me permission to study their, chrysopid specimens. Dr. Vasco M. Tanner, along with other assistance, gave me free access to the insect collection of Brigham Young University. Dr.

Don M. Rees of the University of Utah kindly allowed me to study the insect specimens of Chrysopidae in the University's collection, and Dr. G.

F. Knowlton of Utah State Agricultural College also gave me ace es s to the specimens in the latter institution. He also loaned me over one-hundred specimens to examine at leisure at the Brigham Young University campus.

Arthur Bruhn kindly gave me permission to examine the chrysopid specimens of the collection of Dixie College.

I wish to express gratitude to the Brigham Young University for extending to me its library and labo1·atory facilities and for the friendly spirit of those who were in charge at the time of their use. Also, I wish to acknowledge the help of the librarians of the Citrus Experiment Station of the University of California at Riverside, California for their kindness in letting me utilize their facilities and their aid in finding literature in their excellent entomological library. Others of the Citrus Experiment

iii Station were also helpful. Dr. Lee R. Jeppson aided me in locating certain geographical localities, and Mr. Jack C. Hall, Dr. L. D. Anderson, and Mr. Harold Compere gave hints and suggestions in the preparation of illustrations.

Finally, I wish to acknowledge the aid of the professors of the

Department of Zoology and Entomology for their special guidance in the preparation of this thesis. Dr. D. Elden Beck at the initiation of the project gave suggestions which influenced the direction and scope of the investigation. To Dr. Vasco M. Tanner goes my gratitude for many aids during the course of the entire study. As Committee Chairman he guided me in the planning of this paper and made many helpful suggestions. He aided me in obtaining literature and often loaned me literature from his own personal collection. Dr. Tanner examined the :manuscript of the thesis and gave helpful criticisms of its content and form. Especially helpful was his encouragement to complete the project in spite of the fact that much of our communication was by correspondence.

iv DEDICATION

I dedicate this thesis to my \vife, Mary, as token of n1y gra~- itude for her patience, long-suffering, and encouragement which were so m.uch a part in its composition.

V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE ...... i

CER TlFlCATE OF ACCEPT ANGE . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . vi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS . . . viii

INTRODUCTION ...• ...... 1 The Problem The Investigation Results of the Investigation

A HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF THE CHRYSOPIDAE OF UTAH ... 5 Early Contributions Later Developments

COLLECTING, PRESERVING, REARING OF' CHRYSOPIDAE AND RECORDING OF DATA ...... •.....•.... 9 Introduction Collecting Methods Where and When to Collect Preservation of Material Rearing Recording of Data

MORPHOLOOY OF THE ADULT CHRYSOPIDAE ...... 18 Introduction The Sclerites and Appendages of the Head and Body The Wings

IL.LUST RATIONS Plate I ...... 2.7 Plate II ...... 29

vi Page THE TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHRYSOPIDAE OF UTAH ...... •...... • . 30 The Keys and Their Use Key to the Genera of the Chrysopidae of Utah Key to Utah Species of the Genus Chrysopa Key to Utah Species of the Genus Eremochrysa Key to Utah Species of the Genus Meleoma Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815 Genus Chrysopiella Banks, 1911 Genus Eremochrysa Banks, 1903 Genus Meleoma Fitch, 1856

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ...... 77

APPENDIX I. LIST OF CHRYSOPIDAE REPORTED FROM NEARBY STATES WHICH MAY OCCUR IN UTAH ...... 82 The Genus Chrysopa The Genus Chrysopiella The Genus Eremochrysa The Genus Meleoma The Genus Nodita

APPENDIX II. GLOSSARY ...... • ...... • . 84

vii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Plate I page Z 7

Fig. l. Forewing Chrys~ oculata Say ( X 6. 7).

Fig. z. Hind wing Chrysopa ocula.ta Say (X 6. 7).

Fig. 3. Lateral aspect terminal abdominal segments of female Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica Coq. (X 25).

Fig. 4. Ventral aspect terminal abdominal segments of female Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica Coq. (X 25).

Fig. 5. Anterior view of the head of Chrysopa majuscula Banks (X 17).

Fig. 6. Lateral aspect abdomen of male Chrysopa majusculaBanks (Xl7).

Plate II page 29

Fig. 7. Forewing Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica Coq. (X 6).

Fig. 8. Forewing Chrysopa downesi Smith ( X 6).

Fig. 9. Hind wing Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica Coq. (X 6).

Fig. 10. Hind wing Chrysopa downesi Smith (X 6).

.Fig. 11. Hind wing Eremochrysa punctinervis (McLach. ) (X 7) .

Fig. 12. Dorsal aspect head of female Meleoma sp. illustrating basal segments of the antennae (X 40).

Fig. 13. Vertex markings of variety ~ Smith (X 25).

Fig. 14. Vertex markings of variety bipunctata Fitch (X 25).

Fig. 15. Vertex markings of variety xantbocephala Fitch (X 25).

Fig. 16. Vertex markings of variety iUepida Fitch (X 25).

Fig. 17. Lateral aspect terminal abdominal segments of male Eremochrysa punctinervis (McLach.) (X 25).

viii INTRODUCTION

The Problem

Whether a biologist be an explorer of a distant land or an invest- igator of his own familiar locality, he is interested in answering two ,;;_ues- tions~ First, what are the forms of life that exist there? Second, where and when may they be found? In answer to the first question he searches out, differentiates, and arranges the forms he discovers into categories-- in other words, the work of an explorer and taxonomist. He seeks to answer the latter question in the role of a biogeographer, ecologist, or student of life history.

The forms of life investigated by the writer of this paper are the Chrysopidae of the order Neuroptera; the locality chosen, the State of

Utah. The Chrysopidae; familiarly known as lace-wing flies, golden-eyed flies, stink-flies, or in the larval stage as a.phis-lions; attract investigation for various reasons. They may arouse curiosity because of their commonness, being familiar to almost everyone, though the different forms are so similar that to the casual observer they may appear to be all of one species. The attractive hyaline wings of this group of insects are famous for their delicate and lacy venation which, furthermore, is probably the most specialized of all the order Neuroptera. Both in the adult and larval stages the Chrysopidae feed on insects and other arthropods which are

l z noxious to man, a habit of economic importance. To the taxonomist there exists a challenge to understand the confused relationships between the species, varieties, and other forms.

Utah is a particularly favorable area to conduct a distributional study. The life zones range from the alpine mountain peaks to the torrid lower Sonoran. Its 84, 916 square rniles of land and water include <', vast portion of the Great Basin and plateau. pl·ovinc-~s 0£ the c::ordilleran mountains. Large tracts of th';; arable lands are cultivated, but a great portion of the state remains in relatively prin,itive condition. Thus, such a range of habitats shows promise of correlated influences on the distribution of living organis.ms.

As far as the Chrysopidae are concerned, Utah had been for x:nany years a neglected state. G. F. Knowlton realized this when he published a list of the known Chrysopidae in Utah (1930), but this included only four species. Later he added to the list (1946) wherein the known number was increased to twelve species, but this was the result of a single night's light trap collecting at the campus of the Utah State Agricultural College in Logan, Utah. Except for general taxonomic studies by Nathan Banks and others who have described many species of the Un:ited States, there has been little work on the Utah .rnembers of this group of insects and oppor- tunity for further research was apparent.

The Investigation

The main purposes of this study, as announced by the title, are 3 to learn what Chrysopidae live in the State of Utah, to provide means for their identification, and to report on their distribution. Two methods of investigation present themselves. The first, a bibliographic and indirect method, is to learn the published contributions of all previous investigators.

Research was therefore undertaken to study all references pertaining to the chrysopid fauna of Utah and the nearby states. Keys and descriptions of all the reported U. S. species were studied for their contributions on distribution as well as for taxonomic determinations.

The second and direct method of investigation is to study the organisms themselves, this method serving to verify and check the findings of the former investigators. A study, therefore, was made of insect collections of Utah which have been built up through the years by many persons to whom the author is greatly indebted. The collections at Brigham Young

University, Utah State Agricultural College, and the University of Utah were all examined as well as specimens from smaller collections of Dixie

College and some private individuals. In addition to these, the writer made personal collections to add to the number of specimens examined.

The title of this paper admits the preliminary nature of this investigation. A complete study would require a much more extensive and systematic prograrn. It is likely that there may be other species of

Chrysopidae in the State than are herein reported. .Furthermore, the distribution of the species is limited to a report of collection records stating the place and as often as possible the date of collection.

To supplement the limited scope of this investigation so that this 4 report may be of greater assistance, there is included some additional material. This consists of (1) a historical sketch, (2) notes on methods of collecting and preserving specimens, (3) some data on external morphology, (4) a list of species which may yet be found to occur in Utah, and (5) a glossary of special terms used in the study of this group of neuropteroid insects.

Results of the Investigation

For the first time a key to the adult forms of Utah Chrysopidae has been placed in one paper. The distribution records of this group of insects in the state have been decidedly increased from a few references to an orderly list of collection records. The number of reported forms of

Utah Chrysopidae has been increased from fifteen species (one including two varieties) to twenty species (one with five varieties and another with two). Nine of the fifteen previously published species records have been verified. Five species are reported for the first time as being from Utah.

Of the two previously published varieties, one was verified. .Five varieties are reported for the :first time. Attention has been brought to some of the problems yet requiring further study. More detail on the results of the

investigation is given in the section 11Surnmary and Conclusions. 11 A HISTORY OF THE STUDY OF THE CHRYSOPIDAE OF UTAH

The study of Utah Chrysopidae is naturally related to the study of the neuropteroid insects on a larger geographic scale. From the time of "\V. G. Schneider's monograph in 1851, many species (mostly foreign) have been described by Friedrich Braur, H. A. Hagien, Robert McLachlan,

Longinos Navas and others. Asa Fitch, H. A. Hagen, Nathan Banks, and

Roger C. Smith have made the major contributions to the knowledge of the

Chrysopidae in this country.

Early Contributions

The Mormon pioneers established the first modern permanent settlements in Utah. However, there were no trained entomologists among them and they did not concern themselves with insects except the few econ• omic forms which threatened their agriculture. It is unfortunate that we do not have more knowledge of the fauna of that epic so that we could better see how the influx of settlers has affected the animal population.

From time to time trained explorers and biologists conducted surveys of this area. Again, however, the neuropterous insects were neglected. The Stansbury expedition in the Great Salt Lake Valley in 1849 did not report any Neuroptera. In 1871 the naturalists of the F. V. Hayden survey collected from Salt Lake to St. George, but no Utah Neuroptera are

5 6 mentioned in their reports. The 1}/heeler Survey of 1871-75 is the first expedition to treat the neuropterous insects. Hagen reported on the neurop• teroids (he included Odonata and other modern orders in Neuroptera) but none of the specimens were labeled from Utah.

The only early report of a Utah chrysopid was made by J. D 11ncan

Putnam (1876) from an insect collecting expedition made by himself in the sumrne:r of 1875. Putnam submitted some of his material to H . .A. Hagen, who, among other neuropteroids he determined, lists:

Chrysopa (near externa), Spring Lake, July. In bad condition.

Putnam, accompanied by Dr. C. C. Parry and aided by B. F.

Johnson and his boys collected at Spring Lake Villa, Utah County, Utah

(75 miles south of Salt Lake City) where he camped on the sagebrushplain a few miles north of Mount Nebo and about an equal distance from Lake

Utah. This collection record might well apply to the form now known as

Chrysopa californica or Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica or to

Chrysopa downesi.

Apparently after the late 1800 's, Utah was considered sufficient• ly explored so that governmental expeditions were no longer continued.

Thomas Utting Spalding of Utah, who in these early years made entomolog-

ical collecting his business continued the work. In the 1900 1 s he became

a collector of Utah insects for profit. Spalding collected insects of all

types throughout the state. Specimens have made their way to museums

and from time to time are reported in taxonomic works. This has been 7 true for the Chrysopidae where as late as 1950 Nathan Banks cites Spalding as a collector of a newly described species (Banks. 1950:58).

Later Developments

The twentieth century has seen definite progress of entomological labors in Utah. The higher educational institutions have provided means for systematic collections of insectn which are so important in taxonomic work. Both teachers and students ha.ve contributed toward the up- building of these collections which over a period of years have reached proportions meriting an analysis. Some of those who have been most active in the collection of Chrysopidae are Vasco M. Tanner, G. F. Knowlton, and Don M. Rees. However, credit goes to many others. Almost every serious entomological student has collected some Chrysopidae and has contributed his specimens to his respective institution.

G. F. Knowlton of the Utah State Agricultural College deserves special mention. Knowlton (1930) published a list of Utah insects listing the following Chrysopidae:

Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch

Chrysopa coloradensis Banks

Chrysopa oculata Say

Eremochrysa punctinervis (McLachlan)

He also listed Chrysopa chloraphana Burm. which has since been shown to be a synonym of C. oculata.

In 1945 Knowlton sent a single night's light trap collection of 8 neuropterous insects, predominently Chrysopidae, to Roger C. Smith for determination. So unusual was the number of individuals and number of species present that the results were published (Knowlton. 1946}. Smith identified the specimens as follows:

12. Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch many C. rufilabris Burm. Z C. coloradensis Banks 12 C. cocker~l.li Banks 12 C. nisricornis Burm. 16 C. majuscula Banks 2 C. oculata var. bipunctata Fitch 2 C. oculata var. carei Smith 4 C. quadripunctata Burm. l C. excepta Banks 2 Eremochrysa punctinervis (McLach.) 6 Meleoma verticalis Banks 7 M. emuncta (Fitch)

Th.lS, up to 1946 the knowledge of this group of insects in Utah had attained to twelve species, one of which included two varieties.

Ba.i1ks (1950} gave Utah, records of three Zremochrysa species

(E. pumilis E,anks, E. tibialis Banks, and E. hageni Banks) making the total number fifteen species. COLLECTING, PRESERVING, REARING OF CHRYSOPIDAE, AND RECORDING OF DA TA

Introduction

Progress in the knowledge of living organisms is dependant upon proper techn:ique and procedure in their study. This is none the less true in the advancement of their taxonomy. Since the particular details which give maximum results for the effort expended vary from group to group, it is felt appropriate to include some inforrnation on the methods which are applicable to the study of the Chrysopidae.

Collecting Methods

Th«3 methods to be employed for collecting these insects depend on which stage of the life cycle is being sought. There are four main stages: namely, egg, larva (there are three larval instars), pupa (usually within a cocoon), and adult.

Thti characteristic eggs are easily recognized from those of other insects because of their attachment to a filament of hardened gelatin- ous material which gives them the appearance of being suspended in space.

Most any standard textbook of entomology will give an illustration of the eggs of these insects. Two rarer neuropterous families have been reported to oviposit stalked eggs (Berothidae and Mantispidae) but in Utah a chrysopid egg is much more likely to be encountered.

9 10

To field collect an egg once it is encountered, one merely has to :remove it with a portion of the sub-stratum to w.hich the stalk is attach• ed. or, if thi~; is difficult, by breaking the fili..ment. lt may then be preserved vr al:,owed to batch. ~ggs are readily collected in the laboratory from collected adult:3, a topic which will be di.3cus.s~d in n1ore detail.

The pupal stage (or perhapo better characterized as the cocoon stage) may sometimes be collected in large numbers. Clancy (1946:404) obtained large nunioer s of field collected Chrysopida.a by banding apple, walnut, and orange trees and collecting the cocoons formed beneath the bands at intet'vals. Other than the band method, collecting of the pupal stage will probably be incidental along with collections of other life stages.

By far the most collecting of this group of insects has been of the adult and larval stages. Killington (1937:247) states that for Neuroptera in general the best rnethod of collecting of both larvae and adults is "the beating of branches of trees and bushes over a beating tray or umbrella, particular att.ention being given to vegetation infested with Aphididae,

Coccidae, and other small forms of animal life upon which the Neuroptera prey. 11 Since chrysopid adults are rnore active than many Neuroptera when beat down by this method, he suggests keeping a small net without a handle on hand ready to place over them the moment they fall.

Smith (1921) gives a method similar to that given above by sug- gesting the beating of bushes with a long stick and netting the disturbed adults as they fly out into the open.

Another method sugge:3ted by Killington (1937:243) is the sweeping n of herbage with a net, a system. which may produce species not collected by other methods. A modification of this method which served the writ.3r in the collection of Chrysopa oculata is to methodically walk through herbage about the time that dusk is approaching and netting the roused adults as they fly. A bntterfly net was used t,) capture the insects.

One cf the comr.oonest methods of collecting adults is to tal~e advantage of their being attracted to lights at night. The usual systems of light trapping for nocturnal Lepidoptera may be t1.sed but unfortunately the specimens obtained a,re fre-:.:.'-lently in a poor condition having suffered mutilation by beetles and being covered with moth scales. This is particularly true if the tra.p is unattended. A variation of this technique is to periodically visit i.ight sources capturing in tubes or vials the attracted adults. Living specimens can be captured which offers the advantage of being able to collect eggs for rearing studies.

11Sugaring 11 baits as used by Lepidopterists is mentioned by

Killington ( 1937:248) as being successful in some localities in attracting large numbers of Neuroptera, but he made no specific mention of the

Ghrysopidae in connection with this technique.

"\~·her~ and "\.'.Thento Collect

A great deal remains to be learned about the geographical, ecological, and seasonal distribution of Utah Chrysopidae. Killington ( 1936:

140) mentions that the Neuroptera have the habit of "taking any convenient and suitable shelter during the day. n As a consequence the adults may 12. not be in a situation which is their natural habitat. He based his table on habitats as much as possible on the larval stage stating "this is the only true guide to the type of vegetation with which the various species are associated. 11

Some suggestions can be made as to collection times and sites.

The egg and larval stages are usually located on the leaves and stems of plants, particularly in areas of aphid, mealy bug, and scale insect infesta-

tions. Some species such as Chrysopa nigricornis are typically deciduous tree dwellers. Killington (1936:140) noted some British species as char-

acteristic of coniferous forests, a habitat which might be characteristic of a few of Utah's species. Chrysopa oculata and Chrysopa plorabunda are frequently encountered in gardens and fields, but at least the latter

species is not restricted to agricultural areas. The pupal stage is found within the cocoon on the underside and the rolled margins of leaves, under

1 roughened bark, in cracks, in flower clusters, or (the "oculata groupi ) under loose earth. The adult stage fo most likely encountered in the same localities as the immature stages.

For particular information as to where and when Utah Chrysop- idae may be collected, the list of collection records listed under each species may be consulted. For most species the warmer months of the year are the active period of the adult stage, the winter months usually being passed in the cocoon by the pre-pupal stage. Some species such as the Chrysopa plorabunda group commonly hibernate as adults and may be collected the entire year. During warm spells during the winter they may 13 become active and leave their hibernation sites. The writer on November

9, 1951 collected a series of thirty-two hibernating adults of Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica in the rubble of a nest of the desert wood rat

( Neotoma lepida Thomas) built at the base of a juniper tree. Such a hibernation site may be typical of the protected situation that these insects seek for shelter during the winter and suggests a gregarious habit for this species.

Preservation of Material

Adult specimens are usually preserved by pinning. They pre• ferabl y should not be killed in the field but killed just before mounting

since the dead insects dry so quickly. Killington (1937:249) states that though most of the usual killing agents may be used, he has found ether or chloroform particularly conveni.ent. Do not leave an insect in a killing jar for more time than is necessary because color changes will occur.

He advises that the specimens be set with the wings spread in order to

facilitate examination of the wing markings and venation and the features

of the terminal abdominal segm.ents.

A freshly emerged adult should not be killed ·until ample time

has elapsed for the insect to develop its color pattern. It is a good idea

to supply food (usually in the form of aphids or sweetened water or honey)

during this period. Care must be taken, however, to kill the specimen

while still in the prime of condition and not allow it to die a lingering

death which presents a poor looking specimen. 14

Though larvae may be preserved in a dry state, Killington

(1937:249) believed that placing the larvae in preservative fluid is prefer-

able. He suggests using small tubes with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol or an acetic acid alcohol solution which he gives as follows:

Rectified spirit ...... 48 parts Glacial acetic acid ...... 1 part Glycerine ...... l part Perchloride of mercury solution ( British Pharmacy strength) ...... l part

This same solution he considers a good whole mount medium

for mounting larvae on excavated slides.

The writer has found no reference givi_ng a technique for preserv-

ing chrysopid eggs, though the above mentioned solutions might be satis-

factory. It has been customary to measure the length and breadth of the

egg proper and the length of the egg stalk. ln this stage and the larval

stage, it seems, color photographs would be useful as a means for pre-

serving or recording their characteristics.

A phase of preservation which is emphasized by Killington( 1937:

250) but which has not been utilized to any great extent for the chrysopid

fauna of the United States is the preservation of the genital segments and

internal genital armature of both male and female adults. He suggests

making preparations either upon glass microscope slides or on small strips

of mica. The latter method has the advantage of being placed upon the

same pin as the specimen from which it was removed.

His instructions on how to make these preparations is worth

repeating: 15

With a. pair of fine~pointed scissors snip otf the end of the abdornen at about the seventh segment ( first dipping the scissors into water to prevert the small piece removed frotn flying 0£:f), and place the detached portion into a 5 to I() o/,)solution of caustic potash. Doil fo1• 3 to 5 minutes and then wash in water. Tran;:;fer to 7;J% alcohol a.:nd from thence to absolute alcohol (5 minutes in ea.ch). Now wash for several minutes in rectified xylol and fin.a.Uy mount in Canada balsa11l solution in xylol without pressure~ hollowed microscope c.licles may be tised, or the cover.slip be raised on one or two narrow strips of white blotting• paper previously soaked in x.y\ol or on short lengths of steel pins. Staining is not usually nec:e1:.HH.\ry,but if this is preferred, any of the usual stains rnay be used; 1 find that Orange G gives excellent results. It ia a good plan to ma.ke two or three preparations of each sex, one of which should certai111y consist of the various internal genital structures dissected out before the alcohol stage. It may be added that tiatisfactory preparations can be made .from very old specimens.

Wings may also be preserved separately from the body. ian- ington {1937:251) advises that if they are mounted in balsam they should not be placed in caustic potash but can be placed. directly in absolute alcohol as a first step. The writer has found it convenient to dry mount wings in mounts used for 35 mm. Kodachrome slides. The wings can then be projected to a large size to stu.dy the venation or prepare itlustraUons,

Rearing

A method which is potentially capable of solving rnany taxonom.ic problems is the rearing of living spedm.ens. By this means correlations can be made between immature and adult stages and breeding ex.perirnenta can be conducted to ascertain the biological significance of the various forms which have been nan1ed.

The greatest problem ia to furnish a.rnple food for the larval 16 stage which will allow their developn1ent to maturity. Sm.ith (1922: i292) reared cabbage aphids which served for rr,ost of the species he studied though during the suir.uner monthi3 he supplemented this with various aphids collected in the field. Clancy (1946:403-404) reared chrysopid species on aphids and mealy bugs feeding on potato sprouts, and Finney (1948, 1950) gives a detailed account of a technique used in mass producing what he termed Chrysopa californica on the immature stages of the potato tuber moth.

Field collected adult females will often lay eggs in captivity if supplied with food. Food for adults is frequently the same as for the larvae though all species will eat honey or sweetened water and a few, such as Chrysopa plorabunda adults, partake of host secretions rather than the host insects themselves. The amount and type of food taken by the adult has a direct bearing on oviposition (Ripley, 1917; Hagen, 1950).

Killington (1937:251) suggests collecting the eggs several times a day and segregating them into batches according to the date of oviposition. This, he explains, is to avoid the loss of eggs because of their being consumed by the female that laid them and to facilitate their isolation at hatching time. Isolation of each larva is necessary since they are cannibalistic.

A few more details might be mentioned. Moving a larva should be accomplished by means of a soft brush in order to prevent mutilation or i$ry. Some species are trash carriers in the larval stage and should be supplied with some packet-making material as well as food. Smith 17

(1922:1323) discovered that a high rate of mortality occurred after the time of the emergence of the pupa from the cocoon and when eclosion of the adult was to take place. He found that this mortality could be reduced by giving the pupa a support on which to climb. Killington (1937:252) advises placing a long slender stick in each container so that the pupae may climb to a clear position to complete metamorphosis.

Recording of Data

To the biologist the information which accompanies the specimen is as important as the specimen itself. It is customary in entomology to place a set of labels on the same pin which holds the specimen. Slides and other preparations should also be labeled and if they contain portions of pinned specimens should be easily referable to those specimens. A minimum of information which ought to be recorded on the labels is as follows: (1) date of collection giving month, day, and year; (2) place of collection so stated that it may be readily located upon a map; (3) habitat of collection so stated that another person could find the same or a si:milar situation; (4) stage of collection, particularly if not collected as an adult;

(5) name of collector; (6) a field or museum reference number refering to other data, if any, recorded; (7) name of determiner and; (8) date of determination if the specimen has been identified. If this much information accompanied the specimens of collections already made our knowledge of this group of insects in Utah would be notably increased. MORPHOLOGY OF THE ADULT CHRYSOPlDAE

Introduction

The characters which have been used for the most part to ident- ify the species of this group of insects have been color patterns and wing venation. There has been a search for other features which might enhance their identification. In many insect groups study of the internal genitalia has been helpful in revealing relationships which were obscure or uncertain previously. These structures have been studied in some European species (Killington. 1937) but the species of the United States have not had a critical examination and this is beyond the scope of this study. More careful study of the size, form, and proportions of external and readily visible parts of these insects may yet yield information heretofore neglected with so much emphasis being placed on color patterns and venation.

Color patterns such as have been described need be more accurately locat-- ed with respect to morphological areas so that an understanding of the morphology of the Chrysopidae is clearly consistent with a taxonomic study.

Morse (1931) and Killington (1936) have provided two useful references. It is not the writer's intention to repeat in detail their contributions but to provide a summary of information which will be of use in identifying Utah species. The discussion below will come under two headings: first, the sclerites and appendages of the head and body; secondly, the wings.

18 19

The Scle:rites and ..:'.ppen..iage~ of the Head and Body

The adult Chrysopidae are clearly formed into three body div• isions. The first division, the head, viewed from the front is broadly ovate with two widely spaced hemispherical com.pound eyes located dorso- laterally. In as much as some of the sutures which demark the cranial areas of many insects a1·e wanting in th~ Ch:rysopidae, the limits of some areas are ill defined. Ocelli are not present.

The areas of the head making up the cranium are the occiput, vertex, frons, genae, postgenae and clypeus. The occiput (Oc fig. 12, pl. II) is the posterior region of the head dorsal to the occipital foramen, the posterior opening of the head where it joins the thorax. The irons

(Fr fig. 5, pl. I and fig. 12, pl. ll) and vertex (Vx fig. 5, pl. I and fig. 12, pl. II) occupy the median dorsal and part of the anterior portion of the cranium. The vertex is raised but flattened above and is frequently triangular in shape. The frons is anterior to the vertex and extends below the antennae. There is no sign of an epicranial suture separating the vertex

and frons. Frequently the area below the antennae to the labrum is term-

ed the face. In the genus Meleoma the area between the antennae bears a prominent protuberance in male specimens and in the female the face is

often sunken. The frons area is bounded an.tedorly by the epistomal

suture (esu fig. 5, pl. I}.

Lat~::-al to the latter stiture are the genae (Ge fig. 5, pl. I) and postgenae. These areas are not separated by a suture. The postgenal

region is the posterior ventral portion of the cranium on each side of the 20 occipital foramen. The genae, often called cheeks, are bounded anterior• ly by the subgenal suture (sgs fig. 5, pl. I). The area between the epistomal suture and the labrum is the clypeus (Cl fig. 5, pl. I) which may be divided into an anteclypeus and a postclypeus.

The slender and filiform antennae (Ant fig. 5, pl. I; fig. 12, pl. II) are located mesad of the compound eyes. The basal segments arise from positions close to each other though in the genus Meleoma the space between them is relatively greater in terms of widths of the basal segment.

The basal segment or scape ( Sep fig. 5, pl. I, fig. 12, pl. Il) is swollen and somewhat conical in form except in the genus Meleoma where the form varies, usually being considerably lengthened and often contorted. The second segment or pedicel (Pd fig. 5, pl. I) is smaller than the scape.

The flagellum (Fl fig. 5, pl. I) is composed of many subequal segments which are cylindrical, longer than broad, and beset with four transverse rows of setae. The ultimate segment is pointed at the apex.

The mouth parts of the adult are typical chewing mouth parts.

The labrum (Lm fig. 5, pl. I), separated from the clypeus by the clypeo- labral suture, is a narrow transverse sclerite hanging downward over the mandibles. The mandibles (Md fig. 5, pl. I) are large, acute and well suited for chewing. Below the mandibles are the maxillae which bear five segmented palpi (Mx P fig. 5, pl. I) and below the maxillae is the labium

(Lb) with a pair of three-segmented palpi (Lb P fig. 5, pl. I). Occasional reference is made to the co lo ration of the palpi in identifying the species.

The gula is the posterior ventral portion of the head between the 21 labium and the occipital foramen.

The second division of the body is the thorax which bears the ambulatory appendages and the wings. The thorax is composed of three segments: the prothorax, the mesothorax, and the metathorax. The prothorax bears the anterior pair of legs. This segment varies in form being rather broadened in proportions in some species. In most, however, the prothorax is approximately as broad as the head (exclusive of the eyes) and slightly longer than broad. Stink glands are situated in the anterior part of the prothorax where they open laterally under the margin of the dorsal plate of the prothorax, the pronotum.

The mesothorax and the metathorax each bear a pair of wings in addition to the second and third pair of legs. They a.re more sclerotized than the prothorax and possess complicated sutures and sclerites. The mesoscutum is so constricted by the prescutum and scutellum that it is nearly divided into two separate lateral lobes. The scutum of the metathorax is also constricted but to a lesser extent.

The legs are well developed. the posterior pair being the long- est. The coxa appears to be divided; the anterior portion being the eucoxa and the smaller posterior basal lobe, the meron (Morse, 1931:13). The distal end of the coxa articulates with the small second segment, the trochanter. Distal to the trochanter follow the long cylindrical femur a.nd tibia. The last portion of the appendage is the five-segmented tarsus.

The appendage ends with hooked tarsal claws or ungues and the median arolium. 2Z

The posterior division of the body, the abdomen, offers some difficulty in identifying the sclerites of the terminal segments. The first seven segm.ents in both the male and female are clearly divided into tergal and sternal plates with pleural regions in between. The plates of the first segment (lT, 1S fig. 6, pl. 1) are somewhat reduced and the tergum of the second abdominal segment (2T fig. 6, pl. I) is divided into an anterior and a posterior portion. The first eignt abdominal segments bear spiracles

(Sp fig. 6, pl. I).

In the female the eighth tergum (ST fig. 3, pl. I) is prominent though perhaps shortened in comparison with the seventh, but the eighth sternum is g1-eatly reduced or wanting. Morse (1931:30-31) calls the ter• minal portion of the abdomen in both sexes the ninth segment but Killington

(1936: 70) points out that a raised circular area (Sa fig. 3, 4, 6, pl. I; fig.

17, pl. II) bearing the bristles of a group of sensory organs called tricho- bothria are characteristic of the tenth tergum of other members of the order Neuroptera and thus believes that the abdomen h in reality ten segmented with the ninth and tenth tergae fused with perhaps a slight suture indicating two segments. The ninth sternum (9S fig. 4, pl. I) in the female contains the vulva (Vul fig. 4, pl. I) which is the copulatory and oviposi- tional opening which offers a distinctive character for determining the sex of the specimen. The tenth sternum is lacking or internal.

In the male the arrangement of the terminal abdominal sclerites is more variable. In the genus Eremochrysa the abdomen ends ventrally with a promin.ent projection which appears to be the eighth and ninth sternae - 23 combined (8S and 9S fig. 17, pl. II). In other forms the sternum of the eighth segment is similar to the seventh and the ninth sternum is a prominent subgenital plate (8S and 9S fig. 6, pl. I). The ninth and tenthtergae are fused as in the female and the tenth sternum is internal.

Killington (1936:70) states that attached closely to the underside of the tenth sternite are the parameres and aedeagus of the male genital armature. He further states that these structures and the form of the ninth sternite of the male may offer good taxonomic characters.

The Wings

The distinctive wings of the Chrysopidae give the adults the name of lacewing flies. The wings are large in comparison to the size of the insect, the forewing being slightly larger than the hind wing. Long trichial hairs (macrtrichia) are present on the veins, cross-veins, and margins of the wing. In some species the macrotrichia are quite prominent. The wing membrane lacks trichia.

The complex venation was not clearly understood until studies were made of the pupal tracheation. These studies revealed that the longitudinal veins between the radial sector (Rs fig. 1, 2, pl. I) and the inner margin which appear as the medius and cubitus in the forewing are in real• ity complex. serial veins composed of sections of several veins. The former which has been designated as the pseudo-media and given the notation of M 1 is composed of the contorted branches of the medial vein and branches of the radial sector. The latter, formed in a similar manner but connected 24 to the first cubital vein is designated as the pseudo-cubitus-one (written

Cu1 '). A similar system would apply in naming the longitudinal serial veins of the hind wings.

The costal area (area between the costal and the subcostal vein) of the forewing is fairly broad; less so in the hind wing. The costal area in both is crossed by numerous simple and sub-parallel veinlets. The humeral cross-veinlet (h fig. 1, 2, pl. I) is usually inclined toward the base of the wing but is never branched. Though the subcostal vein (Sc fig.

1, 2, pl. I) appears to terminate near the apex of the wing, in reality it terminates at the proximal end of the pterostigma (pt fig. l, 2, pl. I). The apparent continuation of the subcosta is formed by serially connected branches of R1.

The radial sector gives off posteriorly numerous branches, some ending in the pseudo-media while others (so-called free branches) obtain the outer margin, many of them forking near the margin. In some genera the basal portion of M 3 + 4 (median loop or divisory veinlet) of the front wing curves upward to join M1 + 2 and in doing so cuts off a small cell des.- ignated by Tillyard (1916) as the first intra-median cell and by Smith (1932:

580), following the Comstock-Needham system of nomenclature, as 1st Mz.

A cell of this form is typical of all Utah species reported in this paper. cu2 is present in both wings and does not take part in the serial vein. In both pairs of wings there are three anal veins (lA, 2A, 3A, fig. 1, 2, pl. I).

The veins in the adult may be identified by first locating vein Cu . 2 This vein is forked in the forewing and is simple in the hind wing. From 25 there working along the margin toward the apex you may find the four branches of Cu . These are followed by four others 1-.,1, M3, r-,1 , and M . 1 4 2 1

The next, which is usually forked, is vein R 5.

The cross-veins of importance are those between R and Rz (or 1 radial sector) and those between the branches of the radial sector. The latter cross•veins are called the gradates due to a stair step arrangement of the nearly parallel veinlets. In the genus Chrysopa and others there is an inner and outer series of gradate veinlets, but in some of the other genera such as Eremochrysa or Chrysopiella the inner series may be absent in one or both pairs of wings.

There is not a concordance of agreement on the names of the cells and areas of the wing. Banks often refers to the cells between M'

1 and Cu 1 as cubital cells and the area as the cubital area. The number of cross-veins usually makes it impractical to name each cell individually and so area designations are comm.only applied. 26

PLATE I

:Figures l - 6 M C Sc I •I

gr Fig.

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4 Fig. 5

_4T / sr: ~OT '-- / ✓

-- 4S 5~ _~ss

Fig. 6

PLATE I PL.ATE 11

.Figures 7-17 Fig. 8 Fig. 7

Fig. 10 Fig. 9

Fig. 11 Pro

Fig. 12

9T 8 IOT I Fig. 13 Fig. 14 I

~>~

1;f' 9S ~ ~ Fig. 17 Fig. 15 Fig. 16

PLATE II THE TAXONOMY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE CHRYSOPIDAE OF UTAH

This section is devoted to the identification of the species of

Utah Chrysopidae and their distribution in the state. There may be other

species not yet discovered within the boundaries of Utah. However, every

species that has been referred to Utah in the literature or has been dis-

covered by collecting or studying collections of Chrysopidae taken in the

state is included in this section.

The report on the distribution of Utah Chrysopidae is limited mainly to collection records listed in the discussion under each species.

The collection records are arranged in geographical order listing the north- ernmost localities first and proceeding southward. Unfortunately, very few

or limited data have been kept with many of the specimens. In some in-

stances not even the date or locality of collection was given rendering the

specimens relatively useless for this study. In spite of the little informa-

tion accumulated so far, some tentative conclusions can be drawn concern•

ing geographical distribution which are to be in the discussion under each

species. Further research may modify these conclusions.

The Keys and Their Use

Immediately following this introduction are a series of keys

which may be used for identifying Utah Chrysopidae. The key to the genera

30 31 must be used :first and when the genus is known the specific name may ,J then be determined by reference to the key to that species in that genus.

After identifying a specimen it is wise to check the determination by comparing the specimen with the species description given in the discussion under each species for verification. The genera are arranged in alphabetic order and the species are discussed in alphabetic order in each genus. If a specimen is difficult to "key out" and does not conform closely with the description, a new species or one not previously known in

Utah may be involved.

In the keys and the species descriptions terminology common to entomology is applied. However, for terms peculiar to this group of insects a section on morphology and a glossary of special terms is included which may be referred to for assistance. Key to the Genera of the Chrysopidae of Utah

I. Inner series of gradate veinlets absent in either hind or both pairs of wings (see fig. 11, pl. II} . . • . . • • ...... 2 -- Inner series present with at least one inner gradate in both pairs of wings (see fig. l, 2, pl. 1) .•...... 3

2. W"ing veins and much of the body greenish; no inner gradates in either wing ..•...... Chrysopiella(one species) p. 64 . .... Wing veins and much of the body brownish; inner gradates usually present in forewings; small species with few cells. Eremochrysa p. 34.

3. Basal segments of the antennae separated by as much as the width of the basal segment or more, often bowed outwardly; basal segment of the female of slender proportions (see fig. 12, pl. II); male with a protuberance on the front of the head which is very noticeable...... • ...... Meleoma p. 35. -- Antennae not so widely separated and basal segment not outwardly bowed; basal segmentlscape)of broad proportions; no protuberance on front ...... Chrysopa p. 32.

Key to Utah Species of the Genus Chrysopa

1. At least basal fourth or fifth (scape not included) of antennae black. 2. -- Antennae pale yellowish or light brown; basal segment may or may not be black ...... • ...... 4

2. Palpi entirely yellowish or greenish yellow, not banded with black or brown; no lateral bands on pronotum .. Chrysopa nigricornis p. 45 . ... Palpi heavily banded with black or brown or at least one segment wholly dark ...... • . . . . • ...... 3

3. Pronotum broadly margined with a shining brownish-black band; a shining black band on the genae and loops under each antenna on the front which extend (though broken) at the vertex along the margins of the compound eyes to the thorax. Chrysopa coloradensis p. 38. Pronotwn not margined with a definite dark band; facial marks not as above, shining black band entirely around each antennal socket. • • ...... Chrysopa excepta p. 42.

32 33

4. Ped.ice l of antennae blackish; head with an elaborate black pattern; greenish colored insects . • . • . . • • . • . • . • ...... • 5 -· Pedicel of antennae without black; either greenish colored insects or rust-brown insects ....•.....•.•.•.•...•..... 6

5. Pleural sutures of the thorax outlined with black; a black line along the compound eyes above the antennae; spots on the vertex fused into two longitudinal dark bands and a black transverse band across the occiput; wings very hairy ...••..• Chrysopa pleuralis p. 53 -- Pleural sutures not outEned with black; no transverse black ba.nd across the occiput ...... Chrysopa oculata p. 46

6. i\U veins (except perhaps for a very few basal cross-veins) including gradates entirely green or entirely rust•brown; a white or yellowish median dorsal band usually present on thorax and abdomen ..... 7 - .. Usually gradates and always several other cross-veins dark brown or black in contrast to the others; white or yellowish dorsal band (except for C. rufilabris) absent. . ...•..•••...••... 8

7. Smaller (usually forewing less than 12. l mm.), dark green (unless in brownish hibernation coloration). narrow winged species (maximum width of forewing usually less than 33. 5 per cent of forewing length); often with an oily appearance in pinned material; usually a dark band on genae with median reddish suffusion; divisory veinlet usually ending proximad to the cross~vein above (see fig. 8, 10, pl. II) . . . • . . • . . . . • ...... • . . . . Chrrsopa downsesi p. 40. -- Larger (usually forewing more than 12. l mm.) medium green (unless in the brownish hibernation coloration) broader winged species (maximum width of forewing usually more than 33. 5 per cent of forewing length); appearance less oily in pinned material; dark band on genae usually present with none to considerable reddish suffusion present medially; divisory veinlet usually ends on or distad to the cross-vein above (see fig. 7, 9, pl.' II). . ...•• Chrxsopa plorabunda p. 54.

8. Some of the longitudinal veins black (not referring to transverse portions of longitudinal veins which appear as cross-veins); the cross- veins adjoining aubcosta of forewing more or less black, gradates pale; palpi almost wholly black...... Ch:rrsopa schwarzi p. 63 -- Only veins in a transverse direction black ...... •..•. 9

9. At least two pairs of orange spots on the pronotum, often a pair on the vertex near the eyes and orange spotting on the mesonotum and sides of the abdominal segments; a dark red band on each gena. . . • . • . . . . • . • . . • ...... Chrxsopa quadripunctata p. 60 -- No definite yellow or orange spots on head, pronotu.m, or abdomen. lv 34

10. Band over the genae under the eye broad and so1ne shade of red with a definite median border; light ivory or yellowish dorsal band over pronotum...... Chrysopa rufilabris p. 61. ... Band over the genae, if present, black or brownish black; no light yellow dorsal band over the.pronotum...... U

11. Palpi broadly banded with black; brown veins ordinarily with brown clouding in the adjacent membrane; a brownish black band over the genae and clypeus ...... Chrysopa cockerelli p. 36. ~- Palpi pale or brownish; no clouding in the wing membrane; a black bar each side of the clypeus but genae ordinarily without black band; large species...... Chrysopa majuscula p. 43.

Key to Utah Species of the Genus }~remochrysa

1. Longitudinal veins not dotted (except perhaps for dark areas at connections); pronotal hairs long and white; if male, terminal abdominal process long, slender, upcurved, lacking reclinate bristles; in fe .. male no median spot on clypeus ... , . Eremochrysa hageni p. 67 • -- Longitudinal veins may or may not be dotted; pronotal hairs black; male abdominal process straight and with reclinate bristles (fig. 17, pl. ll); female usually with median spot on clypeus ...... 2

2. .Front and mid tibiae with a dark cross-band about one•third way from base, often also a dark spot at base of these tibiae; venation mostly dotted, vertex usually with reddish lines or spots...... • ...... • ...... Eremochrysa tibialis p. 71. Front and mid tibiae lacking dark band ...... ••.... 3

3. Longitudinal veins and many of the cross-veins dotted with dark; inte.:rantennal markings dark brown ...... 4 ... Longitudinal veins usually not dotted, cross-veins mostly entir~ly dark; interantennal markings black ... Eremochrysa fraterna p. 65.

4. F'ace often with yellowish or reddish marks (sometimes united), vertex with reddish lines or spots; fore wings rather broad so that four or five of the branches of the radial sector reach outer margin of forewing...... • . . • . • . . Eremochrysa punctinervis p. 69 . ... Face usually without marks. vertex mostly rufous, at least in front, and few if any lines or spots; the apical part of the wing narrower so that only two or three branches of radial sector reach margin of wing ...... Eremachrysa pumilis p. 68. 35

Key to Uta.h Species of the Genus Meleoma

1. Third antennal segment of male much longer than the second (about five times longer); palpi lined with reddish black on outside; wing veins wholly green in apical third of wing, cross-veins near base brownish ...... Meleoma verticalis p. 75. Third antennal segment of male not over twice as long as second, ::.ometimes not longer; palpi broadly b._:i,nded longitudinally on outside with black or YJholly black; gradate veinlets brown. l\l!eleo.::-1.a emuncta p. 73 Description of the Utah Species

Genus Chrysopa Leach, 1815

Brewster 1s Edinb. Encycl. 9:138 Type C. perl a ( L.) =Hemerobius perla L., l 758

Chrysopa cockerelli Banks, 1903

Chrysopa cockerelli. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:154.

Additional references and synonomy: 1905 c. marginalis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 32: 5 ( Not C. marginalis Navas). 1906 c. inj~. Banks, Psyche 13:93. 1907 c. cockerelli. Banke, Catalogue of the Neur. Insects of the U.S. p. 27. 1922 c. cockerelli. Smith, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 58:1365. 1925 c. cockerelli. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 2.0 ( 4): 168. 1932 C. cockerelli. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25( 3) :597. 1934 C. cockerelli. Smith, Jour. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7( 4) :135. 1946 C. cockerelli. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41 ( 1) : 19.

Published Utah Records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. A. C. cam.pus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, June 25, 1937; August 6 to 15, 1937; September 4. iNEBER COUNTY, Huntsville, June Z7, 1937. DUCHESNE COUNTY, Duchesne, August 11, 1937. l.,U LLARD COUNTY, Oak City, July 18, 1949, July 28, 1937. SEVIER COUNTY, Richfield, August 1930. WASHINGTON COUNTY, Zion National Park, July 4, 1946.

Distribution: Though not abundant, this species is probably widespread throughout Utah; adults from June to September. This species

36 37

was first described from Las Vegas, New Mexico. It has been reported as far east as Kansas and west as California.

Description. - -Face and vertex ivory white, the vertex tinged with green; a dark red-brown genal stripe from eye toward mouth ending at the subgenal suture; clypeus dark brown; segments of palpi banded with black or dark brown. Antennae pale though the setae on the antennae become progressively browner distally. Pronotum with indefinite brown patches laterally; remainder of thorax, legs, and abdomen greenish. Tarsal claws dark brown, abdomen posses sing prominent setae.

\Vings moderately broad, distally slightly acute; longitudinal veins green in both pair of wings; median fork ending distad to the cross- vein above. Many of the cross-veins dark or partly darkened principally on their ends. Most of the transverse veins margined with a brownish clouding in the wing membrane.

Forewing 10 to lZ mm. long, 4 mm. wide.

Notes on biology. --Smith ( 1922:1365-1366) found eggs which were laid on tree trunks. He took larvae in Kansas on maple, linden, and dogwood trees and also on alfalfa beneath the trees. The larvae, usually beginning with the first instar carry a packet of debris. The setae ( or macrotrichia) on the body are born on elongate tubercles as an aid for trash carrying.

The distinctive head markings consist of three pairs of black bands, the inner pair converging posteriorly. The second pair arise between the base of the jaws and antennae and extending to the prothorax double back form- ing the third pair which point toward the eyes. 38

This species was observed to overwinter as nearly mature larvae without spinning cocoons. The packet of debris is incorporated in the cocoon when it is spun. Smith (1922:1335) reported two genera- tions a year in Kansas. Utah collection records report catches of adults at light and in a meadow.

Chrysopa coloradensis Banks. 1895

Chrysopa coloradensis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 22:314-315.

Additional references: 1903 C. coloradensis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:l 51. 190 7 C. coloradensis. Banks, Catalogue of the Neur. Ins. of the U. S. p. 2 7. 1932 C. coloradensis. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25(3) :585. 1946 C. coloradensis. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41(1): 19.

Published Utah records: BOX ELDER COUNTY, Portage, August 1927. CACHE COUNTY, Cornish, August 1926; Hyrum, July 1927; Logan, June 1924; U.S.A.C. Campus. August 30, 1945. TOOELE COUNTY, Stock- ton, June 1929. ( Knowlton, 1930, 1946).

Additional records: BOX ELDER COUNTY, Brigham Canyon, June 30, 1938. CACHE COUNTY, Providence, May 25, 1939; Logan, May 8, 1949; Logan Dry Canyon, May 8, 1949, June 17, 1948. RICH COUNTY, Garden City, June 12, 1941. DAVIS COUNTY, Syracuse, June 5, 1938. SALT LAKE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, May 6, 1940; June 15, 1939; June 30, 1939; July 15, 1939; August l, 1939; August 23, 1939. Emigration Canyon, May 26, 1940. UTAH COUNTY, Lehi, Aug. 6, 1941; Orem, June 30, 1939; Provo; Spanish Fork; Mount Timpanogos, August 17, 1941. JUAB COUNTY, Mount Nebo, July 12, 1942. MILLARD COUNTY, Oak City, July 23, 1943. GAR- FIELD COUNTY, Escalante, July 3, 1938.

Distribution: Statewide, but perhaps principally northward. Th.is species has been described from Colorado, California, Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, and British Columbia. 39

Description. --Face pale whitish, the clypeus with a brownish tinge; vertex yellow-greenish. Dark brown crescents below each antenna margin- ing socket and extending laterally to approximately the center of the eye at which point they approach another pair of dark brown streaks arising from the lateral corners of the vertex. Shiny black genal mark below eye extending to subgenal suture; faint reddish-brown streak on lateral edges of clypeus. Palpi banded with dark brown and reddish-brown.

Basal segment of the antennae pale, pedicel light brown with a faint brown band, basal fourth or fifth of the flagellum black but distally merging to a light brown. A brown spot behind eye posterior to the dark markings later• al to the vertex.

Pronoturn broad, green, banded laterally above with a broad brown band. Reddish brown areas on lateral portions of the prescutum and scutum of mesothorax, scutellum green, post-scutellum ye Uowish- brown dorsally. Scutum of metathorax mottled laterally with yellow and brown, remainder of metathorax green, abdomen darker green.

Legs, sides and venter of thorax green; tarsi brownish; venter of head yellow.

Longitudinal veins of both fore and hind wings green except for black basal portions of the radial sector, the pseudo•medius, the medial loop ( M 3 + 4), Cu 2 , third anal of the forewing and the radial sector of the hind wing. In the forewing cross-veinlets of the costal area, cross- veinlets of the radial area, and the gradate veinlets wholly black; portions of most of the other transverse veinlets black. In the hind wings the 40 proximal cross-veinlets black but most of the distal cross-veinlets green or only partly black.

Median loop unites with M l + 2 distad to the cross-vein above.

Pterostigma moderately distinct, greenish; wings moderately broad.

Forewing nearly rounded at tip; hind wing slightly acute. On the specimen described above the forewing measures 14. 5 mm in length, 5. 8 mm. in width.

Notes on biology. --Chrysopa coloradensis was first described fron1. Fort

Collins, Colorado. It has been recorded from ether western states and

Canada. Nothing has been written on the life history of this species.

Banks ( 1903:151) thought it not closely related to any other species but

Smith (1932.:584) places it with the nigricornis section in his key.

Chrysopa.downesi Smith, 1932 ( Plate II, fig. 8 1 10)

Chrysopa downesi. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 ( 3):594.

Additional references: None.

Published Utah records: None.

Additional records: UTAH COUNTY, North Fork Provo Canyon; Vivian Park, Provo Canyon; Provo; Spanish Fork: Payson Canyon. MILLARD COUNTY, Oak City, July 18, 1949. GARFIELD COUNTY, The Pass, Table Cliff Mt. 9, 300 ft. elevation, June 1936; Henrieville. WASHINGTON COUNTY, Zion National Park; VIashington; St. George, October 11 and 12, 1952.

Distribution: May be widespread in Utah. Has been recorded from Brit. Colum; Saskatchewan. Canada and northwest U. s. A.

Description. - -The specimens referred to above agree favorably with the

following description as given by Smith ( 1932: 594): 41

A srnall variable species, very dark green in color, with sharply defined ivory dorsal band, narrow wings with green stigmas and wholly green venation; face rnarked like plorabunda, but ordinarily with more reddish suffusion and a general oily appearancl! throu~hout.

Head grayish below the antennae and with the vertex yellowish green. A narrow black band over the genae similar to plorabunda, but more caudal in position; genae and clypeus heavily suffused with reddish at each side. Palpi brown without appearance of bands, vertex uniformly yellowish green. Basal segment of antennae yellow, rest of antennae uniformly light yellowish•green, ending in a pointed brownish segment; length about two-thirds that of the folded wings.

Pronotum about as broad as long, dark yellowish green in color, a definite, clear-cut, median narrow light yellow band extending all the way, being particularly prominent on the mesothorax and anterior segments of the abdomen, body sparely beset \X,ith short inconspicuous decumbent white hairs with a few black ones on the sides of the pronotum. Venter of the thorax light green and of the abdomen yellowish. Legs wholly yellowish green; tarsi amber.

Wings conspicuously narrow with angular tips. Vena .. tion wholly green, stigmas yellowish green, fairly conspicuous, gradates of both wings 6 (outer) and 5 wholly green, 11 veins between R1 and Rs the distal two close together. Median loop ends before the cross-vein. Veins sparsely beset with the usual black setae, mostly on the upper side of the veins, very sparse on the lower side.

Total length, 13. 5 mm. Length of .front wing, 11 mm., width 3. 5 mm.

Holotype, a female, collected by W. Downes, after whom the species is named, at Kelowna, B. C. In the Can- adian National Collection, Ottawa.

This species shows considerable variation but they are all so gradated that the indication of varieties or forms appears inadvisable. The specimens vary in length from 12 to 16 mm. Some specimens have scarcely any genal and clypeal marks, others have the clypeus very red, most specimens do not have as much black on the pronotum as 42

the type. The m.edian light band is less distinct in some specimens. In all, the wing veins are entirely green. Some have slightly broader wings. The oily appearance of the specimens varies from a marked shining oiliness to its almost complete absence.

Distribution records of Chrysopa plorabunda published in the past may pertain to this species. The position of the ending of the divisory

veinlet and the slender proportions of the wing are helpful distinguishing

characteristics (see fig. 8, 10 pl. ll for wing proportions). The aritlu--natic

mean of the forewing width was 32. 5 per cent of forewing length as deter-

mined from 21 specimens. The number of gradates may vary even in

opposite wings of the same specimen. Usually there are seven or less in

the outer series of the forewing while there are six or less in the inner

series. The other related members of the plorabunda group in Utah have

usually one more gradate in each series.

Some of the Utah specimens varied from the above description

in minute details. In one, a red tinge was noted on the first antennal seg-

ment; and in another, a small red spot by the corner of the vertex poster-

ior to the compound eye.

Life history and genitalia comparison studies are yet needed to

clarify the relationship between this alleged species and Chrysopa plora-

bunda,

Chrys opa excepta Banks, 1911

Chrysopa excepta. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 37:340.

Additional references: 1932 C. excepta. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 (3):585. 1946 C. excepta. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41 (1):19. 43

Synonomy: None.

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Y....nowlto11, 1946).

Additional records: SAN PETE COUNTY, Manti, June 17, 1941.

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. A rare species. Has been described from New Mexico, British Columbia, and Alberta, Canada.

Description: --General color green; a prominent black stripe on cheek from eye to mouth; antennae with black, except for the basal joint, which has a black line on the outer side; the outer side of each antennal socket is narrowly margined with black or a shining black band entirely around each antennal socket. Thorax green, unmarked, pronotum broad, but plainly narrowed in front; abdomen pale; legs pale yellowish.

Wings with green venation, costals and many cross-veins mostly black, but the gradate veinlets are pale; in hind wings the costals only black; stig1na distinct in both pairs. Wings moderately long, rounded at tips, with inner gradate series (of four or five veins) about as near to radial sector as to the outer gradate series; cell 2M of the forewing no longer than cell first M4, the later very broad distally, the median loop

(M 3 + 4) intersects Ml+ 2 distad to the cross-vein above; in the hind wings the radial sector unites with the median only for a short distance.

Expanse Z 7 to 30 mm. Front wing 7 mm. wide.

Chrysopa majuscula Banks, 1906

Chrysopa majuscula. Banks, Psyche 13:98. Additional :r.;ie:renc·cs a..-id synonomy: 1899 C. erythrocephala. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25:201 (not C. erythrocephala Leach). 1903 c. erythrocephala. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. S:}c, l9:154. 1907 c. majuscula. Banks, Catalogue of the Neur. Insects of the U.S. p. 27. 1932 c. majuscula. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25(3):597. 1946 c. maju:; cul a, Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41 (l): 19.

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S.A.C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records: GACHZ COUNTY, J... ogan, May 13, 1949; June 1947; july 22, 1948; August 20, 1950; September Z, 1947. Hyde Park, August 10, 1946. SALT LJ4KE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, 1-cLgust. UTAH COUNTY, Provo, May 15,, 1952; May 19, 1952.; September 2, 1937. SAN PETE COUNTY, Moroni, May. "WAEiIBNGTON COUNTY, Leeds, June 14, 1949; Santa Clara.

Distribution: Probably abundant throughout the state. First described from San Bernardino, Calif.; it is characterized as being from the western states.

Description ... -Vertex raised, subtriangular and yellow green; area mes ad of eyes and laterad to vertex yellow. Face light green; edge of clypeus with dark black bar; labrum slightly brownish; genae frequently with a dark brown spot, but this may vary in speciinens to a paler spot to nearly no spot at all; palpi pale brown. First antennal joint and basal half of second, pale green; remaining segn1ents ranging from. pale yellow at the base of the antennae to a pale amber distally. Antennal setae dark brown.

Pronotum relatively large, a dark spot or irregular dark patches at the anterior lateral corners, ren1ai11

Wings large, broad; forewing tip rounded; hind wing tip slightly

acute. Longitudinal veins of both pairs of wings green (though transverse portions of the anal veins and median loop may be partly dark brown), most

of the costal and radial cross-veins of the front wings darkened with green

at their ends; gradates and other cross-veins also partly darkened. Hind

wings with less extensive darkening of the cross-veins. Median loop inter-

cepts M 1+2 slightly clistad of the cross-vein above; ten free branches of

the radial sector reaching margin, seven inner and eight to ten outer grad-

ate veinlets; pterostigma greenish, not distinct.

Notes on biology. --Clancy (1946) gives information regarding California

parasites of Chryaopa m~juscula. In the same paper he illustrates a cocoon

and a third instar larva of this species. The large cocoon is noteworthy in

that it is not pure white but has a greyish band around its center. The

adults are attracted to lights.

Chrysopa nigricornis Burm., 1839

Chrysopa ni~ricornis. Burmeister, Handbuch Ent., vol. 2, p. 980.

Additional references and synonomy: 1856 C. colon. Fitch, First Rept. Ins. N. Y. p. 88. 1861 C. ~cornis. Hagen, Synopsis Neur. N. Amer. p. 214. 1892 C. nigricornis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19:358. 1903 C. nigricornis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:149. 1907 C. nigricornis. Banks, Catalogue of the Neur. Ins. U.S.p. 27. 1922 C. nigricornis. Smith, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 58: 134 7. 1925 c. niiricornis. Smith, Bull. BrooklynEnt. Soc. 20(4):168. 1926 c. nigricornis. Essig, Ins. W. N. A. p. 160. 1932 c. ni~ricornis. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25(3): 584. 1934 c. ni~ricornis. Smith, J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7 (4): 132. 1946 c. ni~ricornis. .Knowlton, Bull. BrooklynEnt. Soc.41(1):19. 46

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945, (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, June 29, 1938; July 10, 1947; August 20, 1942; September 2, 1938. Logan Dry Canyon, June 27, 1940. White Rocks Canyon. SALT LAKE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, July 27, 1939. UTAH COUNTY, Provo.

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. Has been described from many eastern states, Colorado, and Canada.

Description: --Smith (1922:1349) describes the adult form a.s follows:

Head grayish green, darker above; usually two elongate marks on outer margins of clypeus (in some cases two more black dots on genae); clypeus with row of setae; labrum distinct, bordered with setae; area about basal antennal joint depressed, first joint grayish green, from the second to the end of about the basal fifth jet black to brownish, fading into light brown which persists to tip. Prothorax wholly green, usually with two black spots at outer anterior margins; two or three small median black dots seen in some specimens, otherwise entire thorax and abdomen light green. Wings long acute at tips, rather narrow; pterostigma prominent; gradate veinlets and others dark. Length of adult, 15 to 20 mm.

Utah forms conformed well with this description.

Notes on biology. ~-This species has been characterized by Smith (1922:

1347) as a tree and shrub inhabitor. The adults are readily attracted to

lights. Chrysopa nigricornis is one of our largest species.

Chrysopa oculata Say, 1839

Chrysopa oculata. Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. , 8:45.

Additional references and synonomy: 1839 C. chlorophana. Burmeister, Handbuch Ent., ii, 979. 1839 C. euryptera. ibid., 980. 1851 C. latipennis. Schneider, Monog. Chrys. p. 118. 1856 C. albicornis. Fitch, First Report Ins. N. Y. p. 84. 47

1856 c. illepida. ibid. 1856 C. omikron. ibid. p. 85. 1856 c. xanthocephala. Ibid. 1856 c. fulvibucca. ibid. p. 86. 1856 c. mississippiensis. ibid. 1856 c. bipunctata. ibid. p. 87. 1861 c. albicornis. Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Atner. p. Zl2. 1861 -C. illepida. ibid. 1861 c. chlorophana. ibid. 1861 C. oculata. ibid. p. 211. 1861 c. transmarina. ibid. 213. 1892 c. oculata. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19:358. 1892 C. albicornis. ibid. 1892 -c. illepida. ibid. 1892 c. fulvibucca. ibid. 1892 c. mississippiensis. ibid. 1892 c. transmarina. ibid. 1892 -c. chlorophana. ibid. 1899 c. assimilis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 25:202. 1903 c. chlorophana. ibid. 29:147. 1903 C. assimilis. ibid. 29:149. 1903 -c. albicornis. ibid. 1903 c. oculata. ibid. 29:152. 1907 c. albicornis. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U. S. p. 2 7. 1907 c. assimilis. ibid. 1907 -c. chlorophana. ibid. 1907 -c. oculata. ibid. p. 28. 1911 c. separata. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 37:341. 1922 c. oculata. Smith, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta., Memoirs 58:1343-1346. 1925 c. oculata. ibid. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 20(4):165-171. 1930 -c. chlorophana. Knowlton, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 7:75-76. 1930 c. oculata. ibid. 1932 c. oculata var. oculata. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer.25(3):587. 1932 -c. oculata var. chlorophana. Smith, ibid. 1932 -c. oculata var. carei. ibid., 588. 1932 -c. oculata var. xanthocephala.- ibid., 589. 1932 c. oculata var. bipunctata. ibid. 1932 c. oculata var. illepida. ii>id. , 590. 1932 c. oculata var. albicornis. ibid. 1932 c. oculata var. separata. ibid. 1934 -c. oculata var. separata. Smith, Journ. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7(4):132. 1934 c. oculata var. chlorophana. ibid. 1934 -c. oculata var. xanthocephala. ibid., 133. 1934 c. oculata var. carei. ibid. 1934 c. oculata var. bipiu'ictata. ibid. 48

1934 c. oculata var. albicornis. ibid. 1934 c. oculata var. illepida. ibid. 1934 c. oculata var. oculata. ibid. , 134. 1946 -c. oculata var. bipunctata. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41 (l): 19. 1946 C. oculata var. carei. ibid. 1947 C. oculata. Fro~er, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 40:133. 1952. C. oculata. Bickley, Psyche 59 (2): 41-46.

Published Utah records: Chrysopa oculata Say BOX ELDER COUNTY, Tremonton, August 1927. CACHE COUNTY, Cornish, June 1929; Smithfield, August 1929. WEBER COUNTY, Hooper, August 1929; Roy, July 1929; Ogden, August 1927. (Knowlton, 1930).

Chrysopa oculata var. bipunctata Fitch CACHE COUNTY, U.S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946).

Chrysopa oculata var. carei Smith CACHE COUNTY, U.S. A. C. campust August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records, classified under variety:

Chrysopa oculata var. fulvibucca Fitch CACHE COUNTY, Logan, April 1952; Smithfield, July 27, 1937; Amalga, July 27, 1937.

Ghrysopa oculata var. bipunctata Fitch SALT LAKE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, May 20, 1949.

Chrysopa oculata var. illepida Fitch CACHE COUNTY, Logan, i\1'.ay 24, 1947; May 1952.

Chrysopa oculata var. separata Banks CACHE COUNTY, Logan, May 24, 1947; June 6, 1947; June 20, 1947; July 4, 1952. WEBER COUNTY, Ogden, April 17, 1949. DAVIS COUNTY, Farmington, July 20, 1920; July 22., 1949. SALT LAKE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, May 23, 1943; June 15, 1939; August 23, 1939. Mouth Emigration Canyon, October 9, 1951; Murray, July 28, 1948. Union, July 2. UTAH COUNTY, American Fork; Provo, March 14, 1952; May 24, 1952; September 3, 1937. Spanish Fork. JUAB COUNTY, Nephi, July. GRAND COUNTY, Moab. GARFIELD COUNTY, Bryce Canyon, August 5, 1949. WASfilNGTON COUNTY, Zion National Park; St. George, June 10, 1950. 49

Distribution: Widespread throughout state, at least in agricultural areas. This species is common in eastern U.S. and Canada. In the west it has been described from Colorado and New Mexico.

Key to Utah varieties of Chrysopa oculata

1. No black or dark brown mark on genae ...•. var. fulvibucca. - -Dark mark present . . . . . • ...... • • . . • ...... 2

2.. Black loops under the antennal sockets not connected to the genal band or spot under the eyes, or the connection very faint var. separata. --.Black loops clearly connected to black genal marks ...... 3

3. Vertex without spots. (see fig. 13, pl. II) . . var. carei. --Vertex with dark markings ...•...... 4

4. Vertex with two spots more or less circular which lie some distance up on the vertex and are not connected with the band above the antennae. (see fig. 14 pl. II) ..•...... •.... var. bipunctata. --Vertex with two prominent broad brownish or blackish bands which are usually connected with the antennal band in front. (see fig. 16, pl. II) ...... _ ...... var. illepida.

Description and comments:--Considerable taxonomic confusion has result- ed because of the variation occurring in this species. Smith (1932: 587) states "the typical form includes those specimens with the gradates partly or wholly black in color, the genal marks complete; with four spots (or two spots and two short bands from the antennal band) on the vertex and with several pairs of black spots on the pronotum. 11 Smith (1922:1346) describes the typical adult as follows:

Face pale yellowish; two broad loops of shining black under both antennae; median prong of color ending between antennae; a prominent loop of black near each eye, joining sub-antennal loops; a red or reddish yellow triangle above. with four occipital dots above this, these dots often connected; occiput distinctly yellow; basal joint of antennae and antenna! areas of head gray to yellowish; second joint of antennae with black ring; remainder 50

of antennae very light brown; clypeus reddish, with black dots at sides; labrum reddish; palpi broadly banded with black. Two prominent black spots at outer anterior margins of prothorax; eight small black dots on dorsum of prothorax behind these, often indistinct. Thorax and abdomen light green, generally unmarked except by darkened areas of viscera. Wings hyaline, varying from having all veins and veinlets green to a considerable degree of darkening; tips rounded. Length from head to tips of wings, 15 to 20 mm.

As far as head markings are concerned, nearly all Utah specimens differed from the typical form. By far the most specimens examined were the form Chrysopa oculata var. separata, only ten specimens being placed with difficulty in the other varieties listed. One of the varieties may be just an extreme form of separata.

Chrysopa oculata var. bipunctata Fitch, 1856

Smith (1932: 589) described this form as follows:

This varietal name may be retained for those specimens of C. oculata with two disconnected brown spots on the vertex. The spots are not connected with the band above the antennae. These spots are usually more or less circular, some shade of brown or black in color and lie some distance up on the vertex.

Only one specimen could be found agreeing with this description

as to head markings but with genal markings not as in separata. See figure

14 of plate II for illustration of this type of vertex markings.

Chrysopa oculata var. illepida Fitch, 1856

Smith ( 1932: 590) states 11this synonym may be retained to indi-

cate a colorational form between xanthocephala and bipunctata. The spots

on the vertex are fused into two prominent broad brownish or blackish

bands which are usually connected with the antennal band in front. 11 51

Chrysopa oculata var. separata Banks, 1911

In regard to this form which -..vas by far the most plentiful in

Utah collections Smith comments ( 1932: 590):

This variety is characterized by the absence of a connection between the black loop under the antennc1.e and the black genal band. Ordinarily there is a black band extending between them. This undergoes various stages of reduction in width to its complete absence. The writer places under this variety specimens where the connecting band is reduced to almost a hair line, or where the band is narrow and interrupted.

This variety is not plentiful either in the United States or Canada. Seven Canadian specimens have been seen from Agassiz. Nelson, Rolla, and Salmon Arm, B. C.; Hull a.nd Knowlton, Quebec.

In as much as this form seems predominent in Utah it is fitting to quote the original description by Banks ( 1911) which characterizes well the specimens in the Utah collections except for his statement regarding the position of the inner row of gradate veins in relation to the outer row and radial sector. Utah specimens had the inner row about midway between the outer row and the radial sector.

Close to Ch. oculata and Ch. chlorophana but differs by the narrow straight mark on the cheeks that is not connected, nor bent up to the antennal mark; there is much red on the clypeus in form of a spot each side; there are no marks on the vertex; the basal joint of the antennae is more or less red above;_ the anterior narrowed part of the pronotum is black on the edge. The wings have pale venation, the cross-veins behind it are black; in the hind wings the costals are dark. Wings hardly broad, the second cubital plainly longer than the third, latter broad at tip, the divisory ends beyond the cross-vein; the inner gradate series ( of seven to nine veins) is much nearer to the outer row than to the radial sector.

Expanse 23-26 mm.

From Chimney Gulch, Golden, Colorado {Oslar), and Pecos, New Mexico, 23 June (Cockerell). 52

Some specimens show black at bases of branches of the radial sector, and radial cross-veins.

There seems to be an accumulation of evidence which indicates that Chrysopa oculata var. separata is a geographical variety or race, in other words could well be a sub-species located in the western portion of the United States a.11.dCanada. Smith's remark ( 1932:590) regarding the scarcity of this form could well be attributed to scarcity of western specimens he observed. The type specimen of his Chrysopa oculata va:r ~ lacked the connecting genal mark of his typical form (meaning C. oculata var. oculata) and may thus account for his placing Utah specimens under this category (Knowlton, 1946). Of a series of thirteen specimens collected from Provo, Utah, all had the facial markings of separata though in three of them the mark was thin or limited to a small genal spot. Nine of the thirteen had an unmarked vertex as var. carei (see fig. 13, pl. 11), in three the vertex markings were as in var. xanthocephala ( fig. 15, pl. II) and the remaining specimen was marked on the vertex as bipunctata (fig.

14, pl. II). It seems reasonable to conclude that if they have a genetic basis, the markings of the genae and the vertex are inherited independant- ly. Bickley (1952) made a genetical study of some of the varieties of C. oculata of the eastern United States which is pertinent to this problem.

In the same series of specimens attention was paid to the degree of darkening of the gradate veinlets. Only five had darkened gradates and this was limited to the outer series except in the instance of the specimen with the vertex markings of bipunctata which had a partial darkening of the 53 inner series as well. It seems as far as Utah is concerned the many varieties of C. oculata which have been described have little significance except the variety separata. the others being but variations of apparently no especial geographical correlation.

Notes on biology. --This chrysopid is one of the most common in the United

States. It is also common in Utah. Smith (1922:1345) mentions that 11the species is a member of the field group, and in general collection in the

East it always predon1inates. 11 Pupation is thought to commonly occur in loose soil. The adult is known to be predatory as well as the immature stages.

Chrysopa pleuralis Banks, 1911

Chrysopa pleuralis. Banks, Trans . .Amer. Ent. Soc. 37:341.

Additional references: 1932 C. pleuralis. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 (3): 591.

Synonomy: None

Published Utah records: None

Additional records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan Canyon, August 10, 1949. SALT LAKE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, August l5, 1950.

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. :May be limited mainly to the mountains in the eastern section of the state. This species was first described from Colorado and has been recorded from British Columbia and Alberta, Canada.

Description. --The original description of Banks (l9l1) is quoted as follows:

Green; second joint of antennae black, basal joint reddish; face marked as in Ch. oculata, the marks over the antennal sockets continued back on the vertex, a. posterior transverse blt·cl:: line! c,n v0rtex (not seen in Ch. oculata); pronotum very broad, sides parallel, rmterior m:.:i,rgin rounded, with an inter- :·Ltpted black lin2 nearer each outer side, and indistinct black spots within; rest of th,~ thorax unmarked above, but the pleurae have black lines under each wing to the base of the legs and a few transverse lines as shown in the figure; abdomen dark greenish; legs pale. Wings with green venation, and distinct green stigma, the costals black at each end, and many other cross veins black in part, the gradates mostly dark, also the bases of the branches of radial sector; in hind wings the gradates are pale, and costals wholly black. Wings moderately broad, broadly rounded at tips; second cubital cell rather larger than the third, divisory veinlet ending much beyond the cross vein; inner gradate series as near to radial sector as to outer series; in hind wings th! radial sector unites with median for only a short dista.nce.

Expanse 28 mm.

From Nor.th Boulder Creek, .Boulder County, Colorado, 21 August (Rohwer), and Steamboat Springs, Colorado, 27 May (Cockerell).

Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch, 1856

Chrysopa plorabunda,. Fitch, First Report Insects N. Y., 88.

Additional references and synonomy: 1856 C. robertsoni. Fitch, First Report Insects N. Y., 88. 1856 C. pseudographa. ibid., 89. 1861 C. plorabunda. Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Amer., 221. 1865 C. illinoiensis. Shimer, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. 3:2.08. 1890 C. californica. Coquillett. Rept. Calif. State Board Hortic., 288. 1892 c. ;elorabunda. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19:359. 1903 c. plorabunda. ibid. 29:155. 1903 c. californica. ibid., 156. 1907 c. californica. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U.S. p. 2 7. 1907 C. plorabunda. ibid. , p. 28. 1922 c. plo:rabunda. Smith, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Memoirs 58:1359-1361. 1925 c. florabunda. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn J:t:nt. Soc. 20(4):168. 1930 c. plorabunda. Knowlton, Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 7:75-76. 1932 C. plorab~. Smith, lrnn. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25(3): 593. 1932 C. nlo:rabunda var. californica. ibid. p. 594. 55

1934 C. plorabunda. Smith, Journ. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7 (4): 134. 1934 C. plorabunda var. californica. ibid. 1946 C. plorabunda. ¥'.nowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41(1):19. 1947 C. plorabunda. Froeschner, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 40:134. 1948 C. californica. Banks, Psyche 55(·1} :155, 166-167.

Published Utah records: C.ACHE COUNTY, Logan, TJ. S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946). Northern Utah {Knowlton, 1930).

Additional records: Chrysopa plorabunda va·r. plorabunda Fitch

CACHE COTJNTY, Logan, May H 1 1936; June 21, 1952; July 25, 1952; August 9, 1952; .August 12, 1949. TOOELE COUNTY, Skull Valley, August 12, 1949. UTAH COUNTY, Provo. WASHINGTON COUNTY, Zion National Park; St. George, October 12, 1952.

Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica Coq. TOOEI ...E COUNTY, Rush Vall"'Y• November 9, 1951. UT.AH COUNTY, Aspen Grove; Provo, June; Spanish Fork.

Distribution: Common and widespread in Utah, especially the variety californica. Knowlton (1930) writes "This is our most common green lacewing. It occurs throughout the agricultural sections of northern Utah in large numbers, and several hundred specimens have been collected. Common in s11gar beet fields and orchards. 11 Has been collected in the mountains to the desert. This species is widely distributedfrom Mexico to Canada.

Description and comments. - -While _f. plorabunda Fitch and C. californica

Coq. are considered here as two forms of the sa1ne species, it should be mentioned at the outset that such is not certain and at present there is a

difference of opinion as to the correct status of these forms and perhaps

others of the "plorabunda-:r11filabris group. 11 Smith (1932:.594) was the

first to unite these two forms under one name though he gave no exact

reason for doing so. Some evidences in that favor may be mentioned.

First, the adults of both forms are very similar with the amount of reddish

suffusion on the face being the notable external difference. The amount is 56 variable and seemingly intergrades from one form to the other. However, in the course of this study there was not experienced much difficulty in assigning the specimens to one category or the other. Secondly, there has not been distinguished any differences in the larval stage.

This is another problem which yet remains to be answered by further and more critical research. It was thought wise to combine the two forms under one heading in this study in as much as the published literature regarding Utah forms at times does not distinguish between the two forms. The distribution of Chrysopa plorabunda variety californica is much more extensive than evidenced by the above collection records. An extensive list of records mostly from specimens in the collections of the

University of Utah and the Utah State Agricultural College had been prepared. However, upon re-evaluation of the Brigha1n Young University collection it was discovered that many specimens were of the species

Chrysopa downesi which had been previously determined as Chrysopa plorabunda. This cast doubt on the correctness of the prepared list and consequently it was discarded.

Assuming that plorabunda and californica are the same species, it might be well to consider that each is a subspecies in as much as the latter is said to be most common in the West (Smith, 1932:594). Life history and genitalia comparison studies need yet to be conducted to clarify the relationship of this species to Chrysopa downesi as well as between its varieties. The forewing width (arithl:netic mean of 28 specimens placed in the plorabunda category ) was 34. 9 per cent of forewing length. 57

Key to the Varieties of C. plorabunda

1. A narrow black band from eye to mouth on the genae with none or only a little red adjacent to it...... C. plorabunda var. plorabunda. --With a black or dark red band ordinarily presentt but with extensive reddish suffusion reaching over the genae and sides of clypeus . . • . . . • • • . . . • ...... C. florabu.nda var. californica.

Chrysopa plorabunda var. plorabunda Fitch

The following is a description of a specimen collected in St.

George, Utah on October 12, 1952.

Green in general appearance with a yellow (primrose yellow) stripe from head to tip of abdomen. Span 28 to 30 mm. Length 9 mm.

Vertex yellow-green laterally, mesally with a pale yellow triangle which continues the dorsal stripe on the body to the head. Whitish area between glaucous eyes (when dead the eyes turn dark) and the distinctly raised vertex; face yellow. Genae with dark brown band extending toward mouth from eye, narrow reddish border by band; clypeus with dark brown on lateral edges; palpi amber colored with longitudinal bands of dark brown on outer side; stipes of maxillae also with dark brown spot.

Venter of head pale yellow; antennae close, pale yellow with brown setae.

Scape (first segment) subglobular in front profile, flattened transversely.

Pronotum green dorsally except for median stripe, dark long setae on sides and suggestions of black spots. Mesothorax and metathorax green dorsally except for the broad yellow median area; prothorax green ventrally but for a pale median area, anterior ventral corners of prothorax. with a red-brown or dark brown line. Venter of meso- and metathorax yellow. Legs pale green; tarsi pale amber; tarsal claws dark brown. 58

Abdomen whitish ventrally, green laterally, with yellow dorsal stripe above.

Forewing approximately 14 x 5 mm. Wing venation green in both fore and hind wings; stigma prominent, yellowish green. Median loop ends very slightly before cross-vein above in specimen described but more ofte.n ends at the cross vein; seven inner and eight outer gradate veinlets. Marginal area broad, nearly double the pseudo-medial area.

Forewing nearly rounded at tip, hind wing moderately acute.

Chrysopa plorabunda var. californica Coquillett

As the above form in general but possessing a generous amount of red suffusion on the face with indefinite median border. Reddish suffusion located on genae next to the genal band, lateral portions of the clypeus, and the frons mesad to the compound eyes. The genal spot or band varies considerably in Utah specimens. It may be a distinct dark brown or dark red line, or the mark may be progressively obscure fading to a general reddish suffusion, though, at times the portion of the suffusion corresponding to the dark mark is definitely more intense in coloration. It may be that other writers would have classified the specimens without definite genal · markings as Chrysoea harrisii var. externa Hagen but as the color variation is not correlated with any other characteristics such as differences in wing proportion etc. it was decided that in Utah the variants were all one species. ln a series of thirty-two specimens collected in one area and thirty-one of them from the same site, all degrees of genal mark variation 59

occurred. Though it might be due to the fact that these specimens were in hibernation when collected and therefore bore (except for one specimen)

the typical discoloration of hibernation, only twelve specimens possessed

a distinct dark genal mark, the remainder varying from a red band to a

general reddish suffusion on the genae.

Banks (1903: 156) in his description of C. californica refers to

a "red dot above on vertex near each eye. 11 This was noted on many Utah

specimens and in addition to this a thin red line in the suture above the

compound eye. The median loop ends near the cross-veinlet above but the ending may differ even in opposite wings of the sa."'lle specimen and may be either proximal or distal to the cross~veinlet. The number of free branches of the radial sector reaching the margin varies from five to nine but the usual number is si:x: or seven; the outer gradates vary from five to

nine but is usually seven or eight.

During the winter months the green coloration of the adults is

replaced by a rust-brown.

Notes on biology. --Several studies have been made on the life history of

this species or complex of forms. Noteworthy are Smith (1922:1359-1361),

Wildermuth (1916), and Shimer (1865). The insect passes the winter in the

adult stage. The writer on one occasion collected thirty-one hibernating

individuals from the rubble surrounding the nest of the desert wood rat

(Neotoma lepida Thomas) at the base of a juniper tree. This seems indicat- ive of a gregarious habit for this species.

Smith (1922: 1336) in his remarks on discoloration in hibernating 60

adults states that the discoloration comes about through cold and lack of food. Specimens taken soon after the first frosts had the reddish color pattern over the entire body. He states that at any time during the

winter the discolored adults of c. plorabunda may be brought into the

laboratory and the green col or restored.

Chrysopa 9.uadripunctata Burm., 1839

Chrysopa quadripunctata. Burmeister, Handbuch Ent., vol. 2 p. 980.

Additional references and synonomy: 1856 C. sicheli. Fitch, First Report Insects N. Y. 89. 1856 C. sulphurea. ibid. 1861 C. quadripunctata. Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Amer. 218. 1892 C. quadripunctata. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19: 359. · 1903 C. quadripunctata. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29: 153. i 907 C. quadripunct ata. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U.S. p. 28. 1922 C. quadripunctata. Smith, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta. Mem. 58:1352. 1925 C. quadripunctata. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 20(4) :168. 1932 C. quadripunctata. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25( 3) :597. 1934 C. quadripunctata. Smith, J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7( 4): 135. 1946 C. quadripunctata. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41(1): 19

Published Utah Records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S.A.C. campus, August 30, 1945. ( Knowlton, 1946) .

Additional records: None.

Distribution: Recorded from eastern U. S. • Vancouver Island, Canada.

Description and comments. --Smith's ( 1922:1352) description is as follows:

Head yellow above, gray below; face with a prominent reddish brown or maroon stripe from eyes to mouth; an orange spot between bases of antennae; a pair of elongate orange spots above eye; occiput pure yellow; distal segment of palpi brownish; antennae wholly pale. Body bluish green with a fairly prominent yellowish dorsal area. Prothorax marked above with two 61

pairs of orange spots. Mesothorax with a pair of orange spQts in front. Abdomen yellowish above, green on sides i first three segments variously marked with orange on sides. Wings fairly broad; front pair scarcely acute at tips; hind pair acute at tips; gradate veinlets brownish black; ends of costals and radial sectors brown; pterostigma distinct. Length of adult, 12 to 16 mm.

Smith ( 1922: 1352) goes on to say that there is "variation in the size and intensity of the color spots. The orange spots vary to reddish and the yellow dorsal area varies in prominence. rt

Notes on biology. --Smith ( 1922:1349) declares this species arboreal. The eggs are found oftenest on trees (especially maple) and shrubs. Larvae of C. quadripuncta are said by Smith ( 1922:1309} to often carry considerable debris and may appear at times to have the trash carrying habit.

He adds, though, there is never a well defined packet.

In as much as this species is so distinctive it is unlikely that determinations of Utah specimens which have been published are in error.

Nevertheless, no othe:r specimens were observed in any of the collections studied.

Chrysopa rufilabris .E;u,:n;., 1839

Chrysopa ru.filabris. Burmeister, Handbuch Ent. vol. 2., p. 979.

Additional refarences and sy nono1ny: 1353 c. attenuata. Walker, B. M. Cat. Neur. p. 242. 1853 c. repleta. ibid., p. 244. 1856 c. novaeboracensis. Fitch, First Report Insects N. Y. p. 90. 1861 c. rufilabris. Hagen, Syn Neur. N. Amer. p. 219. 1880 c. citri. Ashmead., Orange Insects p. 13. 1892 c. rufilabris. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19:359. 1903 c. rufilabris. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:152. 1907 c. rufilabris. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U.S. p. 28. 62

1922 C. rufilabris. Smith, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 58:1356. 1925 c. rufilabris. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 20( 4) :168. 1932 c. rufilabris. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 ( 3): 597. 1934 c. rufilabris. Smith, J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7(4): 168. 1946 c. rufilabris. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41( l} :19.

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records: None.

Distribution: Recorded from eastern U.S. and Canada and perhaps erron- eously from southwestern U.S.

Description. --The following description is quoted from Smith ( 1922:1359):

Very pale green to yellowish green, with ivory median stripe. Face yellowish white; a faded red stripe from each eye to mouth. Mouth parts and palpi yellowish. Basal joint v:f antenna yellowish gray, remainder of antenna light brown• ish. Legs yellowish gra.y, with a tinge of green in parts. Under side of body yellowish. Wings long, very slender; apex angular; gradate veinlets light brown, costal veinlets brown at ends, many others wholly or in part light brown; longitudinal veins all very light green; veins of hind wings all very light green except gradates and costals. Total length of adult, 14 to 16 mm.

( There is considerable variation in the adult, especially in color shades. The shape of the wings appears to be constant, likewise the brown color of the gradates. The body appears to vary in color from distinctly green to almo;;,t gray. The median dorsal stripe varies from yellowish to ivory white. The red stripe from the eyes to the mouth varies from distinct cherry red to pink.)

No specimens of this species were observed in the Utah callee- tions studied. Smith ( 1922.:1361) in speaking of Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch writes "This species is distinct, but there appears to be almost a gradation to C. harrisii, C. ru{ilabris, and others closely related. n This seems i:o allow the possibility that the published Utah record of C. rufilabris is a 63 misidentification of C. plora.bunda since the latter closely resembles C.

rufilab:ris. An occasional darkened cross-vein was observed in Utah

specimens of C. plorabunda but in as m11ch as the facial marki.ngs were

typically those of plorabunda there seemed no justification to consider

them another species. The authenticity of this record, therefore, still

awaits verification.

Chrysopa schwarzi Banks, 1903

Chrysopa schwarzi. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 2.9:146.

Additional references: 1903 C. schwarzi. Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. w·ash. 5(4): Plate iv fig. 11. 1907 C. schwarzi. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U.S. p. 2.8. 1926 C. schwarzi. Essig, Insects of Western N. Amer. p. 161.

Synonomy: None.

Published Utah records: None.

Additional records: SAN JUAN COUNTY, Bear Ears, Elk Ridge. I

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. This species has been recorded from Arizona and New Mexico.

Description. --The specimen studied agreed closely with the following des-

cription taken from Banks (1903:146):

Face yellowish, with a black mark on each cheek, a transverse black mark surrounding the bases of the antennae; vertex each side red, middle clear yellow. Antennae pale yellowish, unmarked; palpi marked with black. Pronotum red each side, yellow in middle; 1neso-a.nd metathorax yellow in middle, :red on side, the latter extending down on pleura. Legs and abdomen green. Wings with green venation, the pterostigma long and distinct; in fore vtings the subcostal vein is black for about one- fourth its length, and the cross-veins adjoining are more or less black; the anal vein and br"'nchas .:i.re black for some distance. Of usual shape; wings rather narrow, plainly acute at tips;the divisory vcinlet of the third C'1t~tal cell e::1.C:spla.ialy beyond the eras s-vein. Length 16 mm.

Notes on biology. --Little is known of this species. Described from New

Mexico and Arizona, its collection in New Mexico is dated August 5.

Genuo Chrysopiella Banks, 1911

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 37:344 Type Chrysopiella sabulosa (Bc..nks)= Ghrysopa sabulosa Banks

Ch.rysopiella pallida Banks, 1911

Chrysopiella pallida. Bank.:;, Tran8. Amer. Ent. Sec. 37:3·4:5.

Additional referenc.~s: None.

Synonom.y: None.

Published Utah references: None.

Additional records: BOX ELDER COUNTY, Kelton, J-ine 9, 1930. TOOELE COUNTY, Benmore, July 8, 1939. DUCHESNE COUNTY, Myton, July 25, 1939. MILLARD COUNTY, Oak City, June 24, 1949. EMERY COUNTY, Green River, May 20, 1938.

Distribution; Probably widespread throughout state. Recorded from New Mexico.

Description .... -Wing veins and much of the body light green. Second joint of the antennae black; first joint with a black line on the outer side; remainder of antennae pale. Face marked with a median triangular spot below antennae, a11 angular mark under each eye; a pair of elongate ;3pots on vertex; upper antermal sockets narrowly dark bro,,.,,n. Palpi xnarked with brown.

Pronotum unmarked, narrowed anteriorly; rernainder of thorax 65 unmarked; legs pale; abdomen pale. Apex of male abdomen with black bristles above, a middle point tipped with reddish and two submedian tufts of bristles below the middle.

Wings hyaline, veins pale, unmarked. Pterostigma distinctly yellowish. Near tip of wings, veins with black bristles. Both pairs of wings narrow, elongate, tips slightly acute. lvfedian loop intercepts M

1 + 2 distad to cross-vein above. Inner gradate series absent in both pairs of wings; the outer gradate series near margin.

Expanse 20 to 24 mm.

Notes on biology. --Little has been discovered about the members of this genus. The type of this species was described from Rincon, New Mexico, the 31st of August. Some of the Utah records record capture at lights.

Genus Eremochrysa Banks• 19!)3

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29: 158. Type E. punctinervis (Mc Lach. ) = Chrysopa punctinervis McLach.

Eremochrysa fraterna (Banks), 1898

Chrysopa fraterna. Banks, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4:174.

Additional references and synonomy: 1903 Eremochrysa fraterna. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:154. 1907 E. fraterna. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U.S. p. 28. 1925 E. fraterna. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 20(4):169. 1932 .E. fraterna. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 (3): 582. 1934 E. fraterna. Smith, Journ. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7(4): 131. 1950 E. fraterna. Banks, Psyche 57(2): 53-54.

Published Utah records: None. 66

Additional records: SALT LAKE COUNTY, Salt Lake City, August 23, 1939. UTAH COUNTY, Spanish Fork. WAYNE COUNTY, Hanksville. GARFIELD COUNTY, Steep Creek, Boulder Mountain, June 1936.

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. Supposed distribution is southwestern U.S. but has been recorded from Kansas.

Description and comment. --The records above are obtained from specimens which closely conform with the following description as given by

Banks (1950:53-54):

A long black streak on each cheek; three, usually elongate, dark spots form a line across clypeus; below antennal sockets sometimes a transverse dark line, or often broken in middle; between the antennae two dark {black) lines extend up and on the vertex and diverge; often a dark line along inner edge of eyes. Palpi mostly black, including last joint. Basal antennal joint with two stripes nearly black, and very prominent, usually also a third shorter stripe; second joint with a black ring or more fully black; rest of antennae pale for some distance, but toward tip often a stretch of nearly black joints.

The pale legs nearly always have a dark spot on under side of the femur near tip, most prominent on hind legs; sometimes the tibiae show a cross-band of brown near base. Hairs on pronotum mostly black, and also most of those on the abdomen.

Fore wings with many of the cross-veins, and the gradates wholly black, especially costals and radial; longitudinal veins often also may be almost wholly dark, but in many cases they are dark at connections and elsewhere more or less dotted. Radial area plainly broader than costal area, marginal area plainly broader than cubital area, six cubitals beyond the divisory cell, latter not much narrowed at base, ending beyond the cross vein above. About eighteen to twenty costal cross-veins; three or four subcostal cross-veins at stigma, and each dark and bordered with yellowish brown; gradates two to four inner; and about as many outer ones well separated. Somethnes the cross-veins are not entirely black especially in teneral specimens.

At the tip of the abdomen of the male the lower projecting piece is larger and less tapering than in punctinervis. 67

This species occurs over most of the western states. and often in mountainous areas, but is not as common as punctinervis.

·Eremochrysa(Lolachrysa) hageni Banks, 1903

Eremochrysa hageni. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:158.

Additional references: 1907 E. ha.seni. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U. S. p. 2 8. 1950 E. (Lolochrysa) hageni. Banks, Psyche 57(2) :60-61.

Synonomy: None.

Published Utah records: JUAB COUNTY• Eureka, 2.6 July. (Banks, 1950: 61).

Additional records: None.

Distribution: Extentm Utah unknown. Reported from Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Description. --The following is the revised description from Banks(l950:60-61):

The type is a female from Austin, Texas; another female from the same locality agrees with it, as below.

Face white, ,;1,black spot on each outer side of clypeus; cheeks with a very broad black stripe, tip joining the clypeal black spot; palpi plainly black; a black spot between antennae, extending a little below on face, and above antennae spreads widely on the front of the elevated part of the vertex, and fades gradually behind; basal antennal joint has a broad brown mark covering the upper side of the joint; second joint with a dark ring at tip; beyond, the antennae are pale.

Pronotum with three dark spots on each side-margin, one in middle of front margin, and another opposite the second spot of the side, the two in middle may be united by a dark line. Lateral lobes of meso-and metanotum darker. Legs very slender and very pale. Hair on pronotum mostly white.

The abdomen is mostly pale, many clear white spots, the second and third segment dark above, and also the sixth and seventh. Venter wholly pale, with white hair. 68

Wings with broad, rounded tips as in allied species; venation as other species of the subgenus.

The costal area not nearly as broad as the radial, and the marginal very much broader than cubital area; two inner and four outer gradates; at the stigma the subcostal area is more than twice as broad as the costal area, and with three cross- veins not margined; fifteen costals before stigma, eight rad• ials. The longitudinal veins are pale, dark only where touched by a cross-vein; the cross-veins are mostly dark, but the costals are almost entirely pale, only a few dark at the sub .. costal end; the costal vein is also pale. Length of fore wing 9 to 9. 5 mm.

The types are from Texas; I have another from Austin, Texas; two from Eureka, Utah, 26 July (Tom Spalding); one from St. Augustine, New Mexico {Cockerell 2102); and one from Globe, Arizona, 14 April (Parker). The head and antennae are much like eastern specimens of E. canadensis, but the markings of pronotum and abdomen, and the entirely dark costal cross-veins readily separate them.

Notes on biology. --Nothing has been published concerning this species.

Eremochrysa pumilis Banks, 1950

Eremochrysa pumilis. Banks, Psyche 57 (2): 58.

Additional references: None.

Published Utah records: JUAB COUNTY, Eureka, 17 July. (Banks, 1950:58).

Additional records: None.

Description. --The description by Banks (1950: 58) is as follows:

Face pale whitish or yellowish; usual black cheek ...1nark, clypeus with a dark spot each side, a larger median spot, no marks on face. Basal antennal joint with a black line on outer side, and one on inner side; second joint dark above. Vertex pale, with two more or less distinct dark spots on middle area, and a dark spot each side close to eye.

Pronotum with distinct dark border each side; in front at middle a short dark line, and behind usually some traces of its 69

continuance; a black point each side near the middle on the transverse groove. Meso-and metanotum show dark marks on the lat• eral portions above, and also on sides. Legs pale, a small dark mark near tip of hind femur; palpi banded with dark.

Abdomen pale; hairs mostly pale, black and longer on the segments near tip, in male almost all very short and white. The wings ax-e moderately slender; the costals (about fifteen), the radials (eight or nine), and gradates are dotted. all are fine, not bordered, a few cross-veins toward base wholly dark. Us- ually four in each row of gradates; but two or three branches of radial sector reach the outer margin. The stigmal area is colored, and the subcostal cross-veins darkened.

The lower process of the tip of abdomen of the male is rather large for the small insects, and rather blunt at tip with fine apical hairs, and before with recurved bristles. Length of fore wing, male 8 mm.

Type and two others from Garland, Colorado, July (Yarrow), other from Eureka, Utah, 17 July (Spalding); Chisos Mts .• Texas, 9 to 12 July (Nutting and Werner).

Type; M. C. Z. no. 28355.

Comment. ---A male specimen of Eremochrysa collected in St. George seemed to combine the head markings of Eremochrysa punctinervis with the male abdominal projection of Eremochrrsa pumilis as figured by Banks

(1950:65). This seeming mixture or inte rgradation of characters indicates the need for further study of this group of insects to clarify this issue.

Notes on biology. --Nothing is published concerning the biology of this species other than the data given above in the description of the adult.

Eremochrysa punctinervis (McLach. ), 1869

Chrysopa punctinervis. McLachlan, Ent. Mo. Mag. 4!24.

Additional references: 1892 Chrysopa punctinervis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19:359. 1903 Eremochrysa punctinervis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:159. 7)

1907 :"i:. punctinervis. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid. Insects of the U.S. p. 28. 1925 E. punctinervis. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn :snt. Soc. 20(4):169. 1926 E. punctinervis. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 21 ( 1 & 2): 48-52. 1926 E. punctinervis. Smith, Sci. Monthly 23. 1932 E. puncti:o.ervis. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc Arner. 25(3): 583. 1934 E. punctinervis. Smith, Journ. Kan. Ent. Soc. 7(4): 131. 1946 E. punctinervis. Knowlton, Eull. BJ..·ooklynEnt. Soc. 41(1):19. 1950 E. punctinervis. Banks, Psyche 57 (2): 53.

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. _A,C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946). TOOELE COUNTY, Low, September 192.9. (Knowlton, 1930}.

Additional records: UTAH COUNTY, Provo Environs; East Side Utah Lake. PIUTE COUNTY, Marysville, June 15, · 1948. WASI-llNGTON COUNTY, La Verkin; Virgin Rive1·; St. George, October 11 and 12, 1952.

Distribution: Principally in the southern part of the state. Has been reported from California on the west to Kansas on the east.

Description and com1nents. --The revised description as given by Banks

(1950:53) is as follows:

Female-- Head with line below each eye extending towards mouth; a ·::ow of three black spots (often connected) across clypeus; below antennal sockets usually a transverse band {yellowish to rufous); a black spot between the bases of the antennae and extended behind on vertex as two slender divergent lines. Palpi partly dark. Basal antennal joint usually with one nearly complete dark line and one or two dark apots; second antennal joint with a dark ring.

Pronotum with two broad brown or reddish brown spots on each side, usually more or less connected, and sometimes with m.edian extensions; usually a darl: median line; meso- and metanotum usually with dark or black spots laterally.

\Vings with both longitudinal and cross:..veins dotted with black (dark), sometimes some of the cross-veins are wholly dark, especially the costals; the :markings are more prominent on the fore wings, and sometimes venation of hind wings is ?i

almod wholly pc.le. The hairs en pronotum a=e short and black, on the abdomen often longer but mostly, at least, black.

The males are usually less completely marked; c-.t the tip of the abdomen of the male there is a lower process, projecting more or less conical, and provided with short hairs among which are sorne recHnat~ stiff brir.3tles, some almost spine-like.

The type is frorr. Texas, but the species is widely dfotri!::;- uted in the western states, most common in the southern ones; eastward it extends to Florida.

One male specimen collected from St. George while conforming with Banks 's description in all other aspects, varied from t;h.e character given in his key regarding wing venation. In the couplet giving venation characters of E. punctinervis it states the ''fore wings rather broad so that four or five of the branche:"l of the radial ssctor reach oute::- margin of fore wing. " However in the specimen ref_ered to above there were only three branches.

Notes on biology. --A study of the life stages of this species was made by

Wmith (1926). He describes the egg, larvae (third instar illustrated), and cocoon. The larvae are trash carriers and have the typical shortened and humped abdomen of the larvae with this habit. However the lateral tubercles are short resembling non-trash carriers. The larvae feed upon aphids but the adults were not observed to eat them but do accept water.

8remochrysa tibialis Banks, 1950

Eremochrysa tibialis. Banks, Psyche 57 (2): 55-56.

Additional references: None.

Synonomy: None. 72

Published Utah records: Watson, Utah, 22 July, (Banks, 1950: 55-56).

Additional records: .BOX ELDER COUNTY, 11 1/2 miles northeast Lucin. DUCHESNE COUNTY, Roosevelt, July 28, 1949. WASHL.'iGTON COUNTY, Springdale; Virgin River; St. George, October 12, 1952.

Distribution: May be more numerous in the southern part of the state. Also reported from Vidal, California.

Description:--Utah specimens are identical to the original description as given by Banks (1950:55-56).

Head, thorax, legs whitish; face with a reddish mark each side, divided inwardly; the upper, narrow part borders the antennal socket, the lower and broader reaching nearly to middle of face; clypeus with a dark median spot near lower edge, and a larger black spot at upper corner of clypeus, and extending a bit onto clypeus; cheek with a broad, dark brown (or rich brown) stripe, reaching to upper edge of clypeus; palpi dark, except tips of the joints. The basal antennal joint has a short black line or spot toward the inner tip; a black line on outer side and one above, and the second antenna\ joint dark (rich brown). The vertex has a dark spot each side on the raised area. with a short line extending forward, and a long dark spot close to the posterior part of eye; the collar (below the front of pronotum), has two dark brown marks on outer side.

The pronotum has a dark margin {formed of dark lines), broken near middle; there is a dark dot near the middle of front margin, another at middle before the cross-groove, and two behind the groove. The lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum have dark spots, and one on each lateral corner of the mid-lobe of the mesonotum. Legs pale, all the tibiae have a dark dot near base, and a dark cross-line about one-third way down; the hind femur has a small dark spot near end.

The abdomen above is dull yellowish, with narrow dark hind borders on the segments, broader on the fourth and fifth segments. Pleura and venter dull, with a broad pale border to the fourth and fifth segments; the last two segments wholly pale. Apical process of male straight and rather stout, but tapering, with reclinate bristles, and some long simple hairs. The tip of upper part has long, slender hairs; elsewhere the numerous hairs are extremely minute and very short, shorter than in E. fraterna. 73

The venation is mostly pale, with numerous dots, a few of the costals wholly dark; gradates partly dark, three inner, four outer. The divisory cell, rather s1.ender, ends on the cross- vein above. Fifteen costals; eight radial:s; gradates parallel, inner about as near to radial sector as to outer seri.es. In this male there if:; but one cross-vein from the third cubital cell to margin, two from the fourth cubital cell. Length of fore wing, male 8. 5 mn1.; female 9. 5 to 10 mm.

A male from Florence Jct., Arizona, 18 April, 1935 (F. H. Parker) and many specimens from Watson, Utah, 22 July (F. M. Carpenter), also Vidal, California, 9 April (Sperry).

Type; M. C. z. no. 28358.

Notes on biology. --None except that given in the description.

Genus Meleoma Fitch, 1856

First Report Insects New York p. 81 Type M. signoretti Fitch

Meleoma emuncta (Fitch), 1856

Chrysopa err1uncta. Fitch, First Report Insects New York p. 88.

Additional references and synonomy: 1861 Chrysopa emuncta. Hagen, Syn. Neur. N. Amer. 220. 1892 Ch:rysopa emuncta. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 19:359. 1896 Meleoma slossonae. Banks, Ent. News 7:95. 1903 M. slossonae. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 29:157. 1907 M. slossonae. Banks, Catalogue of the Neuropteroid Insects of the U.S. p. 28. 1932 M. emuncta. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. ZS (3): 583. 1946 M. emuncta. Knowlton, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 41(1): 19.

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945, (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records: None.

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. Reported from northeastern U.S. and British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario, Canada. 74

Description and com.ments. --The description of this species is taken from Banks's (1903:157) description of Meleoma slossonae. He (1924) states that his description of Chrysopa emuncta (1903:154) applies to another species. The description of ~- slossonae (synonomous to M. emuncta) is as follows:

Pale green or yellowish when dry, a red-brown stripe from eye to mouth; palpi marked with reddish, a dark spot on each anterior side margin of pronotum. Venation green, many of the cross-veinlets in part black; pterostigma long and distinct. In the male there is a cavity in middle of face below antennae, between bases of antennae is a short, broad tubercle, trifid at tip; the vertex is transversely elevated from eye to eye. Antennae with basal joints slender and divergent, curved, con- cave within, second and third joints short, fourth longer and swollen at base on inner side. In female there is no tubercle, but a slight conical elevation; the basal joints of antennae are simple, as also the fourth. Pronotum broader than long, sides nearly parallel, a little narrowed at extreme front. Wings moderately long, anterior pair rounded at apex, hind pair acute at tip. Length 18-19 mm.

The female.so£ Utah species do not bear a tubercle on the head and appear much like a Chrysopa. The basal segments of the antennae, however, are more widely set apart (at least the diameter of the basal segment) and appear slender and elongate in proportions. See figure 12 plate II for comparison.

Banks 's description of the fourth antenna! segment applies to the third with a short second segment proximad to it. Smith (1932: 583) in his key to Meleoma species of Canada considers the length of the third antenna! segment of the male (not over twice as long as the second segment) diagnostic. He (Smith, 1932: 583) states that the gradate series of veinlets of this species are brown but Banks (1903:157) seemingly disagrees in his 75 key to the Meleoma by stating that the gradates of .l\1. slossonae which he considers synonymous to.¥· emuncta are green. Banks {1950:45-46) describes another species, Meleoma con'lata which closely resembles and which he compares with M. emunc~. It is possible, assuming that¥· comata is a valid species, that previous Utah records of M· emuncta apply to this new species. Considerable taxonomic work yet remains to clarify the genus Meleoma in Utah.

Meleoma verticalis Banks, 1908

Meleoma verticalis. Banks, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 34:259.

Additional references: 1932 M. verticalis. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 (3): 583. 1946 M. verticalis. Knowlton, Bull. Bro~.>klyn Ent. Soc. 41(1):19.

Synonomy: None.

Published Utah records: CACHE COUNTY, Logan, U.S. A. C. campus, August 30, 1945. (Knowlton, 1946).

Additional records: None.

Distribution: Extent in Utah unknown. Reported from Colorado, New Mexico, U.S. A.; Ontario, and British Columbia, Canada.

Description and comments. --The following is the original description by

Banks (1908):

Pale green; a long blackish stripe under each eye toward mouth, mandibles blackish; palpi lined with black; basal joint of antennae be low near tip is reddish, and the second joint has a blackish mark beneath; vertex with a pair of short parallel reddish stripes; the horn is shorter and wider than in M. innovata, the basal joint of antennae much swollen beneath at tip:- the third elongate, and very distinctly swollen on inner side. Thorax green, with a pale yellow median stripe; abdomen green. Wings greenish hyaline; venation green, many cross-veins black, all 76

of the branches of the anal and several basal costal veinlets wholly black, many others in part black, but the gradate serieo green. Expanse 35-38 mm.

Speci:m~nb fro:.n Chimn€:y Gulch, Golden, Aug-;.ist 3rd (Oslar); Green Mt. Falls, July (Tucker); Cheyenne Canyon, Colorado Springs, July (Tucker), and Arboles, all Colorado; also White Mountains, Rio Ruidoso, 6, 500 ft.• July 30th; Santa Fe, July, and Magdalena, All New Mexico; a female from Vancouver Island, British Columbia.

Differs from M. innovata in marks on vertex,and more black cross-veins:- in shape of the horn, and especially in the long and swollen third antennal joint. Some of these specimens were formerly referred to~ innovata, but with more material they appear distinct, and I do not know that M. innovata occttrs north oI Mexico.

Smith (1932: 583) says "It can be identified by the very long third antennal segment. The horn which is short like that of emuncta is three pointed. There is a tuft of white hair on the front below it." However. the illustration accompanying the original description shows only two points on the male horn.

Notes on biology. w•Nothing has been published concerning the biology of this species. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The contents of this paper may be classified into two major div- isions. One di.vision consists of a report on a preliminary investigation of the taxonomy and geographical distribution of the Chrysopidae of Utah, a somewhat conspicuous and common group of neuropterons commonly known as lace-wing flies, golden-eyed flies, or in the larval stage as aphis lions. In this division, a key to the adult stage of all the species and forms of this group of insects previously reported or dis covered in the course of this investigation to occur in Utah, is supplied for the first time in one paper. After the key there is a discussion of each species giving the following in.formation: (1) a citation of the original reference wherein the species or form was named, (2) some additional references to the species incl11ding synonomy, (3) published Utah records, (4) additional records as disclosed by this investigation, (5) a tentative report on the distri~ution of the species or form, (6) a descriptio-r- of the species or forrn plus comments on taxonomic problems involved, (7) some remarks on the biology of the insect.

In the Appendix (Appendix I) a list of species which have been described from surrounding states and possibly may occur in Utah is provided. This may be used for reference in casa a sp~cies not previously recorded from Utah is being identified.

77 73

Th•:; othe:;:- :najor divhion consi.sts of supplementary material which has been included to give aid in the utilizl1.tion and understanding of the first division. The following topics fall in this category: (l} a history of the study of this group of insects, particularly in Utah; (2) a section on the external morphology of this group of insects; (3) a section with instructions on collecting, preserving, and rearing of Ch:rysopidae and recording of data; (4) a glossary of terms which are peculiar to neuropterous insects and which may be difficult to define in a general glossary.

As a result of this study the writer has made the following con-

. tributions toward the advancement of our knowledge of this group of insects.

First, it was deter.mined that a::. one of the mo~t recent published records

(Banks 1950) the following species were reported from Utah:

Chrysopa cockcrelli Ban.~s C. coloradensis Banks C. excepta .Banks C. majuacula Banks C . .,::i~ricornis Burm. C. oculata var. bipunctata Fitch C. oculata var. c.arei ~,mith C. plorabunda Fitch C. ,q,uadripunctata Bu.rn1. C. rufilabris Burm. Eremochrysa hageni Banks E. pumilis Banks E. punctinervis (1'.1:cLach. ) E. tibialis Banks Meleoma emuncta (Fitch) M.- vertica\is Banks

Second, as the result of this investigation, all but the following were verified by additional specim.ens in the insect collections studied by the writer: 79

Chrysoea oculata var. carei Smith C. quadripunctata Burm. C. rufilabris Burm. Eremochrysa hageni Banks E, pumilis Banks Meleoma emuncta (Fitch) M.v"erticalis Bc1,nks

The first on this list was not verified chiefly because the writer chose to place specimens of Chrysopa oculata with facial markings as the variety separata in the category separata even though some of them had the vertex characteristics of the variety carei. The writer sustains his action in this regard in his belief that the variety separata may be of special significance.

All of the remaining species on the above list but Chrysopa rufilabris Burm. may we 11 occur in Utah but because of their rarity were not represented in any of the collections studied. C. rufilabris, however, is an eastern species which closely resembles Chryso;ea plorabunda Fitch.

In the writer's opinion, Smith's determination of specimens as published by Knowlton {1946) may be a misidentification. This conclusion needs further investigation.

Third, the following species and varieties are reported for the first time in Utah.

Chrysopa downesi Smith C. oculata var. fulvibucca Fitch c. oculata var. illepida Fitch c: oculata var. separata Banks .f. pleuralis Banks c. schwarzi Banks Chrysopiella pallida Banks ~remochrysa fraterna (Banks) 80

In addition to the above, Chrysopa plorabunda Fitch is differen- tiated into the two varieties C. plorabunda var. plorabunda Fitch and C. plorabunda var. californica Coquillett. Thus, at the end of this study the chrysopid faunal list is increased from fifteen to twenty species divided in four genera but with one published record being doubtful. Chrysopa oculata Say is divided into four varieties but only one {C. oculata var. separata Banks) is considered of particular significance. C. plorabunda is divided into two varieties which may also be of biological significance.

Fourth, the investigation has brought to a focus several problems which could not be solved in this preliminary investigation. It is not certain whether Chrysopa plorabunda var. plorabunda and C. plorabunda var. californica are varieties of the same species, subspecies, or are separate species. The relation ship of Chrysopa downesi to these forms needs further study. Mention has been made of the problem regarding the significance of the varieties of Chrysopa. oculata. Further investigation may show that the variety separata is a western subspecies. The genus Eremochrysa also needs further study to clarify the seeming inter- gradation between E. punctinervis and E. pumilis. So few specimens of the genus Meleoma have been collected that the status of that group in

Utah is still uncertain.

Fifth, the writer has greatly increased the number of collection records especially in some species. In spite of this. however, it is felt that the problem of distribution has only been touched. A few species are known to be widespread throughout the state, particularly in agricultural 81 areas, but all need a great deal more systematic study before an accurate pict1.1re of their geographic, ecological, and other phases of distribution is attained.

Finally. it is hoped that the writer has presented a. foundation of basic information wherein a more perfect understanding of this group of insects in Utah may be achieved. APPENDIX I

LIST OF CHRYSOPIDAE REPORTED FROM NEARBY STATES

WHICH MAY OCCUR IN UTAH

While none of the species listed below have been recordedfrom

Utah and as a consequence were not placed in the key or the discussion of

Utah species, some of them may be discovered in the future within the boundaries of the state. If a specimen is difficult to 11key out 11 or does not closely agree with the descriptions given in the discussion of Utah

species, this list may serve as a reference for further research. It must be remembered that there may exist, as yet, undescribed species and that some of the species on this list may not be valid or may have been placed in the wrong genus. The following species are, in the writer's judgement, potential representatives of the 1auna o:f Utah:

The Genus Chrysopa

C. (Yumachrysa) apache Banks, 1938, Can. Ent. 70:120; 1950, Psyche 57 (2.):51.

C. arizonensis Banks, 1903, Trans. Arner. Ent. Soc. 29:155.

C. (Yumachrysa) clarivena Bankst 1950, Psyche 57(2) 50-51.

C. comanche Banks, 1938, Can. Ent. 70:119.

C. furcata Banks, 1911, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 37:342.

c.. grayida J.3anks, 1911, Trans. 4-mer. Ent. Soc.< 37;343. Smith, Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 25 (3): 597. 82 83

C. luctuosa Banks, 1911, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 37: 34 7.

C. mohave Banks, 1938, Can. Ent. 70:120.

C. nanina Banks, 1911, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 37:344.

C. pinalena Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (Z): 49.

C. placita Banks, 1908, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 34:259.

C. ve&eta Navas, 1917, Mem. Pont. Acc. Romana 3:6.

C. (Yumachrysa) y:uma Banks, 1950, Psyche 57(2): 49-50.

The Genus Chrysopiella

C. minora Banks, 1935, Psyche 42 (1): 55.

C. sabulosa (Banks), 1898, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 4: 174.

The Genus Eremochrysa

E. altilis Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 56-57.

E. (Lolochrysa) californica Banks, 1906, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 32: 6; 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 62-63.

E. rufifrons Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 57-58.

E. rufina Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 54-55.

E. (Lolochrysa) pima Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 61-62.

E. (Lolochrysa) spilota Banks, 1950, Psyche, 57(2): 61.

The Genus Meleoma

M. comata Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 45-46.

M· delicata Banks, 1950, Psyche 57 (2): 48.

M. pallida Banks, 1908, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 34:260.

The Genus Nodita

N. nigrinervis Banks, 1939, Notulae Naturae 32: l-2. \ APPENDIX: II. GLOSSARY cubital ~• the a:rea between Ivr' and Cui'·

1 cubital cell, a cell of the cells in the area between M' and Cu 1 • divisory veinlet, M3 + 4 of forewing which by its reuniting with M1 + z divides a cell into two smaller cells. free branch~ radial sector, a branch off R 8 which reaches the outer margin of the wing instead of terminating by union with M'. gradate, a cross-veinlet of a series of cross-veinlets in the Rs area of the wing toward the apex of the wing which are arranged in a stair step fashion. horn, a prominent protuberance on the front of the head of a male Meleoma. jaw,_!, in larvae, the caliper-shaped piercing mouthparts which are composed of the mandible and maxilla in combination; in adults, the biting mouthparts. marginal~• the area of the wing posterior to Cui'. median-fork, see median loop. median loop, the vein M3 -+4 which loops anteriorly to reunite with lvfl+ 2. packet, the combination of materials which forms a transportable canopy over the thorax and abdomen of certain chrysopid larvae. pleural suture, a suture on the pleuron (side) with particular reference to the thoracic sutures of Chrysopa pleuralis. pseudo-cubitus-one, Cu1', the longitudinal serial vein which appears as the extention of cubitus -one. pseudo-media, M', the longitudinal serial vein which appears as the media. pterostigma, the thickened discolored area on the anterior margin of the wing near the apex. reclinate, leaning back, refer:ing to the bristles of the abdominal projection of the male Eremochrysa sp. which are directed anteriorly.

84 LITERATURE CITED

Banks, N. 1903. A revision of the nearctic Chrysopidae. Amer. Ent. Soc., Tra.--is. 29: 137-162.

1908. Neuropteroid insects--notes a11d descriptions. Amer. Ent. Soc., Trans. 34: 259.

1911. Descriptions of new species of North American neuropteroid insects. Amer. Ent. Soc., T1·ans. 37:341.

1924. Descriptions of new neuropteroid insects. Museum Comp. Zool. Harvard, Bull. 65: 432.

1950. Notes and descriptions of Western Cht'ysopidae. Psyche 57 (2): 45-67.

J3ickley, W. E. 1952. Inheritance of some varietal characters in Chrysopa oculata Say (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Psyche 59(2): 41-46. Clancy, D. W. 1946. The insect parasites of the Chrysopidae. Univ. Calif. Pubt. Ent. 7(13): 403-496.

Finney, G. L. 1948. Culturing Chrysopa cali:fornica, and obtaining eggs for field distribution. Jour. Ee. Ent. 41: 719-721.

1950. Mass-culturing Chrysopa californica to obtain eggs for field distribution. Jour. Ee. Ent. 43: 97-100.

Hagen, K. S. 1950. Fecundity of Chrysopa californica as affected by synthetic food1:1. Jour. Ee. Ent. 43: 101-104.

Killington, F. S. 1936. A monograph of the British Neuroptera. Vol. 1, 269 pp., 15 plates London: The Ray Society.

1937. A monograph of the British Neuroptera. Vol. II, 306 pp., 15 plates London: The Ray Society. 85 86

Knowlton. G. F. 1930. Notes on beneficial insects. Utah Acad. of Sci. Proc. 7: 75-76

1946. Neuroptera in light trap. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Bull 41 (l):19.

Morse, Miriam 1931. The external morphology of Chryso;ea perla L. New York Ent. Soc .• Jour. 39 (l): 1-42.

Putnam. J. D. 1876. Report on the insects collected in the vicinity of Spring Lake Villa, Utah Co.,. Utah during the summer of 1875. The Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Proc. 1:193-205.

Ripley, B. 1917. Notes on the feeding habit of adult Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Ent. News 28:35.

Shimer, H. 1856. Description of the imago .and larva of a new species of Chrysopa. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia, Proc. 3:208-211.

Smith. R. C. 1921. A study of the biology of the Chrysopidae. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 14:35.

1922. The biology of the Chrysopidae. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Mem. 58:1291-1372.

1926. The life history and habits of Eremochrysa punctinervis McLach. (Neuroptera). Brooklyn Ent. Soc., Bull. 21 (1 & 2): 48-52.

1932. The Chrysopidae of Canada. Ent. Soc. Amer., Ann. 25 (3): 579-600.

Tillyard, R. J. 1916. Studies in Australian Neuroptera. No. 3, The wing venation of the Chrysopidae. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, Proc. 41: 221-248.

Wildermuth, V. L. 1916. California green lacewing fly. Jour. of Agric. Research 6 (14) 515-525. A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE TAXONOMY AND

THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE

CHRYSOPIDAE (NEUROPTERA) OF' UTAH

A Th.esis Submitted

to the Department of Zoology and Entomology

Brigham Young University

In partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Arts

Wayne A. Melander

August 1956 The writer undertook a pre lin1inary investigation of the taxonomy and geographic distribution of a group of neuropterous insects, the Chrys- opidae, in Utah. The rnain purposes of the investigation were to find what species and forms of these beneficial insects occur in Utah, to provide means for their identification, and to report upon their geographical distribution.

Two main methods of investigation were employed. The first, a bibliographic method, was to carefully review the literature concerning the Chrysopidae of the United States for all references pertaining to their distribution and their taxonomy. By this method it was discovered that as of the latest reference available at the completion of this study (Banks,

1950) the following species and forms have been recorded from within the boundaries of the state:

Chrysopa cockerelli Banks C. coloradensis Banks C. excepta Banks C. majuscula Bank.a C. nigricornis Burm. C. oculata var. bipunctata Fitch C. oculata var. carei Smith C. p lor abunda Fitch C. quadripunctata Burm. C. rufilabris Burm. Eremochrysa hageni Banks E. pumilis Banks E. punctinervis(McLach. ) E. tibialis Banks Meleoma emuncta ( Fitch) M. verticalis Banks The second method of investigation was to study insect specimens of Utah Chrysopidae in order to check the findings of former investigators and to add to our knowledge of this group of insects if at all possi• ble. Fortunately, the writer was privileged to study a large number of

specimens in the insect collections of Brigham Young University, the

University of Utah, the Utah State Agricultural College and Dixie College

in addition to his own personal collection. The study of these specirr1ens

verified the records of previous investigations except for the following

species and forms:

Chrysopa oculata var. carei Smith C. quadripunctata Burm. C. rufilabris Burm. Eremochrysa hageni Banks E. pumilis Banks Meleoma emuncta (Fitch) M. verticalis Banks

Conclusions regarding the validity of some of these unverified records are

expressed.

Also as a result of the second method of investigation, the follow-

ing species and forms are recorded from Utah for the first time:

Chrysopa downesi Smith C. oculata var. fulvibucca Fitch C. oculata var. illepida Fitch C. oculata var. separata Banks C. pleuralis Banks C. sch war zi Banks Chrysopiella pallida Banks Eremochrysa fraterna (Banks)

Keys and other taxonomic aids for the identification of the species

which have been recorded in the literature as from Utah as well as the species which are recorded as a result of this investigation are provided.

The report on geographical distribution is limited in this preliminary investigation to collection records.

As a part of this preliminary investigation, the following material is included: (1) a list of species which have been described from surrounding states which may possibly occur in Utah; (2) a history of the study of this group of insects in Utah; (3) a section on the external morph• ology of the Chrysopidae; (4) a section with information on collecting, preserving, and rearing of these insects and recording of data; and (5) a glossary. It is hoped this supplementary material will aid in the utiliza- tion of the report on taxonomy and distribution and will provide a foundation of basic information for future studies of this group of insects.