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Download the PDF Article A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China ShiQi WANG Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 142 Xizhimenwai Street, 100044 Beijing (China) and CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, no. 16 Lincui Street, 100101 Beijing (China) and Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology), no. 39 Beijingdong Street, 210008 Nanjing (China) [email protected] QinQin SHI Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 142 Xizhimenwai Street, 100044 Beijing (China) [email protected] Wen HE ShanQin CHEN Hezheng Paleozoological Museum, Liangjiazhuang, 731200 Hezheng (China) [email protected] [email protected] XiangWen YANG Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, no. 142 Xizhimenwai Street, 100044 Beijing (China) and University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences no.19A Yuquan Road, 100049 Beijing (China) [email protected] Published on 25 March 2016 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AD9C6BAE-8A37-4201-BFA6-C49739CFDD60 Wang S., Shi Q., He W., Chen S. & Yang X. 2016. — A new species of the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobe- lodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of China. Geodiversitas 38 (1): 65-97. http:// dx.doi.org/10.5252/g2016n1a4 KEY WORDS ABSTRACT Amebelodontinae, Konobelodon, Here we describe a new species of Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 – a poorly known tetralophodont tetralophodont shovel-tusked proboscidean – from the Late Miocene of the Linxia Basin, China. Detailed osteological gomphotheres, anatomies of skulls, teeth, and partial postcranial bones of the new taxon, Konobelodon robustus n. sp., Late Miocene, China, are described and detailed morphological comparisons with the other species of Konobelodon (K. at- new species. ticus (Wagner, 1857) = Mastodon grandincisivus, Schlesinger 1917, and K. britti (Lambert, 1990)) and GEODIVERSITAS • 2016 • 38 (1) © Publications scientifi ques du Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris. www.geodiversitas.com 65 Wang S. et al. other gomphotheres are conducted. Th e skull and jaw-closing muscles of a juvenile individual of the new species are reconstructed and the body mass is estimated based on its limb bones. Phylogenetic analysis of genera within Elephantimorpha results in three most parsimonious trees, of which two support a sister-group relationship between Konobelodon and Platybelodon, within a monophyletic Amebelodontinae. Th e new results enhance our knowledge on the anatomy and phylogeny of Konobe- lodon, and indicate pronounced diversifi cation and strong parallel evolution in the amebelodontines. RÉSUMÉ Une nouvelle espèce de l’amébélodontiné tétralophodonte Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) du Miocène supérieur de Chine. Nous décrivons ici une nouvelle espèce de Konobelodon Lambert, 1990 – un amébélodontiné tétralophodonte peu connu parmi les proboscidiens – du Miocène supérieur du Bassin de Linxia, Chine. L’anatomie ostéologique détaillée des crânes, des dents et d’une partie des os postcrâniens du nouveau taxon, Konobelodon robustus n. sp., est décrite. Des comparaisons morphologiques détaillées avec les autres espèces de Konobelodon (K. atticus (Wagner, 1857) = Mastodon grandin- cisivus Schlesinger, 1917, et K. britti (Lambert, 1990)) et d’autres gomphothères sont eff ectuées. Le crâne et les muscles de la mastication d’un individu juvénile de Konobelodon robustus n. sp. MOTS CLÉS sont reconstruits et le poids du corps est estimé sur la base des os de ses membres. L’analyse phy- Amebelodontinae, Konobelodon, logénétique des genres d’Elephanti morpha donne trois arbres parmi les plus parcimonieux. Deux Gomphothères suggèrent que Konobelodon et Platybelodon sont groupe-frère au sein d’un groupe monophylétique tetralophodonte, d’Amebelodontinae. Ces nouveaux résultats précisent nos connaissances sur l’anatomie et sur la Miocène supérieur, Chine, phylogénie des Konobelodon. Ils indiquent aussi une diversifi cation rapide et une forte évolution espèce nouvelle. parallèle chez les amébélodontinés. INTRODUCTION Schlesinger (1917) established “Mastodon (Bunolophodon) to be an amebelodontine because of the morphology of the grandincisivum” Schlesinger, 1917 based on a fragmentary mandible and the lower tusks. Th is view was followed by lower tusk from Maragheh, Iran, and three isolated molars subsequent researchers (Markov 2004, 2008; Geraads et al. from Mannersdorf bei Angern, Austria. He also considered 2005; Konidaris et al. 2014). Markov (2008) summarized the previously reported M. cf. longirostris Kaup, 1832 from its occurrences in western Asia, eastern Europe, northern Kertch (now in Crimea) (Pavlow 1903) to be the same taxon. Africa, and possibly southern Asia in the Late Miocene, while Shortly afterwards, Schlesinger (1922) reported an incomplete Markov et al. (2014) described new anatomic information skeleton of “M. grandincisivus” from Pestszentlőrincz, Hun- based on a juvenile mandible from Hadzhidimovo, Bulgaria. gary. As the genus “Mastodon” Cuvier, 1817 was confi ned to Recently, Konidaris et al. (2014) synonymized “M. grandin- the Pleistocene-aged “true” American mastodon (nowadays cisivus” with “Tetralophodon atticus” (Wagner, 1857) based synonymized with Mammut americanum (Kerr, 1792)), later on a revision of fossil proboscideans from Pikermi, Greece, Osborn (1936) transferred “M. grandincisivus” to Tetralo- and proposed that the Pikermi tetralo phodonts belong to phodon Falconer, 1857. Th is opinion has been followed by the tetralophodont amebelodontine Konobelodon Lambert, subsequent researchers (e.g., Bakalov & Nikolov 1962; Gaziry 1990. Konidaris et al. (2014) suggested that all the Turolian 1976). But because the strong and fl attened lower tusks (MN 11-MN 13) tetralophodont amebelodontines from are markedly distinct from Tetralophodon longirostris Kaup, western Eurasia should be attributed to Konobelodon atti- 1832 (the type species), which possesses relatively reduced cus, which has nomenclatural priority over “grandincisivus”. and sub-circular lower tusks, Tobien (1978) considered “M. Konobelodon was originally established as a subgenus of grandincisivus” to be a species of Stegotetrabelodon Petroc- Amebelodon, diff ering from the other members of Amebelodon chi, 1941 based on the elongated mandibular symphysis (Amebelodon) in the presence of the tubular structure in the and lower tusks in both taxa. Th is viewpoint considers “M. lower tusks and the tetralophodont molars (Lambert 1990). grandincisivus” to be the ancestor of the true elephants, and Initially, the type and the only species of Konobelodon was has been followed by some researchers (e.g., Madden 1982; K. britti (Lambert, 1990); no cranium and complete mandible Chow & Zhang 1983; Gaziry 1987; Tobien et al. 1988; Ko- of K. britti have yet been reported. In the traditional view, the vachev 2004). Th e systematic results of Tassy & Darlu (1986, subfamily Amebelodontinae is subdivided into two groups. 1987), Kalb et al. (1996) and Ferretti et al. (2003) showed One includes Archaeobelodon Tassy, 1984, Serbelodon Frick, that “M. grandincisivus” does not cluster with Stegotetrabelo- 1933, Protanancus Arambourg, 1945, Amebelodon Barbour, don. Tassy (1983a, 1985, 1986, 1999) considered the taxon 1927, Progomphotherium Pickford, 2003, and Afromastodon 66 GEODIVERSITAS • 2016 • 38 (1) New species of Konobelodon in China Linxia 4 km City Kangjiaya Guonigou = LX200042 Naleshi Shuanggongbei = LX200009 Liangjiasi Guangtong River 35°30’N Daxia River Sigou = LX200007 River Tao Houshan = LX200008 Qijiaji Sanshilipu Alimatu Sanhe Guanghe Maijiaxiang Hezheng Shanzhuang = LX200027 Zhongmajia = LX200049 Guanfang Maijiaji Lintao Panyang Kangle = LX200037 Zhuangkeji Xinying Niugou = Legend LX200204 City Main road County Express way Township River Urban Nature reserve Linxia Basin Taizi Mount district ain Reserve Guonigou Fa. Dashenggou Fa. 103°30’E FIG. 1. — Fossil sites yielding Konobelodon robustus n. sp. in the Linxia Basin (China). The globe was taken from www.wikipedia.com. Pickford, 2003 with concentric laminated dentine in the GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS lower tusks; the other includes Platybelodon Borissiak, 1928 and Torynobelodon Barbour, 1929, with tubular structure Neogene sediments are well developed in the Linxia Basin, in the lower tusks (Tassy 1986; Sanders et al. 2010). Th us, especially the Late Miocene deposits (Fig. 2). Based on Konobelodon appears to belong to the latter group. As K. ro- Deng et al. (2013), fossils from the Late Miocene Liushu bustus n. sp. from the Linxia Basin is represented by more Formation of the Linxia Basin were subdivided into four complete material than K. britti and K. atticus, further study faunal communities: the Guonigou, Dashenggou, Yangji- of this material is helpful for understanding the evolution and ashan, and Qingbushan faunas (from earliest to latest). Th e diff erentiation of the genus Konobelodon and the subfamily fi rst two faunas, Guonigou and Dashenggou, correspond Amebelodontinae. to the European Vallesian
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