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Younger stratum with more recent fossils

Older stratum with older fossils

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Darwin in 1840, after HMS Beagle at sea his return from the voyage Great Britain EUROPE NORTH AMERICA ATLANTIC OCEAN The PACIFIC AFRICA Galápagos Pinta OCEAN Islands Genovesa (a) Cactus-eater (c) Insect-eater Marchena SOUTH Equator Malay Archipelago Equator PACIFIC Santiago AMERICA Daphne OCEAN Islands Chile Brazil Fernandina Pinzón AUSTRALIA PACIFIC Isabela Santa Santa OCEAN Cruz Fe San Argentina Cristobal Cape of 0 20 40 Andes Mtns. Tasmania Florenza Española Good Hope Kilometers Cape Horn New Zealand

(b) Seed-eater

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Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) † Moeritherium

† Barytherium

† Deinotherium Cabbage

† Selection for Mammut apical (tip) bud † Platybelodon Brussels † Stegodon sprouts Selection for Selection Broccoli axillary (side) for flowers † Mammuthus buds and stems

Elephas maximus Selection (Asia) for stems Loxodonta africana (Africa) Selection Loxodonta cyclotis for leaves (Africa) 60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0 Kale Wild mustard Kohlrabi Millions of years ago Years ago

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Spore cloud

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 11 © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 12 Observations Individuals in a population Organisms produce more vary in their heritable offspring than the characteristics. environment can support.

Inferences

Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.

and (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population.

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Field Study Results

10 On native species, Beak 2,750,000 1 8 balloon vine 250,000 base pairs (southern Florida) 400 6

2,500,000 350 4 Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 500,000 300 2 250 2,250,000 Key to adaptations 0 Methicillin resistance 200 Museum-specimen average Ability to colonize hosts 750,000 150 Increased disease severity 100 2,000,000 Increased gene exchange 10 (within species) and (thousands) MRSA with 50 On introduced toxin production 1,000,000 admissions hospital Annual 0 Soapberry bug with beak 8 species, ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 ’05 Year inserted in balloon vine individuals Number of 6 goldenrain tree 1,750,000 1,250,000 fruit 4 (central Florida) 1,500,000 2 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 Beak length (mm)

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Humerus Pharyngeal arches

Radius Ulna Post-anal Carpals tail

Metacarpals Phalanges Chick embryo (LM) Human embryo Human Cat Whale Bat

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NORTH Sugar AMERICA glider

AUSTRALIA

(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus (c) Sus (pig) (d) Odocoileus (deer) Flying squirrel

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Other even-toed ungulates

Hippopotamuses

†Pakicetus

† Rodhocetus Common ancestor † Dorudon of cetaceans

Living cetaceans

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Key Pelvis Tibia Millions of years ago Femur Foot

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