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Open Thesis Final V2.Pdf
The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School Department of the Geosciences TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGIC IMPLICATIONS OF MAMMOTH MOLAR MORPHOLOGY AS MEASURED VIA COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY A Thesis in Geosciences by Gregory J Smith 2015 Gregory J Smith Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science August 2015 ii The thesis of Gregory J Smith was reviewed and approved* by the following: Russell W. Graham EMS Museum Director and Professor of the Geosciences Thesis Advisor Mark Patzkowsky Professor of the Geosciences Eric Post Director of the Polar Center and Professor of Biology Timothy Ryan Associate Professor of Anthropology and Information Sciences and Technology Michael Arthur Professor of the Geosciences Interim Associate Head for Graduate Programs and Research *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School iii ABSTRACT Two Late Pleistocene species of Mammuthus, M. columbi and M. primigenius, prove difficult to identify on the basis of their third molar (M3) morphology alone due to the effects of dental wear. A newly-erupted, relatively unworn M3 exhibits drastically different characters than that tooth would after a lifetime of wear. On a highly-worn molar, the lophs that comprise the occlusal surface are more broadly spaced and the enamel ridges thicken in comparison to these respective characters on an unworn molar. Since Mammuthus taxonomy depends on the lamellar frequency (# of lophs/decimeter of occlusal surface) and enamel thickness of the third molar, given the effects of wear it becomes apparent that these taxonomic characters are variable throughout the tooth’s life. Therefore, employing static taxonomic identifications that are based on dynamic attributes is a fundamentally flawed practice. -
1.1 První Chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2
MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA PŘÍRODOVĚDECKÁ FAKULTA ÚSTAV GEOLOGICKÝCH VĚD Jakub Březina Rešerše k bakalářské práci Využití mikrostruktur klů neogenních chobotnatců na příkladu rodu Zygolophodon Vedoucí práce: doc. Mgr. Martin Ivanov, Dr. Brno 2012 OBSAH 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců 3 1.1 První chobotnatci 5 1.2 Plesielephantiformes 5 1.3 Elephantiformes 6 1.3.1 Mammutida 6 1.3.2 Elephantida 7 1.3.3 Elephantoidea 7 2. Kly chobotnatců a jejich mikrostruktura 9 2.1 Přírůstky v klech chobotnatců 11 2.1.1 Využití přírůstků v klech chobotnatců 11 2.2 Schregerův vzor 12 2.2.1 Stavba Schregerova vzoru 12 2.2.2 Využití Schregerova vzoru 12 2.3 Dentinové kanálky 15 3 Sedimenty s nálezy savců v okolí Mikulova 16 3.1 Baden 17 3.2 Pannon a Pont 18 1. Současný pohled na evoluci chobotnatců Současná systematika chobotnatců není kompletně odvozena od jejich fylogeneze, rekonstruované pomocí kladistických metod. Diskutované skupiny tak mnohdy nepředstavují monofyletické skupiny. Přestože jsou taxonomické kategorie matoucí (např. Laurin 2005), jsem do jisté míry nucen je používat. Některým skupinám úrovně stále přiřazeny nebyly a zde této skutečnosti není přisuzován žádný význam. V této rešerši jsem se zaměřil hlavně na poznatky, které následovaly po vydání knihy; The Proboscidea: Evolution and Paleoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives, od Shoshaniho a Tassyho (1996). Chobotnatci jsou součástí skupiny Tethytheria společně s anthracobunidy, sirénami a desmostylidy (Shoshani 1998; Shoshani & Tassy 1996; 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). Základní klasifikace sestává ze dvou skupin. Ze skupiny Plesielephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Numidotheriidae, Barytheriidae a Deinotheridae a ze skupiny Elephantiformes, do které patří čeledě Palaeomastodontidae, Phiomiidae, Mammutida, Gomphotheriidae, tetralofodontní gomfotéria, Stegodontidae a Elephantidae (Shoshani & Marchant 2001; Shoshani & Tassy 2005; Gheerbrant & Tassy 2009). -
Teacher Guide: Meet the Proboscideans
Teacher Guide: Meet the Proboscideans Concepts: • Living and extinct animals can be classified by their physical traits into families and species. • We can often infer what animals eat by the size and shape of their teeth. Learning objectives: • Students will learn about the relationship between extinct and extant proboscideans. • Students will closely examine the teeth of a mammoth, mastodon, and gomphothere and relate their observations to the animals’ diets. They will also contrast a human’s jaw and teeth to a mammoth’s. This is an excellent example of the principle of “form fits function” that occurs throughout biology. TEKS: Grade 5 § 112.16(b)7D, 9A, 10A Location: Hall of Geology & Paleontology (1st Floor) Time: 10 minutes for “Mammoth & Mastodon Teeth,” 5 minutes for “Comparing Human & Mammoth Teeth” Supplies: • Worksheet • Pencil • Clipboard Vocabulary: mammoth, mastodon, grazer, browser, tooth cusps, extant/extinct Pre-Visit: • Introduce students to the mammal group Proboscidea, using the Meet the Proboscideans worksheets. • Review geologic time, concentrating on the Pleistocene (“Ice Age”) when mammoths, mastodons, and gomphotheres lived in Texas. • Read a short background book on mammoths and mastodons with your students: – Mammoths and Mastodons: Titans of the Ice Age by Cheryl Bardoe, published in 2010 by Abrams Books for Young Readers, New York, NY. Post-Visit Classroom Activities: • Assign students a short research project on living proboscideans (African and Asian elephants) and their conservation statuses (use http://www.iucnredlist.org/). Discuss the possibilities of their extinction, and relate to the extinction events of mammoths and mastodons. Meet the Proboscideans Mammoths, Mastodons, and Gomphotheres are all members of Proboscidea (pro-bo-SID-ia), a group which gets its name from the word proboscis (the Latin word for nose), referring to their large trunks. -
The Childs Elephant Free Download
THE CHILDS ELEPHANT FREE DOWNLOAD Rachel Campbell-Johnston | 400 pages | 03 Apr 2014 | Random House Children's Publishers UK | 9780552571142 | English | London, United Kingdom Rachel Campbell-Johnston Penguin 85th by Coralie Bickford-Smith. Stocking Fillers. The Childs Elephant the other The Childs Elephant of the scale, when elephants eat in one location and defecate in another, they function as crucial dispersers of seeds; many plants, trees, The Childs Elephant bushes would have a hard time surviving if their seeds didn't feature on elephant menus. Share Flipboard Email. I cannot trumpet this book loudly enough. African elephants are much bigger, fully grown males approaching six or seven tons making them the earth's largest terrestrial mammalscompared to only four or five tons for Asian elephants. As big as they are, elephants have an outsize influence on their habitats, uprooting trees, trampling ground underfoot, and even deliberately enlarging water holes so they can take relaxing baths. Events Podcasts Penguin Newsletter Video. If only we could all be Jane Goodall or Dian Fossey, and move to the jungle or plains and thoroughly dedicate our lives to wildlife. For example, an elephant can use its trunk to shell a peanut without damaging the kernel nestled inside or to wipe debris from its eyes or other parts of its body. Elephants are polyandrous and The Childs Elephant mating happens year-round, whenever females are in estrus. Habitat and Range. Analytics cookies help us to improve our website by collecting and reporting information on how you use it. Biology Expert. Elephants are beloved creatures, but they aren't always fully understood by humans. -
Elephant Escapades Audience Activity Designed for 10 Years Old and Up
Elephant Escapades Audience Activity designed for 10 years old and up Goal Students will learn the differences between the African and Asian elephants, as well as, how their different adaptations help them survive in their habitats. Objective • To understand elephant adaptations • To identify the differences between African and Asian elephants Conservation Message Elephants play a major role in their habitats. They act as keystone species which means that other species depend on them and if elephants were removed from the ecosystem it would change drastically. It is important to understand these species and take efforts to encourage the preservation of African and Asian elephants and their habitats. Background Information Elephants are the largest living land animal; they can weigh between 6,000 and 12,000 pounds and stand up to 12 feet tall. There are only two species of elephants; the African Elephants and the Asian Elephant. The Asian elephant is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia. While the African elephant is native to the continent of Africa. While these two species are very different, they do share some common traits. For example, both elephant species have a trunk that can move in any direction and move heavy objects. An elephant’s trunk is a fusion, or combination, of the nose and upper lip and does not contain any bones. Their trunks have thousands of muscles and tendons that make movements precise and give the trunk amazing strength. Elephants use their trunks for snorkeling, smelling, eating, defending themselves, dusting and other activities that they perform daily. Another common feature that the two elephant species share are their feet. -
Miocene Proboscidean Tooth Found in Evaporite Karst Sinkhole Near Gate, Oklahoma Bryce L
1 Miocene Proboscidean Tooth Found in Evaporite Karst Sinkhole near Gate, Oklahoma Bryce L. Bonnet University of Oklahoma, Department of Biology, Norman, OK 73019 Nicholas J. Czaplewski Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman, OK 73072 Kent S. Smith 2NODKRPD6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\&HQWHUIRU+HDOWK6FLHQFHV2൶FHRI$PHULFDQ,QGLDQV LQ0HGLFLQHDQG6FLHQFH7XOVD2. Abstract:)UDJPHQWVRIDSURERVFLGHDQWRRWKZHUHIRXQGLQ1HRJHQHVHGLPHQWVRIWKH2JDOODOD )RUPDWLRQZLWKLQDQHYDSRUDWHNDUVWVLQNKROHIRUPHGLQ3HUPLDQUHGEHGVRXWVLGH*DWH2NODKRPD 7KHSLHFHVZHUHUHFRQVWUXFWHGDQGLGHQWL¿HGE\FRPSDULVRQZLWKPXVHXPVSHFLPHQVDQGOLWHUDWXUH 7KH WRRWK ZDV GHWHUPLQHG WR EHORQJ WR WKH IDPLO\ *RPSKRWKHULLGDH DQG WKH VSHFLHV FRPSOH[ Gomphotherium “productum.” 7KH VSHFLHV LV NQRZQ E\ RWKHU UHFRUGV LQ WKH /DWH 0LRFHQH RI 2NODKRPDDQGVXUURXQGLQJDUHDV$OWKRXJKDQXPEHURIFROODSVHVLQNKROHVZLWK¿OOLQJVRI2JDOODOD )RUPDWLRQ VHGLPHQWV DUH NQRZQ LQ 2NODKRPD YHU\ IHZ RI WKHP KDYH EHHQ IRXQG WR FRQWDLQ LGHQWL¿DEOHIRVVLOVVXFKDVWKLVRQH LQWKLVUHJLRQLQFOXGHOD\HUVRIJ\SVXPDQGRWKHU Introduction and Methods evaporate rocks that are occasionally prone to VXEVXUIDFH GLVVROXWLRQ IRUPLQJ VLQNKROHV DQG FDYHVRIYDULRXVW\SHV 0H\HUV-RKQVRQ *RPSKRWKHUHV ZHUH HOHSKDQWOLNH -RKQVRQDQG1HDO*XWLpUUH] SURERVFLGHDQV WKDW ZHUH JOREDOO\ GLVWULEXWHG HW DO 7KHVH VLQNKROHV DUH RFFDVLRQDOO\ IURP WKH 0LRFHQH HSRFK WR WKH 3OHLVWRFHQH ¿OOHG ZLWK EX൵ WR \HOORZ WR EURZQ 1HRJHQH *RPSKRWKHUHV )DPLO\ *RPSKRWKHULLGDH VDQGVDQGVLOWVRIWKH2JDOODOD)RUPDWLRQDQG ZHUH D GLYHUVH DQG SDUDSK\OHWLF JURXS EXW they sometimes preserve vertebrate fossils in the ZHUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGE\WKHLUWZRXSSHUDQGWZR -
Distinguishing Extant Elephants Ivory from Mammoth Ivory Using a Short
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Distinguishing extant elephants ivory from mammoth ivory using a short sequence of cytochrome b gene Jacob Njaramba Ngatia1, Tian Ming Lan2,3,4, Yue Ma1,5, Thi Dao Dinh1, Zhen Wang1,5, Thomas D. Dahmer6 & Yan Chun Xu1,5,7* Trade in ivory from extant elephant species namely Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana) and African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) is regulated internationally, while the trade in ivory from extinct species of Elephantidae, including woolly mammoth, is unregulated. This distinction creates opportunity for laundering and trading elephant ivory as mammoth ivory. The existing morphological and molecular genetics methods do not reliably distinguish the source of ivory items that lack clear identifcation characteristics or for which the quality of extracted DNA cannot support amplifcation of large gene fragments. We present a PCR-sequencing method based on 116 bp target sequence of the cytochrome b gene to specifcally amplify elephantid DNA while simultaneously excluding non-elephantid species and ivory substitutes, and while avoiding contamination by human DNA. The partial Cytochrome b gene sequence enabled accurate association of ivory samples with their species of origin for all three extant elephants and from mammoth. The detection limit of the PCR system was as low as 10 copy numbers of target DNA. The amplifcation and sequencing success reached 96.7% for woolly mammoth ivory and 100% for African savanna elephant and African forest elephant ivory. This is the frst validated method for distinguishing elephant from mammoth ivory and it provides forensic support for investigation of ivory laundering cases. -
The Human-Elephant Conflict
Gajaha 30 (2009) 41-52 The Human-Elephant Confl ict: A Review of Current Status and Mitigation Methods B. M. A. Oswin Perera Faculty of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Globally, wild elephants are present in 50 of the ecosystems they inhabit. Due to their countries, 13 of which are in Asia and 37 in requirement for large areas of forest habitat, Africa. At present the number of wild Asian conservation of elephants will automatically elephants (Elephas maximus) is between 35,000 ensure the conservation of other species that and 50,000 (www.elephantcare.org), while the co-exist in the same habitat. However, they can number in captivity is around 16,000. The trend also modify the environment in positive as well in almost all Asian range states has been a drastic as negative ways by their actions. The elephant decline in wild elephant numbers, due to a range is also a ‘fl agship’ species, especially in Asian of anthropogenic factors related to increasing countries, being closely associated with the social human population, loss and degradation of forest and cultural aspects of people, and this factor can habitat, fragmentation of breeding populations and be harnessed to promote its conservation. increasing human-elephant confl ict (HEC). The Asian elephant is categorized as an ‘endangered’ Many studies have been carried out on HEC both species in the Red List of the World Conservation in Asia (Sukumar 2003; Jayawardena 2004; de Union (IUCN, 2008: www.iucnredlist.org) and is Silva & de Silva 2007) and Africa (Hoare 1999; classifi ed with the Convention for International Walpole & Linkie 2007), but despite the lessons Trade of Endangered Species (CITES, www. -
Teacher's Booklet
Ideas and Evidence at the Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Teacher’s Booklet Acknowledgements Shawn Peart Secondary Consultant Annette Shelford Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Paul Dainty Great Cornard Upper School Sarah Taylor St. James Middle School David Heap Westley Middle School Thanks also to Dudley Simons for photography and processing of the images of objects and exhibits at the Sedgwick Museum, and to Adrienne Mayor for kindly allowing us to use her mammoth and monster images (see picture credits). Picture Credits Page 8 “Bag of bones” activity adapted from an old resource, source unknown. Page 8 Iguanodon images used in the interpretation of the skeleton picture resource from www.dinohunters.com Page 9 Mammoth skeleton images from ‘The First Fossil Hunters’ by Adrienne Mayor, Princeton University Press ISBN: 0-691-05863 with kind permission of the author Page 9 Both paintings of Mary Anning from the collections of the Natural History Museum © Natural History Museum, London 1 Page 12 Palaeontologists Picture from the photographic archive of the Sedgwick Museum © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Page 14 Images of Iguanodon from www.dinohunters.com Page 15 “Duria Antiquior - a more ancient Dorsetshire” by Henry de la Beche from the collection of the National Museums and Galleries of Wales © National Museum of Wales Page 17 Images of Deinotherium giganteum skull cast © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences Page 19 Image of red sandstone slab © Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences 2 Introduction Ideas and evidence was introduced as an aspect of school science after the review of the National Curriculum in 2000. Until the advent of the National Strategy for Science it was an area that was often not planned for explicitly. -
A NEW AMEBELODONT, TORYNOBELODON BARNUMBROWNI, SP. NOV. a PRELIMINARY REPORT Erwin Hinckley Barbour
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum, University of Nebraska State Museum 1931 A NEW AMEBELODONT, TORYNOBELODON BARNUMBROWNI, SP. NOV. A PRELIMINARY REPORT Erwin Hinckley Barbour Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/museumbulletin Part of the Entomology Commons, Geology Commons, Geomorphology Commons, Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Paleobiology Commons, Paleontology Commons, and the Sedimentology Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Museum, University of Nebraska State at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bulletin of the University of Nebraska State Museum by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1/ 6 . BULLETIN 22 VOLUME I UN 1~l:7Gtrs;:J:~~!1 L'P' i THE NEBRASKA STATE USEUM I tor ERWIN H. BARBOUR, Dir NUl :~,~I r ~;l A NEW AMEBELODONT, TOR :I.,I,lI..LJ.J;I.c.uUJ.J~m.T-~ ___I BARNUMBROWNI, SP. NOV. A PRELIMINARY REPORT By ERWIN HINCKLEY BARBOUR The subfamily of longirostrine mastodonts known as the Amebelodontinae have been so recently discovered and described that as yet theY; are little known by the citizens of this state. They are most briefly and directly described as shovel-tusked mastodons. The first one found, namely Amebelodon fricki, was secured in April 1927, and was pub lished June 1927. In the meantime, many other examples of Amebelodonts have been added to the Morrill Palaeon tological Collections of the Nebraska State Museum. The exact number cannot be stated until the material shipped in from the field during the current season is unpacked, cleaned, and identified. -
The Mastodonts of Brazil': the State of the Art of South American
Quaternary International 443 (2017) 52e64 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Quaternary International journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/quaint Sixty years after ‘The mastodonts of Brazil’: The state of the art of South American proboscideans (Proboscidea, Gomphotheriidae) * Dimila Mothe a, b, , Leonardo dos Santos Avilla a, c, Lidiane Asevedo a, d, Leon Borges-Silva a, Mariane Rosas e, Rafael Labarca-Encina f, Ricardo Souberlich g, Esteban Soibelzon h, i, Jose Luis Roman-Carrion j, Sergio D. Ríos k, Ascanio D. Rincon l, Gina Cardoso de Oliveira b, Renato Pereira Lopes m a Laboratorio de Mastozoologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Bioci^encias, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, 501, Urca, CEP 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil b Programa de Pos-graduaç ao~ em Geoci^encias, Centro de Tecnologia e Geoci^encias, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Rua Acad^emico Helio Ramos, s/n, Cidade Universitaria, CEP 50740-467, Recife, Brazil c Programa de Pos-graduaç ao~ em Biodiversidade Neotropical, Instituto de Bioci^encias, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Pasteur, 458, 501, Urca, CEP 22290-240, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil d Faculdade de Geoci^encias (Fageo), Campus Cuiaba, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa, 2367, Jardim Petropolis, CEP 78070-000, Cuiaba, Mato Grosso, Brazil e Laboratorio de Paleontologia, Centro de Ci^encias Agrarias, Ambientais e Biologicas, Universidade Federal do Reconcavo^ da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil f Laboratorio de Paleoecología, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile g Laboratorio de Paleontología, Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Acceso Av. -
Filling a Gap in the Proboscidean Fossil Record: a New Genus from The
Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal Rodolphe Tabuce, Raphaël Sarr, Sylvain Adnet, Renaud Lebrun, Fabrice Lihoreau, Jeremy Martin, Bernard Sambou, Mustapha Thiam, Lionel Hautier To cite this version: Rodolphe Tabuce, Raphaël Sarr, Sylvain Adnet, Renaud Lebrun, Fabrice Lihoreau, et al.. Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal. Journal of Paleontology, Paleontological Society, 2019, pp.1-9. 10.1017/jpa.2019.98. hal-02408861 HAL Id: hal-02408861 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02408861 Submitted on 8 Dec 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 1 Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from 2 the Lutetian of Senegal 3 4 Rodolphe Tabuce1, Raphaël Sarr2, Sylvain Adnet1, Renaud Lebrun1, Fabrice Lihoreau1, Jeremy 5 E. Martin2, Bernard Sambou3, Mustapha Thiam3, and Lionel Hautier1 6 7 1Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution, UMR5554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de 8 Montpellier, Montpellier, France <[email protected]> 9 <[email protected]> <[email protected]> 10 <[email protected]> <[email protected] > 11 2Univ.