MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL i
SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES The Malaysia Correctional Journal is a publication of the Prisons Department of Malaysia. This journal publishes articles which are related to prisons and correctional issues in relation to sociology, counseling, psychology, criminology, education, communication and many others. This journal is a platform to share knowledge among academicians, prison officers, security and safety agencies as well as other practitioners in the related fields.
EDITORIAL BOARD
PATRON YBhg. Dato’ Sri Haji Zulkifli Omar ADVISOR 1 YBhg. Dato’ Haji Abdul Aziz Haji Abdul Razak ADVISOR 2 Prof. Dr. Che Su Mustaffa (UUM) SECRETARY PKK Dr. Kamsiah Kamin ASSISTANT SECRETARY TPP Harlina Mohamad CHIEF EDITORS i. Associate Prof. Dr. Rohani Yusof (UM) ii. Dr. Othman Talib (UPM)
EDITORS
Prof. Dato’ Dr. Hasnah Haron (UMP) Prof. Dr. Khaidzir Hj. Ismail (UKM) Prof. Dr. Azlinda Azman (USM) Associate Prof. Dr. Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman (UKM) Associate Prof. Datin Dr. Fauziah Ibrahim (UKM) Associate Prof. Dr. Siti Arpah Nordin (UiTM) Associate Prof. Dr. Yahaya Buntat (UTM) Associate Prof. Dr. Noor Azniza Ishak (UUM) Dr. Mohd. Samsudin (UKM) Dr. Haslinda Abdullah (UPM) ii MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Dr. Affizal Ahmad (USM) Dr. Awanis Ku Ishak (UUM) Dr. Nor Aniza Ahmad (UPM) Dr. Rohana Hamzah (UTM) Dr. Shamila Mohamed Shuhidan (UiTM) Dr. Ainul Azmin Hj. Md. Zamin (UIA) Dr. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin (UKM) Dr. Mohamad Ibrani Shahrimin Adam Assim (UPM) Dr. Geshina Ayu Mat Saat (USM)
ASSISTANT EDITORS :
TKP Kausalya Devi a/p Sathoo TKP Adnan Atan PKK Meor Azizi Sapawi Ahmad Sepuan PKK Zaidi Hamid PKP Zulia Khamis @ Ahmad Kamil PKP Wan Abdul Rahman Wan Yaman PKP Vijayan a/l Krishnan PKP Suhaizak Ab. Wahab PKP Ahmad Mustaqim Che Bisi PP Ab. Nasif Sarahan TPP Mohd. Norbayusri Baharudin
PUBLISHER
Prison Department of Malaysia Prison Headquarters Bukit Wira 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan MALAYSIA
PRINTED BY
Vermillion Network Taman Lestari Perdana 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul Ehsan MALAYSIA MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL iii
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS
ZULKIFLI OMAR
Dato’ Sri Haji Zulkifli Omar is currently the Director General of Malaysia Prisons Department. He graduated from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) in 1984 majoring in Economics. He received his Masters in Psychology from Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) in 2014. He had served the Prisons Department since 16 November 1986. Prior to his position as Director General of Prisons, he had served in several prisons including Marang Prison, Kajang Prison, Sabah Prison Headquarters, Alor Setar Prison and Simpang Rengam Prison. Besides his designation as the Director General, he is also actively involved in local and international seminars and conferences on prison managements.
Email: [email protected]
ABDUL AZIZ ABDUL RAZAK
Dato’ Haji Abdul Aziz Abdul Razak is currently the Deputy Commisioner General of Prison (Community). He graduated from Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) in 1989 majoring in Economics. He received his Bachelor of Law (LLB) from Universiti Teknologi Mara in 2002 and Masters in Social Work from Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) in 2013. He had served in the Prisons Department from 20th February 1990 until now. Prior to his position as the Director of Prison Policy Division, he had served in several prisons including Kajang Headquarters, Maktab Penjara Malaysia, Pudu Prison, Sungai Buloh Prison, Correctional Academy of Malaysia Langkawi and Bentong Prison. He is also actively involved in seminars on domestics and foreign-related prison managements.
Email: [email protected]
JAMALUDIN MUSTAFFA
Associate Prof. Dr. Jamaludin Mustaffa (PhD Local Government, Universiti Sains Malaysia). He is the Head of the Department of Psychology and Social Work, School of Social Development, UUM. He is also active in research, consultancy and publications in the field of social work, local government and iv MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
criminology studies. The focus of his teaching is on Social Work, Criminology, Politics and Development. He is also active in community organizations, including the Malaysian Historical Society (Kedah). Prior to his involvement in academic field, he was a police officer. In addition, he is also the Vice Chairman of the Malaysia Crime Prevention Foundation (MCPF), Kedah.
Email: [email protected]
NOOR AZNIZA ISHAK
Dr. Noor Azniza Ishak is an Associate Professor at the Department of Psychology & Social Work, School of Applied Psychology, Social Work and Policy, Universiti Utara Malaysia. She received her Bachelor with Hons. in Education from Universiti Putra Malaysia, Master in Guidance & Counselling from University Putra Malaysia and PhD in Counselling from Universiti Sains Malaysia. She is currently a licensed Professional Counsellor and Head of Pscychology and Social Work Department. She has more than 20 years of experience in counselling and education and is the author of several books, monograph, conference papers and publication. Her area of research interests include topics on Brief Counselling, Higher Education counselling, Marriage and Family Counselling, Correctional Counselling and Health Counselling.
Email: [email protected]
MOHD. HILMI HAMZAH
Mohd Hilmi Hamzah received his Master of Arts degree majoring in Communication from Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). He has experience in research, consultancy and publication, especially in the fields of Communication, Politics and Development, Information Technology and Local Government. Currently, he is completing his PhD at the School of Government, COLGIS, UUM. Email: [email protected] MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL v
HASNAH HARON
Professor Dato’ Hasnah Haron is a professor at the University Malaysia Pahang. She joined Universiti Malaysia Pahang in July 2015. She was formerly attached to Universiti Sains Malaysia. She was conferred a PhD from the University of Hull, in 1996 with specialization in Auditing. She carries with her more than 25 years of academic experience at Universiti Sains Malaysia and was the founding Dean of the Graduate School of Business at that Universiti. She is a professional member of CPA Australia, a Chartered Accountant of the Malaysian Institute of Accountant and a Fellow of the Institute of Internal Auditors Malaysia. She was a member of the Commission, Malaysia Competition Commission (MyCC) from 2011 to 2014 and is involved in consultancy projects with the Malaysia Institute of Integrity and the Prison Department of Malaysia. She is currently the Dean of Institute Postgraduate Studies in Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
Email: [email protected]
ISHAK ISMAIL
Prof. Dato Dr. Ishak Ismail is the Assistant Vice Chancellor of Corporate and Quality at Universiti Malaysia Pahang. His academic career has span over 35 years. He was a PhD candidate at the University of Hull, United Kingdom specializing in Service Management. He is one of the three Malaysians who were bestowed an individual membership by ABEST21, an accreditation institution based in Japan. He is also an adjunct professor at Binus University, Jakarta Indonesia and member of the UMP’s of Directors. His work is published well both nationally and internationally. His writings has been published by re-known publishers such as Pearson, McGraw Hill, Dewan Bahasa and the Malaysian Institute of Integrity. He is also a known speaker in the Asian circuit. He has conducted consultancy work for Bank Rakyat, Intel, Motorolla, Tesco and Jaya Jusco. He is also a two-term President of the Asian Academy of Management. For his services Ishak was awarded Best Professor in Management by Asia’s Best School.
Emel : [email protected] vi MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
AFFIZAL AHMAD
Dr. Affizal Ahmad is currently a Senior Lecturer at the School of Health Sciences, University Sains Malaysia. She received her Doctor of Philosophy degree in Forensic Psychology from University of Surrey, United Kingdom. Her main research interests includes mental health and quality of life.
Email: [email protected]
NAZIRA SADIRON
Nazira Sadiron is an officer with the National Anti Drugs Agency (AADK). Currently, she is the State Director of Negeri Sembilan National Anti Drugs Agency (AADK). She is a registered counsellor and members of PSIMA. She obtained her Master of Research (Social Psychology) from Universiti Putra Malaysia in 2016. Her research interest focuses on drug addiction, treatment and rehabilitation for drug addicts. She has more than 12 years’ experience in drugs prevention, treatment and rehabilitation. Now, she is in a journey to completing her Ph.D research on psychology profiling of drug addicts at Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Emel : [email protected]
HANINA HALIMATUSAADIAH HAMSAN
Dr. Hanina Halimatusaadiah Hamsan is an Associate Professor at the Department of Social and Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM). She is Head of Laboratory, Youth Citizenship & Leadership Laboratory, Institute for Social Sciences Study, UPM. She obtained her PhD (Psychology) from UKM in 2009. Her research interest focuses on community psychology of at risk community. In the community development field, she is known to focus on capacity building and human well-being. She has more than 10 years experience in research and community engagement. Most of her consultant research is on action research and used for formulating agency’s action plan and national policy. As a Certified NLP Trainer and Coach, she applies Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP) in research, teaching & learning and community & industry engagement. She is a life member of Association of NLP Coaching Malaysia and the Social Sciences Association of Malaysia.
Emel : [email protected] MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL vii
MOHD. AHSANI A. MALEK
Mohd. Ahsani A. Malek was born in Kota Bharu, Kelantan on 9 July 1986. After completing secondary school in Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Kota, he furthered his study at University Malaysia Sabah where he received his Bachelor’s Degree with Honours in Psychology Counseling (2009) and Master’s Degree in Psychology Counseling (2012). He holds a PhD from Centre of Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Science, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (2018). His PhD thesis was on ‘Development of Career Adaptability Module to Increase Career Adaptability, Hope and Self-efficacy among Prison Inmates’. He is also a registered counselor with the Malaysian Counseling Board since 2011. He has some professional experience as a Trainee Counselor at Pengkalan Chepa Prison, Kota Kinabalu Prison Centre and Kajang Prison. He was also teaching as a part time Tutor at Faculty of Psychology and Education, University Malaysia Sabah (2010-2013).
Email: [email protected]
WAN SHAHRAZAD WAN SULAIMAN Associate Professor Dr. Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman is a lecturer at the School of Psychology and Human Development, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. She received her Masters’ of Social Sciences in Psychology in 2001 from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology in 2009 from International Islamic University Malaysia. Her field of specialization is psychometrics. Among her research interests are application of psychological tests, adaptation and standardization of psychological tests. Email: [email protected]
NASRUDIN SUBHI
Dr. Nasrudin Subhi is a senior lecturer in the Centre of Psychology and Human Well-Being, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He holds a Doctor of Philosophy (Psychology) from The University of Queensland, Australia and Master of Arts (Counselling Psychology) from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He has been a lecturer since 2003 and has experience teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He is also a Registered Counsellor with the Board of Counsellor (Malaysia) and has been practicing counselling for the past 17 years. His areas of research interest include sexuality (LGBT), counselling, at-risk youth and indigenous communities.
Email: [email protected] viii MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
FAUZIAH IBRAHIM
Associate Professor Datin Dr. Fauziah Ibrahim is a former Head of Social Work Program at School of Psychology and Human Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). She was from Johor Bahru and completed her PhD at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in the field of Social and Community Development. She is active in conducting research with industry partners and an expert in drug addiction framework including the treatment and rehabilitation for drug addicts, drug addiction relapse, prevention of street crime and as well as the development and social wellbeing of marginalized community. As an academician, she is actively involved in researches and most of her researches were published in high-impact-factor journals, both locally as well as internationally. Her researches have been widely referred. She successfully managed 76 citations with H-Index of 4. Based on an her excellent performance in the field of research and publications, she was honored with the Community Award for Innovative Education in 8th UKM Innovation Award Ceremony.
Email: [email protected]
SITI NURKHAIRINA MOHD NOR Siti Nurkhairina Mohd Nor completed her Master of Philosophy in Psychology in Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and obtained her Bachelor Degree with Hons in Psychology from HELP University. She has conducted few researches in the field of Social Psychology and Criminal Psychology, mainly about female offenders. Being an active scholar, Siti published few articles and also presented her research findings in few notable conferences. She is also a student member of Persatuan Psikologi Malaysia (PSIMA).
Email: [email protected]
MOHAMMAD RAHIM KAMALUDDIN Dr. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin is a senior lecturer and criminologist at Psychology and Human Well-being Research Centre, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. He obtained his Bachelor Degree in Forensic Science (Hons) in 2011 and Doctor of Philosophy (Criminology) in 2015 from Universiti Sains Malaysia. Currently, he is an adjunct lecturer for Criminology in Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia and AIMST University, Malaysia besides being a guest lecturer for Royal Malaysia Police Academy. His research interests include criminal and risk assessment, criminal profiling, crime prevention and victimology. Mohammad Rahim is also an active member of Malaysian Crime Prevention Foundation.
Email: [email protected] MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL ix
SUHARNI MAULAN
Dr. Suharni Maulan is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Business Administration, Kuliyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia. She obtained her PhD in Business Administration from UKM Graduate School of Business, where her specialization is on halal branding and brand equity creation for Islamic banks. She has 20 years of experiences in teaching and has delivered lectures in marketing, management and economics. Her research interests are in areas related to Islamic marketing and entrepreneurship. She has authored numerous academic and professional articles in reputable journals and presented at various international conferences. She is also actively involved in supervisory and consultancy works as well as community services.
Email: [email protected]
KHADIJAH ISA
Dr. Khadijah Isa is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Accounting, International Islamic University Malaysia, since 2001. She was the Deputy Director of Alumni and Global Networking Division. Her PhD thesis focused on identifying determinants of corporate taxpayer compliance behavior using a mixed-method approach under supervision of Professor Jeff Pope. Her research areas include Goods and Services Tax (GST), zakat and graduate employability. To date, she has published several articles in indexed journals and a book chapter. She has also presented many papers at international conferences, mainly in Australasian countries. She teaches taxation, financial accounting, research methodology at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. She won the best teacher award in 2015. Prior to joining IIUM, she worked as tax consultant at Price Waterhouse Coopers. She is a Chartered Accountant of Malaysian Institute of Accountants and CPA Australia. She also provides free tax consultancy to individuals in submission of annual tax returns.
Email: [email protected] x MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
AINUL AZMIN MD. ZAMIN
Dr Ainul Azmin Md Zamin holds a degree in TESL and Master in Management. Her PhD in Education focused on academic writing at tertiary level. In her 25- year teaching experience as an instructor, she has delivered talks and trainings for public and private sectors. Her research interest lies in the areas of English for Specific Purposes as well as teacher development. As the Coordinator for Language for Occupational Purposes, Ainul is developing new strategies to prepare graduates for the industry. She was honoured the Best Teacher Award in IIUM Quality Day and represented IIUM for the prestigious Anugerah Akademik Negara for the Best Teaching Practice 2010. She is now an Assistant Professor (DS51) serving at the Department of English Language and Literature, Kulliyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences.
Email : [email protected]
MUHAMAD KARIMI SULAIMAN
Muhamad Karimi Sulaiman is a graduate at the Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). He obtained his first degree in Human Sciences (Psychology) from IIUM in 2015. His master thesis in Psychology focused on examining predictors of achievement in statistics courses using structural equation modelling approach. His involvement in research began during his undergraduate study – statistics anxiety, patient safety, flood trauma, Malay transcripts, graduate employability, and cryptocurrency. During his undergraduate, he received an outstanding award from Department of Psychology, due to his involvement in presenting various papers at local and international conferences. Upon his graduation, he has been offered to teach social studies, research skills, Introductory to statistics for foundation level at Centre for Foundation Studies, IIUM and Pusat PERMATA pintar Negara, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Email: [email protected] MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL xi
KAUSALYA DEVI a/p SATHOO
Deputy Commissioner of Prisons Kausalya Devi a/p Sathoo is the Deputy Director of Inmate Management Division and the Head of Rehabilitation and Education Section, Malaysia Prison Headquarters. She graduated from Universiti Pertanian Malaysia in 1988 with a Degree in Human Development. She received her Master Science in Resource Management in 1993 from Universiti Putra Malaysia. Over the years, she has served in Malaysia Prisons Headquarters, Malaysia Prison College and Kajang Women Prison. Currently she is pursuing her PhD in Social Work at the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
JULINA SALEHUDDIN
Julina Salehuddin is Superintendent of Police and currently serves in the IGP Secretariat (Research and Development) in Royal Malaysian Police Headquarters, Bukit Aman. She obtained her Bachelor of Accounting (Hons) from Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM) in 2000 and Master of Science (Human Resource Development) from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) in 2015. In 2005, she joined the Royal Malaysian Police as a Cadet Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP). Over the years, she had served as investigation officer, senior investigation officer, internal auditor of Quality Management System ISO 9001:2008 and presently involves in policy and regulation researches for the force.
Email: [email protected] xii MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
SITI RAHMAH AWANG
Dr. Siti Rahmah Awang is currently a senior lecturer at Faculty of Management, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM). She received her Master of Science (Statistics) in Sheffield Unoversity, United Kingdom and completed her PhD at Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia (UiTM) in the field of Applied Statistics. She is active in conducting research and among her research expertise are psychometrics, the employability of people with epilepsy, multiple intelligences (Howard Gardner’s Theory), social science research and SPSS.
Email: [email protected] MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 1
KESEDIAAN JABATAN PENJARA MALAYSIA DALAM MENGURUSKAN BANDUAN/ TAHANAN RADIKAL
Zulkifli Bin Omar Abstrak Artikel ini berkisar tentang peranan yang dimainkan oleh Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dalam mengurus dan memulihkan tahanan radikal yang ditahan di penjara. Program deradikalisasi yang dilaksanakan di bawah Strategi Lautan Biru Kebangsaan (NBOS) melibatkan kerjasama antara Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dengan pelbagai pihak seperti Kementerian Dalam Negeri (KDN), Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM), Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM), kumpulan pensyarah daripada universiti tempatan, pakar-pakar psikologi dan Badan Bukan Kerajaan (NGO). Jabatan Penjara juga menetapkan polisi dengan membentuk Jawatankuasa Pemantau Banduan Radikal yang dilantik atas arahan kabinet. Dari segi penempatan banduan radikal, pengkategorian banduan dilaksanakan berdasarkan kepada tahap risiko banduan iaitu risiko tinggi, sederhana dan rendah. Kawalan banduan radikal pula dilakukan oleh kakitangan yang terlatih yang ditentukan oleh Ketua Institusi. Kakitangan yang bertugas dipilih berdasarkan kepada tahap integriti, latar belakang agama, kekuatan sahsiah dan daya kepimpinan. Pertukaran tempat tugas dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan sekali atas kelulusan Ketua Institusi. Manakala peranan Ketua Institusi pula adalah dengan memastikan rondaan dibuat tanpa gagal, selain mematuhi setiap arahan dan peraturan yang dikeluarkan dari semasa ke semasa. Adalah diharapkan bahawa artikel ini mampu memberikan input yang berguna kepada semua lapisan pihak yang terlibat tentang konteks pengurusan banduan radikal oleh pihak Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. Kata kunci: Banduan radikal, Pemulihan banduan radikal, Program deradikalisasi, Pengurusan banduan Abstract This article focused on the role played by the Prisons Department of Malaysia in managing and restoring radical prisoners detained in prisons. The deradicalization program implemented under the National Blue Ocean Strategy (NBOS) involving collaboration between the Prisons Department of Malaysia with various parties such as the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA), the Royal Malaysian Police (PDRM), the Islamic Development Department of Malaysia (JAKIM), the lecturers’ group from local universities, psychologists and non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The Prisons Department also stipulates the policy by establishing a Radical Prison Monitoring Committee appointed on the Cabinet’s direction. In terms of the placement of radical prisoners, the categorization of prisoners is based on the risk level of inmates i.e high, medium and low risk. Radical prisoners’ control is performed by trained personnel 2 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
determined by the Head of Institution. Staff on duty are selected based on integrity, religious background, moral strength and leadership. Exchange of job placement is performed at least once every six months upon the approval of the Head of Institution. Whereas, the role of the Head of Institution is to ensure patrolling is made without failure, as well as to comply with any instructions and regulations issued from time to time. It is anticipated that this article would provide beneficial input to all the relevant parties regarding management of radical prisoners by the Prison Department of Malaysia. Keywords: Radical prisoner, Rehabilitation radical prisoner, Deradicalization program, Prisoners’ management
PENDAHULUAN
Secara amnya, ekstremisme boleh dilihat sebagai satu sikap atau perlakuan yang ekstrem, melampau atau keterlaluan dan ini termasuklah dalam konteks agama. Salah satu kumpulan yang dikaitkan dengan ekstremisme adalah DAESH. Kumpulan DAESH merupakan sebuah gerakan kumpulan pengganas yang tidak memerlukan ketua atau pemimpin tetap. Dalam konteks ini, kematian pemimpin atau ketua dikatakan tidak memberi kesan terhadap operasi DAESH di serata dunia mahupun dalam dunia maya kerana kumpulan ini mampu melantik ahli mengikut kesesuaian geopolitik sesuatu tempat. Kumpulan ini juga tidak boleh diajak berunding atau berbincang untuk hubungan diplomasi dua hala. Sumber ekonomi kumpulan ini adalah berasaskan kepada hasil rompakan dan dana sumbangan dari pelbagai pihak termasuk orang awam. Mereka beroperasi di kawasan merbahaya yang sukar ditembusi oleh pasukan khas dan elit dunia. Sebelum dikenali sebagai DAESH kumpulan ini digelar dengan pelbagai gelaran lain.
Menurut York (2015), dalam bahasa Arab kumpulan ini dikenali sebagai ad-Dawlah al-Islamiyah fil-Iraq wash-Sham, iaitu nama yang menjurus kepada singkatan gelaran Da’ish, Da’eesh atau Daesh dalam sebutan bahasa Arab. Selain itu DAESH sebelum ini juga dikenali dengan empat nama yang popular iaitu Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Islamic State of Iraq and Levant (ISIL), Islamic State (IS) dan DAESH. Nama ISIS adalah nama yang digunakan ketika kumpulan itu menawan Bandar ke dua terbesar di Iraq iaitu Mosul pada bulan Jun 2014 di mana hanya dengan kekuatan 800 ahli, DAESH berjaya mengalahkan 30,000 askar Iraq yang dilatih oleh Amerika Syarikat. Nama ISIL pula adalah gelaran popular yang digunakan oleh Barack Obama. Nama IS adalah nama penjenamaan semula oleh kumpulan ini sebagai strategi global menjangkaui operasi kawasan selain Iraq dan Syria, secara spesifiknya ke benua Asia Tenggara. Nama DAESH pula adalah sebutan Islamic State dalam bahasa Arab iaitu Daulah Islamiyah yang disingkatkan. Walaupun mempunyai perbezaan nama, namun mereka adalah dari kumpulan pengganas yang sama MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 3
dengan objektif menegakkan Islam di bumi Iraq dan Syria serta melawan penjajahan Amerika Syarikat dan sekutunya di bumi Asia Timur dengan cara paling ganas dan kejam (Ahmad Sauffiyan, 2016).
Malaysia juga tidak terkecuali dalam menghadapi ancaman keselamatan yang berkait dengan serangan bom berani mati oleh Ahmad Tarmimi Maliki, berumur 26 tahun di Ibu Pejabat SWAT, Iraq di al-Anbar (Utusan Malaysia, 31 Mei 2014) dan satu insiden serangan di Homs, Syria oleh Ahmad Affendi Manaff yang berumur 27 tahun (Utusan Malaysia, 9 Disember 2014). Ancaman kumpulan militan DAESH sememangnya membimbangkan kerajaan Malaysia berikutan kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh mereka yang ternyata ganas dan kejam kerana mengamalkan pemahaman Islam secara radikal. Kumpulan ini telah berjaya memperdayakan ramai golongan muda di seluruh dunia dengan laungan jihad membuta tuli yang jauh menyimpang daripada syariat Islam yang sebenar (Modul Pemulihan Bersepadu Orang Tahanan, 2016). Tambahan pula, kewujudan kumpulan radikal seperti DAESH juga dikatakan mampu mengugat dan menghakis perpaduan antara kaum dan seterusnya menimbulkan perpecahan dalam kalangan masyarakat disebabkan ideologi kumpulan ini yang berunsurkan kekerasan dan ketidakperikemanusiaan (IYRES, 2015).
Kematian Ahmad Tarmimi Maliki dipercayai menjadi rakyat Malaysia pertama terbunuh sebagai pengebom berani mati seperti dilaporkan oleh Malaysiadigest.com (2016). Kejadian ini amat membimbangkan kerana Malaysia digambarkan sebagai sebuah negara yang mengamalkan kesederhanaan Islam atau wasatiyyah (moderation in Islam). Sehubungan dengan itu, timbulnya pelbagai ideologi yang bercirikan fahaman keras dan radikal ataupun ekstrem yang berpotensi mempengaruhi masyarakat sekeliling untuk melakukan tindakan yang melampaui batas seperti provokasi, ugutan, keganasan, penculikan, penderaan, rampasan, peperangan, pengeboman, pembunuhan dan sebagainya (Zul’azmi & Ahmad Sunawari, 2015) dalam Nursalihah, Yohan, Noor Raihaini & Nurul Hasliana (2016).
Menurut Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat (2014), radikal membawa maksud dasar atau asasnya (menyeluruh dan menjejaskan). Manakala, perkataan deradikalisasi secara bahasa berasal dari kata radikal yang mendapat imbuhan `de’ dan akhiran `sasi’. Kata deradikalisasi diambil dari istilah bahasa Inggeris iaitu deradicalization dari kata dasar radical. Deradikalisasi adalah suatu langkah untuk mengubah sikap dan ideologi keganasan menjadi suatu yang sederhana, moderate dan liberal. Radikalisme merupakan fahaman atau kepercayaan yang menginginkan perubahan yang mendadak dalam politik dan sosial (Kamus Dewan Edisi Keempat, 2014). Manakala, ekstremisme adalah fahaman individu yang terlalu taksub melampau atau keterlaluan terhadap agama namun tidak 4 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
mempunyai kefahaman yang jelas tentang agama Islam terutamanya berkaitan hukum dan akidah (Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia, 2014).
Usaha dalam menangani masalah penyebaran fahaman keganasan dan ekstremisme melalui program deradikalisasi yang dijalankan di institusi penjara perlu dilaksanakan dengan lebih giat lagi memandangkan Jabatan Penjara Malaysia merupakan salah satu agen pemulihan utama yang dipertanggungjawab dalam memulihkan akidah dan fahaman banduan dan tahanan radikal di negara ini. Usaha ini bersesuaian dengan matlamat Kementerian Dalam Negeri untuk membendung masyarakat yang terjebak dalam aktiviti keganasan dan ekstremisme melalui pendekatan yang memenangi hati dan minda rakyat yang terlibat atau cenderung kepada keganasan melalui pendekatan secara lembut termasuk dengan menerapkan elemen-elemen berbentuk hikmah dan kesederhanaan. Kaedah ini merupakan pendekatan terbaik biarpun mengambil masa yang lama dalam memastikan keberkesanannya (Portal Rasmi Kementerian Dalam Negeri, 2018).
Program deradikalisasi yang dilaksanakan di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia terhadap banduan yang terlibat dengan gerakan ekstremis, radikal dan DAESH, berjaya mencapai kejayaan yang amat memberangsangkan, di mana ianya mendapat pengiktirafan dari banyak pihak di peringkat antarabangsa dengan Malaysia turut dijadikan negara contoh yang paling berjaya dalam program deradikalisasi. Program deradikalisasi yang telah dilaksanakan ke atas kira-kira 130 banduan daripada kumpulan yang terlibat dengan gerakan ekstremisme tersebut mencapai kadar pemulihan yang tinggi, menjangkau sehingga 97.0%. Kumpulan banduan ini diasing semasa dalam tahanan supaya mereka tidak mempengaruhi banduan lain semasa melalui program berkenaan, dan hasilnya 97 peratus yang dipulihkan tidak lagi kembali terlibat dengan kegiatan tersebut (Sinar Harian Online, 2016). MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 5
KAJIAN BERKENAAN DENGAN BANDUAN/TAHANAN RADIKAL
Terdapat beberapa kajian dilaksanakan di Malaysia berkaitan dengan banduan/ tahanan radikal. Antaranya adalah kajian yang telah dijalankan oleh Institut Penyelidikan Pembangunan Belia Malaysia (2016) bertajuk `Pengaruh The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS): Potensi Penerimaan Pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi’ berkaitan persepsi pelajar yang belajar di institut pengajian tinggi terhadap penglibatan rakyat Malaysia dalam gerakan dan ideologi DAESH. Kajian tersebut mendapati bahawa sebanyak 67.0% berpendapat bahawa rakyat Malaysia adalah terlibat dengan DAESH, manakala sebanyak 33.0% pula berpendapat rakyat Malaysia tidak terlibat. Bila ditanya berkenaan dengan persepsi perkaitan DAESH dan AL-Qaeda, seramai 51.0% pelajar Institusi Pengajian Tinggi (IPT) menyatakan bahawa ianya tiada kaitan, manakala 49.0% menyatakan ada kaitan.
Manakala kajian bersama yang dilakukan oleh Universiti Utara Malaysia dan Institut Keselamatan Awam Malaysia (IPSOM) yang juga merupakan sebuah Institut di bawah KDN pada tahun 2017 yang bertajuk `Kajian Persepsi, Sikap dan Pendirian Rakyat Malaysia Terhadap Islamic State (IS)’ mendapati bahawa:
i. Seramai 43.0% menyatakan bahawa gerakan ahli ISIS mempengaruhi mereka terhadap perjuangan ISIS; ii. Sebanyak 39.1% memperakui bahawa politik negara memberi pengaruh kepada perjuangan DAESH. Walaupun 60.9% tidak memperakuinya, tetapi keadaan ini perlu diberikan perhatian serius; iii. Sebanyak 38.1% memperakui bahawa persekitaran kerja mempengaruhi mereka terhadap perjuangan DAESH; iv. Perasaan simpati dikatakan telah mempengaruhi 34.8% masyarakat terhadap perjuangan DAESH, manakala 65.2% mengganggap ianya tidak mempengaruhi; v. Seramai 26.0% memberi maklumbalas bahawa media sosial berperanan mempengaruhi masyarakat terhadap perjuangan DAESH; vi. Tekanan dan masalah hidup menyumbang kepada 13.2% dalam mempengaruhi masyarakat terhadap perjuangan DAESH; vii. Seramai 10.6% masyarakat mengatakan bahawa keluarga mempengaruhi terhadap perjuangan DAESH manakala baki 89.5% pula beranggapan tidak mempengaruhi; viii. Sebanyak 7.7% mengatakan pengaruh rakan-rakan berpotensi untuk mempengaruhi masyarakat terhadap perjuangan DAESH, manakala 92.1% mengganggap bahawa rakan tidak mempengaruhi mereka; ix. Seramai 8.1% responden memberitahu bahawa mereka berpotensi menerima perjuangan DAESH, selebihnya 91.9% tiada potensi untuk 6 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
menerima DAESH. Bilangan ini walaupun kecil, namun menurut temubual bersama orang yang pernah terlibat dengan DAESH, bilangan adalah semakin meningkat; dan x. Sejumlah 73.3% responden yakin bahawa pihak keselamatan negara boleh membendung ancaman DAESH, manakala 26.7% masih kurang yakin bahawa negara boleh membendung ancaman DAESH.
UNDANG-UNDANG BERKAITAN YANG BOLEH DISABITKAN KE ATAS INDIVIDU YANG TERLIBAT DENGAN DAESH
Terdapat pelbagai undang-undang yang telah diwujudkan dan digubal bagi sabitan ke atas individu-individu yang terlibat dalam kegiatan ekstremisme. Undang-undang berikut boleh digunakan untuk mengambil tindakan ke atas individu yang terlibat dengan kegiatan DAESH. Antaranya ialah:
a. Kanun Keseksaan
Kanun Keseksaan Malaysia (Akta 574) ialah suatu akta yang digubal bagi memboleh seseorang ini diseksa atas kesabitan jenayah.
b. Akta Pencegahan Penggubahan Wang Haram, Pencegahan Pembiayaan Keganasan dan Hasil daripada Aktiviti Haram 2001 (AMLATFA PUA)
Akta Pencegahan Pengubahan Wang Haram dan Pencegahan Pembiayaan Keganasan 2001 bertujuan untuk mendakwa pengubahan wang haram, mana perbuatan yang berurusan dengan hasil daripada aktiviti jenayah, menyediakan langkah-langkah dan mengesan pengubahan wang haram dan pembiayaan keganasan dan mekanisme untuk menyita dan melucut hak hasil jenayah dan harta pengganas. Berkaitan dengan inisiatif pencegahan rasuah, beberapa kesalahan di bawah Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah (seksyen 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 28 dan 48) telah dimasukkan sebagai kesalahan serius dan disenaraikan di dalam Jadual Kedua Akta Pencegahan Pengubahan Wang Haram dan Pencegahan Pembiayaan Keganasan 2001. c. Akta Kesalahan Keselamatan (Langkah-Langkah Khas) 2012 (SOSMA)
Akta SOSMA memperuntukkan langkah-langkah khas berhubung dengan kesalahan keselamatan yang bertujuan untuk mengekalkan ketenteraman awam, keselamatan dan bagi perkara-perkara yang berkaitan dengannya. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 7
d. Akta Pencegahan Keganasan 2015 (POTA)
Akta POTA merupakan sebuah akta yang dikenali sebagai preventive law dimana ia bertujuan untuk mencegah perlakuan atau sokongan bagi perbuatan keganasan yang melibatkan organisasi pengganas dari sesuatu negara asing serta bagi kawalan terhadap orang yang terlibat dengan perbuatan sedemikian. Akta ini memastikan tiada individu terlepas daripada sebarang tindakan perundangan sekiranya mereka melibatkan diri dalam kegiatan keganasan. Akta ini juga memastikan bahawa rakyat dan keamanan negara tidak diganggu gugat oleh pihak yang terlibat dalam aktiviti militan.
e. Akta Pencegahan Jenayah 1959 (POCA)
Akta POCA juga merupakan preventive law yang yang digubal bagi menangani kegiatan jenayah seperti samseng, jenayah terancang, dadah dan pemerdagangan manusia.
f. Undang-undang lain yang berkaitan.
JENIS-JENIS KESALAHAN YANG BOLEH DISABITKAN DI BAWAH KESALAHAN DAESH
Antara bentuk kesalahan yang boleh disabitkan berhubung keterlibatan dalam DAESH adalah seperti berikut:
a. Melakukan perbuatan pengganas - (Seksyen 130C, Kanun Keseksaan)
b. Memberikan peralatan kepada pengganas - (Seksyen 130D, Kanun Keseksaan)
c. Merekrut orang sebagai ahli kumpulan pengganas untuk menyertai perbuatan pengganas - (Seksyen 130E, Kanun Keseksaan)
d. Merekrut orang sebagai ahli kumpulan pengganas untuk menyertai perbuatan pengganas - (Seksyen 130F, Kanun Keseksaan)
e. Menghasut, menggalak atau mencari harta untuk berlakunya sesuatu perbuatan pengganas - (Seksyen 130G, Kanun Keseksaan)
f. Memberikan kemudahan sebagai penyokong perbuatan pengganas - (Seksyen 130H, Kanun Keseksaan) 8 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
g. Mengarahkan aktiviti kumpulan pengganas - (Seksyen 130I, Kanun Keseksaan)
h. Keluar negara untuk melakukan perbuatan keganasan - (Seksyen 130JA, Kanun Keseksaan) Pemilikan dan sebagainya berhubung dengan pengganas - (Seksyen 130JB, Kanun Keseksaan) Kesalahan membina dan sebagainya untuk pengganas - (Seksyen 130JC, Kanun Keseksaan) Persiapan perbuatan keganasan - (Seksyen 130JD, Kanun Keseksaan)
i. Melindungi orang melakukan perbuatan keganasan - (Seksyen 130K, Kanun Keseksaan)
j. Ahli kepada kumpulan pengganas - (Seksyen 130KA, Kanun Keseksaan)
k. Pakat jahat jenayah - (Seksyen 130L, Kanun Keseksaan)
l. Sengaja meninggalkan daripada memberi maklumat mengenai tindakan pengganas - (Seksyen 130M, Kanun Keseksaan)
PERANAN JABATAN PENJARA MALAYSIA
Jabatan Penjara Malaysia merupakan sebuah organisasi penahanan dan pemulihan serta koreksional bagi mereka yang telah dijatuhkan hukuman oleh mahkamah. Berpaksikan kepada visi yang dibina iaitu ‘Peneraju Perkhidmatan Korektif’ menzahirkan kepada masyarakat bahawa Jabatan Penjara Malaysia sentiasa optimis dalam menjayakan agenda pemulihan bertepatan peranan dan tanggungjawabnya dalam ‘Membentuk Insan Produktif Melalui Pemulihan Efektif, Persekitaran Kondusif dan Pengintegrasian Strategik’ yang juga merupakan misi Jabatan Penjara Malaysia.
Seiring dengan perkembangan semasa dan peranan Jabatan Penjara Malaysia yang semakin mencabar khususnya dalam memastikan program pemulihan bersepadu orang tahanan dapat dilaksanakan dengan berkesan. Pada masa ini, terdapat seramai 120 orang banduan dan tahanan radikal yang ditahan di bawah SOSMA, POTA dan POCA di Penjara Malaysia. Bagi mengukuhkan penggubalan undang-undang melalui POTA 2015, penekanan kepada aspek pencegahan dan pemulihan perlu diutamakan, memandangkan ianya merupakan spirit kepada penggubalan undang-undang pencegahan atau preventive law:
a. Penggunaan teknik yang melibatkan pendekatan drastik dan paksaan didapati adalah tidak berkesan. Sehubungan itu, pendekatan yang lebih berhemah dan berdiplomasi adalah lebih sesuai bagi mengubah ideologi banduan/tahanan. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 9
b. Kementerian Dalam Negeri mengenalpasti penceramah/pakar motivasi yang mempunyai ilmu pengetahuan yang luas berkaitan fahaman ekstremis dan mempunyai gaya penyampaian yang sederhana bagi memenangi hati dan mengubah pemikiran banduan/tahanan.
c. Penglibatan isteri, ibu bapa dan keluarga terdekat dalam proses rehabilitasi anjuran KDN perlu diperbanyakkan bagi memberi sokongan moral kepada tahanan.
d. Pihak cawangan khas PDRM diminta mengenalpasti bekas-bekas tahanan ISA 1960 yang berfahaman militan yang telah dipulihkan untuk menjadi role model bagi memberikan sesi perkongsian pengalaman mereka sebelum dan selepas dipulihkan.
e. KDN mengadakan kerjasama dengan Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) bagi menjemput pakar-pakar agama dalam bidang terjemahan Al-Quran dan Hadis bagi mengadakan diskusi/dialog dengan tahanan.
f. KDN juga mengadakan kerjasama dengan Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat yang mempunyai kaunselor berpengalaman dalam berhadapan dengan tahanan bawah umur (Modul Pemulihan Bersepadu Orang Tahanan, 2015)
Dalam menguruskan banduan/tahanan radikal di penjara, jabatan telah menubuhkan Jawatankuasa Pemantau Banduan Radikal yang telah dilantik atas arahan kabinet. Jawatankuasa ini mengadakan Mesyuarat Banduan Radikal selang dua minggu sekali yang dipengerusikan oleh Ketua Pengarah Penjara dan Pengarah Keselamatan dan Inteligen, Ibu Pejabat Penjara Malaysia. Program deradikalisasi yang dilaksanakan di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dilakukan secara komprehensif dan menyeluruh bagi memastikan tiada penyebaran ideologi keganasan dalam penjara, tiada kakitangan yang terpengaruh dengan ideologi keganasan ini dan tiada budaya melampau (extremist) berlaku di dalam penjara. Dengan program pemulihan yang diatur ke atas banduan/tahanan radikal ini, adalah diharapkan ianya dapat mengembalikan banduan/tahanan kepada masyarakat dengan meninggalkan terus ideologi keganasan.
PENEMPATAN BANDUAN/TAHANAN RADIKAL
Dalam konteks pelaksanaan hukuman, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia telah menerima banduan / tahanan yang dikategorikan sebagai radikal di bawah undang-undang berikut;
a) Akta Kesalahan Keselamatan (Langkah-Langkah Khas) 2012 (SOSMA) dan Kanun Keseksaaan: merujuk kepada banduan reman yang ditahan di 10 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
bawah prosedur Akta Kesalahan Keselamatan (Langkah-Langkah Khas) 2012 (SOSMA) yang masih dalam proses perbicaraan (trial at open court) dan banduan sabitan yang telah dijatuhkan hukuman di bawah Kanun Keseksaan setelah ditahan di bawah Akta Kesalahan Keselamatan (Langkah-Langkah Khas) 2012 (SOSMA) sebelumnya.
b) Akta Pencegahan Keganasan 2015 (POTA): merujuk kepada tahanan yang ditahan untuk tempoh selama dua tahun (tertakluk kepada penilaian oleh Lembaga Pencegahan Keganasan yang dilantik) di Tempat Tahanan Khas sebagaimana yang telah diwartakan oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri. Kuasa untuk menahan individu adalah di bawah kuasa Lembaga Pencegahan Keganasan yang telah dilantik oleh Yang Di-Pertuan Agong di bawah peruntukan Seksyen 8, Akta Pencegahan Keganasan 2015 (POTA).
c) Akta Pencegahan Jenayah 1959 (POCA): merujuk kepada tahanan yang ditahan berkait dengan kesalahan keganasan untuk tempoh selama dua tahun (tertakluk kepada penilaian oleh Lembaga Pencegahan Jenayah yang dilantik). Penguatkuasaan akta ini terhadap tahanan yang terlibat dengan aktiviti keganasan dilakukan sebelum undang-undang SOSMA dan POTA diperkenalkan.
Sehingga kini, banduan atau tahanan yang dikategorikan sebagai radikal telah ditempatkan di beberapa buah penjara khusus bagi mencegah proses penyebaran ideologi dalam kalangan banduan, selain memudahkan pelaksanaan program pemulihan. Selain itu, bagi memastikan aspek keselamatan dan kesejahteraan penjara sentiasa terpelihara, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia telah melaksanakan beberapa kategori pengasingan banduan/tahanan radikal semasa di penjara melalui kaedah berikut:
d) Isolation: pemencilan iaitu proses pembersihan ideologi banduan/ tahanan radikal
e) Separation: pemisahan iaitu proses memisahkan banduan/tahanan radikal daripada banduan lain dan kategori risiko tinggi, sederhana dan rendah
f) Segregation: pengasingan iaitu proses pengasingan banduan/tahanan radikal yang terlibat dengan kesalahan tatatertib
Ketua Institusi penjara mempunyai kuasa untuk menetapkan tahap risiko banduan berdasar kepada maklumat atau fakta kes yang diterima daripada pihak PDRM. Setiap banduan / tahanan radikal dikawal dan diselia oleh kakitangan yang terlatih dan ditentukan oleh Ketua Institusi penjara. Tapisan kepada kakitangan yang bertugas adalah berdasarkan kepada pelbagai faktor termasuklah tahap MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 11
integriti, latarbelakang agama, kekuatan sahsiah dan daya kepimpinan pegawai berkenaan. Pertukaran tempat tugas dilakukan sekurang-kurangnya enam bulan sekali atas kuasa Ketua Institusi penjara.
KATEGORI PENGASINGAN BANDUAN/TAHANAN RADIKAL
Jabatan Penjara Malaysia melalui Perintah Tetap Komisioner Jeneral Bil. E 345 Manual Pengurusan Banduan/Tahanan Radikal di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia telah menetapkan tahap risiko banduan / tahanan yang dikategorikan sebagai radikal kepada tiga kategori iaitu tinggi, sederhana dan rendah.
i. Banduan / Tahanan Risiko Tinggi adalah seperti berikut:
(a) Mempunyai kemahiran untuk mengendalikan dan membuat senjata api atau apa-apa senjata yang dikategorikan boleh mendatangkan kemusnahan dan kerosakan melampau.
(b) Menjalani latihan ketenteraan untuk aktiviti keganasan dan merekrut individu lain menyertai pergerakan tersebut.
(c) Mempunyai pengaruh serta idelogi yang boleh menarik individu atau kumpulan lain menyertai organisasi keganasan yang disertainya.
(d) Bertindak sebagai ketua kepada kumpulan keganasan dan mempromosi perjuangan militan.
(e) Mempunyai cubaan untuk masuk atau membawa masuk ahli baru ke dalam pergerakan untuk berjuang ke negara yang sedang bergolak seperti kes IS untuk masuk ke negara Syria.
(f) Mempunyai ideologi JIHAD yang sangat tinggi dan menggalakkan perbuatan keganasan.
(g) Mempunyai kemahiran untuk menculik bagi mewujudkan suasana cemas dan tidak tenteram di dalam dan luar negara.
(h) Menggugat kestabilan dan ketenteraman sesebuah institusi penjara atau Tempat Tahanan.
(i) Laporan pihak polis serta pertuduhan, penglibatan yang dikenakan ke atas banduan / tahanan risiko tinggi akan digunakan bagi penetapan kategori banduan / tahanan ini. 12 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
ii. Banduan / Tahanan Risiko Sederhana adalah seperti berikut: -
(a) Merupakan ahli pada organisasi atau kumpulan keganasan yang telah diwartakan sama ada di dalam atau luar negara.
(b) Mendokong dan memperjuangkan fahaman kumpulan pengganas dan boleh memudaratkan ketenteraman dan keselamatan sesebuah negara.
(c) Berkeinginan untuk berperang secara JIHAD dan telah menyediakan segala kelengkapan bagi tujuan tersebut.
(d) Berkebolehan untuk menarik minat individu lain menyertai kumpulan keganasan tetapi pada tahap yang rendah memandangkan banduan ini hanya ahli biasa di dalam pergerakan keganasan tersebut.
(e) Mempunyai maklumat dan risalah pergerakan keganasan untuk cuba mempengaruhi individu lain menyertai pergerakan yang disertainya.
(f) Bersubahat mengumpulkan dana kewangan untuk aktiviti keganasan bagi pergerakan yang disertainya.
(g) Pengesahan penetapan banduan / tahanan risiko sederhana juga tertakluk kepada laporan pihak polis terhadap kegiatan, penglibatan dan pertuduhan yang dikenakan ke atas dirinya.
iii. Banduan / Tahanan Risiko Rendah adalah seperti berikut: -
(a) Merupakan banduan / tahanan yang meyokong secara senyap terhadap pergerakan dan ideologi keganasan.
(b) Banduan / tahanan ini merupakan individu yang terpengaruh dengan ideologi keganasan atau jihad yang dilaungkan oleh mana-mana organisasai keganasan serantau.
(c) Memiliki bahan bercetak dan risalah-risalah berkaitan kumpulan pengganas untuk simpanan dirinya.
(d) Bersubahat dalam menyokong pergerakan JIHAD di luar negara yang bergolak dan melahirkan simpati di dalam laman maya dan internet.
(e) Cuba mencari sokongan dalam kalangan masyarakat untuk bersimpati dan menghulurkan bantuan walaupun tidak secara terang-terangan. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 13
(f) Pengesahan penetapan banduan / tahanan risiko rendah juga tetakluk kepada laporan pihak polis terhadap kegiatan, penglibatan dan pertuduhan yang dikenakan ke atas dirinya.
PROGRAM PEMULIHAN BANDUAN/TAHANAN RADIKAL
Sebagai sebuah organisasi Peneraju Perkhidmatan Korektif, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia memainkan peranan penting dalam memastikan program pemulihan banduan/tahanan radikal dilaksanakan dengan sepenuhnya hasil jalinan kerjasama yang berterusan dengan pelbagai agensi kerajaan, Badan Bukan Kerajaan (NGOs), pihak swasta dan orang perseorangan termasuklah pakar- pakar bidang seperti psikologi, agama, kaunseling dan sebagainya. Dalam hal ini, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia terus komited untuk mencapai misi memupuk individu menjadi produktif dengan menyediakan program pemulihan yang berkesan dalam persekitaran yang lebih kondusif, serta melaksana proses integrasi semula yang strategik.
Bagi mencapai hasrat tersebut, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dengan kerjasama Kementerian Dalam Negeri, Jabatan Penjara, Polis Diraja Malaysia dan agensi berkaitan termasuk Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM) telah membangunkan satu modul pemulihan bersepadu untuk tahanan radikal yang ditahan di bawah Akta Pencegahan Keganasan 2015 (POTA). Modul holistik ini merangkumi pelbagai aspek seperti kemahiran sosial, pengurusan diri, patriotisme, pengurusan kewangan dan psikologi. Oleh kerana jabatan berhadapan dengan ideologi-ideologi yang salah berkaitan dengan agama, tugas pertama adalah membetulkan salah tafsir dan salah faham ajaran Islam. Ini dilakukan dengan pendekatan yang lembut oleh pihak pakar. Antara objektif diadakan program pemulihan bagi banduan/tahanan radikal adalah untuk memastikan fahaman dan ideologi radikal tidak merebak dengan mewujudkan kesedaran tentang bahayanya penglibatan dengan aktiviti keganasan, memulih banduan/ tahanan radikal kepada pendekatan cara ‘wassatiyah’ dan menukartingkah laku keganasan kepada budaya melaksanakan kerja-kerja amal.
Dalam hal ini, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia menggunakan pendekatan bijak dan diplomatik (soft approach) dalam mengendalikan banduan / tahanan yang ideologinya radikal dengan kerjasama pintar dari pelbagai agensi. Banduan dan tahanan juga tertakluk kepada sesi kaunseling individu dan sesi keagamaan untuk membetulkan salah faham dan salah tafsir agama mereka. Satu lagi aspek penting dalam strategi ini adalah dengan menggunakan penekanan terhadap kebajikan tahanan dan keluarga mereka, kerana dalam kebanyakan kes, tahanan adalah merupakan penyumbang utama kepada keluarga. Adalah dipercayai bahawa 14 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
sokongan dari ahli keluarga dapat memberikan motivasi dan persekitaran positif yang diperlukan untuk perubahan banduan/tahanan radikal.
Kementerian Dalam Negeri (KDN), Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, Polis Diraja Malaysia dan agensi lain yang berkaitan telah bekerjasama dalam melaksanakan Modul Pemulihan Bersepadu Orang Tahanan yang dibangunkan khusus untuk tahanan yang ditahan di bawah Akta Pencegahan Pengganas (POTA) 2015 dengan menggunakan pendekatan program deradikalisasi. Program ini terdiri daripada empat fasa mengikut tempoh berikut;
i. Fasa 1 (Orientasi) - dalam tempoh enam bulan dengan matlamat utama untuk membentuk perkembangan fizikal dan mental mereka agar menjadi sihat, dapat menyesuaikan cara hidup dan mematuhi peraturan-peraturan di penjara.
ii. Tahap 2 (Pengukuhan Sahsiah: Proses Deradikalisasi) - dalam tempoh tujuh hingga 12 bulan dengan matlamat utama untuk memupuk sikap positif dan tingkah laku kognitif.
iii. Fasa 3 (Pengukuhan Sahsiah: Proses Deradikalisasi) - dalam tempoh 13 hingga 21 bulan dengan objektif utama untuk membolehkan tahanan mempunyai pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan kemahiran diri untuk diri sendiri apabila dibebaskan.
iv. Fasa 4 (Fasa Reintegrasi) - dalam masa 3 bulan sebelum pertimbangan dikeluarkan oleh Lembaga Pencegahan Pengganas. Objektifnya adalah untuk menyediakan tahanan sebelum dibebaskan menerusi perjumpaan antara pegawai program, keluarga dan agensi yang berkaitan.
Dari sudut penilaian pula, penilaian keseluruhan program dilakukan oleh agensi yang terlibat iaitu Kementerian Dalam Negeri (20%), Jabatan Penjara (40%) dan Polis Diraja Malaysia (40%). Antara perkara penting yang dinilai adalah dari aspek keagamaan dan perubahan tahap psikologi. Selain itu, penggunaan alat ukur psikologi khas iaitu Know Yourself Know Other (KYKO) oleh Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dan Digital Voice System Analysis (DVSA) oleh Polis Diraja Malaysia digunakan dalam menilai kemajuan pemulihan dalam kalangan tahanan. Manakala, skor pencapaian tahanan akan dinilai pada skala lemah, sederhana, baik dan sangat baik. Syor cadangan yang sesuai akan diminta oleh Jawatankuasa Penilaian di Kementerian Dalam Negeri. Walau bagaimanapun, keputusan akhir untuk melepaskan atau melanjutkan tempoh penahanan adalah tertakluk kepada pertimbangan Lembaga Pencegahan Keganasan (POTA Board). MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 15
Pelaksanaan program deradikalisasi di penjara Malaysia melibatkan panel deradikalisasi yang telah dipilih dan dilantik oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri. Sehingga kini, seramai 47 ahli panel deradikalisasi telah dilantik dari latar belakang yang berbeza iaitu ahli akademik, pegawai kaunseling, psikologi, pegawai undang-undang, polis, pegawai JAKIM, JPA dan beberapa personaliti daripada Badan Bukan Kerajaan (NGO). Pelantikan ahli panel deradikalisasi dibuat untuk tempoh dua tahun dan mereka dipertanggungjawabkan untuk memastikan program deradikalisasi ke atas tahanan yang ditahan di bawah Akta Pencegahan Keganasan (POTA) dapat dilaksanakan sebagaimana yang telah ditetapkan. Usaha ini dilihat mampu memberi penerangan yang jelas kepada masyarakat terhadap usaha-usaha pemulihan bersepadu yang dilaksanakan ke atas orang tahanan.
KESIMPULAN
Bagi melaksanakan tanggungjawab menguruskan banduan/tahanan radikal yang menjalani hukuman di penjara, Jabatan Penjara memerlukan sumber tenaga dan kepakaran dari pelbagai pihak bagi memastikan pemulihan secara bersepadu dan komprehensif dapat dilaksanakan dengan jayanya. Pendekatan secara lembut, berhemah dan berdiplomasi dalam menangani banduan dan tahanan radikal adalah didapati lebih berkesan berbanding dengan penggunaan teknik yang melibatkan pendekatan drastik dan paksaan. Komitmen semua pihak yang terlibat adalah amat diperlukan dalam melaksanakan program deradikalisasi terhadap banduan/ tahanan radikal. Adalah diharapkan dengan kerjasama yang kukuh antara semua pihak akan dapat mengubah sikap dan tingkahlaku banduan/tahanan radikal kepada mereka yang lebih bersederhana dan kembali insaf menjalani kehidupan di dalam masyarakat.
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PENERIMAAN BANDUAN AKHIR TERHADAP HUKUMAN MATI
Abdul Aziz Abdul Razak, Jamaludin Mustaffa, Noor Azniza Ishak & Mohd Hilmi Hamzah
Abstrak Hukuman mati merupakan suatu bentuk hukuman yang hanya diterima pakai bagi sesetengah negara di dunia termasuklah Malaysia. Hukuman gantung sampai mati mula diperkenalkan di Malaysia, semasa zaman penjajahan British. Penerimaan hukuman mati dalam kalangan banduan akhir dikaitkan dengan pelbagai faktor, termasuklah faktor-faktor emosi sama ada positif atau negatif yang berada di tahap tinggi, sederhana dan rendah. Terdapat banyak kajian yang telah dijalankan di negara-negara barat berkaitan penerimaan hukuman mati dalam kalangan banduan. Kajian sebegini dalam konteks banduan akhir di Malaysia amat terhad lantaran eksesibiliti pengkaji-pengkaji terhadap banduan akhir tidak dibenarkan kerana kepentingan keselamatan. Kajian ini dilakukan bagi mengenal pasti penerimaan banduan akhir terhadap hukuman mati dari aspek emosi positif atau negatif. Keadaan ini juga bagi mengenal pasti faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi banduan akhir melibatkan diri dalam jenayah berat sehingga dikenakan hukuman mati dan mengenal pasti punca-punca yang mengganggu emosi diri banduan akhir yang boleh menggugat keselamatan diri serta organisasi penjara. Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah kaedah analisis yang berbentuk kualitatif, iaitu temu bual secara berstruktur. Sampel kajian adalah seramai 11 orang banduan dengan menemu bual responden kes hukuman mati sama ada responden menunggu perbicaraan, menunggu proses rayuan dan menunggu pelaksanaan hukuman gantung. Dalam kajian ini beberapa isu serta tema dibangunkan untuk disesuaikan dengan teori dan sorotan karya lepas seperti penerimaan hukuman mati, faktor-faktor terlibat dengan jenayah berat dan faktor-faktor yang mengganggu emosi. Hasil daripada kajian menunjukkan penglibatan banduan akhir dalam jenayah berat berpunca daripada masalah kewangan untuk memperolehi dadah, dianiaya oleh rakan sejenayah dan dipengaruhi persekitaran. Punca-punca yang mengganggu emosi mereka pula ketika dipenjarakan menyebabkan keselamatan diri dan organisasi penjara tergugat serta terancam kerana terpaksa menunggu terlalu lama keputusan dari mahkamah dan lembaga rayuan pengampunan. Hasil kajian ini juga memperlihatkan banduan akhir redha menerima ketentuan Ilahi. Kata Kunci : Kriminologi, Koreksional, Banduan akhir, Hukuman mati
Abstract Death penalty is a form of punishment which is applied in some countries in the world, whereby Malaysia is one of them. The death penalty was first introduced in Malaysia during the British colonial era. Acceptance of the death penalty among MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 19
death row prisoners attributes to various factors which includes emotional factors that are either positive or negative which ranges from high, medium and low levels. A lot of studies had been conducted in western countries related to death penalty among prisoner. Studies among death row prisoners in Malaysia is very limited due to security reasons, researchers does not have easy access to death row prisoners. The research shows that death row prisoner’s involvement in serious crime attributes to their financial problems in order to obtain drugs, peers, and the surrounding environment. Apart from that, this study also looked into the causes of emotional distraught which have resulted in personal and organizational threats and endangerment. It is often the case when many inmates lose their patience due to the extended time taken to appeal or ask for clemency at the courts of appeal. Structured interviews were also utilized with the help of the Nvivo software. Data were analyzed for the purpose of obtaining an overview of research on the issues and themes based on qualitative analysis. In this research, some of the issues and themes were developed to fit with the theory and literature review such as the acceptance of death penalty prisoners engage in serious criminal and emotional factors interfere with the prisoner. The finding of this study also shows that the acceptance of death row prisoners towards death sentence is accepted as reciprocation from god. This research contributes towards the field of social work, particularly criminology, correctional and the policy management for the well-being of death row prisoners in Malaysian Prison Department.
Keyword: Criminology, Correctional, Final prisoner, Death penalty
Pengenalan Hukuman gantung sampai mati telah mula diperkenalkan di Malaysia semasa penjajahan British lagi (Abdul Aziz, 2003). Jumlah yang terlibat untuk didakwa hukuman mati masih juga meningkat, terutamanya yang melibatkan kes yang ditakrifkan sebagai pengedaran dadah (Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, 2010). Hukuman mati ataupun ‘death sentence’ merupakan satu hukuman yang dijatuhkan oleh mahkamah yang kompeten terhadap setiap yang tertuduh bagi kes-kes yang termaktub di dalam Kanun Keseksaan “Penal Code” atau juga mana-mana akta yang memperuntukkan kuasa kepada mahkamah untuk mensabitkan tertuduh ke tali gantung (Azman, 2002). Hukuman mati di Malaysia diperuntukkan di atas kesalahan seperti kes pengedaran dadah, membunuh dengan niat, penyalahgunaan dan pemilikan senjata api (Undang-Undang Malaysia, 2006). Akta-akta yang disabitkan dengan kesalahan dikenakan hukuman mati adalah seperti Akta 574 Seksyen 121 Kanun Keseksaan (perbuatan memerangi Raja Melayu), Seksyen 302 Kanun Keseksaan (membunuh dengan niat), Seksyen 3 Akta Senjata Api (Penyalahgunaan Senjata Api) dan Seksyen 7 (1) Akta Senjata Api (Penyalahgunaan Senjata Api). Tertuduh yang didapati bersalah akan menjalani hukuman setelah proses rayuan ke Mahkamah Persekutuan, petisyen pengampunan kepada Yang Dipertuan Agong atau Raja atau Yang Dipertua Negeri ditolak (Undang-Undang Malaysia, 2006). 20 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Banduan akhir ialah banduan yang dikelaskan sebagai banduan risiko tinggi dan terdiri daripada mereka yang dijatuhkan hukuman gantung sampai mati oleh mahkamah (Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, 2010). Bahagian 18, Banduan Di Bawah Hukuman Mati, Peraturan 176 (2) memperuntukkan seseorang banduan yang dijatuhi hukuman mati hendaklah dikurung dalam sel yang berasingan yang diasingkan daripada semua banduan lain dan diletakkan di bawah penyeliaan berterusan pegawai penjara pada waktu siang dan malam (Peraturan-peraturan Penjara 2000). Setiap pelaku jenayah setelah dijatuhkan hukuman gantung sampai mati akan menunggu proses rayuan atau pengampunan supaya dapat dibebas dan dilepaskan ataupun menukarkan status hukuman kepada hukuman yang lebih ringan. Tempoh masa menunggu rayuan berbeza-beza ke atas banduan berbeza-beza, ada yang pendek dan ada yang panjang. Keadaan ini bergantung kepada profil kes, jika berprofil tinggi, tempoh masa yang agak pendek dan jika sebaliknya tempoh menjadi lebih panjang (Ahmad Faudzi, 2004).
Jabatan Penjara Malaysia bertanggungjawab untuk menguatkuasakan undang-undang pelaksanaan hukuman mati terhadap banduan. Banduan yang menjalani hukuman mati dikenali sebagai banduan akhir. Tertakluk kepada pematuhan Peraturan-peraturan Penjara 2000, Bab 18 dan Perintah Tetap KJP (Komisioner Jeneral Penjara) Bil. 2/92 sebagai sumber kuasa pentadbiran pengurusan banduan akhir. Pengurusan banduan kategori hukuman mati memerlukan ketegasan dan disiplin yang tinggi di samping cekap mengendalikan keperluan asas banduan setakat yang dibenarkan oleh peraturan. Penguatkuasaan peraturan ini kadangkala akan `menggalakkan’ peningkatan tahap pelanggaran peraturan dalam kalangan banduan akhir (Marx, 1981). Pelanggaran peraturan berdasarkan kepada Peraturan-Peraturan Penjara 1995, Peraturan 122 (Kesalahan Kecil Penjara) ataupun Peraturan 123 (Kesalahan Besar Penjara) antaranya mengganggu ketenteraman, menyerang dan mencederakan pegawai penjara ataupun banduan, cubaan membunuh diri, mempengaruhi banduan lain supaya turut sama, enggan mengambil catuan makanan yang disediakan, merosakkan harta benda kerajaan, enggan memasuki sel dan sebagainya (Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, 2010).
Sebelum banduan menjalani hukuman mati, mereka telah melalui proses- proses perundangan terlebih dahulu. Bagi kes hukuman mati, mereka perlu ditahan sebagai banduan reman sehingga proses perbicaraan selesai. Setiap banduan mempunyai harapan yang sama untuk bebas daripada mati di tali gantung semasa proses perbicaraan dijalankan. Kekecewaan di hati mereka akan wujud apabila mahkamah menjatuhkan hukuman mati di atas kesalahan yang telah dilakukan. Secara tidak langsung emosi banduan yang terhasil baik positif mahupun negatif memberi kesan kepada kesejahteraan kehidupan mereka dalam penjara sama ada dengan banduan hukuman mati yang lain atau dengan pegawai MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 21
penjara yang mengawal mereka. Emosi positif yang terhasil akan menimbulkan suasana yang tenteram dan menyenangkan pegawai penjara untuk menjalankan tugas. Sebaliknya, emosi negatif atau emosi yang tidak dapat dikawal akan menyukarkan kehidupan banduan dan menimbulkan pelbagai masalah kepada pengurusan Jabatan Penjara Malaysia.
Secara umum, emosi seseorang sukar ditentukan secara objektif (Sharifah & Ahmad, 2006). Hukuman yang dijatuhkan terhadap banduan akhir menimbulkan dua keadaan emosi banduan. Pertama, banduan yang boleh menerima hukuman yang dijatuhkan terhadap mereka yang memberi impak positif kepada pengurusan penjara. Keadaan ini dapat diuruskan dengan berkesan, cekap dan memenuhi kehendak-kehendak psikologi mereka yang mewujudkan suasana tenteram dan aman. Kedua, banduan yang tidak dapat menerima hukuman yang dijatuhkan terhadap mereka akan menimbulkan konflik diri dan tekanan perasaan. Hal ini menyebabkan banduan melakukan sesuatu tindakan bagi menarik perhatian pengurusan penjara. Kebanyakan mereka ini berpegang kepada fahaman “nothing to loose.” Mereka ini cenderung menjadi lebih agresif dan boleh menggugat tahap keselamatan penjara (Michael, 2005).
Latar Belakang Kajian
Pengurusan layanan banduan yang efektif menggabungkan elemen keperluan fizikal dan spiritual banduan dan sukar ditentukan secara objektif. Menurut Goleman (1999) banduan akhir akan mengalami masalah elemen psikologi sehingga berlaku kekacauan akibat tekanan perasaaan. Di Malaysia, banduan akhir selalunya mengalami gangguan emosi, misalnya kejadian kes Botak Chin pada 2 Januari 1981. Akibat terdesak untuk melepaskan diri daripada hukuman mati, Botak Chin telah menikam tiga orang warden yang bertugas di Penjara Pudu, Kuala Lumpur, tetapi situasi itu berjaya dikawal oleh warden penjara yang lain (Arkib Negara, 2011).
Hukuman mati telah dilaksanakan begitu lama, tetapi jumlah jenayah berat atau hardcore criminal penjenayah tegar semakin bertambah di negara kita (Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, 2010). Oleh itu, kajian terhadap kesan emosi ini secara tidak langsung mendatangkan impak kepada proses pelaksanaan persekitaran. Proses kerja yang lengkap dengan aktiviti-aktiviti yang dijalankan secara holistik dapat menentukan pencapaian pengurusan keselamatan dengan berkesan. Dengan kenaikan jumlah banduan sabitan bagi hukuman mati, adalah perlu satu kajian terhadap tahap penerimaan hukuman-hukuman mati yang dijatuhkan dan faktor mereka boleh terlibat dengan jenayah berat. Proses pelaksanaan hukuman yang lengkap mengambil tempoh masa yang panjang. Banduan akhir perlu menjalani kehidupan sesama banduan yang lain, maka kajian terhadap emosi 22 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
banduan juga perlu dibuat untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan hukuman (Order of Execution). Kejadian memboloskan diri daripada kawalan penjara, pergaduhan yang serius antara banduan, menyerang pegawai penjara, mencederakan serta membunuh diri, mogok lapar adalah kejadian-kejadian yang perlu ditangani dengan berkesan.
Ulasan Karya
Hukuman mati adalah hukuman berat dikenakan ke atas penjenayah dan diputuskan oleh pihak mahkamah demi menegakkan keadilan dalam masyarakat. Sebagai balasan jenayah yang dilakukan individu tersebut akan menyebabkan mereka dikenakan hukuman seperti gantung, tembak, suntikan maut, pancung, rejam dan sebagainya (Azizul Azhar, 2011). Hukuman mati telah bermula sejak zaman Babilonia lagi, iaitu semasa pemerintahan kerajaan Hammurabi pada abad ke-18 sebelum Masehi dan pada masa itu terdapat sebanyak 25 kaedah yang dilaksanakan untuk hukuman mati (Golston, 2009). Kini kebanyakan hukuman mati dilaksanakan dengan kesakitan yang lebih minimum bersesuaian dengan maksud untuk menamatkan riwayat seseorang penjenayah. Statistik yang dikeluarkan oleh Amnesty International dan Hands off Cain (2007) menunjukkan sebanyak 55 buah negara masih mengekalkan hukuman mati. Hukuman mati merupakan satu aspek penting dalam menghapuskan gejala jenayah dan sebagai iktibar kepada individu lain supaya tidak lagi melakukannya (Awis, 2010).
Setiap negara mempunyai perbezaan dari segi hukuman mati yang dilaksanakan bergantung pada jenayah yang dilakukan (Radelet & Akers, 2003). Antara hukuman mati yang dilaksanakan adalah seperti menembak, kejutan kerusi elektrik, gantung dan juga suntikan maut (Radelet & Akers, 2003). Bagi negara di Timur Tengah, hukuman mati adalah berkonsepkan kaedah pancung dan rejam mengikut syariat Islam (Abdul Aziz, 2003). Di negara Asia seperti di China, Singapura dan Malaysia sistem hukuman mati diamalkan ke atas kes pengedaran dadah. Manakala China pula memperuntukkan hukuman mati ke atas kes menjual dan membeli manusia (Kontras, 2007). Pelbagai kaedah yang digunakan oleh semua negara yang menguatkuasakan undang-undang hukuman mati. Teknik pelaksanaan atau kaedah hukuman mati dikatakan mempunyai hubung kaitnya dengan perkembangan sains dan perubahan nilai- nilai kemanusiaan berasaskan ketamadunan. Kesemua teknik atau kaedah yang digunakan dipercayai memberi kesan yang cepat untuk mematikan seseorang pesalah.
Kaedah-kaedah yang digunakan untuk melaksanakan hukuman mati adalah seperti hukuman bakar sampai mati (Sri Arun, 2003), hukuman diikat pada bahagian luar rim sebuah roda dan digolekkan kepada batu yang tajam MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 23
sampai mati (Ahmad Faudzi, 2004), hukuman guillotine, menggunakan mata pisau yang tajam untuk memengggal kepala pesalah (Kontras, 2007), hukuman garotte, mirip kepada gantung sampai mati (Elisabetta, 2010), hukuman tembak (Elisabetta, 2010), hukuman kerusi elektrik (Ahmad Faudzi, 2004), hukuman lethal injection, jarum suntikan (Todung & Alexander, 2009) dan hukuman gas beracun (Ahmad Faudzi, 2004). Namun begitu, pada masa kini ada negara yang telah memansuhkan hukuman mati. Samuel (2007) menjelaskan negara yang berada dalam Kesatuan Eropah (EU) telah menggantikan hukuman mati dengan hukuman penjara seumur hidup atau sepanjang hayat kerana hukuman mati telah melanggar hak-hak kemanusiaan kerana bagi mereka semua manusia berhak untuk hidup.
Kaedah pelaksanaan hukuman mati di Malaysia menggunakan kaedah gantung yang melibatkan kes-kes seperti pengedaran dadah (berdasarkan kuantiti yang ditetapkan), membunuh dengan niat dan juga pemilikan senjata api (Azman & Mohd. Al-Ikhsan, 2010). Berdasarkan sistem undang-undang di Malaysia, hukuman mati dilaksanakan selepas individu yang didapati bersalah dibicarakan terlebih dahulu melalui beberapa peringkat, iaitu Mahkamah Tinggi, Mahkamah Rayuan dan Mahkamah Persekutuan (Abdul Aziz, 2003). Apabila ketiga-tiga peringkat mahkamah telah memutuskan tertuduh bersalah, mereka diberi peluang terakhir, iaitu rayuan pengampunan kesalahan kepada Yang DiPertuan Agong atau Duli Yang Maha Mulia Sultan atau Yang Di Pertua Negeri bergantung kepada kesalahan dan tempat itu dilakukan. Apabila rayuan pengampunan ini ditolak, maka keputusan yang telah diputuskan oleh mahkamah sebelum ini adalah muktamad. Dengan itu berakhirlah peluang rayuan dan Jabatan Penjara akan menjalankan hukuman gantung sampai mati (Abdul Aziz, 2003).
Individu yang dijatuhi hukuman gantung sampai mati oleh mahkamah di Malaysia, memakan masa perundangan yang panjang (Ahmad Faudzi, 2004). Sebagai contoh, di Penjara Pokok Sena, purata individu yang menjalani proses rayuan sebelum hukuman mati dilaksanakan adalah berbeza. Masa yang diambil untuk dijatuhkan hukuman terhadap banduan adalah bertahun-tahun. Hukuman yang melibatkan antara 1 hingga 9 bulan dan ada juga mengambil masa lebih 7 tahun. Pengambilan masa ini disebabkan pelbagai proses perlu dilalui seperti proses perundangan tamat serta rayuan untuk meringankan hukuman yang telah ditolak oleh Lembaga Pengampunan dan selepas itu barulah pihak penjara menunggu arahan untuk menjalankan hukuman. Apabila arahan melaksanakan hukuman dikeluarkan oleh mahkamah, maka pihak Jabatan Penjara akan mengendalikan urusan pelaksanaan hukuman gantung (Ahmad Faudzi, 2004)
Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi banduan melibatkan diri dalam jenayah sehingga disabitkan dengan hukuman mati adalah faktor umur yang 24 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
muda, jantina, mempunyai personaliti sosiopatik (Ganzer & Sarason, 1973) terhadap sebahagian kumpulan pelaku jenayah dan sebahagian kumpulan bukan pelaku jenayah. Kajian terhadap pesalah juvana pula memperlihatkan faktor keruntuhan psikologikal di dalam keluarga atau rumahtangga (Singh & Sharma, 1977), faktor tahap psikologi, tingkah laku, mental, keluarga, rakan sebaya dan komuniti (Shader, 2003), faktor individu, tingkah laku antisosial keluarga, struktur keluarga, perhubungan dengan rakan sebaya, sekolah dan komuniti (Wasserman, Keenan, Tremblay, Coie, Herrenkohl, Loeber & Petehuck, 2003).
Kajian terhadap banduan memperlihatkan faktor kesihatan mental yang tidak seimbang, rutin harian yang bermasalah membawa kepada keterlibatan jenayah berat (Osher & Steadman, 2007), faktor halangan dalam perlakuan, rakan-rakan yang menyimpang dan kurang penyelian ibu bapa (Wanner, Vitaro, Carbonneau & Tremblay, 2009), desakan, memiliki IQ yang rendah bermula daripada pencapaian sekolah rendah, kemiskinan ibu bapa, kekurangan penyeliaan ibu bapa, sikap ibu bapa yang dingin, penderaan fizikal terhadap anak, konflik ibu bapa dan anak, ibu bapa antisosial, saiz keluarga yang besar, pendapatan keluarga yang rendah, kadar delikuens sekolah yang tinggi, rakan sebaya antisosial dan kadar jenayah kejiranan yang tinggi (Murray & Farrington, 2010).
Anderson (2005) yang mengkaji keadaan ‘trauma’ yang dialami oleh banduan sepanjang menunggu proses hukuman mati mendapati terdapat keadaan ‘trauma’ sepanjang banduan menunggu proses hukuman mati. Morgan (2009) telah mengkaji tentang ‘trauma’ dan ketagihan yang membawa kepada gangguan emosi seseorang individu. Keadaan ini terjadi akibat daripada ancaman hidup, faktor seperti peperangan, bencana alam, serangan fizikal atau seksual. Faktor- faktor ini telah menjadi punca kepada gangguan emosi seseorang individu. Mereka lebih suka bersendiri, mengurung diri dan mengalami kegelisahan yang teruk sepanjang proses menunggu hukuman disabitkan (Haney, 2009). Gangguan emosi yang serius dialami oleh banduan yang lebih muda. Mereka lebih cenderung untuk memenuhi kriteria yang menunjukkan gangguan afektif, terutamanya keadaan emosi yang tidak stabil dan terganggu. Dapatan kajian turut membuktikan bahawa tahap psikopatologi banduan menderita pskizofrenia adalah lebih tinggi (Walters, Mann, Miller, Hemphill & Chlumsky, 1998). Punca yang mengganggu emosi diri disebabkan individu itu memiliki konsep kendiri yang rendah yang meningkatkan elemen-elemen negatif dalam diri seperti emosi menjadi negatif, putus asa (Schutte et al, 1998) dan sebagainya. Kajian yang dilakukan oleh Meltzer dan Huckabay (2004), mendapati keadaan ketegangan moral mempunyai hubungan signifikan yang kuat dengan keletihan emosi serta boleh mencetuskan ‘burnout’ dan seterusnya menjadi gangguan emosi seseorang individu. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 25
Kebanyakan individu yang cetek pegangan agama, didapati mempunyai skor purata yang tinggi dalam subtema skala keletihan emosi berbanding individu yang mempunyai pegangan agama (Meltzer & Huckabay, 2004). Keberkesanan terapi agama dapat membendung ketegangan emosi dengan syarat individu itu mempunyai pegangan agama dan sedar mereka adalah makhluk ciptaan Yang Maha Kuasa (Nor Azah et al, 2008). Kajian yang telah dilakukan mendapati kadar tekanan darah adalah pada tahap yang normal dan melambangkan keadaan yang tenang tanpa stres selepas menunaikan solat fardhu. Fakta ini bertepatan dengan sabda Nabi Muhammad S.A.W yang memerintahkan umatnya bersolat ketika menghadapi kemarahan dan telah terbukti bahawa solat memberikan kesan yang pantas terhadap sistem saraf dengan memberi ketenangan serta kesimbangan.
Objektif Kajian
Objektif umum bagi kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti hukuman mati yang dijatuhkan oleh mahkamah. Secara khususnya, kajian ini bertujuan untuk:
i. Mengenal pasti tahap penerimaan banduan terhadap hukuman mati dari aspek emosi positif atau negatif. ii. Mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi banduan sehingga melibatkan diri dalam jenayah berat sehingga dikenakan hukuman mati. iii. Mengenal pasti punca-punca yang mengganggu emosi diri banduan akhir yang boleh mengugat keselamatan diri dan organisasi penjara.
Persoalan Kajian
Berikut adalah persoalan yang diutarakan dalam kajian ini:
i. Apakah tahap penerimaan banduan terhadap hukuman mati dari aspek emosi? ii. Apakah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi banduan yang melibatkan diri dalam jenayah berat sehingga dikenakan hukuman mati? iii. Apakah punca-punca yang menganggu emosi diri banduan akhir yang boleh menggugat keselamatan diri dan organisasi penjara?
Metodologi Kajian
Bahagian ini akan memberi tumpuan kepada reka bentuk kajian dan pengumpulan data. 26 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
i. Reka bentuk Kajian Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah analisis berbentuk kaedah kualitatif, iaitu secara temu bual bergilir-gilir. Menurut Yin (2002) untuk mendapatkan sumber maklumat terpenting dalam kajian kes adalah dengan melibatkan kaedah temu bual bagi mendapatkan maklum balas dan jawapan. Data kualitatif mempunyai kualiti yang tidak dapat dinafikan kerana mempunyai perkataan konkrit lebih daripada satu dan dengan lebih jelas meyakinkan pembaca daripada dapatan yang bernombor (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Kaedah ini mengambil masa 60 minit atau lebih untuk proses temu bual, berstruktur dan soalan berdasarkan situasi yang dihadapi menumpukan kepada penerimaan hukuman mati.
ii. Pengumpulan Data Populasi terdiri daripada 42 orang banduan akhir yang sedang menjalani proses hukuman gantung di Penjara Pokok Sena. Seramai 11 orang banduan dipilih sebagai sampel kajian yang diyakini mempunyai ciri-ciri mewakili (representativeness) yang terdapat pada populasi kajian.
Jadual 1: Ringkasan sampel kajian
Kategori Banduan Jumlah Responden Rayuan Mahkamah Rayuan 3 Rayuan Mahkamah Persektutuan 3 Pengampunan DYMM Agong/Negeri 5 Jumlah 11
Hasil Kajian
Jadual 2 menunjukkan gambaran keseluruhan demografi responden yang terlibat dalam kajian ini.
Jadual 2: Profil Demografi Responden Kajian Umur Kes Status Pendapatan Responden (Tahun) Bangsa Agama Jenayah Perkahwinan (RM)
T S 1 Bunuh 31 36 Melayu Duda Tak Jawab Islam Senjata 2 33 43 Cina Kahwin <2000 Budha Api 3 Dadah 19 32 Melayu Bujang <1000 Islam MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 27
4 Bunuh 23 27 India Bujang Tak Jawab Hindu 5 Dadah 28 34 Asing Bujang Tak Jawab Islam 6 Dadah 36 40 India Kahwin <2000 Hindu 7 Dadah 29 43 Cina Bujang <2000 Budha 8 Bunuh 34 41 Melayu Duda <4000 Islam 9 Dadah 29 40 Melayu Kahwin <2000 Islam 10 Bunuh 19 28 India Bujang <2000 Hindu 11 Bunuh 24 28 Asing Kahwin Tak Jawab Islam
Petunjuk: T-Umur semasa ditangkap S-Umur Sekarang
Hasil kajian menunjukkan seramai lima orang responden banduan akhir boleh menerima hukuman mati yang dijatuhkan ke atas mereka. Bagi aspek emosi, penerimaan menunjukkan pada mulanya mereka sukar untuk menerima kenyataan di mana mereka berasa sedih, takut, murung, terkedu dan pelbagai lagi tekanan yang dihadapi. Namun akhirnya mereka dapat menerima hakikat tersebut. Kebanyakan mereka mengatakan mereka redha dengan ketentuan Ilahi dan bersedia menerima hukuman tersebut dengan hati terbuka.
Selain itu seramai empat orang responden tidak boleh menerima hakikat dikenakan hukuman mati. Kebanyakan daripada mereka mengatakan mereka dianiaya oleh rakan-rakan sendiri. Perasaan emosi mereka apabila memasuki penjara dan dijatuhkan hukuman mati adalah sedih, takut, murung dan berharap mereka boleh keluar dari penjara. Dapatan juga menunjukkan dua orang responden tidak tahu sama ada boleh menerima hakikat ataupun tidak.
Secara keseluruhannya, kebanyakan responden tidak boleh menerima hakikat mereka dijatuhkan hukuman dan tidak boleh menerima hakikat mereka dijatuhkan hukuman mati. Ada juga responden berpendapat, kesalahan yang dilakukan tidak setimpal dengan hukuman yang diterima. Ada juga yang mengaku melakukan kesalahan tersebut, tetapi tidak menjangkakan boleh dijatuhkan hukuman mati. Mereka mengharapkan hukuman seumur hidup atau hukuman penjara 10 atau 15 tahun. Hukuman mati adalah terlalu berat untuk diterima. Kebanyakan responden mengatakan mereka bukanlah berkali-kali masuk ke penjara, kecuali responden 10 yang telah tiga kali masuk ke penjara. Walaupun tiga kali masuk ke penjara, hukuman mati tetap tidak boleh diterima. Bagi mereka, kesalahan pertama tidak sepatutnya dijatuhkan hukuman mati.
28 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Responden yang tidak dapat menerima hukuman mati menunjukkan penerimaan negatif yang tinggi. Walau bagaimanapun, penerimaan responden berubah kepada positif yang tinggi apabila mereka sedar mereka masih mempunyai harapan melalui saluran rayuan dan pengampunan. Namun, jika saluran rayuan dan pengampunan ditolak serta telah menemui jalan kegagalan, mereka redha dengan ketentuan llahi dan menerima hakikat kehidupan selepas kematian. Dari segi emosi pula semasa mereka mengetahui keputusan hukuman tersebut, mereka merasa sedih, takut, murung dan pelbagai lagi emosi yang memberi tekanan.
Berdasarkan analisis tree nodes, menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi mereka terlibat dengan jenayah berat sehingga dikenakan hukuman mati adalah kerana masalah kewangan. Seramai enam orang responden menyatakan sedemikian. Selain itu, penglibatan jenayah adalah kerana mereka dianiaya rakan-rakan. Seramai empat orang responden menyatakan sedemikian. Hasil dapatan ini dibuktikan melalui temu bual yang dilakukan. Seramai dua orang responden menyatakan punca mereka terlibat dengan jenayah adalah kerana terpengaruh dengan ajakan kawan-kawan.
Secara rumusannya, dapatlah disimpulkan bahawa faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan responden terlibat dengan jenayah berat sehingga dikenakan hukuman mati adalah disebabkan tiga faktor, iaitu masalah kewangan, dianiaya dan kawan-kawan. Berbalik kepada masalah kewangan, majoriti merasakan melakukan jenayah jalan yang mudah untuk mencari duit. Berdasarkan hasil demografi dari segi jumlah pendapatan responden menunjukkan kebanyakan responden mempunyai pendapatan yang rendah. Selain itu, terdapat juga responden yang dianiaya dan bukan mereka terlibat dengan jenayah tersebut. Hal ini disebabkan mereka melihat keadaan kawan-kawan mereka yang hidup mewah. Oleh itu secara tidak langsung, mereka terpengaruh untuk bersama-sama mencari jalan pintas bagi menambah pendapatan dan menjadi mewah seperti rakan-rakan lain.
Secara umumnya semua emosi banduan akhir terganggu apabila mengenangkan jenis hukuman yang bakal diterima. Mereka merasa gerun untuk ke tali gantung. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian menunjukkan punca-punca emosi mereka terganggu sehingga mengugat keselamatan adalah kerana terlalu lama duduk dalam penjara sehinggakan ada di antara mereka cuba membunuh diri. Dapatan juga menunjukkan selain daripada menunggu lama, emosi mereka juga terganggu kerana tidak berpuas hati dengan suasana atau keadaan persekitaran seperti layanan pegawai penjara. Ada banduan yang mengganggu ketenteraman banduan lain sehingga menyebabkan keistimewaan mereka ditarik oleh pihak penjara. Antara kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh banduan akhir adalah tidak menghiraukan perasaan orang lain, komunikasi yang menyakiti perasaan MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 29
orang lain, suka bermuka-muka dengan warden penjara bagi menarik perhatian untuk menjadi jaguh, bunyi bising perbualan banduan-banduan dengan suara yang tinggi ataupun bunyi-bunyian persekitaran dan sebagainya turut memberi tekanan kepada banduan lain. Namun kebanyakan responden, walaupun emosi mereka terganggu, ramai di antara mereka memilih jalan untuk bertaubat. Seterusnya bagi meredakan emosi daripada terganggu, mereka lebih banyak beribadat kepada Tuhan. Menurut mereka dengan cara tersebut emosi mereka akan tenang dan tidak banyak berfikir bila mengingati Tuhan.
Batasan Kajian
Kajian ini hanya menumpukan kepada penerimaan banduan akhir sahaja tanpa melibatkan kategori banduan lain. Selain itu kajian ini hanya tertumpu kepada aspek emosi positif atau negatif tanpa melibatkan aspek-aspek yang lain seperti fizikal, sikap dan pemikiran. Batasan lain dalam kajian ini, hanya tertumpu kepada banduan akhir di Penjara Pokok Sena.
Implikasi Kajian
Hasil daripada kajian ini, diharap dapat memberi implikasi yang signifikan kepada pihak–pihak seperti pengurusan Jabatan Penjara, ahli akademik, pekerja berkaitan, badan bukan kerajaan dan masyarakat yang memerlukan maklumat berkaitan penerimaan banduan terhadap hukuman mati sebagai tujuan penambahbaikan polisi, pengaplikasian teori dan yang berkaitan.
Bagi Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, kajian ini dapat memberi maklumat dan input untuk memperbaiki sebarang kelemahan yang mungkin timbul memandangkan penerimaan banduan akhir pada peringkat awal adalah tidak stabil akibat gangguan emosi. Pelaksanaan dalam menguruskan banduan akhir perlu ditekankan agar mereka tidak memberi ancaman kepada keselamatan diri dan organisasi penjara.
Cadangan Kajian
Beberapa cadangan yang disenaraikan, diharap dapat membantu pihak Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dalam menguruskan kehidupan banduan akhir dengan keadaan lebih baik agar mereka dapat mencapai tahap penerimaan hukuman dengan lebih cepat dan seterusnya dapat memudahkan pengurusan mereka di penjara. Bagi mengurangkan gangguan emosi banduan akhir, beberapa cadangan telah disenaraikan. Di antaranya peraturan yang konsisten hendaklah dikuatkuasakan di semua penjara di Malaysia. Selain itu peraturan tentang kemudahan yang 30 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
mempunyai elemen perikemanusiaan secara win-win situation – contohnya masa keluar rekreasi, menonton televisyen, makanan tambahan dan bahan bacaan kepada banduan akhir. Ketiga, tahap kemahiran soft skill pegawai dan anggota perlu dipertingkatkan. Keempat, menganjurkan kelas agama yang konsisten dan penyampaian ilmu agama melalui kaedah yang boleh menarik minat. Selain itu, mempertingkatkan tahap persekitaran blok penempatan yang bersih dan mempunyai akses cahaya matahari yang mencukupi. Keenam, penyediaan dan pengedaran makanan yang berkualiti. Ketujuh, layanan masalah kesihatan yang cepat yang bersesuaian dengan penyakit. Kelapan, mencari kaedah bagi mempercepatkan proses rayuan ataupun pengampunan banduan akhir. Kesembilan, meningkatkan tahap kesedaran masyarakat terutamanya dengan mendapatkan sokongan dari keluarga. Selain itu sokongan dari pihak mangsa, banduan perlu diberi kemaafan oleh keluarga mangsa. Kesepuluh, menambah baik sistem kaunselor di Jabatan Penjara agar dapat membantu banduan akhir menerima hakikat terhadap rayuan dan segala keputusan yang diumumkan.
Kesimpulan
Dapatan hasil daripada penyelidikan ini adalah satu fakta atau fenomena yang berlaku kepada banduan akhir dalam penjara hari ini. Fenomena ini bagi menggambarkan perkara-perkara tersembunyi untuk dirungkaikan dan bagaimana sesuatu perkara tersebut berlaku dalam kalangan banduan akhir. Penganalisisan kajian ini lebih menjurus kepada tahap penerimaan banduan akhir terhadap hukuman mati, faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan mereka terlibat dengan jenayah berat serta punca-punca yang mengganggu emosi mereka sehingga menyebabkan keselamatan diri dan organisasi penjara terancam. Hasil kajian menunjukkan penglibatan banduan akhir dalam jenayah berat adalah berpunca daripada masalah kewangan untuk memperolehi dadah, dianiaya rakan sejenayah dan pengaruh persekitaran. Seterusnya punca-punca yang mengganggu emosi mereka pula sehingga menyebabkan keselamatan diri dan organisasi penjara tergugat dan terancam disebabkan terlalu lama menunggu keputusan mahkamah dan rayuan pengampunan. Dapatan kajian ini juga, menggambarkan banduan akhir redha menerima ketentuan Ilahi. Hasil daripada dapatan ini menggambarkan keadaan sebenar diri banduan akhir terhadap emosi mereka apabila berada di penjara dan berstatus banduan akhir. Memandangkan penyelidikan mengenai banduan akhir di Malaysia kurang dilakukan, adalah diharapkan dapatan ini sedikit sebanyak boleh memberi gambaran sebenar keadaan banduan akhir dalam menghadapi hukuman mereka. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 31
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EFFECTIVENESS OF PAROLE SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
Hasnah Haron, Ishak Ismail & Zamri Ahmad
Abstract The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole system that was implemented in the Malaysian Prison Department since 2008. The effectiveness of parole system was measured based on a survey and also through secondary recidivist data. Recidivists refer to parolees who re-enter the prison upon release. Survey data was collected through questionnaires. A total of 552 respondents were surveyed, involving four states, namely Johor, Kelantan, Penang, and Selangor. Out of the 552 respondents, 146 respondents were made up of parolee (ODP), 314 respondents were from the family/community, and 92 parole officers. Based on the analysis conducted, the study found that the level of effectiveness of parole system in Malaysia is high. Keywords: Effectiveness of the parole system, Prisons Department of Malaysia, recidivists, Parole officers Abstrak Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai keberkesanan sistem parol yang telah dilaksanakan di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia sejak tahun 2008. Keberkesanan sistem parol diukur menggunakan soal selidik dan data sekunder residivis. Residivis merujuk kepada mereka yang kembali masuk penjara selepas dibebaskan. Sejumlah 552 responden telah dikaji yang melibatkan empat buah negeri iaitu Johor, Kelantan, Pulau Pinang dan Selangor. Daripada 552 orang responden, 146 terdiri dari orang diparol, 314 dari ahli keluarga/komuniti dan 92 pegawai parol. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, kajian ini mendapati bahawa tahap keberkesanan sistem parol adalah tinggi. Kata kunci: Keberkesanan Sistem Parol, Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, Residivis, Pegawai parol
INTRODUCTION
The Malaysian Prison Department has introduced the parole system in Malaysia in June 2008. Parole system is a system allowing prisoners or parolees who have fulfilled conditions to serve their remaining sentence outside the prisons under the supervision of parole officers (Laws of Malaysia, Act 537, Prison Act 1995). The main objective of a parole system is to ensure continuity of the rehabilitation programmes and more effective supervision in the hope of giving prisoners a second chance to carry on with life through the process of reintegration into society(http://www.prison.gov.my/portal/page/portal/english/parol_en). This is MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 35
done through teaching and nurturing them with the appropriate skills, knowledge and discipline through proper guidance and supervision whilst they are in prison. The smooth and systematic implementation of the parole system will help facilitate the reintegration of parolees into their families and society. It is also hoped that the parole system can overcome the cost of administration and to ease overcrowding in the prisons. Since its implementation in 2008, there has been no systematic study undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole system in Malaysia. By conducting a study of parole system effectiveness in Malaysia, there are several advantages that can be derived. First, it can help the Prison Department to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole system in helping the parolees to be accepted as part of the society. The parole section in Prison Department could make improvements on the parole system by taking in the opinion from the three main parties or stakeholders, namely the parole officers, members of society and the parolees themselves. Secondly, it also helps the parole division to establish a programme that meets the current demand and at the same time could help trainees to improve parolee’s physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual capabilities. This study will also show the roles that have been played by parolee’s family members and community in assisting parolee to be accepted into the community.
This study has been implemented in four states which represents four zones in Peninsular Malaysia namely Penang (Northern zone), Johor (Southern zone), Kelantan (Eastern zone), and Selangor (Central zone). The four states were chosen based on convenience sampling. The choice of states is also made out of convenience since the researchers have contacts with the parole divisions in those states. Table 1 tabulates the number of parolees in Malaysia according to states for the period 2008-2012. The highest number of parolees is reported in Johor and Kedah with 645 and 517 parolees and the next highest is Pulau Pinang with 513 parolees. Perlis on the other hand, recorded the lowest number of parolees, with 73 parolees. Generally, it seems that the number of parolees varies corresponding to the size of the states. 36 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Table 1: Total Number of Parolees in Malaysia from 2008 to 2012
State Number of Parolees WEST MALAYSIA Northern: Perlis 73 Kedah 517 Pulau Pinang 513 Central: Perak 427 Selangor 381 Wilayah Persekutuan 269 Southern: Negeri Sembilan 160 Melaka 127 Johor 645 Eastern: Pahang 214 Terengganu 262 Kelantan 370 EAST MALAYSIA Sabah 507 Sarawak 384 Total 4,849
The main objective of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole system that has been implemented by the prison department since 2008. Besides that, the study is also important to identify the satisfaction levels of parolee, parole officers and family/community towards the parole programmes. The higher the satisfaction among the stakeholders, the higher the effectiveness of the programme. Effectiveness of parole programme is also viewed from the percentage of recidivists (percentage of parolees returning to prison upon their release). Measurement of the effectiveness of the parole system is important to ensure whether the implemented system is able to give a positive impact to the offenders, society and the nation.
BACKGROUND OF PAROLE SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA
Parole is a method which allows prisoners to be released on provisional terms before the expiration period of sentence convicted by court as a reward for their good behaviour. The prisoners need to be involved in gainful employment MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 37
outside the prison under the surveillance and supervision of a parole officer. Parole is derived from the word ‘parole’ in French which means ‘promise’, while prisoners who undergo parole system are known as ‘parolees’. Parole system in Malaysia is established based on the parole system in Australia. The main objective of the system is to ensure continuity of correctional and supervision programmes in the hope that it gives a second chance to prisoners to carry on their lives through the community reintegration process. (http://www.prison. gov.my/portal/page/portal/biru/parol). On 30th June 2008, after going through several detailed research, the Prison Department decided to implement the parole system in Malaysia.
The parole system is implemented through the Prisons Act (Amendment) 2008 [A1332], where the amendment act has gained the Royal Assent on January 24, 2008 and was gazetted on 7 February 2008 (Ministry of Home Affairs). Until December 2012, a total of 4,849 offenders have been granted parole. According to the facts given by the prison authorities, not all offenders have the opportunity to be granted parole. Prisoners with a record of past serious criminal and offences should not be given the opportunity to undergo this system as there is a possibility that it will be more detrimental to release them earlier and vice versa. Prisoners who commit minor offences for the first time should be given priority in the system to allow them to rectify their mistakes. Various criteria have been prepared to ensure the process runs smoothly and to avoid problems that may occur in the future. The criteria that must be taken into consideration for a person to be granted parole are (Law of Malaysia, Act 357, Prison Act, 1995):
a) If he is sentenced to a minimum of one year of imprisonment for any offence other than an offence specified in the Fourth Schedule b) Subject to subsection (7), after he undergoes at least half of his imprisonment period regardless the remission of the sentence given to him c) After he undergoes rehabilitation programme approved by the General Commissioner while undergoing his sentence of imprisonment
Among the offenses that are not eligible for parole release are kidnapping, possession of firearm, burglary resulting in death, rape and causing the death of another party (Law of Malaysia, Penal Code [Act 574], 2015). Essentially, it is hoped that the parole programme is able to give a second chance to the prisoners to build a new life and assists them to rectify their mistakes with the support from family, society and the country. 38 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
PROBLEM STATEMENT
In essence, parole is not only a mechanism for early release but a programme designed to steer correctional practice, induce prisoners to participate in their own rehabilitation while in prison, and safely transit them into the community with the best chances for success (Paparozzi, & Guy, 2009). In addition, parole system will help to reduce the cost of prison administration as well as to lessen overcrowding problem in the prison. It is hoped that through the parole system, prisoners could sharpen their thinking skills, be mould and be exposed to the reality of dynamic life outside the prison walls and consequently be able to rebuild a sense of low self-esteem, be more motivated and strive to improve their daily life in the society. The long term effects of implementation of this system is to make the prisoners who have undergone this system better prepared, committed, confident, and accepted by the society in order to improve the living skills before official release.
The above preparation on prisoners is important because, generally it is known that the stigma towards the prisoners is still dense among society. This stigma makes the prisoners more difficult to be accepted by the society. This has caused many former prisoners to return to committing crime because they feel they are being marginalized from society and family (Cornwell, 2007). When there is a feeling of humility, less self confidence and other self-problems, the former prisoners may feel that they are no longer meaningful to the society and their own family. According to Hamin and Abu Hassan (2012) with stronger friendship networks and community support, there were higher chances for prisoners to succeed as the unsuccessful prisoners drifted back into the wrong influences because they were less connected to the community and more alone. When the parole system is introduced, it becomes a great hope for the Prison Department, so that during the parole period with assistance of trained parole officer and cooperation from family and society, the parolee could be helped to become part of the society. With the help of NGOs, society and other parties, various programme have been drafted For example NGOS trains parolees through projects using skills they have learnt in prison – skills like sowing, gardening, soup kitchens and school awareness campaigns, some primarily gives support through food, clothing, blankets and grants collections to families of parolees who have no employed relatives and some organises crime awareness campaigns, social and behavioural change programmes in schools, prisons and communities (The Star, 2012).
However, since its introduction in June 2008, there is no scientific study that has been conducted in Malaysia to study the effectiveness of this parole MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 39
system. This is different from other countries such as Canada and Australia that have already conducted various studies to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole system in their countries. Studies in Canada include “Escorted Temporary Absence and Unescorted Temporary Absence and introduction of Day Parole” that allows an offender to participate in community-based activities in preparation for a full parol (Correctional Services Canada, 2007). Another study by Ellis and Marshall (2000) in England and Wales concludes that prisoners released from parole programmes have lower reconviction rates than those released at the end of their full sentence. These studies that have been conducted for reasons related to cultural factors, the system, the environment and also structure of the programme could not be fully applied in Malaysia. Thus, it is important to conduct a study on the effectiveness of the parole system in Malaysia, so that not only the cost of such system is justified, but also the success to transform the behaviour of prisoners could be evaluated.
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole system by soliciting the opinions from three parties that play an important role in the system. The three main parties are the parolees, parole officers and members of society. A survey has been done to examine the attitude of the parolees and parole officers, and the support of the members of society to the parole system. In addition, secondary information in the forms of statistics from the Prison Department will also be used to achieve the objectives of this study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Parole System
The effectiveness of parole system is very important in order to reduce the rate of returning offenders, maintain the safety of community, supervise and provide smooth transition of the prisoners to the community (Hamin, Othman, and Hassan, 2012). The process to change these offenders to be a good mannered individual in a society need a lot of support from the prisoners’ family, the attributes of the offenders, the organizational pressure and the role of the parole officer. Austin and Hardyman (2010) argued that though family relationship is important in ensuring the success rate of a smooth transition rate of parolees to the community after release. The current practice in the prison system such as the long period of time spent in prison and the limited time that visitors are allowed to meet up the prisoners and to socialize with their relatives, leads to a dysfunctional family relationship. These prisoners will find a difficult time to adjust once they completed their prison sentence. Other than family relationship, demographic profile of the prisoners (e.g., race, ethnicity, and gender), the level 40 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
of seriousness of offences committed and organizational pressure (e.g., prison crowding) were found to affect the tendency for the prisoners to come back to prison (Lin, Grattet, and Petersilia, 2010). In addition to the effectiveness of parole system, the role of the parole officers is equally important because they are responsible to oversee the prisoners in the prison and also look after the prisoners’ welfare. Therefore, parole officers can influence the well being of the offenders once they are released from the prison.
Perceptions of Family/ Communities
In general, society can help make the parole programme a success. Specifically, members of society who communicate directly with parolees, such as family, neighbours, employers, colleagues and NGO, should be more proactive and cooperate in helping parolees become useful members of society. For example, according to Shihadeh (1973), only those parolees living with parents, family, relatives, or wife had favorable perceptions in rehabilitative value. Unfortunately, sometimes, the parolees’ family themselves do not want to accept them on basis that they have tarnished the name of the family. If their own family does not accept them, the parolees do not have many options in getting help in returning to society. Harsh words from neighbours can also affect the willingness of parolees to return to society. Besides that, the neighbours’ attitudes also influence the family against accepting parolees who wishes to turn over a new leaf and lead a useful life. Some employers are also reluctant to accept parolees as their employees. This might be due to their negative perceptions towards parolees, such as the assuming the parolee will bring trouble to their business if they are hired. There are risks involved, but the statistics of successful paroles provided by the Malaysian Prison Department indicates that major problems are unlikely to happen. This is where the NGO’s should plays an important role in enlightening people who are directly involved with the parole programme.
One of the most significant challenges confronting justice systems is to manage the transition of offenders from prison to the community. Ex-prisoners face numerous challenges in their community re-entry, both personal (Maruna & Immarigion, 2004) and bureaucratic or legal (Diller, Greene & Jacobs, 2009). Studies have shown that given the chance, citizens and community groups can play significant roles in parole systems (Wilson, 2001). Such roles may include service on advisory boards at local, county, and state levels; policy input through public forums and community surveys; prevention policy development; a variety of victim and offender support activities, including religious- and community-based programmes, healing circles, and neighborhood outreach programmes; and volunteer service as victim advocates, mediators for victim- MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 41
offender mediation programmes, and reparative board members. In a study conducted by Courtright, Packard, Hannan and Brennan (2010), for inmates to be paroled in Pennsylvania, their parole plan must include employment and at least some evidence of community support; without these conditions being met, parole plans are unlikely to be approved. This findings show to us about the importance of community support on the parole system in the US. Furthermore, often there is a lack of employment opportunities for these offenders, and given their poor educational histories and vocational experiences – as well as employer reluctance to hire them – their likelihood of obtaining well paying legitimate jobs in a competitive economy is poor (Harris & Keller, 2005).
Perception of Parole Officers
According to Evans (2005), the probation/parole administrator who embarks on a concerted effort to engage his or her community will need to consider the followings as important guidelines: trust and manage the process; know your stakeholders; expect resistance; build on challenges not promises; work hard to get people involved; strive to learn; keep good records and record everything; and build on established relationships. Furthermore, Evans (2005) also explained that there will be three phases that the parole officer can contributed to the community engagement process of parolees, i.e., protective phase, preparative phase and productive phase.
Moreover, Evans (2006) suggested that the parole officer needs to be more proactive in explaining the parole system to the community. This activity is critical to the development of a community-focused parole service. A number of strategies or tactics can be used in an effort to raise the agency’s profile and elicit support and potential partners. For example, in developing local community chats with community leaders and other criminal justice and social service agencies, the followings could be done - Contribute articles/news items to local newspapers and newsletters of other organizations; Develop a website that is community-friendly and highlights the work of parole; Meet regularly with leaders of neighborhood associations and service clubs; Participate in meetings with provider organizations, and make sure they are aware of what the parole agency is doing and plans to do; Demonstrate to the public through activities other than “law enforcement” that the agency cares about the community.
Perception of Parolee
Parolee acceptance of the programmes is an important factor that will determine the success of the programme. In a study conducted by Kjelsberg, Skoglund 42 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
and Rustad (2007), their results shows that the most positive attitudes were held by the prison inmates themselves and rationally this would be able to enhance the effectiveness of the various relapse prevention programmes offered in the correctional setting. Generally, any kind of programme that had been implemented by any organization needs a commitment from related parties. In this parole setting, logically if the parolee themselves are not committed towards the programme formulated for them, surely it will be a failure.
METHODOLOGY
This study used a combination of a survey, and an analysis of secondary data to achieve the study’s objectives. Specifically in this study, the effectiveness of the parole system is first measured by calculating an effectiveness index based on survey data. Then, using actual data from Prison Department, we calculate the actual percentage of recidivists of parolee. The two sections below describe these two methods that we employed in this study.
Measuring Effectiveness Using Primary Data
A survey is one of the methods used in this study. The survey was conducted in four states, namely Johor, Kelantan, Penang and Selangor, which represent the south, east, north and central zones of Peninsular Malaysia respectively. Each state has a number of districts. These districts are showed in Table 2.
Table 2: States and Districts
State District Parol Office Batu Pahat Kluang Johor Segamat Johor Bahru Kota Tinggi Kelantan Kota Bharu Kuala Krai Bachok Tanah Merah Penang Seberang Prai Utara Seberang Prai Selatan Barat Daya Selangor Hulu Selangor Kuala Selangor Klang Ulu Langat MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 43
The respondents of the study comprise of the parole officers, members of society, and the parolees. Altogether, there were 552 respondents comprising of 92 parole officers, 314 members of society, and 146 parolees. The breakdown of the respondents is as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Breakdown of Respondents
Pulau Total Johor Kelantan Selangor Pinang No. No. No. No. No. 1 Parolees 62 24 19 41 146 2 Parole 92 13 33 25 21 Officers 3 Community 119 83 48 64 314 Total 194 140 92 126 552
Each group of respondents was asked to complete different set of questionnaires that comprise both open ended and 5-point Likert Scale questions. Based on the survey done, the data was analysed using descriptive and cross-case analyses. This study divided the respondents based on four zones in Peninsular Malaysia, namely Penang (Northern zone), Johor (Southern zone), Kelantan (Eastern zone), and Selangor (Central zone). The four states were chosen based on convenience sampling. The choice of states is also made out of convenience since the researchers have contacts with the parole divisions in those states. The parole office of each state visited assisted in arranging for the interview done with the parolees and the community. The parole officers of the Parole office was then interviewed after the interview with the parolees and the community ended. In order to measure the effectiveness of the parole system, an index is developed. An index is a statistical measure of how a variable, or set of variables, changes over time. The purpose of an index is to give a quick, overall picture of performance. The power of using indexes as management tools clearly resides in their ability to capture the information contained in a large number of variables in one number.
The Effectiveness Index calculated in this research will gauge how far the parole system is successful in achieving its objectives. The index will be calculated from the survey, which provides a collective, subjective judgement by the three groups of respondents towards the parole system. The three groups of respondents are (i) parolees, (ii) parole officers (PO) and (iii) family/community. Three different sets of questionnaire were prepared for each respondent group. For the parolees, two dimensions consisting of 22 items are included. For the parole officers, there are three dimensions consisting of 28 items are prepared, 44 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
while for family/community, there are two dimensions with 22 items included. Out of these items, several of them are meant to capture the overall effectiveness of the parole programme. For each of these respondent group, the following seven items (questions) were selected to indicate respondents’ overall satisfaction with the parole programme. They are as follow:
Three different sets of questionnaire related to effectiveness of the parole programme were prepared for each respondent group. For the parolee set, the questionnaire consists of two dimensions, namely (i) parolees’ attitude towards the parole programme and (ii) parolees’ perception towards the parole programme. As for the parole officers’ set, there are three dimensions, namely, (i) parole officers’ attitude in doing their parole job, (ii) parole officers’ perception towards the parole programme and (iii) parole officers’ attitude towards the parole programme. In the family/society set, there are two dimensions, namely (i) family/society’s support on the parole programme and (ii) family/society’s perception towards the parole programme. For the measurement of effectiveness of the parole programme only questions on “perception towards the parole programme” by parolees, parole officers and community were considered. There are altogether 7 questions which are made up of 2 questions for parolees, 3 questions for parole officers and 2 questions for community that measures “perception towards the parole programme”.
Measuring effectiveness using secondary data (number of recidivists)
To corroborate the results from effectiveness index described in the section above through questionnaire, this study also measure the effectiveness of the parole system by calculating the percentage of parolees who came back to become inmates within three years after completing their parole programmes. These inmates who re-enter prison within three years upon release are termed as recidivists. One can argue that if the system is effective, the parolees should have changed for the better, and would not commit any more offences that will bring them back into prison. As an example using the following information given in Table 4, the percentage of recidivists for 2010 is calculated. A low percentage would indicate that the parole system has been effective.
Table 4: Sample information of recidivists
Completed Released into Re-entry Recidivists Year (n) Parole parole into prison (%) Order 2008 199 117 0 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 45
Completed Released into Re-entry Recidivists Year (n) Parole parole into prison (%) Order 2009 722 488 13 2010 1,029 774 22 2.531
Note:
1 2.53% is calculated as follows: (0 + 13 + 22)/ (117 + 488 + 774) = 35/1379 x 100%
FINDINGS
Demographic profile of parolees, parole officers and family/community are as shown in Table 5. It can be seen that 146 respondents from Parolee of four states participated in the study. There are 62 respondents from Johor, 24 respondents from Kelantan, 19 respondents from Penang and 41 respondents from Selangor. As for Johor, majority of the respondents are in the age range between 21 to 30 years old. This indicates about 51.6%. This trends also can be seen from all the others states. However, the percentages are varied. The highest percentage is reported from Selangor.
Table 5 : Demographic Profile of Parole
Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor Demographic Elements n % n % n % n % Age 17-20 years 1 1.6 2 8.3 1 5.3 0 0
21-30 years 32 51.6 9 37.5 7 36.8 23 56.1 31-40 years 0 0 8 33.3 0 0 0 0 41-50 years 19 30.6 3 12.5 5 26.3 9 2 51 years 10 16.1 2 8.3 6 31.6 9 22 above Total 62 100 24 100 19 100 41 100 Male 51 82.3 23 95.8% 18 94.7% 37 90.2% Gender Female 11 17.7 1 4.2% 1 5.3% 4 9.8% Total 62 100 24 100% 19 100% 41 100% 46 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Without Formal 1 1.6 0 0 1 5.3 4 9.8 Education Primary Academic 14 22.6 6 25 7 36.8 10 24.4 (UPSR) Secondary (PMR / 19 30.6 7 29.2 5 26.3 13 31.7 LCE) Secondary (SPM / 22 35.5 9 37.5 6 31.6 8 19.5 MCE / STPM) University/ College 1 1.6 1 4.2 0 0 2 4.9 (Certificate) University/ College 2 3.2 0 0 0 0 3 7.3 (Diploma) University/ College 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2.4 (Degree) Others 3 4.8 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Total 62 100 24 95.8 19 100 41 100 Malay 42 67.7 23 95.8 12 63.2 22 53.7 Race Chinese 12 19.4 1 4.2 2 10.5 4 9.8 Indian 8 12.9 0 0 5 26.3 15 36.6 Total 62 100 24 100 19 100 41 100
Table 6 shows the demographic profile of 314 family/community who have participated in the study. 119 respondents from Johor, 83 respondents from Kelantan, 48 respondents from Penang and 64 respondents from Selangor. It could be observed that majority of the respondents were aged between 41-50 years old, male, Malay, with secondary education background (SPM/MCE) and married. In the state of Johor, majority of respondents came from Kluang, while in Kelantan, majority comes from Kota Bharu, Penang from Seberang Prai Utara and Selangor from Klang. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 47
Table 6: Demographic Profile of Family/Community Demographics Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor n % n % n % n % Age 17 - 20 years 4 3.4 23 27.7 3 6.2 3 4.7 21 - 30 years 24 20.2 17 20.5 7 14.6 13 20.3 31 - 40 years 34 28.6 10 12 15 31.2 15 23.4 41 - 50 years 33 27.7 14 16.9 16 33.3 22 34.4 51 years 24 20.2 19 22.9 7 14.6 11 17.2 above Total 119 100 83 100 48 100 64 100 Gender Male 74 62.2 28 33.7 30 62.5 45 70.3 Female 45 37.8 55 66.3 18 37.5 19 29.7 Total 119 100 83 100 48 100 64 100 Marital Single 19 16 32 38.6 12 25 13 20.3 Status Married 92 77.3 48 57.8 32 66.7 50 78.1 Divorced 8 6.7 3 3.6 4 8.3 1 1.6 Total 119 100 83 100 48 100 64 100 Education Without 8 6.7 10 12 2 4.25 0 0 Back- Formal ground Education Primary 7 5.9 20 24.1 1 2.15 10 15.6 (UPSR) Secondary 19 16 9 10.8 7 14.6 14 21.9 (PMR / LCE) Secondary 52 43.7 19 22.9 20 41.7 25 39.1 (SPM / MCE) University/ 10 8.4 2 2.4 1 2.1 2 3.1 College (Certificate) University/ 6 5 5 4 8.3 5 7.8 College (Diploma) 6 48 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Demographics Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor n % n % n % n % University/ 11 9.2 17 20.5 7 14.6 5 7.8 College (Degree)
University/ 6 5 1 1.2 4 8.3 3 4.7 College (Masters / PHD) Others 0 0 0 0 2 4.2 0 0
Total 119 100 83 100 48 100 64 100 Race Malay 106 89.1 77 92.8 40 83.3 48 75.0 Chinese 10 8.4 5 6.0 5 10.4 4 6.2 Indian 3 2.5 1 1.2 3 6.2 11 17.2
Total 119 100 83 100 48 100 64 100 Religion Islam 106 89.1 78 94 41 85.4 49 76.6 Buddha 8 6.7 4 4.8 4 8.3 3 4.7 Hindu 3 2.5 1 1.2 3 6.2 11 17.2 Christian 2 1.7 0 0 0 0 1 1.6
Total 119 100 83 100 48 100 64 100
Table 7 categorises the family/community respondents into 4 different groups (i) neighbour, (ii) employers, (ii) friends and (iv) relatives. Most of them have known the Parolee for more than 7 years. Out of total respondent of society, 222 (70.7%) of them were working and majority worked as general workers.
MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 49
Table 6: Background of Family/Community (continue) 1Statements Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Relationship Neighbour 20 16.8 8 9.6 14 29.2 16 25 Employer 24 20.2 4 4.8 15 31.2 9 14.1 Friends 23 19.3 3 3.6 12 25 13 20.3 Relative 48 40.3 52 62.7 7 14.6 26 40.6 Total 115 96.6 67 80.7 48 100 64 100 Period that Less than 1 year 32 26.9 4 4.8 26 54.2 19 29.7 society 2-4 years 16 13.4 6 7.2 11 22.9 13 20.3 knows Parolee 5-7 years 6 5.0 1 1.2 2 4.2 6 9.4 More than 7 46 38.7 40 48.2 6 12.5 19 29.7 years Total 100 84.0 51 61.4 45 93.8 57 89.1 Is still Yes 96 80.7 31 37.3 38 79.2 57 89.1 working No (retired officers, 18 15.1 24 28.9 6 12.5 6 9.4 housewives) Total 114 95.8 55 66.3 44 91.7 63 98.4 Job Top Management Designation (Director, 11 9.2 1 1.2 4 8.3 7 10.9 Assistant Directors) Others – general workers (clerical staff, factory staff, security 41 34.5 8 9.6 16 33.3 18 28.1 guards, store operators, supervisor/ executives) Self Employed (farmer, 19 16.0 11 13.3 10 20.8 8 12.5 retail stores, restaurant) Total 71 59.7 20 24.1 30 62.5 33 51.6 1Note: Number does not add up to 314 because of missing values. 50 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Table 7 shows the demographic profile of parole officers. It can be seen that 92 Parole Office respondents from four states have participated in the study. There were 13 respondents from Johor, 33 respondents from Kelantan, 25 respondents from Penang and 21 respondents from Selangor. It also shows that out of the total 92 respondents, majority were aged between 31-40 years old, male, with secondary education background (SPM/MCE) and married. All of them are Malays and muslims.
Table 7: Demographic Profile of Parole Officer Demographics Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor Freq Freq % Freq % Freq % % Age 21 - 30 years 3 23.1 3 9.1 2 8.0 5 23.8 31 - 40 years 2 15.4 13 39.4 11 44.0 11 52.4 41 - 50 years 4 30.8 12 36.4 8 32.0 3 14.3 51 years 4 30.8 5 15.2 4 16.0 2 9.5 above Total 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 Gender Male 11 84.6 30 90.9 21 84.0 16 76.2 Female 2 15.4 3 9.1 4 16.0 5 23.8 Total 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 Single 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 9.5 Status Married 13 100 33 100 24 96.0 19 90.5 Divorced 0 0 0 0 1 4.0 0 0 Total 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 51
Continue- Table 7 : Demographic Profile of Parole Officer
Demographics Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor Freq Freq % Freq % Freq % % Academic Secondary 9 69.2 22 66.7 18 72.0 12 57.1 (SPM/MCE) Secondary 2 15.4 10 30.3 2 8.0 4 19.0 (STPM) University/ College 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4.8 (Certificate) University/ College 2 15.4 1 3.0 4 16.0 3 14.3 (Diploma) University/ College 0 0 0 0 1 4.0 1 4.8 (Degree) Total 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 Race Malay 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 Total 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 Religion Islam 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100 Total 13 100 33 100 25 100 21 100
Effectiveness of the Parole System
Effectiveness Index Based on Survey –Findings
Based on the response from the surveys done in the four states, Table 8 shows the average scores for each of the 7 items: 52 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Table 8: Average Score of Seven Items to Measure Effectiveness Index
No Items Score Parolee 1 On the whole, I am satisfied with the parole system 4.58 2 On the whole, I am satisfied with the parole system that I have 4.65 undergone Parole Officer (PO) 3 I am happy to perform my task as a parole officer 4.41 4 On the whole, I am satisfied with the parole system 4.51 5 I support that the parole system should be continued 4.79 Community/ Society 6 On the whole, I am happy with the Parolee that are in my 4.21 neighbourhood. 7 On the whole, I am happy with the outcome of the parole 4.47 system Average Score 4.52
Using the scores obtained above, we can calculate the effective index for all states combined as follows:
Maximum score for the 7 items is 7 x 5 = 35 Score for the 7 items = 4.58 + 4.65 + 4.41 + 4.51 + 4.79 + 4.21 + 4.47 = 31.62
Effectiveness Index = 31.62/35 x 100% = 90.34% (overall score for all states)
In order to gauge the performance of the parole system carried out in each state, we also calculate the effectiveness index for each of the four states, using the method above. Table 9 summarizes the scores and findings. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 53
Table 9: Effectiveness Index by States Items Scores 1 number Johor Kelantan Penang Selangor 1 4.54 4.71 4.72 4.46 2 4.48 4.78 4.88 4.78 3 4.62 4.36 4.72 3.95 4 4.62 4.52 4.67 4.14 5 4.85 4.73 4.64 4.71 6 4.11 4.38 3.96 4.30 7 4.29 4.77 4.36 4.44 Average score 4.50 4.61 4.56 4.40 Effectiveness 90.00% 92.20% 91.20 88.00% Index (%) Note: 1 These items refer to Table 7 above
As can be seen from Table 9, Kelantan records the highest score for the Effectiveness Index of 92.20%, followed by Penang (91.20%). Johor and Selangor score just below the 4-States average. As introduced earlier, ideally an effectiveness index is traced periodically so that we can see the trend, and hence how effective a programme is carried out over time. Unfortunately, since this is the first time that it is measured and calculated, such time-series comparison could not be performed. Nonetheless, one can argue that a score of above 90% is high, and hence we can argue that the parole system in Malaysia is indeed effective. The effectiveness index showed an average score of 90.34. Among the four states, Kelantan recorded the highest index at 92.20%, followed by Pulau Pinang with an effectiveness index of 91.20%, Johor with an effectiveness index of 90% and finally Selangor with an effectiveness index of 88%. Figure 1 shows the effectiveness of parole programme based on the bar chart. 54 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Figure 1 : The Effectiveness of Parole Programme
The varying level of effectiveness could be due to the different kind of programmes and support given by family, community and the state parole department/officers. However, further studies are needed to ascertain this.
Effectiveness Index Based on Actual Parolee recidivist from Parole system
This study calculates the actual percentages of recidivists from the parole system, This percentage will reflect how many of parolees who have gone through the programme but come back to become inmates in Malaysia. Essentially, if the parole system serves its purposes and objectives, the percentage of recidivists from the programme should be small. Hence, the smaller the percentage of recidivist, the more effective the parole system is. Table 10 shows the percentage of recidivists coming from the parole programme for the period 2008 to 2012. The last column (recidivists rate) shows the percentage of parolee who came back to become inmates within three years after completing their parole programme. For example, the percentage of recidivist who completed their parole programme in 2008 and came back within these three years (end of 2010) was 2.53 percent.
It is obvious that the percentage for all those periods is small. These low rates of recidivist cases could that the parole system has achieved it objectives, and hence is effective. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 55
Table 10: Statistics of recidivists (2008-2012)
Released on Completed Re-entry into Recidivists Year (n) parole Parole Order prison (%) 2008 199 117 0 2009 722 488 13 2010 1,029 774 22 2.531 2011 1,482 1,134 0 1.462 2012 1,417 1,873 0 0.583 Total 4,849 4,386 35 -
Source: Prison Department, 2013 Note: Sample calculations: Note: 12010: (0 + 13 + 22)/ (117 + 488 + 774) = 35/1379 x 100% = 2.53% 22011: (13 + 22 + 0)/ 488 + 774 + 1134) = 35/2396 x 100% = 1.46% 32012: (22+0 + 0)/ (774 + 1134 + 1873) = 22/ 3781 x 100% = 0.58%
From Table 10 it can be seen that the percentage of recidivists has decreased from 2010 to 2012. In 2010, it was 2.53%, 2011 was 1.465 and in 2012 was 0.58%. This shows that the parole system has brought some positive benefits to the Parolees as it shows that parolees who have gone through the system and imprisoned again within a period of 3 years (termed recidivists) have decreased over time.
DISCUSSION
This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the parole programme implemented in Malaysia. This is done by calculating an effectiveness index based on survey data and also by examining the secondary data on residivists of the parolees. Based on the results presented in Table 9 and Figure 1 in Section 6 , it can be seen that the parole programme is highly effective. A big majority of the correspondents, especially the parolees and parole officers are satisfied with the programme and believe that it should be continued. One possible explanation for this result is that there is a closed relationship developed between the parolees and the parole officers. This was observed clearly during the visit by the researchers. The officers actually treat the parolees, who are mostly young in their thirties, in a polite and respectful manner. Sometimes they treat the parolees like their own children. A similar observation is also noted in the relationship between the parolees and their family members. As discussed in the literature review, the support from all sections including family and parole officers, is very important to ensure the success of a parole programme (See for examples Hamin & Abu Hassan, 2012; Austin & Hardyman, 2010). 56 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
The findings from the survey which indicate that the parole programme is successful, are corroborated by the actual data on the residivist of parolees. Only a very small percentage of parolees who came out from the programme re-entered prison. In fact, the percentage has dropped from 2010 to 2012 (see Table 10), indicating a positive trend in the effectiveness of the programme. In other words, there was less number of parolees who committed another crime and taken to jail after they had gone through the parole programme. This good achievement could be due to the fact that the parolees managed to easily re- assimilate into the society by continuing doing what they do during their parole programme. For examples, those who worked as employees in some businesses, continued with their same employment after the programme. Hence, they were already engaged with works immediately after they were being released from the programme. This will reduce the chance that they get involve in less desirable activities. Some of the improvements suggested by the respondents include the need to increase the number of parole officers for some districts to commensurate with the larger number of parolees, to have more programmes on religions, counseling and community based activities and that location of work place and residence should be located nearby the district parole officers to make it convenient for parolees to report as required by the parole order.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
It can be seen that the percentage of effectiveness of parole system is high with a score of 90.34 % using the index developed. Using secondary data and presented in Table 10, it can also be concluded that the percentage of recidivists is low. It can be seen that parolees, family/community and parole officers are generally quite satisfied with the parole system implemented by the Prison Department. Although the parole system was found to be effective, the study has noted that there were areas for improvements that could be made by the authority and involving parties as suggested by the three groups of respondents. Very similar to any organisations, continuous improvement in the system would help to make the system better.
The study has provided evidence that the parole system was able to meet its objectives even though it was administered by the prison department itself and not by another party as being practiced in jurisdictions of other countries. Intervention programmes created by the Parole Department of Malaysia were based on Human Development Programme. The program is shaped to reduce prisoners to not commit crimes again when they are free from imprisonment. The programme teaches and nurture prisoners with the necessary skills, knowledge and discipline through proper guidance and supervision so as to ease the prisoners to reintegrate into the society when they are out of prison. However, it was found MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 57
that the programmes were quite general in nature and is targeted to all parolees, no matter their age, education level, status, gender or types of crimes committed. The study has found that crimes can be associated to the demographics of the prisoners.
Therefore in order to produce a more effective intervention programme especially for the parolees, this study has come out with a proposed framework to suggest to the State Parole Department to come out with a more customized intervention programme in accordance to the type of crimes committed and to the demographics of the parolee. Based on this research, it can be seen that there are many activities conducted by the State Parole Department as part of the correctional activities for parolees such as counseling, religious classes and other beneficial activities. These activities will be more meaningful if the activities are assigned to the parolees according to the types of crimes committed and demographics profile. Although there is no suggestion of what specific programme or activity that suits the type of parolees, but wewould like to suggest that models from various jurisdictions be looked at to come out with a more customized programme for the different types of crimes committed, personalities and demographics. Once the activities are implemented, we would like to suggest for a monitoring mechanism system. Since each of the parole office is supervised by one Chief Inspector (CI), we would like to suggest for CI to work closely with other officers to design the best approach to monitor these activities. At this point, certain degree of autonomy should be awarded to the CI. In order to make sure all the activities designed are effective, we would like to suggest for state parole department to monitor the effectiveness of their activities or intervention programme via the effectiveness index. This index will show the rate of effectiveness of the activities and this rate should be reported as part of their annual report. Another suggestion would be on the annual report. We observed that the presentation of the annual report was not quite consistent amongst the four states. For easier comparison of performance amongst the states, we would like to suggest that a standard format of presentation and also activities reported in the annual report should be adopted by the Prison Department. 58 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
This study was only confined to the 4 zones – south, east, north and central represented by Johor, Kelantan, Penang and Selangor. Future research could be conducted on other states especially those with high number of parolees. Effectiveness index could then be calculated for all states and if done on a yearly basis, the performance of each state can be monitored and continuous improvements can be made.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, this study has found that the parole system implemented by the Malaysian Prison Department was indeed effective. In addition, the attitude of parolees and parole officers, and the level of support from members of community and society played an important role to ensure effectiveness of the parole system. The study has provided evidence that the parole system is able to meet its objectives even though it is administered by the prison department itself and not by another party as is practiced in other jurisdictions. Overall, the parole system in Malaysia was found to be effective and all three parties namely parolees, prison officers and the society were of the opinion that the introduction of parole system is a good decision made by the Prison Department and that it should be continued.
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CHILDHOOD TRAUMA EXPERIENCES AND AGGRESSION: A STUDY AMONG JUVENILE INMATES
Affizal Ahmad
Abstract Majority of the youth who develop a pattern of delinquent behavior and experience subsequent juvenile court involvement have faced both serious adversities and traumatic experiences. A cross-sectional study was conducted among incarcerated juveniles to identify the prevalence of childhood trauma experiences and aggression, and to examine the associations between the childhood trauma experiences and aggression. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire was used to measure the traumatic experiences during childhood and the Aggression Questionnaire was used to assess aggression. Simple linear regression was used to determine the association between the childhood trauma and each of the aggression variables. The findings revealed a high prevalence of childhood trauma experiences and aggression among these juveniles. There were significant correlations between childhood trauma experiences and the sub scale of aggression (p<0.05). The findings may assist in providing the most appropriate intervention program for incarcerated juveniles, especially in the case of childhood traumatic experiences which required specific counteractive measures. Keywords: Incarcerated juvenile, Childhood trauma experience, Aggression Abstrak Majoriti remaja yang mengalami perkembangan pola tingkah laku delinkuen dan terlibat dengan mahkamah juvenil berhadapan dengan kesukaran yang teruk dan pengalaman traumatik. Kajian keratan lintang ini telah dilaksanakan dalam kalangan pesalah juvana untuk mengenal pasti prevalens terhadap pengalaman trauma kanak-kanak dan sikap agresif serta menguji perkaitan di antara pengalaman trauma kanak-kanak dan sikap agresif. Soal selidik Trauma Kanak-kanak telah diguna untuk mengukur pengalaman traumatik semasa zaman kanak-kanak dan Soal selidik Agresif telah diguna untuk menilai keagresifan peserta kajian. Regresi linear mudah telah diguna untuk menentukan perkaitan di antara trauma kanak-kanak dengan setiap pemboleh ubah tingkah laku agresif. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan prevalens yang tinggi terhadap pengalaman trauma kanak-kanak dan tingkah laku agresif dalam kalangan remaja ini. Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan di antara pengalaman trauma kanak-kanak dan subskala agresif (p<0.05). Dapatan kajian ini boleh membantu dalam menyediakan program intervensi yang paling baik untuk pesalah juvana, terutamanya dalam kes pengalaman traumatik kanak-kanak yang memerlukan langkah pemulihan khusus. Kata kunci: Pesalah juvana, Pengalaman trauma kanak-kanak, Tingkah laku agresif 62 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
INTRODUCTION
The increasing of involvement of the juvenile in the criminal justice system has received extensive focus by many countries in the world. Despite the fact that youth has become more active in criminal activities, which were evidenced by the trend of the juvenile being incarcerated or detained by the justice system, the government believed that the juvenile justice system is a way to protect the public by providing a system that responds to children who are maturing into adulthood. Several higher authorities recognize that children who commit crimes are different from adults. To respond to these differences, Malaysian government has established a separate court system for juveniles, and they have created a separate, youth-based service delivery system that is different than which are provided to adults. It is important to note that the meaning of delinquent juvenile is different for each country in the world. This definition determines the trend of juvenile involvement in crime where in some countries, the trend would be upward or downward based on who is considered as the juvenile. For example in Malaysia, the juvenile or young offender is defined as “offender with age below 21 years old” (Prison Act 1995). In the other hand, in all states of Australia, except Queensland, a juvenile refers to those who is aged between 10 to 17 years old (Richards, 2011). Similarly, in England and Wales, juvenile or young people refer to those aged 10 to 17, whereas those aged 18 to 20 are considered as young adults (Ministry of Justice, 2013).
Delinquent activities refer to activities which are officially registered as unlawful behaviors (Vermeiren, 2003) and these included aggressive and impulsive behaviors. With few exceptions, in most countries in the world, delinquency is termed as the commission of a criminal act by a child who is under the age of 18 at the time. In lieu of prison, juvenile court judges draw from a range of legal decisions to meet both the safety needs of the public and the treatment needs of the youth. Numerous past findings revealed that involvement in delinquent activities and substance abuse increase the tendency for juveniles to come in contact with the justice system (Abrantes, Hoffmann, & Anton, 2005; Lennings, Kenny, & Nelson, 2006). Likewise, past childhood trauma experiences were often found among juvenile offenders (Stirpe & Stermac, 2003; Abrantes et al., 2005). Researchers reported that there is a possible association between the traumatic experiences and juvenile’s criminal behaviors (Vermeiren, 2003; Stirpe & Stermac, 2003). MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 63
Researches and reviews found that the occurrence of criminal behavior was seriously caused by the experience of abuses during childhood or adulthood (e.g., Kaplan, Pelcovitz, & Labruna, 1999; Fondacaro, Holt, & Powel, 1999; Turner, Finkelhor, & Ormrod, 2006; Christopher, Lutz-Zois, & Reinhardt, 2007; Fergusson, Boden, & Horwood, 2008; Palmer, Jinks, & Hatcher, 2010). The experience of abuses is also known as past victimization in some studies (e.g., Marquart, Brewer, Simon, & Morse, 2001). In both adult and juvenile sexual offending, history of sexual abuse is the most frequently discussed (e.g., Jespersen, Lalumiere, & Seto, 2009; Acoca & Dedel, 1998). Often, sexual abuse was found more common among women and girls (Grande, Hallman, Underwood, Warren, & Rehfuss, 2012; Abrantes et al., 2005). History of physical abuse (Stirpe & Stemac, 2003) and emotional abuse (McCormack, Hudson, & Ward, 2002) also were found to be prevalent among offenders. It is important to note that though the author aim to study the relationships between childhood traumatic experiences and aggression among young offender, yet there is little empirical evidence or literature reviews on the associations between these two issues. Most of the literature presented were about traumatic experiences and mental health. Despite that, as a beginning, these kinds of research are very meaningful in describing the relationship between the offender past victimization (especially during childhood) and their behavior during adulthood which was associated with crime and aggressive activities. These numerous studies can be boiled down to a few sentences. Summary of studies on past victimization among adult and juvenile offenders were tabulated in Table 1.
Table 1: Summary of Study on Past Victimization among Adult and Juvenile Offender
Authors (Year) Location (Year) Findings - Among male inmates (n=303) from a jail and prison, 40% had a history of childhood sexual abuse. Fondacaro et al. USA (not indicated) (1999) - Among those who had been abused, higher occurrence of mental disorders was diagnosed compared with those who were not abused. This includes schizophrenia, depression, substance abuse, and antisocial personality disorder - Among 122 young male offenders (aged 15 to 22), 15.7% reported history of physical abuse within Chambers et al. Scotland family, whereas 2.5% reported history of sexual abuse. (2001) (not indicated) - 55% of female inmates have experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse, compared with only 19% of Langan & Pelissier USA (1992 to 1996) male. (2001) - 33% of female inmates also were diagnosed with depression and antisocial personality disorder. 64 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
- 55% of female inmates reported childhood sexual abuse. Warren et al. Virginia, USA (1998 (2002) to 2000) - 39% reported physical assault before age 18. - 33% of newly admitted female inmates have experienced sexual abuse. Mullings et al. Texas, USA (1998 to (2003) 1999) - Those that have been sexually abused showed earlier age of substance use and criminal conviction compared with those who were not.
- They also exhibited experience of being neglected more than the comparison group. - Among 232 detained girls at two detention centers, 44% reported experience of sexual abuse, which is Goldstein et al. Massachusetts, USA being raped at least once. (2003) (Jan. to Nov. 1997) - Among newly-admitted incarcerated juveniles at detention centers throughout the state, 43% of girls Cauffman (2004) Pennsylvania, USA and 40% of boys had past traumatic experiences. (May 2000 to Oct. 2002) - Among 493 detained female juveniles, 84% admitted history of significant traumatic experiences in their Lederman (2004) USA (Nov. 2001 to Nov. lives. In addition, 25% had experienced sexual abuse. 2002) - Among 100 detained female juvenile offenders, 49% had experienced physical abuse and 50% had Dixon et al. (2004) Sydney, Australia USA experienced sexual abuse. (not indicated) - In comparison, only 9% of 100 female non-offender juveniles had experienced physical abuse and 6% had experienced sexual abuse.
- The difference between the groups was found highly significant, showing that juvenile offenders had significantly experienced higher level of physical and sexual abuse compared with the non-offender group. - Among 51 male samples with co-morbid of schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorders, Moran & Hodgins Finland, Germany, high correlation between crime conviction (88%) (2004) Canada, Sweden (not and physical abuse (79%) was seen. indicated) - The correlation was lower with childhood sexual abuse (21%). However, it supported the presence of childhood sexual abuse among male offenders with mental health problems. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 65
- Among incarcerated juveniles, over 70% girls and 45% boys had been abused with emotional abuse and Abrantes et al. Maine (not indicated) physical abuse being the most common. (2005) - 35% of girls and 28% of boys had been physically abused, whereas 50% of girls and 27% of boys had been emotionally abused.
- In addition, 44% of girls and 12% of boys had been sexually abused.
- In comparison, girls significantly were more likely to have been emotionally and sexually abused than boys. - Among the State prisoners, including those detained in local jail, those with mental health problems had James & Glaze USA (2002 & 2004) significantly experienced past physical or sexual (2006) abuse compared to those without mental health problems. Among State prisoners with mental health problems, 27% had experienced past physical or sexual abuse, which was nearly three times of prisoners without mental health problems (10%). Among local jail inmates, 24% of those with mental health had experienced past physical or sexual abuse compared with 8% of those without mental health problems.
- In comparison, female inmates with mental health problems were more likely to experience past physical or sexual abuses (68.4%). - 27.6% of female prisoners in a prison reported childhood physical abuse. Huang et al. (2006) Hunan Province, China (2004) - At least 10% had experienced sexual abuse before age 13, and 22.7% had experienced sexual abuse after 13. - Among 256 female inmates from five prisons, history of abuse was observed. In total, 24.2% indicated Roe-Sepowitz USA (2003 to 2006) history of emotional abuse, 77% had history sexual (2007) abuse, and 49.6% indicated history of physical abuse.
- Among female inmates in self-mutilation group (n=109), 37.6% had history of emotional abuse, 89.9% had history of sexual abuse, and 58.7% had history of physical abuse. In comparison group (n=147), 14.3% had history of emotional abuse, 67.3% had history of sexual abuse, and 42.9% had history of physical abuse.
- History of abuses may as well explain the act of self-mutilation among the inmates, where female who reported history of sexual abuse were four times more likely to self-mutilate compared with those who did not. Females in self-mutilation group were also five times more likely to report history of emotional abuse. 66 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
- Among 2,274 detained juveniles, in total 36.7% showed evidence of child abuse or neglect. Veysey & New York, USA (not Hamilton (2007) indicated) - Girls showed higher evidence of childhood traumatic experiences, where 45.6% indicated the experiences compared with 34.4% of boys. - Among 105 female prisoners at a multilevel women’s prison, significant history of childhood Chapman & USA (not indicated) abuse experiences (physical, emotional, sexual) were Cellucci (2007) observed among the prisoners. Childhood abuse experiences demonstrated significant association with co-morbid substance abuse and APD among the female prisoners. - Among 185 detained juveniles (aged 14 to 19), 28% had been physically abused compared with 2% of 98 Krischer & Cologne-Bonn, German healthy control juveniles. Sevecke (2008) (not indicated) - In addition, 23.9% had been emotionally abused compared with 10.2% of control, and 10.2% had been sexually abused compared with 2% of control. Johnson & Rhode Island, USA - Among the female inmates, 84.6% reported history Zlotnick (2008) (not indicated) of physical abuse and 73.1% reported history of sexual abuse. - Among 231 detained boys (aged 12 to 18), significant associations were identified between childhood Colins et al. Flanders, Belgium (Jan. traumatic experiences and psychotic symptoms, (2009) 2005 to Feb. 2007) particularly emotional abuse. - A meta-analysis across 17 studies showed a higher prevalence of sexual abuse history among adult sex Jespersen et al. Review (2007) offenders compared with non-sex offenders. (2009) - However, no difference between groups in regards of physical abuse history. - Among three female violent (homicide or attempted homicide) offenders involved in a sleep Lindberg et al. Vanha Vaasa, Finland study, all three of them had been physically and (2009) (not indicated) emotional neglected during childhood (both parents alcoholics). In addition, one of the female had been physically abused by her father, and another one had been sexually abused during childhood. All of the offenders had abused alcohol since adolescents; the earliest was at age 9. Tikkanen et al. Helsinki, Finland - Among 242 violent male offenders with substance (2009) (1990 to 1998) use disorder, 27% indicated childhood maltreatment experiences. - Among 998 prisoners (899 male, 99 female) in a national survey, significant child trauma history was Lukasiewicz et al. France (Sept. 2003 observed. Overall, 29.8% of the prisoners admitted (2007) to July 2004) history of child ill-treatment whereas 24.5% indicated previous history of trauma other than ill- treatment. Occurrence of the traumatic events was significantly higher among those with substance abuse and dependence compared to those without the problems, especially among drug abusers. Childhood separation also was found high among prisoners with substance use disorders. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 67
- Among 377 incarcerated females, 87% reported history of violence, with 83% Reed et al., (2009) Recife, Brazil (2005) reported physical abuse, 36% reported sexual violence, and 30% reported life threats.
- Among those who experienced physical abuse, 38.5% also experienced sexual violence.
- Among those who experienced sexual violence, 90% also experienced physical abuse.
- History of violence, particularly sexual violence was found significantly associated with depression and illicit drug use. In addition, physical violence and life threat significantly associated with illicit drug use. - Among 173 male prisoners, history of childhood abuse was noted among those Sakelliadis et al. (2010) Central Greece (not involved in self-injurious behavior. In total, indicated) 20.2% had experienced physical abuse in childhood and 18.6% had been neglected by their own parents. Sexual abuse during childhood was rather low among the prisoners (1.5%). All the factors were found significantly associated to their self- injurious behavior. - Among 115 incarcerated females admitted to prison substance abuse program, 55% Messina et al. (2010) California, USA (2006 to reported past sexual abuse and 71% 2008) reported past physical abuse. - Childhood trauma experiences were found common among female sexual offenders, Tsopelas et al. (2011) Europe & North America either by physical, emotional, and/or (review paper) sexual abuses.
- The abuses were shown extensive and severe.
- Mental health problems such as depression and substance abuse were found common among this population. - Childhood trauma experiences were found higher in females than in males. Swogger et al. (2011) USA (not indicated) - 64.9% females reported history of physical abuse and 49.1% reported sexual abuse during childhood.
- Association between history of childhood abuse and substance use was demonstrated in this study. 68 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Exceptionally, past victimization plays important role in developing mental health problems and conduct disorder among female offenders (Cauffman, Feldman, Waterman, & Steiner, 1998; Hubbard & Pratt, 2002). Among female and male juvenile offenders, childhood abuse experience was highly related to personality disorders and aggression (Krischer & Sevecke, 2008). Experience of such abuse had been found in substance abuse (Gutierres & Puymbroeck, 2006; Reed et al., 2009), antisocial personality disorder (Fondacaro et al., 1999; Lobbestael et al., 2005), and borderline personality disorder (Johnson et al., 2003; MacManus & Fahy, 2008). All findings (as shown in Table 1) are serious and need to be considered. They represent a strong, stepwise and graded relationship exists between the number of categories of negative events an individual suffers in childhood and the presence of mental disorder and substance abuse in adulthood. What about violence or aggression?
Interestingly, an empirical research has done by Reavis, Looman, Franco, and Rojas (2013) to examine the relationship between self-reported adverse events in childhood and types of aggressive behavior in adolescence. Using 2007 data from the Minnesota Student Survey, on a sample of 136,549 6th-, 9th-, and 12th-grade students, the authors identified 6 different categories of adversity that were embedded in the questions. These were divided along lines of abuse, that is physical and sexual (sexual abuse demarcated as occurring either inside or outside the family) and household dysfunction (family alcohol or drug abuse, and the experience of witnessing physical abuse inside the family). Subjects were then asked to identify their history of involvement with five different kinds of violence: delinquency, bullying, physical fighting, dating violence, and weapon carrying on school grounds. Their study found that the adverse childhood experiences are associated with a range of negative outcomes in adulthood, including physical and mental health disorders and aggressive behavior. In detail, for each negative event identified, there was an increased risk of violence in male subjects, ranging from 35% to 144%. For example, boys were 45 times more likely to have engaged in dating violence (defined by threats, or physical or sexual abuse of a romantic partner) as adolescents when they had been molested by a family member in childhood, and 26 times more likely to do so when they had been sexually abused by a non family member.
These results, which strongly link a history of sexual abuse to violence (inclusive of sexual violence) later in life, echo the results of meta-analytic research, which found that adult male sexual offenders were more than three times as likely to have had histories of sexual abuse in their childhoods, compared with a nonsexual (but criminal) comparison group. The association between three types of negative events in childhood and perpetration of intimate partner MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 69
violence decades later in adulthood has also been examined. The authors found that three adverse experiences (physical abuse, sexual abuse, growing up with a battered mother) were significantly associated with the perpetration of intimate partner violence later in life, and that experiencing any one event increased the risk of later perpetration by 60% to 70%. More importantly, boys who had been molested by intercourse before age 12 years were nearly 3.5 times more likely to engage in later violence with a romantic partner. Those subjects who endorsed all three adverse experiences in childhood were nearly four times as likely to engage in intimate-partner violence as adults. Overall, these results suggest a strong positive relationship between adverse childhood experience and various forms of pathology, including aggressive behavior, later in life. As follows, the current study aims to identify the prevalence of childhood trauma experiences and aggression, and to examine the association between childhood trauma and aggression among incarcerated juveniles in Malaysia.
METHODS
Participants
A cross-sectional study was conducted among inmate juveniles from two detention schools situated in Peninsular Malaysia. The number of participants was calculated using single-proportion formula. Eighty boys and 58 girls were needed for this study. But then, only 26 girls were available at the detention school during the process of data collection. The participants were selected using purposive-selective sampling method based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, in addition to the availability of the participants during the data collection. The source populations were juvenile aged between 13 to 18 years old, and able to read and write on their own. Juveniles who had a prior diagnosis of severe mental or physical illness were excluded from the study. Upon completion of data collection, 123 juveniles (100 boys and 23 girls) participated in this study.
Prior to the data collection, the participants were gathered in a group at a hall. A brief explanation regarding the purpose and procedure of the study was given to the participants. Participant information sheet and a consent form were given to be signed and a set of questionnaire was distributed to the participants. The participants took approximately 10 minutes to complete the questionnaire.
Instruments
The questionnaire consists of three parts. Part A was about inmates’ demographic information. Part B consists of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ; 70 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Bernstein & Finks, 1998) in Malay Language translation for the assessment of the traumatic experiences during childhood. The CTQ contains 28 items and is rated using a five-point Likert scale. This questionnaire covers five dimensions: physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect. Every dimension has five items. Additional three items are used for the Minimization/Denial Scale for any potential under reporting of maltreatment. The original reliability of CTQ is .80 with validity ranged from .50 to .75 (Bernstein & Finks, 1998). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) Measure of Sampling Adequacy for the Malay-translated version of the CTQ was .80, with the individual measures of sampling adequacy ranging from .43 to .88.
Part C consists of the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ; Buss & Perry, 1992) in Malay Language translation for the assessment of aggressiveness. The AQ comprises 29 items and is rated using a five-point Likert scale. This questionnaire covers four dimensions: physical aggression (9 items), verbal aggression (5 items), anger (7 items), and hostility (8 items). The reliability of AQ is .92 (Buss & Perry, 1992). The value of KMO Measure of Sampling Adequacy for the Malay-translated version of the CTQ was .80, and the individual measure of sampling adequacy was within .50 to .91.
Data Analysis
Descriptive analysis was computed to obtain the prevalence of childhood trauma and aggression. In the regression analysis, childhood trauma scales (physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect) were the predictor variables whereas aggression scales (physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, hostility) were the outcome variables. Simple linear regression examines each relationship between the scales. The p-value was set at p<0.05. Any value more than .05 indicates that no significant relationship is present between predictor and outcome variables. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from Research and Ethics Committee (Human), Universiti Sains Malaysia, while permission to conduct the study was gained from Malaysian Prison Department.
RESULTS
Demographic information
Table 2 shows the demographic profiles of the participants. The mean ages were 18.20 (SD 1.35) years. The majority of them were Malay juveniles (86.2%). Most of the juveniles were single (80.5%) and had secondary education as their highest education level (86.2%). This probably reflects the actual population of juveniles in Malaysia detention schools. Almost equal number of them had MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 71
either a permanent job (34.1%) or always changing jobs (38.2%) before being detained. The highest number (69.1%) of inmate juveniles had their own parents as their caretaker when they were young. In addition, the highest number of them (39%) had four to six siblings. In term of incarceration, nearly 70% were sentenced to three years of detention. The findings also disclosed that 69.1% of them had abused substance before being detained.
Table 2: Demographic profiles of the juvenile inmates
n (%) Gender Boys 100 81.3 Girls 23 18.7 Ethnicity Malay 106 86.2 Chinese 10 8.1 Indian 5 4.1 Others 2 1.6 Marital status Single 99 80.5 Married 22 17.9 Divorcee 2 1.6 Never been to school 6 4.9 Education level Primary 11 8.9 Secondary 106 86.2 Employment Permanent job 42 34.1 Always switching job 47 38.2 Unemployed 34 27.6 Caretaker Both parents 85 69.1 Either parent and a 15 12.2 stepfather/mother Grandparents 9 7.3 Relatives 4 3.2 Foster family 9 7.3 Foundation house 1 .8 Siblings Single child 10 8.1 Two to three 37 30.1 Four to six 48 39.0 More than seven 28 22.8 Less than three years 16 13.0 Length of Three years 84 68.3 incarceration More than three years 23 18.7 Involved in Yes 85 69.1 substance abuse No 38 30.9 72 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Descriptive analysis
Table 3 shows the descriptive findings of childhood trauma experiences and aggression among the inmate juveniles. The number of juveniles who indicated experiences of various types of childhood trauma was remarkable. Compared to abuses, more participants had experienced childhood negligence. The assessment focuses on the moderate to extreme score. More than half (55.3%) of the juveniles had been physically neglected and nearly half (47.2%) had experienced emotional neglect. In abuses, the highest number of juveniles had experienced sexual abuse (49.6%), followed by physical abuse (38.2%). The least indicated experience was emotional abuse (14.6%). Aggressive behaviors were found considerably high among the juveniles. The highest number of participants shows anger (60.2%) and the least indicated tendency for verbal aggression (47.2%).
Table 3: Descriptive analysis on childhood trauma experiences and aggression
n (%) Physical abuse Rare 76 61.8 Moderate to extreme 47 38.2 Emotional abuse Rare 105 85.4 Moderate to extreme 18 14.6 Sexual abuse Childhood trauma experiences Rare 62 50.4 Moderate to extreme 61 49.6 Physical neglect Rare 55 44.7 Moderate to extreme 68 55.3 Emotional neglect Rare 65 52.8 Moderate to extreme 58 47.2 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 73
Physical aggression 9 – 17 52 42.3 ≥ 18 71 57.7 Verbal aggression 5 – 12 65 52.8 ≥ 13 58 47.2 Aggression Anger 7 – 17 49 39.8 ≥ 18 74 60.2 Hostility 8 – 19 60 48.8 ≥ 20 63 51.2
By following the descriptive analysis, simple linear regression was conducted to examine the associations between childhood trauma experiences and aggression. The result was tabulated in Table 4. Several significant relationships were demonstrated between the variables. The significant relationship was mostly displayed by the abuses scales towards aggression scales. Physical abuse presented a positive correlation with physical aggression (r=.11, p<.05), verbal aggression (r=.14, p<.05), and anger (r=.12, p<.05). Sexual abuse demonstrated a significant correlation with physical aggression (r=.10, p<.05) and verbal aggression (r=.14, p<.05). Emotional abuse only showed a positive correlation with physical aggression (r=.11, p<.05). These findings indicated that abuses scale significantly contributed towards aggressions among the juveniles. Subsequently, negligence showed no significant association with any subscales of aggression, except for physical neglect and physical aggression. Physical neglect demonstrated positive relationship with physical aggression (r=.12, p<.05). These findings were notable since more participants had experienced negligence compared to abuses.
Table 4: Simple linear regression of childhood trauma experiences against the aggression scales
Childhood Aggression Simple linear regression trauma experiences (outcome variables) r² F (df) b (95%, CI) p-value (predictor variables) 74 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Physical 9.20 (3) .10 (.07, .47) .009 .11 aggression Physical abuse Verbal 11.18 (3) .07 (.10, .38) .001 .14 aggression Anger .12 7.70 (3) .20 (.06, .33) .005 Hostility .04 2.80 (3) .19 (-.02, .41) .078 Physical 9.45 (3) .32 (.09, .56) .007 .11 aggression Emotional abuse Verbal 4.99 (3) .21 (.04, .37) .045 .07 aggression Anger .06 4.91 (3) .19 (.04, .35) .047 Hostility .03 2.30 (3) .22 (-.03, .48) .082 Physical 9.98 (3) .29 (.09, .49) .005 .10 aggression Sexual abuse Verbal 10.01 (3) .22 (.08, .35) .002 .14 aggression Anger .06 4.90 (3) .17 (.03, .30) .049 Hostility .04 3.88 (3) .28 (.07, .49) .051 Physical 3.23 (3) .26 (.01, .50) .004 .12 aggression Physical neglect Verbal 1.97 (3) .09 (-.09, .26) .335 .01 aggression Anger .01 1.96 (3) .07 (-.10, .24) .433 Hostility .01 1.49 (3) .06 (-.20,.33) .632 Physical 1.33 (3) .03 (-.14, .19) .733 .01 aggression Emotional Verbal 1.93 (3) -.04 (-.15, .500 .01 neglect aggression .08) 1.54 (3) -.03 (-.14, .602 Anger .01 .08) 2.12 (3) -.14 (-.32, .108 Hostility .02 .03)
DISCUSSION
Childhood trauma experiences are one of the most common risk factors for people’s involvement in crime. Be it adult or adolescent, childhood trauma experiences play the most common roles in the development of criminal behaviors (Krischer & Sevecke, 2008), usually through social and mental health problems. Among incarcerated juveniles in the present study, presence of childhood trauma experiences is significant, particularly negligence. While many of them had experienced negligence, a considerable number had experienced sexual abuse, which is critical. Sexual abuse had often being related to mental health problems among offenders, especially substance abuse (Swogger et al., 2011) and these MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 75
upsetting cases seem true in the present study as the demographic profiles of the participants disclosed that majority of the inmates admitted substance abuse in the past. At this point, juveniles who had experienced traumas in their early lives need a special attention. The presence of sexual abuse requires specific intervention and therapy, thus indicating the importance of identifying the problems among the youths. Taking everything into account, the unpleasant side of childhood background experienced by juvenile offenders demands careful and appropriate attention as well as assistance in order to relief their trauma and post-traumatic stress.
Aggressive behaviors represent the tendency to engage in risky behaviors. In the present study, aggression scores which were higher than the average indicated a high tendency for aggressive behaviors. As expected, many of the incarcerated juveniles showed a high tendency for aggressive behaviors, especially in anger and physical aggression. The findings suggested that many of these juveniles had experienced some kind of resentment and irritation which could be the outcome of past experiences, such as in childhood abuses and negligence (Vermeiren, 2003). The tendency for physical aggression also showed that many of these juveniles preferred to express their inner feelings through physical action instead of in verbal aggression. Besides that, more than half of the inmates demonstrated a high tendency being hostile, the manners indicated their expression of mistrust and suspicion towards others (Kernberg, Weiner, & Bardenstein, 2000). This behavior can be related to experiences of past traumas. By contrast, less than half of the juveniles chose to express their emotions by words. Some traumas, such as sexual abuse which is very sensitive and negligence which is often unnoticeable, are often challenging and difficult to be told to others. Consequently, the experiences remain unspoken and become a hidden anger. To alleviate this feeling, some may choose to express it in the form of physical action and some may choose to use the substance (McKinney, 1994). Either way, both are risky behaviors which are often found among juvenile offenders (Vermeiren, 2003).
Earlier studies suggested the strong association between childhood trauma experiences and conduct disorder, including aggressive behaviors (Abrantes et al., 2005; Krischer & Sevecke, 2008). The present findings corroborated the ideas that many significant associations were established between childhood trauma experiences and aggressive behaviors among the inmates. Abuses showed most significant association with aggressive behaviors, particularly with physical aggression, verbal aggression, and anger. These findings suggested that all three types of abuses (physical, emotional, sexual) played significant roles in instigating aggressive behaviors in incarcerated juveniles (Krischer & Sevecke, 2008). In addition, only sexual abuse showed significant association with hostility. Again, this finding confirmed the significant role of sexual abuse 76 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
towards aggressive behaviors among the juveniles. Overall, sexual abuse played the dominant role in initiating problem behaviors among incarcerated juvenile.
Negligence, however, did not show particular significant associations with aggressive behaviors. The exception was shown between physical neglect and physical aggression, where a significant association was presented. These findings indicated that negligence did not significantly contribute to aggressive behaviors among these inmates, despite the higher number of the juveniles who had experienced negligence. One possible explanation is that negligence was not perceived as traumatic experiences (Wang, Xu, Cao, Qian, Shook, & Ai, 2012) and thus the effects were less compared to abuses. Abuses, on the other hand, were strongly perceived as traumatic experiences, particularly sexual abuse which demonstrated the highest contribution towards substance abuse and aggression among the incarcerated juveniles.
The high prevalence of aggressive behaviors among juveniles in this study was proved to be related to their experiences of certain childhood traumas. These findings indicated the significant role of traumatic experiences during childhood period towards offending behaviors in adolescent period. Consequently, the same traumatic experiences potentially led to offending behaviors in adulthood if no counteractive measures were taken during the earlier stage. Indeed, the findings highlighted the critical role of specific interventions during detention for those with past traumatic experiences.
The present study suggested that, when counseling inmates, the counselor should be aware of inmates’ childhood traumas. It is crucial to identify the presence of traumas during individual early lives and its’ association with offending behaviors. It was recommended that the interventions in rehabilitation programs are prescribed based on the presence of traumas. Post-traumatic stress therapy and experiential therapy could be provided to those with childhood traumas (Messina et al., 2010). These interventions might be helpful in assisting the incarcerated juveniles to cope with the trauma experiences and relief their prolonged traumatic stress.
In the present study, the data were based on a limited number of female participants due to the very small total number of population. Since the selected sampling frame is detention schools under the administration of Prison Department, this limitation is unavoidable. The inclusion of detention schools under the administration of other non government’s agencies is recommended for future studies. Another limitation is the data source which is based solely on self-report psychometric instruments. An in-depth interview method is suggested for future studies to enable richer data source and more precise findings. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 77
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a high prevalence of childhood trauma experiences and aggression were identified among juvenile inmates. Childhood trauma experiences particularly abuse demonstrated significant associations with aggression. Think about this, cumulative experiences of abuse and neglect could disrupt both a child’s ability to form secure attachments to others and the ability to regulate their emotions. In view of that, individuals abused as youngsters tend to either avoid intimacy altogether or are at risk to become violent in personal relationships, due to a “bleeding out” of their suppressed inner rage. This should be an important consideration when organizing counseling and establishing support for the inmates. The author suggests that to decrease criminal recidivism, treatment interventions must focus on the effects of early life experiences. Thus, the treatment of offenders has to focus on healing their “neurobiological” wounds. At the same time, the authority figure have to point to the need for more early childhood interventions to stop child abuse before its victims grow up to victimize others. This has to be an important consideration when juvenile law center and juvenile detention schools seek out to improve conditions of confinement of youth in the juvenile or criminal justice systems.
It is also important to have all the authorities to work together in order to ensure that youths are treated fairly, and have access to counsel, at every stage of court processing. The findings may also assist in providing the most appropriate intervention program for incarcerated youths, especially in the case of childhood traumatic experiences which require specific counteractive measures. Overall, these findings are useful to educate parents, public, and authorities figure in understanding a significant impact of childhood traumatic experiences on person’s well-being.
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From Zero to Hero: The Lived Experience of Successful Coping Strategies among Ex- Drug Addicts
Nazira Sadiron & Hanina H. Hamsan
ABSTRACT This study qualitatively examines the personal experiences of former drug addicts regarding the process of recovery and what coping strategies are associated with successful recovery from the point of view of people in recovery. A descriptive, phenomenological approach was taken to understand the maintenance stage of recovery. Colaizzi’s Strategy was used as a framework for systematically analyzing narrative texts obtained through in-depth and semi-structured interviews of six middle aged men from Peninsular Malaysia who had significant life experience with the trials and tribulations associated with remaining drug- free. The computer assisted, qualitative analysis software program ATLAS.ti was used to code, analyse, and make sense of their narratives. Respondent data identified specific coping styles in dealing with relapse risk factors, which are Problem-Focused Strategy, Appraisal-Focused Strategy, and Emotion-Focused Strategy. In conclusion, knowing more about the life experiences found in the recovery process, what the coping strategies are among successful substance abusers, and what their characteristics and attributes are have a great potential to enhance the understanding of substance abuse, reduce relapse rates, and improve the effectiveness of skills development in treatment centers throughout Malaysia. Key words: Relapse; Strategy of action, Experience, Phenomenological Abstrak Kajian ini secara kualitatif meneliti pengalaman peribadi bekas penagih dadah mengenai proses pemulihan dan strategi daya tindak untuk pulih dan mengekalkan kepulihan dari kacamata dan pengalaman peribadi bekas penagih dadah atau survivor yang berjaya keluar daripada masalah penagihan dadah. Menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi secara deskriptif dengan Strategi Colaizzi untuk mengumpulkan data dan rangka untuk menganalisis teks naratif secara sistematik melalui temubual secara mendalam dan separa berstruktur terhadap enam orang bekas penagih dadah lelaki dari Semenanjung Malaysia. Responden yang dipilih ini mempunyai pengalaman hidup yang signifikan dengan pengalaman mereka berhadapan dengan proses pemulihan dan kesukaran yang dihadapi sepanjang berjuang untuk membebaskan diri daripada masalah penagihan dadah ini. Analisis data kualitatif ini menggunakan perisian ATLAS.ti bagi tujuan mengekod, menganalisis, dan memahami naratif pengalaman mereka. Kajian ini telah mengenalpasti strategi daya tindak dalam menangani faktor- faktor risiko penagihan berulang yang dibahagikan kepada tiga iaitu: Strategi Berfokus Masalah, Strategi Penilaian Terfokus dan Strategi Emosi Terfokus. Kesimpulannya, proses pemulihan dan memberi perkhidmatan rawatan dan MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 83
pemulihan akan dapat dilaksanakan dengan lebih tepat dan memenuhi keperluan kepulihan seorang penagih dadah daripada sudut pengalaman bekas penagih dadah itu sendiri seterusnya akan mengurangkan kadar penagihan berulang, dan meningkatkan keberkesanan pembangunan kemahiran di pusat pemulihan dadah di seluruh Malaysia.
Kata kunci: Relapse; Strategi daya tindak, Pengalaman, Fenomenologi
INTRODUCTION
Drug abuse is a growing and hotly debated issue. Drug addiction is a taboo and disaster to the individuals involved. Drug addiction involves all groups of people, from adolescents to adults and regardless of socioeconomic status. Statistics released by the National Anti-Drugs Agency (NADA) have proven that drug addiction has worsened in Malaysia and needs to be addressed immediately. Undoubtedly, the Malaysian government in particular has made various efforts to combat the drug issue when it was declared the No 1 problem in the country and must be eradicated completely.
Undoubtedly, overcoming drug addiction is an uphill task and requires a lot of strong determination. To date, it remains unclear as to what an effective method for drug abusers is in order to find long-term abstinence because many of them tend to deviate from healthy lifestyles and return to addiction. It is a challenge to find a formula to solve the problem of drug abuse in Malaysia. Most researchers claimed that recovery goes beyond, and is more complex than, a sustained freedom from compulsion to use (Best, 2011). However, there are individuals who have managed to recover and overcome their relapse. This is something that really needs to be studied and understood if the increasing rates of abuse are to be curtailed and Malaysians struggling with personal and social costs of addiction are to contribute to society and family once again.
Based on the statistics and reports issued by NADA, the issue of drug addiction and relapse seems to have no end. Most previous studies only focused on relapse risk factors, psychosocial effects, and drug addict personality and lifestyle based on data obtained from drug addicts in a rehabilitation center (Ibrahimi, 2009). Based on the recommendation made by Malaysian Online Thesis, of a total of 77 surveys conducted from 1985 until 2013, none of the studies address the success of ex-drug addicts who remain clean. It seems so obvious that to improve recovery statistics, studies of recovered addicts are desperately needed. There is not much known, in fact, about the long term process of recovery despite the expectation and common belief that overcoming 84 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
alcohol and heroin addiction is possible (Best, 2011). Some local researchers have been conducting studies on drugs such as Mahmood Nazar Mohammed (2002), Abdullah HM Al Hadi(1993), Vicknasingam (2005), Sabri Zainudin Zainul (2007), Fauziah Ibrahim (2009) Bahaman Abu Samah (2009), Abdul Halim Hussin (2011), Mokhtar Mohamed (1997) Sheikh Zainal (2006), Siti Muhaza (2006), and many others have been providing a wide range of useful findings in combating drugs.
Phenomenon of relapse is common among drug addicts because there is no research that could prove the most effective method for the recovery of drug addicts. In Malaysia, addicts who receive treatment and rehabilitation in rehabilitation centers often relapse because the same module is used for them while they have repeatedly received the same treatment using the module. The results of this study will identify the coping strategies that were applied by recovering drug addicts. These strategies can be regarded to be helping to construct a comprehensive relapse prevention module that should be able to target those drug addicts that have relapsed many times. Furthermore, current research and writing about addiction recovery focuses on empirical variables from the point of view of the researcher, not the patient. This approach does not provide insight to how the person in recovery makes sense of their journey nor how this understanding leads to self-regulation behaviours (Banonis, 1989). Previous studies in Malaysia did not focus on the successfully recovered person as their subject matter and used a quantitative data approach that ignored individual subjectivity. In this article, phenomenological interviews were adopted to understand the experience of successfully recovered drug addicts during their recovering process and how they recovered. Determining the underlying themes of the experience could prove to be beneficial. Through analysis of the interviews, a thematic structure of the experience was exposed.
Methods
Study Design
This study is based on qualitative analysis of interview and other textual data to understand the social life, worldview, and meaningful experiences of former drug addicts living in recovery. Qualitative methods focus more on words, images, and meanings of ideas rather than the counting of numbers (see Patton & Cochran, 2002). Qualitative methods were adopted in this research for three primary reasons. The aim of the research was to gain a better understanding of the recovery process from the perspective of people in recovery and how they maintained their recovery status rather than to test hypotheses based upon existing theories. Second, a qualitative approach provides an opportunity MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 85
to conduct an in-depth exploration of respondents’ experiences using semi- structured interviews. Finally, research on the recovery process in Malaysia is sparse and qualitative methods such as a phenomenological approach are not widely used. Therefore, this method allowed the researchers to learn directly from the research subjects in their own words. Descriptive phenomenology is the most appropriate theoretical stance for the goals of this study.
Sample and Sampling
Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling method based on the objectives and the needs of the research to explore the experience of persons successfully recovering from substance abuse. The respondents were chosen because of their unique experience, achievement in recovery, and successful use of coping strategies as recovering persons.
Criteria of Respondents
The respondents in this study needed to (a) be abstinent for five years and above, (b) practice a healthy lifestyle (c) have gone through various struggles in the process of change from addiction behaviour to recovery behaviour. Most of them were involved in drug addiction for more than five years, with the longest being 22 years. The respondents’ eligibility was limited to being in recovery for at least one year (Copeland, 1998). Recovery period of five years and upwards to the criteria in the selection of respondents for the next five years is a period of maturity for someone to be consistent in their behaviour. In addition, the period enables them to relate with depth and detail about their experiences so that they can provide strong data. Those who were working directly in treatment and rehabilitation such as NADA or any treatment and rehabilitation setting were excluded, possible recall bias. Respondents were often working in drug services, possible impact on results generalizability. After initial discussion and obtaining consent from subjects, the researcher set up an interview schedule.
Sample size and data saturation
Understanding the phenomenon of relapse in addiction is the essence of this research, especially exploring their experience in sustaining their recovery status. According to Grbich (2013), the phenomenology approach involves the intensive sampling of a small group of people and detailed exploration of their particular life experiences. The sample size is small yet known to be sufficient when data collected from respondents reaches saturation, the point whereby responses no longer provide new data and tend to repeat already collected data (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). According to Cresswell (1983), a sample size of 5 to 25 respondents is suitable for phenomenological approach. Data saturation was achieved after interviewing six respondents. 86 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Ethical consideration
A researcher must always remain attuned to ethical issues that emerge during data collection, analysis, and reporting of findings (Creswell, 2009). In this study, the respondent was informed beforehand to explain the research objectives and to obtain their permission for an interview session. Prior to starting the study, ethical approval was obtained from the University Putra Malaysia Ethics Committee in November 2013. After obtaining the permission, the researcher made appointments to determine time and location of the interview. Prior to the interview session, the permission from the respondents was obtained to record the interview using an IC recorder and written field notes. After the recording session, the researcher did not disseminate or propagate any closed statement that could affect the respondents. Nonetheless, the researcher did not find any statements to be harmful in one way or another.
Data Collection and Procedure
In-Depth Interview
Phenomenological studies rely upon in-depth interviewing as the primary data collection method (Dickie & Valley, 2011). Bernard (1988) proposed that semi-structured interviews are best utilized when the researcher only has one opportunity to interview a respondent, as was the case in this study. Semi-structured interviews enable respondents to talk about their experiences and views in detail and depth. Semi-structured interviewing is suitable for this research because it allows for open ended question and answer between researcher and respondent and emphasizes discovery of what the respondent considers important about a phenomena. Through this back and forth questioning, the interviewer can deeply explore the respondent’s feelings and perspectives (Guion, Diehl & Mcdonald, 2011) on the phenomenon of recovery. This results in rich, context-laden data that shapes further engagement (Guion et al., 2011) about an experience on their journey of recovery. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 87
Interview Protocol
Consent from respondents was obtained prior to data collection. The interviews were conducted at a place of the respondent’s choice. This allowed them to feel ease and able to speak freely. At the outset of the interview, the respondents completed a short question pertaining to their demographic background. During voice recording of interviews and the transcription process, aliases were used in order to protect confidentiality among respondents.
Duration
Each respondent was interviewed once, which lasted two to three hours. The six interviews collectively took approximately twelve to fifteen hours. During the interview process, the respondents were asked to describe their experience in the recovery process, problems experienced and methods to cope with relapse risk in order to remain drug-free. Probing questions to clarify the respondents’ statements as well as to encourage respondents to elaborate their responses were carried out along the interview process. Notes were taken during each interview. The respondents were allowed to speak freely about their experience while the researcher listened intently. The interview session was guided by guideline questions to reduce the risk of researcher biases.
Audio Tapes
Interviews were recorded using Sony IC digital recorder upon permission from respondents. Digital IC recorder was the preferred choice compared to ordinary tape recorder because the clarity of voice, its practicality, lighter and ability to record longer period of time (250 hours). These features ensured no interference and avoided any technical difficulties because even a little glitch could critically affect the research process. The researcher pre-emptively employed more than one recorder and made short notes on the important information during the interview sessions to mitigate against data loss or other potential issues related to recording data. The written notes served as a backup in the event that the digital IC recorder did not function or any other difficulties surfaced.
Data Analysis
Audio-taped interviews were transcribed, and the content was reviewed to recognize rising patterns and relationships using Colaizzi’s (1978) method of data analysis. This method involves careful reading of transcribed text, discovery of key statements and phrases, determining the meaning of identifying statements and phrases, grouping meanings into themes, using the results to describe the phenomenon under study, and seeking validation of the analysis- 88 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
based description of the respondent who provided the raw data. Transcripts of the interviews were read and re-read prior to dividing content into single units of text. Text units that seemed to relate to a common topic were grouped into clusters, and, finally, related clusters were grouped into emergent themes. A description of the themes that emerged from the data analysis was then shared with the respondents to validate that the emergent themes captured the intent of their statements. The researcher used the Atlas.Ti software to assist in the data management and process of analysis. Respondents agreed that the description reflected their experienced in struggling with the recovery process.
In summary, Colaizzi’s (1978) strategy for phenomenological data analysis strives to accurately describe the experiences of individual’s according to their own perspective. This provides a description of the body of knowledge about human experience and should be useful in future research on how recovering addicts see themselves and the world in which they live. In the data collection, the researcher clearly explained the research objectives to each respondent and provided them the opportunity to ask questions pertaining to any aspect of this study prior to agreeing to participate. Confidentiality was emphasized at every stage of this study and explained in detail to each respondent. Pseudonyms were used as a way of ensuring the anonymity of each respondent in this study. The informed consent form was read to each respondent and provided a full disclosure of the nature, purpose, and requirements of the project. The methods and procedures discussed earlier were used as a guide during each of the interviews; however, the questions were changed slightly to accommodate each respondents’ style and response during the interview. Lastly, each respondent was given the opportunity to review, confirm, and amend their input so as to provide more accurate input to their perception of experience with the substance abuse recovery process
Result
The theme aforementioned is “Coping Strategies in Maintaining Recovery Status” which comes with three sub-themes as follows: (1) Problem-focused strategy (2) Appraisal - Focused Strategy (3) Emotion-Focused Strategy. Indeed, it is necessary for every individual to approach recovery in his own unique way in order to develop the required coping skills and life skills that will help him to lead a long-term quality lifestyle of recovery (Martin & Ii, 2004). For all respondents interviewed, each one of them has different and unique strategies and coping styles. However, it appears that all of them share very similar strategies which helped them to sustain their recovery. There were three sub-themes that emerged from the theme, “Coping Strategies in Maintaining Recovery Status” among six respondents. This strategy focused on handling addiction problems with appraisal-focused and emotion-focused strategies. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 89
Sub Theme: Problem-Focused Strategies
Problem-Focused Strategies is defined as direction towards reducing or eliminating a stressor or adaptive behaviour. Individuals adopting problem- focused strategies try to deal with the cause of their problem. One of the ways of doing so is by finding out information about the problem and learning new skills to manage the problem. Problem-focused coping is aimed at changing or eliminating the source of the stress. Completing treatment for substance abuse is a major accomplishment. Through interviews, all respondents identified four activities they encountered as the main problem of being drug addicts, identified as a problem-focused strategy. The activities are: (1) Religious and Spiritual Activities, (2) Effective time management, (3) Learning and Sharing, and (4) Accept the fate and be grateful.
Religious and Spiritual Activities:
Islamic prayer (solah) is the act that begins with `takbiratul ihram’ and ends with salam. The ct of performing prayers five times daily will purify the sins, as pristine as clear water that cleanses the body from all impurities (Al-Ghazali, 1988). Perfection in prayer sanctifies human life and spirit in peace and serenity. The following explanations represent the experience: Solat subuh saya mesti berjemaah, saya rasa ada kekuatan dengan solat.. saya cuba berjemaah.. saya dapatkan kepercayaan masyarakat di masjid..
Pray.. I try to perform my prayers in congregation..I find strength in my prayers..I tried to gain trust from the people at the mosque.. ( Mr. Redza) Strategi saya sampai hari ini secara konsisten, adalah mengamalkan istighfar, dan solat sunat taubat..
My strategy up to this day is to be consistent, carry out istighfar (asking forgiveness) and prayers.. (Mr. Namron)
Effectiveness of Time Management
More than likely, when actively involved in addiction, a good amount of their time was spent fantasizing about the addiction, planning how to get time for their next dose, figuring out how to get money for the addiction, actually engaging in the addiction, recuperating from the addiction,and hiding the addiction from others. The following explanations represent the experience: 90 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Aktiviti I banyak.. I kaki pancing.. I join NGO.. masa memang penuh.. Penting sebagai recovery dan pengurusan masa salah satu elemen yg terpenting.. relapse berlaku kerana tak tau urus masa.. addict ni bila sorang-sorang memang mindset ke arah tu je..especially yg below 2 tahun ni.. mindset tak stable lagi.. walaupun tak trigger,, tapi mindset teringat nak hisap.. mentol dah menyala.. so ada pulak duit dan tokan.. I have a lot of activities..I like to fish..I join an NGO…my schedule is tight..Most important during recovery is time management..an important element..relapse occurs because of poor time management. Mindset is important, especially those recovered for less than 2 years..mindset is not stable yet. Even though there is nothing that triggers, the mind tells the body to take drug…plus there is money now.. (Mr. Redza) Cara uruskan masa saya sekarang adalah dengan membuat jadual… dulu saya tak kisah.. banyak masa kosong,, tu yang terlibat dengan dadah.. sekarang saya tinggal bersama keluarga, dan lebih kurang dalam 3 tahun lebih masa untuk keluarga saya menerima saya kembali, ketika itu, saya sentiasa sibukkan diri saya agar tidak merasa untuk ambil dadah semula.. I manage my time by making a schedule.Last time, I didn’t care..a lot of spare time, so indulge in drugs .Now I stay with my family and in less than 3 years I have more time for my family since they accepted me back. I always make myself busy so that I do not think of drug anymore (Mr. Namron).
Learning and Sharing
Relapse prevention is a systematic method of teaching a recovering person to recognize and manage relapse warning signs. Relapse prevention becomes the primary focus for individuals who are struggling in changing their addictive behaviour. Basically, the knowledge and skills in relapse prevention are important. Through these communication activities, it was found that another important part of relapse prevention is knowing their specific triggers to avoid relapse. According to the respondents, knowing precisely the specific triggers that will lead them into relapse such as negative friends, relationship problems with women, and financial problems helped them to avoid falling into the trap of drug addiction again. Therefore, knowledge and skills in relapse prevention are very important for them to remain in recovery. The following explanations represent the experience: Sebab tu yang penting knowledge.. memang boleh berhenti tanpa ilmu tapi dengan ilmu lagi kuat .. kadang-kadang relapse berlaku sbb bila trigger blur.. tiada ilmu sebab tak tau nak guna.. ilmu lah.. sangat penting..
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Knowledge is important…can quit without knowledge but with strong knowledge..sometimes relapse occurs because of trigger..No knowledge because do not know how to use…Knowledge..is very important (Mr. Redza)
Accept fate and be grateful
Denial is a process involved in drug and alcohol addiction by which the addicts pretend or convince themselves that they do not have a problem when they do, or that their addiction is not causing destruction when it is. For them, being grateful for what they have today and not forgetting their past as drug addicts are also skills for coping in order to remain in recovery. The following explanations represent the experience: Apa yang penting kena transparent, yang along the way jangan slip.. kalau sekali dah kena,, lepas tu mesti tak selesa.. yg penting jujur.. What is important is to be transparent, never go wrong along the way. Honesty is very important.. (Mr. Redza) Seandainya 8 tahun dulu saya tidak berubah mungkin sekarang ini saya ada di bawah jambatan. saya sekarang sangat bersyukur, dan apa boleh saya gambarkan saya sekarang seorang usahawan muda yang akan berjaya dan ingin mempunyai kilang sendiri.. If 8 years ago I could not change now I have under the bridge… I am now very grateful, and I can imagine what I am now a young entrepreneur to be successful and want to have my own factories.. (Mr. Namron)
Sub Theme: Appraisal-Focused Strategies
Appraisal-focused strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think. People may alter the way they think about a problem by altering their goals and values.
Changing attitude and mind set
Changing one’s attitude and mindset are among the topics of discussion by these groups of individuals. As drug addicts, the social stigma is most challenging for them in order to get a support from others. Stigma is one of the trinity of biases, two others being prejudice and discrimination. It is not just about disapproval, nor is it a reaction to hat someone does, or how they live or behave. This is their way of “giving something back to others.” The following explanations represent the experience:
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Dah tak tertekan.. lama-lama dah takde.. sebab tu kena ada ilmu how to overcome.. kita mesti belajar terima orang.. accept people.. kena belajar menerima.. bila dah menerima org mesti dalam landasan yang betul.. change my self.. everything will change.. Not depressed anymore. It slowly fades away. That is why it requires knowledge to overcome. We must learn to accept others and learn how to accept..When we have accepted others..change ourselves…everything will then change.(Mr. Redza) sekarang saya tidak kisah lagi pada mereka yang masih anggap saya yang dulu, semua saya lepaskan. apa yang penting adalah saya adalah saya yang baru dan saya tidak pernah minta duit dari mereka semua. Now I don’t care if they still regard me as the old person, I forgo everything..What matters to me most is my new self and I never beg any money from them (Mr. Namron)
It is very important for a recovering person to have a positive and optimistic thinking to survive. A change in mind set and attitude is a must and will prove that they had really changed, thus eliminating the negative stigma of society. In conclusion, all respondents no longer feel the pressure of societal stigma because they have proven that they were consistently changing, gaining trust, thinking positively, practising self-reflection and optimistic in their journey to recovery.
Sub Theme: Emotion-Focused Strategies Emotion-focused strategies involve releasing pent-up emotions, distracting oneself, managing hostile feelings, and meditating or using systematic relaxation procedures. Emotion-focused coping “is oriented toward managing the emotions that accompany the perception of stress.” In the journey of recovery, getting sober is a difficult process and early sobriety is fragile. Abstinence is only a prerequisite to recovery. It is not recovery. It is switching from a lifestyle centred on drug addiction and using drugs to a lifestyle centred on healthy living. The changes they made will be really difficult if they do not have coping skills to handle them. There are several actions such as (1) Developing structure support (family, peers, society) (2) Doing good to people and (3) Practicing a healthy life style taken by these people to release their negative emotion. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 93
Developing structure support (family, peers, society)
Once they admitted to having problems with drugs, the main priority should be on their recovery. This is the time when the person in recovery should focus all of their energy on themselves and not worry about the outside world. Rebuilding relationships with loved ones as families, couples, parents, and friends is one way to assuage their feelings of guilt as a result of the actions of a drug addict in the past. The following explanations represent the experience: Untuk dapat kepercayaan ni, jangan demand,. Macam respect.. kene gain.. macamane.. buktikan dengan diri dulu.. jangan buat kerana orang lain.. do for your self.. prove to yourself.. jangan berubah sebab takut dengan orang lain.. To get the trust, do not demand..It is similar to respect..need to be gained…How? Prove yourself worthy. Don’t do it because of others..do it for yourself.. prove to yourself. Do not change because you are afraid of others (Mr. Redza) Masyarakat disitu boleh terima saya sebab saya buat satu perubahan. Cakap dengan kawan kita aku dah …. aku dah tidak mahu lakukan lagi. Pentingnya kestabilan emosi orang berhenti menangih bukan hanya mereka tetapi mereka yang nak berubah kepada kebaikan kena mengakui, kena .. The community here accepts me, because I can make a change. I have spoken to my friends, I am done. I am not going to do it again. The importance of emotional stability is not only for them, but those who want to change must be acknowledged… must also admit...(Hj. Karim)
Doing Good to People
Five respondents stated that the most significant change is attributed to making time to dedicate to the community. This makes them feel the excitement of being free from drug addiction and strive to maintain abstinence. The following explanations represent the experience: Masyarakat akan sering pandang serong pada bekas penagih dadah mahupun bekas banduan, walaupun mereka ini ada perasaan ingin berubah, namun peluang yang diberikan adalah terhad. Antara langkah saya sendiri untuk mengembalikan kepercayaan mereka..ialah bersikap jujur dan ikhlas People would often scorn at former drug addicts or ex-convicts, although they have intentions to change, but it is limited. Among measures to restore the confidence in my own community of friends and family to me is to be honest and sincere with them (Mr. Redza)
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Saya sibukkan diri dengan aktiviti kemasyarakatan.. saya dilantik mcm2 jawatan.. jadi sekarang ni saya tiada rasa stress atau sunyi.. I keep my self busy with community activities.. I am appointed for all sorts of positions .. so at this point I do not feel stressed or lonely.. (Hj. Karim) Kuat membantu orang lain, tahu kelemahan. Berkhidmat dengan mak ayah tidak kira dalam bentuk apa pun,masa atau sebagainya.Allah akan permudahkan.. Passionate in helping others, to acknowledge the weaknesses. To serve my mother and father no matter in what form it is, when or so on. Allah will make easy. (Mr. Mahmood)
Practicing a healthy life style
The strategy that they used to deal with changes after stopping drug addiction is changing their attitudes, thoughts, and social circle that are free of drugs. For them, the modification of attitude is the essence to ensure that they will sustain the recovery forever. A sober person does not just stop taking drugs, but must also change the way of life, a way of life in general so that he will no longer be called a drug addict. All the respondents agreed that they had their own activities to reduce stress and stay in positive emotion. The following explanations represent the experience:
Aktiviti I banyak.. I kaki pancing.. I joint NGO.. masa memang penuh.. I have a lot of activities. I love fishing.. I joined the NGO.. my time is full. (Mr. Redza) Membaca atau jumpa kawan2 yang sama dalam bidang perniagaan sekarang. kalau marah sekarang ni lepaskan dekat punching bag dan bersenam pada waktu pagi.. Read or meet with business friends.. Anytime I feel angry, I have my punching bag, and do some exercise in the morning..(Mr. Namron)
Discussion
Coping strategies are crucial to an addict’s ability to remain in recovery. They are mental, behavioral, and physical steps a person takes in order to mitigate the impact of stressful events. There are two coping strategies in need of emphasis: problem solving and emotion focused. Problem solving allows a person to take action to alleviate stressful circumstances. Emotion focused strategies regulate emotional responses to stressful events. Both types of strategies are typically used by addicts in recovery to combat most stressful events (Carver, Scheier, MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 95
& Weintraub, 1989). In this study, it was found that the coping skills of each individual are unique and varied. These differences are dependent on the level of knowledge and skills acquired. In the process of maintaining the recovery, every individual must have good coping skills for dealing with high-risk situations that may lead them into relapse. Frequently, addicts use maladaptive coping mechanisms or fail to cope; some remain in denial that they have a problem while others blame themselves for negative past experience. Both of these maladaptive responses may lead to using a substance or behaviour to escape. This study concluded that there are three types of coping strategies that former addicts used when facing these challenges in the process of recovery even though some of the respondents had stopped using drugs for more than fifteen years. Each situation, it turns out, requires a different mechanism. The challenges are different and each person is unique, so there are different styles for them to deal with challenges. The challenges require a variety of coping skills to having a maintained recovery. This study achieved its objectives of finding out the strategies and coping skills that they had adopted in order to maintain their recovery for five years or more (maintenance / termination stages).
Conclusion
During data analysis, it became clear that drug addiction was a meaningful experience for the respondents. These findings suggest that in maintaining recovery status, increasing self-efficacy, religious and spiritual awakening, role of social support and had a coping strategies are likely to enhance the odds of maintaining long-term stable recovery. Therefore, this study found some pertinent findings that can help improve the effectiveness of the drugs treatment and rehabilitation especially among relapse addicts.
(a) Role of counselors or interventionists
Most of recovering addicts’ experiences were influenced by their self- determination and strong relationship with God to stay in recovery. In an initial phase of change, all respondents were experiencing a dramatic event that led them to decide to make a change. This is important for counselors to help them be aware about life-turning points in making a step to change their behaviour and stop their addiction. Indeed, the early stages of change (pre contemplation and contemplation) are very critical times for the client to decide to quit from being a drug addict. At this juncture, they would face a dramatic event that should become a turning point for them. Therefore, a counsellor should be aware and play a role to identify the dramatic event and the cause for their change. 96 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
(b) The importance of understanding of their recovery process
For the most part, respondents seemed aware and acknowledged that there must be factors that make them stay abstinent. In addition, respondents also seemed aware of the potential for triggering cravings and a relapse and the necessity of having their specific skills ready to deal with it. Besides that, respondents were more open and have an understanding of themselves. They become a more dependable individual and are highly self-confident. They are comfortable in facing the challenge of managing recovery.
(d) Enhancing the skills and capabilities of counsellors in providing effectiveness treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts
The results of this study suggest that addiction counsellors and practitioners should enhance their awareness of the perspective of clients dealing with drug addiction, particularly in terms of what those clients consider to be protecting factors and specific coping styles for successful substance abuse recovery management. As such, attention needs to be given to tailor client needs and their goal in recovery. Drug addiction interventions should have as small a gap as possible between the expectations of counsellors and drug addicts in recovery regarding what success looks like and means.
(e) Developing a specific module for drug addicts
The findings of this in-depth, qualitative study are anticipated to help counsellors provide a drug intervention module which is more nearly linked to the factors that enhance retention of recovery among drug addicts after receiving treatment and rehabilitation from providers. The findings also could help counsellors provide relapse prevention skills and knowledge development in line with the needs of the client in order to achieve expected outcomes. In fact, motivation for treatment predicted an agreement or willingness to go along with a counsellor’s or program’s particular recommendation for recovery. A client who seemed willing to follow the counsellor’s advice or accept the label of “drug addict” was considered to be motivated, whereas one who resisted in getting treatment or refused to follow the offered treatment was categorized as unmotivated. The understanding of how the process of recovery occurs and specific coping skills in recovery will help recovery addicts live comfortably and sustain their recovery for a lifetime. The most important thing is that nothing is impossible for substance users or drug addicts to become successful in their recovery and that for counselors there is always hope for addicts. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 97
References
Banonis, B. C. (1989). The Lived Experience of Recovering from Addiction: A Phenomenological Study. Nursing Science Quarterly, 2(1), 37–43. http:// doi.org/10.1177/089431848900200111 Best, D. (2011). Qualitative Account Of The Recovery Experience Recovery From Heroin or Alcohol In Glasgow, Journal of Drug Issues Dependence : 359–377 Boyce, C. & Neale, P. (2006). Conducting In-depth interviews: A Guide for Designing and Conducting In-depth Interviews for Evaluation Input. Online. http://www. pathfind.org/site/DocServer/m_e_tool_series_indepth_ interviews.pdf?docID=6301 Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: a theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–83. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/2926629 Ibrahim, F. (2009). Factors Effecting Drug Relapse in Malaysia : An Empirical Evidence, Asian Social Science (2001), 37–44. Neuman, W. L. (2000) Social Research Methods – Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Allyn and Bacon Pub (4th ed) Prochaska, J. O. (2008a). Decision Making in the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change. Medical Decision Making : An International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making, 28(6), 845–9. 98 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
PROFILE OF MALAYSIAN INMATES
Haslinda Abdullah, Mohd Roslan Rosnon, Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah, Bahaman Abu Samah, Murni Wan Mohd Nor, Dzuhailmi Dahalan & Siti Rahah Harun
Abstrak Sejak tahun 2000, populasi penjara di dunia meningkat hampir 20% berbanding penduduk awam, yang menyumbang kepada 18%. Malaysia, sebagai sebuah negara membangun tidak terkecuali juga dengan berlakunya peningkatan penghuni di penjara. Peningkatan yang tinggi berlaku sejak tahun 2000 hingga 2016, daripada 27,358 kepada 56,612, di mana peningkatan sebanyak 106.93% dalam masa 16 tahun. Peningkatan yang ketara dari tahun 2010, dengan jumlah 38,387 penghuni, dengan kenaikan 47.48% dalam tempoh kurang daripada 6 tahun. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetengahkan profil dan corak kesalahan dalam kalangan penjenayah di penjara Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Kesemua negeri di Malaysia terlibat dan penjara dipilih di setiap negeri menggunakan persampelan bertujuan. Penghuni dari setiap negeri dipilih berdasarkan beberapa kriteria seperti responden mestilah warganegara Malaysia yang telah menjalani sekurang-kurangnya modul pertama proses pemulihan. Sejumlah 4,723 responden terlibat dalam kajian ini. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kebanyakan penghuni adalah lelaki, majoritinya adalah mereka yang produktif iaitu belia yang berusia 21-40 tahun, latar belakang pendidikan yang rendah dan status ekonomi di bawah kumpulan B40 (RM3,080) dan tinggal di kawasan miskin bandar. 50.2% telah dipenjarakan disebabkan oleh kesalahan berkaitan dadah, 27% adalah disebabkan oleh kesalahan merompak dan 7.5% atas kesalahan seksual. Manakala, 55.2% adalah merupakan pesalah yang berulang, dan mereka mengakui bahawa mereka terlibat kerana daya tahan diri yang rendah. Sebagai kesimpulan, kerjasama antara Jabatan Penjara Malaysia dengan beberapa kementerian penting seperti Kementerian Pelajaran dan Kementerian Hal Ehwal Wanita amat disyorkan bagi menangani masalah ini. Kata kunci: Penghuni penjara, Belia, Miskin bandar, B40, Penjara Malaysia Abstract Since the year of 2000, the prison population in the world increased by nearly 20% compared to the civilian population, which accounting for 18%. Malaysia, as a developing country is no exception in increased inmate population. A high rate since 2000 to 2016, from 27,358 to 56,612, in which a 106.93% increase in 16 years. A substantial increase from 2010, with a total of 38,387 inmates, with increment of 47.48% in less than 6 years. This paper aims to highlights the profile and pattern of crime among inmates in Malaysian prison. This study used a descriptive analysis quantitative approach. All state in Malaysia were involved MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 99
and prison were selected in every state using purposive sampling. Inmates from every state were selected based on several criteria such as respondents must be a Malaysian inmates who has gone through at least the first module. A total of 4,723 respondents were involved in this study. The result of the study shows that most of the inmates are men, majority is within productive and youth age 21-40, single with low education background and economically falls under B40 group (RM3,080) who lives in urban poor area. 50.2% were prisoned attributed to drug related matters, 27% are due to robbery and 7.5% sexual related matters. 55.2% were repeated offenders who admit that they were involved due to their low self-resistance. In conclusion, a collaboration between the Malaysian Prison Department with a number of important ministry such as Education Ministry and Ministry of Women Affairs is strongly recommended.
Key words: inmates, Youth, Urban poor, B40, Malaysian Prison
INTRODUCTION
Since the year of 2000, the prison population worldwide increases by nearly 20% as compared to the world population, which is 18%. Based on the latest information from the World Prison Population List (WPPL) on February 3, 2016, there are about 10.35 million inmates in penal institutions throughout the world (Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 2016). In the United States, there are more than 2.2 million inmates in prison, while inmates in China are more than 1.65 million and this amount does not include inmates who are on trial and in administrative detention (Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 2016). In other countries, there are 45,350 inmates in Russia, 622,202 inmates in Brazil, 418,536 inmates in India, 297,829 inmates in Thailand, 247,001 inmates in Mexico and 225,624 inmates in Iran (Walmsley, 2015).
The country with the highest number of inmates rate per 100,000 population is the Republic of Seychelles (799 per 100,000), followed by the US (698), the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis (607), Turkmenistan (583), the US Virgin Islands US (542), Cuba (510), El Salvador (492), US Territory of Guam (469), Thailand (441), Belize (449), Russian Federation (445), Rwanda (434) and the British Virgin Islands (425) (Walmsley, 2015). The United Nations set the standard ratio of inmates in prison to the world’s population, which is 144 inmates per 100,000 people (Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 2016). For ASEAN countries, there are countries that exceeds the ratio set by the United Nations such as Malaysia (184), Singapore (219), Thailand (441) and Vietnam (146) (Walmsley, 2015).
The total number of 10.35 million inmates in penal institutions worldwide is a serious concern (Institute for Criminal Policy Research, 2016). Also, the disproportionate increase of women inmates is very surprising (Institute for 100 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Criminal Policy Research, 2016).What makes it more troubling is that the number of inmates keeps growing, and continues to increase dramatically in some parts of the world. Policy makers around the world must urgently consider the measures in reducing the number of inmates that leads to the increase in cost. The issues of imprisonment effectiveness and overcrowding in prison can not be withheld anymore.
THE POPULATION OF INMATES IN MALAYSIA
Malaysia also faced the increase of inmates population at a high rate from 2000 to 2016, from 27,358 to 56,612 inmates, showing 106.93% increase within 16 years. The substantial increase occurs since 2010, with 38,387 inmates in total, at the rate of 47.48% in less than 6 years (Walmsley, 2015). This places Malaysia at the top 50 of the world ranking, with a ratio of 184 inmates per 100,000 population (Walmsley, 2015). From the amount, 28.7% are foreigners and 61% prisons in Malaysia have the issues of excessive inmates or overcrowding, especially at the prisons in Sungai Buloh (94.13%), Penang (85.64%), Pengkalan Chepa (64.13%), Kajang (42.38% ) and Kota Kinabalu (45.20%) (Malaysian Prison Department), 2016). With this increment, it would be interesting to understand the people being jailed for further intervention program as well as program designed for the Malaysian Prison Department. As a rehabilitation institution, the Prison Department is entrusted with the responsibility to rehabilitate inmates to be human beings who are obedient to the law and get back with their family and community. In the meantime, this responsibility is also to ensure that inmates are not stuck caught in criminal activity thus avoiding them from being jailed again. Therefore, several questions arise. Who are these inmates? Have they being prisoned before? If yes why they re-offend? Where do they come from? What type of socio demographic background do they have and what makes them who they are now? In the light of the above, the paper proposes that holistic approach either from top-bottom or bottom-up approach need to be considered by all parties involved with these inmates. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 101
SOCIAL ISSUES IN MALAYSIA
Current emerging social issues in Malaysia need serious attention by all parties. The number of reported cases of social problems such as drug addiction, loafing and juvenile delinquencies has been on the rise 1995 1995 (Azimi, Turiman & Ezhar, 2003). For instance, criminal cases involving juveniles has increased by 62% from 2408 cases in 1980 to 4012 cases in 1995 (Azimi, Turiman & Ezhar, 2003). In the period of 1990–1995, 60% of the juvenile cases involved teenagers aged between 16 and 18 years (Malaysia Department of Statistics, 1997). Almost 35% involved children between 13 and 15 years old, while 6% involved children between 10 and 12 years old (Malaysia Department of Statistics, 1997). For the case of drug addiction, a total of 1288 drug abuse (Malaysia Department of Statistics, 1997). In line with this, inmates in Malaysian prison has also at rise. Realizing the importance to handle this issue, the Prime Minister in the 11th Malaysia Plan underlines the importance of social welfare and security (Economic Planning Unit, 2015). This urges the Economic Planning Unit (EPU) to take into account subjective welfare in life quality assessment (Economic Planning Unit, 2015). In general, this domain evaluates the public perception of the surrounding atmosphere and feeling in a certain area and in Malaysia. In this context, the Prison Department plays an important role because if a inmates manages to escape from prison, this will significantly affect the subjective well- being of civil society. This is more serious if the ex-inmates are considered as a threat to the society. The inclusion of juvenile crimes and delinquencies in the quality of life measurement is appropriate since they have been identified to be among the important factors that determine quality of life (see Cartwright, 2000, and Riecken & Yavas, 2001). Therefore, in order to improve quality of life and achieve social well being in economic development, certainly one of the ways is to reduce the incidence of juvenile delinquencies as well as other social problems that may exist in a society. In doing so, there is a need to understand the inmates that are currently in Malaysian prison. Therefore, this paper will present the profile of inmates under rehabilitation programmes in prison.
METHODOLOGY
Data from a bigger study entitle “Impact study of inmates rehabilitation program’ were selected for the purpose of this study. This study uses a descriptive analysis quantitative approach. All state in Malaysia were involved and prison were selected in every state using purposive sampling. inmates from every state were selected based on several criteria such as respondents must be Malaysian inmates who has gone through at least the first module. A total of 4723 respondents were involved in this study. The study involved five main zones. The location determination is based on discussion between the research team and the prison 102 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
authorities. Table 1 summarizes the research area according to zone.
Table 1: Distribution of research location according to zone
Zone State 1 Perlis, Kedah, Pulau Pinang and Perak 2 Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Melaka 3 Johor and Pahang 4 Terengganu and Kelantan 5 Sabah and Sarawak
In this study, the research instrument was divided into 6 sections. The domain for each sections are demography, human development programme enhancement, human development programme module, treatment and services, Prison Infrastructure and community integration. This paper just focus on the demography part to show the profile of inmates patterns under rehabilitation programmes in prison. For data collection process, this study were assisted by enumerators and also involves prison officers.
RESULTS
Profile of Inmates
Table 2 shows demographic results of inmates involved in the study. The overall data represent who, where, what and why information of the inmates.
Table 2: Demographic Variables of Inmates in Malaysia
Variables Frequency (n) Percentage Min (Demographic) (%) Gender (n = 4730) Male 4501 95.2 Female 229 4.8
Age (n = 4006) 34.3 21 years and below 337 7.2 22-30 years 1535 32.7 31-40 years 1652 35.2 41-50 years 812 17.3 51 years and above 363 7.7 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 103
Race (n = 4730) Malay 3387 71.6 Indian 500 10.6 Chinese 372 7.9 Bumiputera Sabah dan 429 9.1 Sarawak Others 42 .9 Marital Status (n = 4730) Married 1421 30.0 Spouse Died 84 1.8 Divorce/ Separated 742 15.7 Single 2483 52.5 Monthly Income (n = 1633.1 4301) RM750 and below 597 13.9 RM751-RM1000 1128 26.2 RM1001-RM1500 1172 27.2 RM1501-RM2000 627 14.6 RM2001 and above 777 18.1 Household Income 2935.6 (n = 4066) RM1500 and below 1672 41.1 RM1501 ke RM3000 1314 32.3 RM3001 ke RM4500 381 9.4 RM4501 and above 699 17.2 Place of Living (n = 4686) Urban 2171 46.3 Sub Urban 1608 34.3 Rural 907 19.4 Educations level (n = 4716) Not attending school 271 5.7 Primary School/ UPSR 1080 22.9 PMR/ SRP 1405 29.8 SPM 1536 32.6 104 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Cert/ Diploma/ STPM 351 7.4 Degree 64 1.4 Postgraduate 9 .2 Occupations (n = 4714) Farmers/estate or village 772 16.4 workers Labor 1289 27.3 Government 241 5.1 Private 1277 27.1 Student 118 2.5 Unemployed 401 8.5 Others 616 13.1 Educations level (Fathers) (n = 4564) Not attending school 939 20.6 Primary School/ UPSR 1150 25.2 PMR/ SRP 790 17.3 SPM 1001 21.9 Cert/ Diploma/ STPM 200 4.4 Degree 84 1.8 Postgraduate 44 1.0 Others 356 7.8 Educations level (Mothers) ( n = 4545) Not attending school 1183 26.0 Primary School/ UPSR 1072 23.6 PMR/ SRP 724 15.9 SPM 983 21.6 Cert/ Diploma/ STPM 164 3.7 Degree 58 1.3 Postgraduate 28 .6 Others 333 7.3
Based on Table 2, the respondent distribution age showed that majority of respondents aged between 31-40 (35.2%). This was followed by respondents aged between 22-30 (32.7%), 41-50 (17.3%), 51 years and above (7.6%) while the remaining are 21 and below. Further analysis showed that there were 156 inmates under 18, accounting for 3.3% and there were 92 veterans, representing 1.9% of the total sample. Table 1 also shows that, the respondent distribution MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 105
according to race, in which the Malay respondents is the highest (71.6%), followed by Indians (10.6%), Bumiputera Sabah/Sarawak (9.1%), China (7.9%) and others (0.8 %).Data shows that majority of respondents are single (52.5%), followed by respondents who are married (30.0%), divorced/separated (15.7%) and widowed (1.8%).
For education level, data shows that majority of the respondents has the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (32.6%), followed PMR/SRP (29.8%), primary/ UPSR (22.9%), Certificate/Diploma/STPM (7.4%), not going to school (5.7%), bachelor’s degree (1.4%) and postgraduate (0.2%). Table 2 also shows the job done by inmates prior to imprisonment, in which majority of them (27.3%) were laborers, followed by those who worked in the private sector (27.1%), farmers/ estate or village workers (16.4%), other occupations (13.1%), unemployed (8.5%), government servants (5.1%) and students (2.5%). Then, Table 2 depicts the respondent distribution by their father’s education level. Data shows that majority of respondents’ (25.2%) father has education at primary/UPSR level. This was followed by the SPM (22.0%) level, not going to school (20.5%), PMR/SRP (17.3%), others (7.8%), Certificate/Diploma/STPM (4.4%), bachelor’ degree (1.8%) and postgraduate (1.0%).
Table 2 also shows the respondent distribution by their mother’s education level, with majority of them (26.0%) had mothers who never attended school, followed by those with primary/UPSR (23.6%), SPM (21.6%), PMR/SRP (15.9%), others (7.3%), bachelor’s degree (1.3%) and postgraduate (0.6%). The respondent average monthly income prior to imprisonment was RM1,633.10. According to table 1, majority of respondents (27.2%) have a monthly income of between RM1,001 and RM1,500. This was followed by those with a monthly income of between RM751 and RM1,000 (26.2%), RM2,001 and above (18.1%), RM1,501-RM2,000 (14.6%) and RM750 and below (13.9%). According to table 1 also, the respondent average household income was RM2,935.60. Majority of respondents (41.1%) had a household income of RM1,500 and below. This was followed by those with a household income of between RM1,501 and RM3,000 (32.3%), RM4,501 and above (17.2%) and RM3,001-RM4,500 (9.4%).
The result of the study shows that most of the inmates are men, majority is within productive and youth age 21-40, single with low education background and economically falls under B40 group (RM 3080). Nearly half of them lives in urban poor area (46.3%) with more than 50% were earning RM1500 or less a month. When the household income were further analysed it is safe to highlight that most of the inmates are also the sole bread wiener of the family.The profile suits literature on at risk group. This finding is consistent with previous studies stated that most prisoners are youth and have a socioeconomic background is 106 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
not stable (Fauziah, 2008; Mohammad Rahim, et al, 2014). With regards of race, Malay race leading the statistics with 71% of them were found to be populating the prison in Malaysia.
In term of education background, only 41.6% of the inmates finished their secondary school with SPM, the rest of the group is either up to PMR level, UPSR level or not attending school. Although only 5.7% admit that they do not attend any formal education system the number is quite alarming (271) especially in current situation in which education is a must to everybody. When traced to their parents background, both parents were found to be not educated as well. Whereby almost 50% of them is either not attending school or just up to primary school. With regards to age of the inmates, 75.1% are within youth age which means they are at their productive age. In this case government of Malaysia need to find means and ways which address the whole ecosystem to improve the situation. Reason of Conviction Based on the reason of conviction shown in Table 3, majority of respondents (50.2%) are convicted because of drug-related offenses. The second type of conviction (27.0%) is theft/robbery/burglary. Other conviction offenses are sexual crime (7.5%), inflicting injury (6.3%), deceit/fraud/corruption (3.9%), murder-related offenses (2.9%), miscellaneous offenses (1.6%) and vice/ gambling (0.6%).More than half of the inmates (50.2%) were prisoned attributed to drug related matters, 27% are due to robbery and 7.5% sexual related matters. Based on the result from Table 2, it is clear that drugs is still Malaysian number one enemy. The findings of this study are in line with the previous studies that many offenders were arrested for involvement with drugs (Azlina, 2010; Che Bakar, et al, 2004; Fauziah, 2008; Usman, 2005). More than half of the offenders (55.2%) were repeated offenders who admit that they were involved due to their low self-resistance. This finding also consistent with previous studies about the reason of conviction that lead to residivism (Casey, Warren & Elek 2011; Hanson & Morton-Bourgon 2005). It is also influenced by the characteristics of former prisoners and their life experiences that are closely linked to criminal behavior. Various studies have been conducted to assess how the experiences and challenges faced by former prisoners to encourage the repetition of crime (Travis, Solomon & Waul 2001). MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 107
Table 3: Reason of Conviction
Variables (Type of convictions) Frequency (n) (%) Drug-related offences 2110 (45.5) Theft/robbery/burglary 1023 (22.1) Sexual crime 343 (7.4) Deceit/fraud/corruption 137 (3.0) Dangerous weapon offences 76 (1.6) Murdered related offences 130 (2.8) Vices/ gambling offences 9 (.2) Blackmail offences 30 (.6) Trespassing offences 149 (3.2) Violate the conditions of supervision offences 195 (4.2) Treason offences 13 (.3) Criminal of commercial/ bank/ money and 26 (.6) false documents offences Human trafficking offences 14 (.3) Causing injury offences 161 (3.5) Family criminal offences 5 (.1) Offences related to road 11 (.2) Convicted of more than one offence 121 (2.6) Others 83 (1.8)
CONCLUSION Overall, the findings shows that most of Malaysian inmates are young and lives in urban area. Social demographic result shows that they came from low level of economic status known as B40 and have a very minimum education background. These result indicate that serious consideration and full effort need to address education issues among urban poor in Malaysia. Fail to take action on this issue will lead to worse case scenario of social problems among youth in Malaysian.
In conclusion, collaboration between Malaysian Prison Department with a number of important ministry such as Education Ministry and Ministry of Women Affairs is strongly recommended. This is to review the strategy in giving opportunity and chances of education to those living in urban poor area since majority of the inmates are B40s from the specific area. Skills given to the inmates by the Malaysian Prison Department need to be in-line and congruent 108 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
with the Malaysian Skill Certificate (SKM) as it is important for these inmates to have a recognized certificate to ensure their marketability which will give them a better chance to be employed and hence empower their economic status. It is also suggested that motivational programs which considered spiritual and religious elements are encourage to boost the self-resistance of the inmates.
REFERENCES Azimi, H., Turiman, S. & Ezhar, T. (2003). Gaya Hidup dan Gaya Fakir Remaja masa kini. In Azizan Bahari (Ed.), Generasi Muda Menangani Cabaran. Petaling Jaya: Qarya Sdn. Bhd. Azlina A. (2010). Tema dan Isu Penyelidikan Mengenai Gejalan Sosial Pada Dekad Pertama Abad 21 di Malaysia. Akademika, 78: 3-14. Cartwright, L. E. (2000). Selecting Local Sustainable Development Indicators: Does Consensus Exist in Their Choice and Purpose?. Planning Practice and Research, 15(2): 65–78. Casey, M. P., Warren, K. R. & Elek, K. J. (2011). Using offender risk and needs assessment information at sentencing: Guidance for courts from a national working group. National Centre for State Court. Accessed on 3rd November 2016 through http://www.ncsc.org/~/media/Microsites/Files/ CSI/RNA%20Guide%20Final.ashx Che Bakar, C. M. et. al (2004). Fenomena Hidu Gam di Kalangan Remaja Sekolah: Kajian Kes di Kawasan Persisiran Pantai Sarawak. Laporan Teknikal. Shah Alam: Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia. Department of Prison Malaysia (2016). Statistik penjara 2016. Kajang: Ibu Pejabat Jabatan Penjara Malaysia. Economic Planning Unit (2015). Rancangan Malaysia Kesebelas (RMK11). Putrajaya: Jabatan Perdana Menteri Malaysia. Fauziah, I. (2008). Sokongan Keluarga dan Kecenderungan Penagihan Relaps dalam Kalangan Penagih Dadah di Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Social Policy and Society 5:181-194 Hanson, R., & Morton-Bourgon, K. (2005). The characteristics of Persistent Sexual Offenders: A Meta-Analysis of Recidivism Studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73(6): 1154-1163. Institute for Criminal Policy Research (2016). World Prison Brief Data. Accessed on 30th October 2016 through http://www.prisonstudies.org/ country/malaysia MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 109
Malaysia Department of Statistics (1997). Social Statistics Bulletin. Kuala Lumpur. Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin, Nadiah Syariani Md. Sharif, Nurul Hazrina Mazlan, Azizah Othman, Khaidzir Ismail & Geshina Ayu Mat Saat. (2014c). Personality profiles of Malaysian male prisoners convicted of murder. The Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry 23 (1): 4 -16. Usman, A. K. (2005). Perhubungan di Antara Penyalahgunaan Dadah dan Tingkahlaku Jenayah: Satu Kajian Kes di Dua Pusat Pemulihan Dadah Kerajaan di Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Tesis PhD. Universiti Utara Malaysia Travis, J., Solomon, A., & Waul, M. (2001). From Prison to Home: The Dimensions and Consequences of Prisoner Reentry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Walmsley, 2015, R. (2016). World Prison Population List (11th Edition). Institute for Criminal Policy Research: World Prison Brief.
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Faktor Harapan dan Efikasi Kendiri Sebagai Peramal Terhadap Kebolehsesuaian Kerjaya Dalam Kalangan Penghuni Penjara
Mohd Ahsani A. Malek, Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman, Nasrudin Subhi & Fauziah Ibrahim
Abstrak
Kajian mengenai kebolehsesuaian kerjaya semakin meningkat setelah penilaian kesahan alat ujian Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) telah dijalankan oleh Savickas dan Porfeli pada tahun 2012 di 13 buah negara. Kebanyakan pengkaji hanya memfokuskan kajian mengenai kebolehsesuaian kerjaya terhadap peralihan pelajar dari institusi pendidikan ke dunia pekerjaan, pekerja yang mengalami peralihan pekerjaan dan pesara. Manakala kajian mengenai kebolehsesuaian kerjaya terhadap peralihan penghuni penjara ke dunia pekerjaan adalah kurang. Beberapa kajian mendapati terdapat hubungan antara harapan dan efikasi kendiri dengan kebolehsesuaian kerjaya. Oleh itu, kajian yang dijalankan bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor harapan dan efikasi kendiri dalam mempengaruhi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya di kalangan penghuni penjara. Sejumlah 234 orang penghuni penjara lelaki telah dipilih sebagai sampel kajian. Instrumen kajian terdiri daripada alat ujian Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) dan General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Analisis ujian regresi mudah mendapati kebolehsesuaian kerjaya secara keseluruhan dipengaruhi oleh harapan dan efikasi kendiri. Hasil kajian memberi input positif dan panduan kepada kaunselor dan pegawai pemulihan dalam merangka intervensi kerjaya terhadap penghuni penjara.
Kata Kunci: Kebolehsesuaian kerjaya, Harapan, Efikasi kendiri, Penghuni penjara
Abstract
Studies on career adaptability have been increasing after Savickas dan Porfeli carried out Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) studies in 2012 involving 13 different countries. Most career adaptability studies carried out by researchers are focussed on the students in transition from educational institutions to the working world, workers who undergo work change and workers are in transition to retirement whilst career adaptability studies involving prisoners in transition to the working world is lacking. Studies have found a relationship between both factors of hope and self-efficacy with career adaptability. Therefore this study aims to identify hope and self-efficacy as factors in influencing career adaptability amongst prisoners. A total of 234 male prisoners were selected as respondents. Research instrument involved Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). Regression analysis discovered that overall career adaptability was influenced MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 111
by hope and self-efficacy. The findings provided positive feedback and guidance to counselors and rehabilitation officers in designing career interventions for prisoners.
Keywords: Career adaptability, Hope, Self-efficacy, Prisoners
PENGENALAN
Perubahan arus ekonomi dunia telah menyebabkan perubahan dalam dunia pekerjaan serta mendorong perubahan dalam teori dan praktis kaunseling kerjaya di seluruh dunia. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam kaunseling kerjaya pada abad ke-20 tidak lagi dapat memenuhi keperluan manusia pada abad ke-21 (Maree, 2013). Savickas (1997) telah memperkenalkan Teori Pembinaan Kerjaya yang merupakan lanjutan daripada Teori Pemilihan Kerjaya dan Jenis Personaliti John Holland (1997) serta Teori Perkembangan Kerjaya Super (1953) (Glavin & Berger, 2012). Savickas (1997) juga mencadangkan kebolehsesuaian kerjaya harus menggantikan kematangan kerjaya yang diperkenalkan oleh Super (1955) sebagai konstruk pusat dalam segmen teori perkembangan kerjaya. Dalam hal ini, Savickas (1997) mendapati kematangan kerjaya telah terbukti kurang sesuai bagi pemahaman mengenai perkembangan kerjaya orang dewasa kerana konsep kematangan kerjaya merupakan pusat perkembangan kerjaya bagi remaja.
Kebolehsesuaian kerjaya merupakan salah satu komponen utama teori pembinaan kerjaya yang didefinisikan sebagai persediaan berhadapan dengan tugas yang dijangkakan, melibatkan diri dalam peranan tugas dan penyesuaian segera yang tidak dijangka dalam perubahan pekerjaan serta perubahan persekitaran pekerjaan. Jumlah kajian empirikal terhadap kebolehsesuaian kerjaya semakin meningkat sejak empat tahun kebelakangan ini setelah perkembangan dan pengujian kesahan Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) oleh Savickas dan Porfeli (2012) di 13 buah negara (Rudolph, Lavigne & Zacher, 2017). Kebolehsesuaian kerjaya juga muncul sebagai konstruk penting untuk kaunseling kerjaya pada abad ke-21 ini (Stoltz et al., 2013). Dimensi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya terbahagi kepada empat, iaitu:
i) Prihatin - menjelaskan sejauh mana individu berorientasikan masa depan serta bersedia untuk menghadapi cabaran dan pekerjaan. ii) Kawalan - merujuk kepada sejauh mana individu bertanggungjawab dengan sesuatu yang mempengaruhi perkembangan diri dan persekitaran kerja dengan menunjukkan disiplin, usaha serta kegigihan. iii) Perasaan ingin tahu - merujuk kepada individu menunjukkan rasa ingin tahu dengan membuat penerokaan mengenai kemampuan diri, peluang-peluang dan keadaan pada masa depan. 112 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
iv) Keyakinan - menghuraikan kepercayaan individu bahawa mereka boleh mencapai matlamat kerjaya, boleh menyelesaikan masalah dan menghadapi halangan.
Ramai pengkaji telah menjalankan kajian mengenai hasil positif kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dan mereka mendapati kebolehsesuaian kerjaya mampu meningkatkan kepuasan hidup (Hirschi, 2014), menggalakkan perancangan kerjaya (Ebberwein et al., 2004), menggalakkan perkembangan kerjaya, meningkatkan keyakinan diri, serta mengetahui bagaimana untuk menggunakan kemahiran dan kualiti diri (Scholl & Cascone, 2010). Seterusnya kebolehsesuaian kerjaya juga mempunyai kualiti pekerjaan yang tinggi (Koen, Klehe & Van Vianen, 2012), menjadi peramal kepada hasil mencari pekerjaan (Guan et al., 2013), mencapai kejayaan kerjaya (Heslin, 2005; O’Connell, McNeely & Hall, 2008), meningkatkan komitmen yang afektif (Ito & Brotheridge, 2005), menjadi peramal kepada estim kendiri, mencari pekerjaan dan bekerja semula (McArdle et al., 2007), mempunyai korelasi positif dengan harapan (Buyukgoze-Kavas, 2016; Peila-Shuster, 2016) dan efikasi kendiri (Bocciardi et al., 2017).
Harapan merupakan satu set kognitif yang berasaskan kepada rasa memperoleh kejayaan yang terbahagi kepada dua, iaitu pathway dan agency. Pathway merujuk kepada keupayaan untuk mewujudkan laluan kepada sesuatu matlamat. Agency pula merujuk kepada keupayaan seseorang memulakan dan mengekalkan sesuatu tindakan atau usaha untuk menentukan matlamat (Santilli et al. 2014; Snyder et al. 1991; 1994). Harapan mempengaruhi dimensi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dengan meningkatkan perasaan optimis mengenai masa hadapan (dimensi prihatin) dan keterbukaan kepada pengalaman yang baru (dimensi perasaan ingin tahu), boleh membantu mengembangkan tingkah laku dan kawalan kendiri ketika bekerja serta proses peralihan (dimensi kawalan), dan boleh membantu mengembangkan efikasi kendiri (dimensi keyakinan) (Savickas & Porfeli, 2012).
Efikasi kendiri didefinisikan sebagai tahap keyakinan dan kepercayaan individu mengenai keupayaan diri mereka dalam menjayakan sesuatu tindakan ketika berhadapan dengan situasi yang sukar (Luszczynska, Gutiérrez-Doña & Schwarzer, 2005). Bandura (1986) telah mengembangkan konsep efikasi kendiri kerjaya melalui empat proses utama dan sumber maklumat, iaitu: i) pencapaian pada masa lalu dan pengalaman yang telah berjaya dilalui. ii) pengalaman pembelajaran melalui pemerhatian terhadap role model. iii) pujukan, seperti pengaruh sosial dalam tindak balas kepada keupayaan seseorang dan galakan daripada orang lain. iv) emosi, seperti kebimbangan dan keadaan psikologikal negatif yang lain. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 113
Proses atau sumber efikasi kendiri tersebut adalah penting bagi memahami kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dalam kalangan penghuni penjara yang mana boleh membantu mereka membuat penyesuaian dan bertindak balas terhadap situasi perkembangan kerjaya.
Setiap individu perlu mengadaptasi perubahan dari kanak-kanak ke dewasa, peralihan dari sekolah ke dunia pekerjaan, dan pertukaran pekerjaan ke pekerjaan yang lain (Savickas, 2005). Kebanyakan penyelidik memfokuskan kepada tahap kebolehsesuaian kerjaya bagi sampel yang mengalami peralihan dari sekolah atau universiti ke dunia pekerjaan (Buyukgoze-Kavas, 2016; Duffy, Douglass & Autin, 2015; Guan et al., 2013; Guan et al., 2016; Hou, Wu & Liu, 2014; Koen, Klehe & Van Vianen, 2012; Navaitienė, 2014; Öncel, 2014; Spurk et al., 2016; Wang & Fu, 2015; Ye, 2015). Sebaliknya masih kurang kajian dilakukan bagi memberi fokus kepada kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dalam kalangan penghuni penjara. Kebolehsesuaian kerjaya penting semasa fasa peralihan ini kerana pekerjaan merupakan keperluan utama penghuni penjara yang baru dibebaskan dari tempoh berkenaan (Dougherty, 2012).
Pekerjaan mempengaruhi kejayaan seseorang bekas penghuni setelah dibebaskan dari penjara (Harrison & Schehr, 2004; Santiago, 2011) dengan peranan sebagai satu sokongan kepada bekas penghuni penjara untuk menyara diri dan keluarga serta mengelakkan diri dari terjebak dengan kegiatan jenayah (Rakis, 2005; Tercilla & Breazzano 2010). Beberapa pengkaji turut mendapati pekerjaan berupaya mengurangkan kadar residivis dalam kalangan bekas penghuni penjara (Bahr et al., 2010; Tolbert, 2012). Program pendidikan dan pekerjaan dapat mengurangkan kadar jenayah di samping dapat membantu penghuni penjara mengurangkan tekanan ketika berada di tempat tersebut serta memudahkan proses masuk semula ke dalam masyarakat (Latessa, Listwan & Koetzle, 2014).
Perbincangan mengenai peranan pekerjaan dalam kehidupan bekas penghuni penjara adalah terhad dalam literatur psikologi vokasional (Brown, 2011). Populasi penghuni penjara memerlukan teori vokasional dan kajian emperikal yang boleh menyumbang kepada praktis klinikal bagi membantu mereka dalam fasa peralihan dari penjara ke dalam masyarakat (Thompson & Cummings, 2010). Dalam konteks Malaysia sehingga hari ini masih kurang kajian yang dijalankan ke atas penghuni penjara dari aspek perkembangan kerjaya dan persediaan pekerjaan apabila dibebaskan dari penjara.
Sehingga kini, hanya terdapat sedikit kajian yang dijalankan secara mendalam bagi melihat hubungan antara faktor yang boleh mempengaruhi 114 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
kebolehsesuaian kerjaya (Hou, Wu & Liu, 2014). Sementara itu Koen, Klehe dan Van Vianen (2012) yang menjalankan kajian mengenai kesan latihan ke atas kebolehsesuaian kerjaya di kalangan pelajar universiti telah mencadangkan supaya kajian dilakukan dalam konteks budaya dan sampel yang berbeza. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti faktor harapan dan efikasi kendiri sebagai peramal kepada kebolehsesuaian kerjaya di kalangan penghuni penjara.
KAEDAH KAJIAN
Kaedah kajian ini meliputi reka bentuk kajian, sampel kajian, instrumen dan analisis data.
Reka Bentuk Kajian
Kajian kuantitatif yang digunakan bersifat deskriptif atau kajian tinjauan. Menurut Parmjit et al. (2012), penyelidikan ini adalah penyelidikan dalam bentuk yang paling asas melibatkan deskripsi fenomena semula jadi atau buatan manusia, iaitu dari segi bentuk, tindakan, perubahan mengikut masa dan persamaan dengan fenomena lain. Hal ini akan melibatkan penghuraian ciri-ciri kumpulan melalui penggunaan instrumen kajian seperti soal selidik dan soalan temu duga. Kaedah tinjauan yang digunakan adalah tinjauan keratan rentas (cross-sectional). Tinjauan ini melibatkan pengumpulan maklumat sampel daripada populasi yang mewakili sesuatu yang berlaku dalam satu tempoh masa.
Sampel Kajian
Sampel dalam kajian ini terdiri daripada 234 orang penghuni penjara lelaki yang berumur di antara 20 hingga 70 tahun. Daripada jumlah tersebut, seramai 25 orang tidak bersekolah, 46 orang mempunyai kelulusan UPSR, 76 orang mempunyai sijil PMR, 68 orang mempunyai sijil SPM, empat (4) orang mempunyai sijil STPM, enam (6) orang mempunyai sijil kemahiran vokasional, empat (4) orang mempunyai kelulusan diploma, dua (2) orang mempunyai kelulusan ijazah, dan dua (2) orang mempunyai kelulusan sarjana. Jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh sampel kajian termasuk: penyalahgunaan dadah (62.1%), mencuri (10.8%), menyimpan barang curi (7.3%), melanggar syarat pengawasan polis (6.5%), jenayah kolar putih (1.7%), merompak (1.7%), memukul (1.3%), samun berkumpulan (1.3%), memiliki senjata api (0.9%), meluluskan barang bukti (0.9%), menceroboh (0.9%), menipu (0.9%), salah guna harta (0.8%), mengugut (0.4%), memiliki wang palsu (0.4%), kesalahan melibatkan cukai (0.4%), perbuatan khianat (0.4%), salah laku jalan raya (0.4%), merogol (0.4%), serta memiliki peluru kosong (0.4%). Seramai 134 sampel kajian terlibat dengan pekerjaan sepenuh masa dan 36 orang lagi melakukan kerja separa masa, manakala 64 orang tidak bekerja. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 115
Instrumen
Soal selidik yang diedarkan mengandungi maklumat demografi seperti latar belakang sampel kajian seperti nombor rujukan (nombor sistem maklumat pengurusan pesalah), umur, bangsa, tahap pencapaian akademik, jenis kesalahan, tarikh jatuh hukum, tarikh bebas, dan jenis pekerjaan. Kebolehsesuaian kerjaya diukur menggunakan alat ujian Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) yang dibangunkan berasaskan teori pembinaan kerjaya oleh Savickas dan Porfeli (2013). CAAS mengukur 24 item positif merangkumi enam (6) item bagi setiap empat (4) dimensi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya, iaitu prihatin, kawalan, perasaan ingin tahu dan keyakinan. Skor minima bagi CAAS ialah 24, manakala skor maksimum ialah 120. Sampel kajian perlu menandakan semua 24 item dengan skala Likert dari skala 1= paling kuat, 2= sangat kuat, 3= kuat, 4= agak kuat dan 5= tidak kuat.
Harapan diukur menggunakan alat ujian Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (ADHS) yang mengandungi 12 item positif bagi mengukur tahap harapan sampel. Skala harapan dibahagikan kepada dua (2) subskala yang terdiri daripada Model Kognitif Harapan Snyder, iaitu agency (4 item) dan pathways (4 item). Manakala empat (4) item lagi hanya sebagai pelengkap, iaitu item yang tidak dikira sebagai skor (Snyder et al., 1991). ADHS mempunyai lapan (8) pilihan jawapan skala Likert, iaitu 1= sangat tidak benar, 2= kebanyakannya tidak benar, 3= agak tidak benar, 4= sedikit tidak benar, 5= sedikit benar, 6= agak benar, 7= kebanyakan benar dan 8= sangat benar. Efikasi kendiri diukur menggunakan General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) yang mempunyai 10 item positif skala psikometrik yang direka bentuk bagi mengukur kekuatan kepercayaan seseorang individu terhadap kebolehan diri sendiri untuk bertindak balas dalam situasi yang sukar dan ketika berhadapan dengan halangan (Schwarzer & Jerusalem 1995). Skala GSES asalnya dibangunkan di Jerman oleh Matthias Jerusalem dan Ralf Schwarzer pada tahun 1981 dan telah digunakan dalam banyak kajian dengan penglibatan seramai 100,000 orang sampel. GSES boleh ditadbir sendiri oleh sampel kajian yang mengambil masa dua hingga tiga minit untuk dilengkapkan. Skor minimum bagi GSES ialah 10, manakala skor maksimum ialah 40. Setiap item mempunyai empat (4) pilihan jawapan daripada skor 1= sangat tidak setuju, 2= tidak setuju, 3= setuju dan 4= sangat setuju.
Prosedur
Sebelum pengumpulan data dimulakan, kebenaran perlu diperolehi daripada Ketua Pengarah Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (JPM) untuk menjalankan kajian di Penjara Kajang. Setelah memperolehi kelulusan, temu janji dengan Ketua Unit 116 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Pemulihan Penjara Kajang telah diadakan untuk menetapkan tarikh pengumpulan data kajian. Kajian ini telah dibantu kakitangan dari unit pemulihan dan unit keselamatan. Semasa proses pengumpulan data dijalankan, sampel kajian telah dipecahkan dalam kumpulan kecil atas faktor keselamatan dan bagi memudahkan soal selidik ditadbir. Pemantauan juga dilakukan bagi memudahkan sampel kajian untuk bertanyakan soalan. Bagi mengelakkan sampel kajian tidak menjawab soalan soal selidik, soal selidik disemak supaya dilengkapkan oleh sampel kajian. Sampel kajian dikehendaki melengkapkan kembali soal selidik yang tidak lengkap.
Analisis Data
Data kajian telah dianalisis dengan menggunakan perisian Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) versi 21. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk menentukan frekuensi, peratusan, min dan sisihan piawai. Analisis korelasi Pearson digunakan untuk mengukur hubungan antara kebolehsesuaian kerjaya, harapan dan efikasi kendiri. Analisis regresi mudah pula digunakan untuk mengenal pasti faktor harapan dan efikasi kendiri sebagai peramal terhadap kebolehsesuaian kerjaya.
Keputusan
Keputusan statistik deskriptif seperti nilai min, sisihan piawai, dan korelasi bivariate ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1. Keputusan menunjukkan harapan dan efikasi kendiri berkolerasi secara signifikan dengan kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dan dimensi prihatin, kawalan, perasaan ingin tahu dan keyakinan. Analisis regresi linear pelbagai telah digunakan untuk menguji pengaruh bagi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya berdasarkan harapan dan efikasi kendiri dalam kalangan penghuni penjara. Model regresi yang pertama meneroka harapan dan efikasi kendiri sebagai pemboleh ubah peramal kepada keseluruhan konstruk kebolehsesuaian kerjaya. Manakala empat (4) model yang lain meneroka pemboleh ubah harapan dan efikasi kendiri sebagai peramal kepada empat (4) dimensi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya, iaitu prihatin, kawalan, perasaan ingin tahu dan keyakinan. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 117
Jadual 1: Statistik Deskriptif Dan Korelasi Bivariate
M SP 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pemboleh ubah
1. Harapan 52.12 7.88 - 2. Efikasi kendiri 30.28 3.93 .54** - 3. Kebolehsesuai- 88.30 15.80 .30** .40** - an kerjaya
4. Prihatin 21.64 4.51 .27** .34** .85** - 5. Kawalan 22.45 4.23 .29** .38** .84** .61** - 6. Perasaan ingin 21.71 4.76 .28** .35** .91** .68** .69** - tahu 7. Keyakinan 22.44 4.64 .25** .36** .90** .67** .66** .79**
SP: sisihan piawai N= 234 **p≤.01 – berkolerasi secara signifikan * p≤.05 – berkolerasi secara signifikan
Keputusan analisis regrasi dalam Jadual 2 yang menggunakan kaedah enter mendapati Model 1 Kebolehsesuaian kerjaya menunjukkan varian yang signifikan (F(6,219) = 12.58, p < 0.05,R²= .26, R²Adjusted=.26. Pemboleh ubah harapan (β = 0.15, p < 0.05) dan efikasi kendiri (β = 0.27, p < 0.01) meramal kebolehsesuaian kerjaya secara signifikan. Bagi Model 2 dimensi prihatin, harapan (β = 0.15, p < 0.05) dan efikasi kendiri (β = 0.22, p < 0.01) meramal dimensi prihatin secara signifikan. Model 3 dimensi kawalan diramal secara signifikan oleh pemboleh ubah harapan (β = 0.14, p < 0.05), dan efikasi kendiri (β = 0.25, p < 0.01). Harapan (β = 0.15, p < 0.05) dan efikasi kendiri (β = 0.23, p < 0.01) meramal dimensi perasaan ingin tahu secara signifikan. Manakala Model 5 dimensi keyakinan hanya diramal secara signifikan oleh efikasi kendiri (β = 0.24, p < 0.01). 118 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Jadual 2: Keputusan analisis regrasi
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5 Pemboleh β β β β β ubah prihatin kawalan Perasaan keyakinan Kebolehsesuaian ingin kerjaya tahu
Harapan 2.15* .15 2.00* .15 2.00* .14 2.09* .15 1.65 .12 Efikasi 3.77** .27 3.00** .22 3.51** .25 3.14** .23 3.40** .24 kendiri R² .26 .17 .21 .20 .22 F 12.58 7.81 10.06 9.05 10.31 ∆R² .26 .17 .21 .20 .22 ∆F 12.58 7.81 10.06 9.05 10.31
N= 234 **p≤.01 – berkolerasi secara signifikan * p≤.05 – berkolerasi secara signifikan
Perbincangan
Kajian mengenai konstruk kebolehsesuaian kerjaya semakin meningkat dan menjadi penting dalam literatur psikologi vokasional serta kaunseling dan pendidikan vokasional (Savickas, 2005). Kajian yang telah dijalankan ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti pengaruh harapan dan efikasi kendiri terhadap kebolehsesuaian kerjaya di kalangan penghuni penjara. Harapan menjadi faktor peramal kepada kebolehsesuaian kerjaya secara keseluruhan, dimensi prihatin, dimensi kawalan dan dimensi perasaan ingin tahu. Dapatan kajian ini konsisten dengan kajian oleh Buyukgoze-Kavas (2016) yang turut mendapati harapan meramal kebolehsesuaian kerjaya secara signifikan di kalangan pelajar universiti. Namun begitu, keputusan kajian mendapati harapan tidak meramal dimensi keyakinan. Ini menunjukkan tahap keupayaan untuk menyelesaikan masalah dan mengatasi halangan tidak dipengaruhi oleh keupayaan menggunakan laluan bagi mencapai matlamat (pathway) dan tindakan untuk menentukan matlamat (agency). Snyder (2000) telah menekankan bahawa pentingnya mempunyai tahap harapan yang tinggi apabila berhadapan dengan cabaran kerana tahap sebegini akan membolehkan individu untuk menetapkan pelbagai laluan atau strategi dalam satu masa serta mencari kaedah alternatif bagi menghadapi halangan.
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Efikasi kendiri merupakan faktor peramal kepada keseluruhan kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dan kesemua dimensinya. Hal ini menunjukkan sumber penghuni penjara untuk berdaya tindak dengan tugas, peralihan dan trauma dalam pekerjaan dipengaruhi oleh tahap keyakinan mereka mengenai keupayaan diri untuk mencapai matlamat. Beberapa pengkaji turut mendapati terdapat hubungan antara kebolehsesuaian kerjaya dengan efikasi kendiri pekerjaan (Hirschi et al., 2015), efikasi kendiri pembuatan keputusan (Duffy, Douglass & Autin 2015; Guan et al., 2016) dan efikasi kendiri mencari pekerjaan (Guan et al., 2013).
Kesimpulan
Kajian ini hanya memfokuskan kepada penghuni penjara yang sedang menjalani hukuman di salah sebuah penjara di Malaysia. Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (JPM) perlu menjalankan lebih banyak kajian dan program intervensi berkaitan kerjaya untuk penghuni penjara sebagai persediaan sebelum dibebaskan kerana pekerjaan telah terbukti merupakan satu keperluan utama kepada bekas penghuni penjara. Kaunselor dan pegawai pemulihan perlu mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kebolehsesuaian kerjaya sebelum menjalankan intervensi kerjaya terhadap penghuni penjara bagi memastikan keberkesanan sesuatu intervensi. Kajian ini telah mendapati harapan, dan tahap efikasi kendiri merupakan faktor peramal kepada kebolehsesuaian kerjaya.
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PROFIL KELUARGA DAN GARIS MASA KEHIDUPAN BANDUAN WANITA DI MALAYSIA
Siti Nurkhairina Mohd Nor, Mohammad Rahim Kamaluddin & Wan Shahrazad Wan Sulaiman
Abstrak
Tahap keseriusan jenayah yang dilakukan oleh golongan wanita masa kini dilihat semakin tinggi seperti yang dilaporkan oleh media massa. Walaupun beberapa kajian dalam negara telah dijalankan dalam kalangan banduan wanita, aspek kekeluargaan dan garis masa kehidupan banduan wanita masih kurang diberi fokus secara mendalam, walhal kedua-dua aspek ini dianggap sebagai faktor peramal kepada tingkah laku jenayah. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka profil keluarga dan garis masa kehidupan banduan wanita di Malaysia. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif melalui temu bual mendalam secara bersemuka, kajian ini dijalankan di dua buah penjara di Semenanjung Malaysia dalam kalangan 21 banduan wanita warganegara Malaysia yang melakukan pelbagai jenis jenayah. Protokol temu bual yang mengandungi soalan terbuka digunakan sebagai panduan dalam mengumpul data dan data ini dianalisis menggunakan kaedah Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan: (i) banduan wanita mempunyai latar belakang keluarga yang baik, (ii) keluarga sebagai kepentingan dalam hidup, (iii) ahli keluarga sebagai tempat luahan perasaan (iv) diterima positif oleh keluarga walaupun telah melakukan jenayah dan (v) mempunyai ahli keluarga yang tidak mempunyai rekod jenayah. Hasil dapatan kajian juga menunjukkan tiga ‘turning point’ dalam garis masa kehidupan mereka yang telah mempengaruhi mereka untuk melakukan jenayah iaitu: (i) penderaan, (ii) kehilangan orang tersayang dan (iii) pengalaman pahit perkahwinan. Diharapkan bahawa hasil dapatan kajian dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan rujukan dan juga panduan untuk pihak Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, para akademik, dan agensi berkepentingan dalam merangka modul rehabilitasi yang lebih memfokus kepada banduan wanita dari aspek kekeluargaan dan garis masa kehidupan.
Kata Kunci: Banduan wanita, Jenayah, Profil keluarga, Garis masa kehidupan, Tingkah laku jenayah
Abstract
Today, the seriousness of crime level committed by women is escalating as reported by mass media. However, in-depth studies focusing on their families and life timeline are lacking, considering these two aspects are important predictors of women criminal behaviour. The present study aimed to explore the family and life timeline of female prisoners in Malaysia. Face-to-face interviews were carried out on 21 local female prisoners who committed various types of crimes from two prison in Peninsular Malaysia. The interview protocol MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 125
containing open-ended questions was used as a guide in collecting data from the research participants and those data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The results showed that female prisoners: (i) have a good family background, (ii) family is an important aspect in life, (iii) family members as the place to express their feelings, (iv) positively accepted by their family even though they have committed crimes and (v) have family members who do not have any criminal records. The results also showed three turning points in their life timeline that influenced them to commit crimes which are: (i) abusing history (ii) loss of loved ones and (iii) bitter experiences in marriage. It is anticipated that the findings of this research may act as reference materials and guidelines to Malaysian Prison Department, academicians, and related agencies to develop focused intervention modules for female prisoners focusing on familial and timeline aspects.
Keywords: Female inmates, Crime, Family profile, Life timeline, Criminal behaviour
Pengenalan
Golongan wanita seringkali dikecualikan di dalam topik-topik utama dunia. Ini juga termasuk penglibatan mereka dalam kes-kes jenayah. Kebanyakan kes jenayah dan kajian lepas jenayah yang sering dibincangkan tentang wanita adalah lebih berfokuskan kepada mereka yang menjadi mangsa jenayah seperti dalam kajian oleh Mohammad Rahim et. al. (2017) yang mengkaji tentang profil wanita yang menjadi mangsa bunuh. Malahan, golongan wanita jarang dibincangkan sebagai pelaku jenayah kecuali dalam kegiatan pelacuran (Rohany et al., 2010; Rohany et al., 2016). Banyak kajian-kajian sosiologi dan kriminologi lebih tertumpu kepada wanita yang menjadi mangsa dalam sesuatu jenayah seperti jenayah kekerasan, komersial, seksual, jalanan dan sebagainya (Lee, 2005; Siti Waringin Oon, 2016). Namun begitu, hanya beberapa kajian dalam negara sahaja yang memfokuskan wanita sebagai pelaku jenayah (Norasikin, 2002; Teh, 2006; Nurul Hazrina & Affizal, 2012; Rachel & Roaimah, 2012). Secara amnya, golongan wanita tidak begitu banyak berbeza dengan golongan lelaki kerana mereka turut terlibat dengan pelbagai kes jenayah.
Berdasarkan statistik terbaru tahun 2016 yang diperoleh dari Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, jumlah banduan wanita warganegara Malaysia di penjara seluruh Malaysia telah mencapai lebih dari 1400 orang. Berdasarkan statistik ini, jenis jenayah yang dilakukan oleh golongan wanita dalah jenayah narkotik, jenayah komersial dan jenayah kekerasan seperti jenayah bunuh dan dera. Tambahan lagi, jenayah kekerasan yang dilakukan oleh wanita makin kerap dilaporkan seperti yang dilihat di media massa. Sebagai contoh, kes penderaan yang teruk ke atas seorang anak tiri (Berita Harian Online, 2015), pembunuhan anak (FMT News, 2015) dan kes pelajar perempuan tingkatan tiga yang ditampar oleh guru wanita sehingga terlantar di hospital (Harian Metro, 2016). 126 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Hukuman yang dikenakan ke atas golongan wanita yang terlibat dalam jenayah-jenayah seperti ini jelas menunjukkan betapa tinggi tahap keseriusan jenayah yang dilakukan oleh wanita. Namun demikian, kajian-kajian tentang wanita sebagai pelaku jenayah masih lagi kurang, menyebabkan pengumpulan maklumat masih lagi terhad dan tidak dapat menyumbang kepada pembentukan keseluruhan profil banduan wanita sepertimana profil pelaku jenayah lelaki dapat dibentuk. Selain itu, beberapa kajian lepas tentang wanita sebagai pelaku jenayah di Malaysia lebih banyak memberikan idea dan data tentang aspek psikologikal seperti tret personaliti dan pelbagai faktor sosial yang menyebabkan perilaku jenayah secara umum tetapi kurang memfokuskan kepada aspek kekeluargaan dan garis masa kehidupan mereka secara mendalam walhal kedua- dua faktor ini adalah amat penting dalam mempengaruhi kehidupan dan tingkah laku seseorang individu. Banyak kajian luar negara (Christopher, Lutz-Zois & Reinhardt, 2007; Rosseger et al., 2009; Tsopelas, Spyridoula & Athanasios, 2011) juga membuktikan bahawa aspek kekeluargaan dan garis masa adalah peramal penting dalam membentuk tingkah laku jenayah dan juga antisosial dalam diri seseorang.
Keluarga didefinisikan sebagai sebuah kumpulan yang mempunyai pertalian di antara satu sama lain melalui perkahwinan, kelahiran atau ‘adoption’ (Rothausen, 1999). Keluarga juga merupakan orang pertama yang hadir dalam hidup seseorang individu dan selalunya memainkan peranan yang paling penting dan utama dalam kehidupan, seterusnya dapat mempengaruhi individu tersebut. Kebanyakan individu juga membesar bersama-sama keluarga. Disebabkan hal tersebut, adalah mustahak untuk mengkaji profil keluarga wanita yang melakukan jenayah kerana institusi keluarga dikatakan dapat memberi pengaruh dalam menyumbang kepada perilaku jenayah mereka. Penglibatan keluarga dalam aktiviti jenayah turut perlu dilihat kerana perbuatan tersebut boleh memberi pengaruh kepada seseorang wanita untuk terlibat dalam perlakuan jenayah di mana individu-individu yang membesar dalam keluarga yang projenayah akan mempelajari tingkah laku tersebut secara langsung dan juga tidak langsung sepertimana yang diutarakan dalam Teori Pembelajaran Sosial oleh Bandura (Bandura, 1977).
Garis masa pula didefinisikan sebagai paparan senarai peristiwa dalam susunan kronologi (Rosenberg & Grafton, 2012). Justeru, garis masa kehidupan adalah paparan senarai peristiwa dalam kehidupan seseorang individu dalam susunan kronologi. Garis masa kehidupan golongan wanita yang melakukan jenayah perlu dikaji bagi mengetahui beberapa aspek penting seperti sejarah penderaan yang kebiasaannya dapat mempengaruhi mereka untuk terlibat dalam jenayah. Selain mengenalpasti sejarah penderaan, garis masa kehidupan mereka juga dapat membantu untuk mengenalpasti beberapa turning point yang dapat menjadi faktor penyebab untuk golongan wanita ini terlibat dalam jenayah. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 127
Berdasarkan kajian-kajian lepas yang pernah dijalankan, golongan wanita yang melakukan jenayah biasanya datang daripada keluarga yang tidak bahagia (Teh, 2006; Tsopelas, Spyridoula & Athanasios, 2011). Wanita yang mempunyai ahli keluarga yang dipenjarakan dan pernah disabitkan atas sesuatu kesalahan jenayah juga menjadi penyumbang kepada perlakuan jenayah mereka (Teh, 2006). Ini adalah selari dengan hasil dapatan Rosseger et al. (2009). Mereka mendapati bilangan pelaku jenayah yang juga mempunyai ahli keluarga yang melakukan jenayah adalah tinggi (Rosseger et al., 2009). Walau bagaimanapun, kajian oleh Evans, Hollin dan Long (2013) telah menghasilkan dapatan yang berbeza kerana mereka telah mendapati bilangan penjenayah wanita yang mempunyai ahli keluarga yang pernah melakukan jenayah adalah rendah.
Rata-rata kajian yang pernah dijalankan ke atas wanita yang melakukan jenayah mendapati kumpulan wanita ini mempunyai sejarah penderaan fizikal dan seksual di masa lalu, sama ada penderaan ketika zaman kanak-kanak atau penderaan ketika sudah dewasa yang biasanya dilakukan oleh pasangan rumah tangga mereka (Chasnoff et al., 1986; Warren et al., 2002; Norasikin, 2002; Teh, 2006). Penderaan dikatakan sering mengundang perasaan marah di dalam diri mangsa dera ini sehingga menyebabkan mereka melakukan jenayah penderaan ke atas ahli keluarga atau orang lain apabila meningkat remaja dan dewasa kerana mereka pernah melalui peristiwa yang sama (Chasnoff et al., 1986; Warren et al., 2002). Penderaan ini akan menjadi sebuah kitaran yang berulang- ulang terutamanya dalam institusi keluarga.
Martin et al. (2008) telah menjalankan kajian ke atas 363 penjenayah juvana di Amerika berumur 10 hingga 16 tahun untuk mengkaji profil juvana dan membuat perbandingan di antara juvana lelaki dan perempuan. Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC) telah digunakan sebagai alat ukuran dalam kajian ini (Martin et al., 2008). Mereka mendapati juvana perempuan mempunyai sejarah penderaan fizikal yang lebih tinggi berbanding juvana lelaki. Begitu juga dengan kajian sebelumnya oleh Jenson, Potter dan Howard (2001) di mana kajian tersebut mendapati juvana perempuan mempunyai sejarah penderaan yang lebih tinggi berbanding juvana lelaki. Seramai 85% juvana perempuan pernah didera secara fizikal dan 61% pernah didera secara seksual (Jenson, Potter & Howard, 2001). Hunter et al. (1993) pula mendapati kesemua penjenayah seksual wanita telah didera secara seksual ketika kanak-kanak dan 80% pernah didera secara fizikal ketika kanak-kanak atau remaja. Kajian kuantitatif yang dilakukan oleh Christopher, Lutz-Zois dan Reinhardt (2007) ke atas 142 wanita di penjara Amerika menggunakan Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Levenson’s Self- Report Psychopathy Scale dan Schizotypal Traits Questionnaire pula mendapati penjenayah seksual wanita mempunyai lebih banyak sejarah penderaan seksual ketika mereka masih kanak-kanak dan telah didera dalam jangka masa yang lama. 128 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Menurut Christopher, Lutz-Zois dan Reinhardt (2007) pula, penderaan seksual pada masa lalu ini telah memberi kesan buruk kepada psikologi mereka. Kajian mereka telah menunjukkan sejarah penderaan seksual ketika kanak-kanak adalah penting dalam meramal perbuatan jenayah seksual mereka ke atas orang lain di masa hadapan (Christopher, Lutz-Zois & Reinhardt, 2007). Kajian ini mempunyai hasil dapatan yang sama dengan kajian baru oleh Johnston (2015) yang mendapati 82% daripada sampel kajian penjenayah wanita seksual pernah didera secara seksual dan majoriti wanita ini mengalami penderaan yang sama berkali-kali.
Green dan Kaplan (1994) pula memberikan hasil dapatan bahawa bukan sahaja penjenayah wanita seksual yang pernah didera, malah penjenayah bukan seksual juga pernah didera secara fizikal dan seksual. Ini jelas menunjukkan sejarah penderaan adalah faktor risiko yang membawa kepada perlakuan pelbagai jenayah. Selain itu, kajian yang pernah dijalankan ke atas kedua-dua penjenayah lelaki dan wanita juga mendapati perbezaan yang signifikan tentang sejarah penderaan di antara dua kumpulan ini (Allen, 1991; Rosseger et al., 2009).
Kajian oleh Allen (1991) ke atas 75 penjenayah seksual lelaki dan 65 penjenayah seksual wanita yang melakukan jenayah ke atas kanak-kanak yang mereka kenali telah mendapati kebanyakan penjenayah seksual wanita ini melaporkan pernah didera secara seksual oleh orang yang tidak dikenali. Rosseger et al. (2009) pula meninjau sejarah 187 penjenayah ganas lelaki dan 16 penjenayah ganas wanita di Zurich, Switzerland. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan perbezaan yang amat ketara antara penjenayah ganas lelaki dan penjenayah ganas wanita. Rosseger et al. (2009) juga membuktikan bahawa hampir satu per tiga daripada wanita pernah didera secara seksual ketika kanak- kanak. Selain sejarah penderaan, masalah rumah tangga dengan suami juga dikatakan sebagai satu peristiwa dalam garis masa kehidupan wanita yang sering menjadi punca dan pencetus bagi golongan wanita untuk terlibat dalam melakukan jenayah (Norasikin, 2002).
Daripada kajian-kajian lepas ini, dapat dilihat bahawa banyak kajian- kajian yang pernah dijalankan tentang aspek kekeluargaan dan garis masa kehidupan golongan wanita yang melakukan jenayah adalah secara umum dengan menggunakan konsep analisis kuantitatif (Hunter et al., 1993; Teh, 2006; Rosseger et al., 2009). Kajian-kajian yang mendalam yang melibatkan reka bentuk kualitatif masih kurang dan kebanyakan kajian-kajian yang pernah dijalankan ini adalah kajian luar negara dan ini bermakna Malaysia masih lagi kekurangan kajian-kajian seperti ini dimana kekurangan data telah menyebabkan kesukaran dalam membentuk profil wanita yang melakukan jenayah secara keseluruhan. Pengetahuan tentang penjenayah wanita di negara luar daripada kajian-kajian lepas tidak boleh disamakan sepenuhnya dengan penjenayah wanita di Malaysia MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 129
disebabkan oleh faktor budaya, agama, gaya hidup, ekonomi, demografi, dan sosial. Selain itu, kajian-kajian lepas banyak menunjukkan sejarah penderaan dalam kalangan wanita ini namun, jarang membincangkan tentang turning point lain yang mampu menjadi pencetus kepada perlakuan jenayah (Allen, 1991; Green & Kaplan, 1994; Christopher, Lutz-Zois, & Reinhardt, 2007).
Sehubungan dengan itu, dengan kekurangan kajian-kajian lepas, kajian ini telah dijalankan bertujuan untuk meneroka profil keluarga dan garis masa kehidupan banduan wanita di Malaysia. Penerokaan kedua-dua aspek ini sudah pastinya akan dapat membantu dalam rehabilitasi ke atas golongan banduan wanita dan turut dapat dijadikan panduan kepada para wanita lain supaya tidak terjebak dengan jenayah atau mana-mana tingkah laku antisosial. Selain itu, dapatan kajian yang diperoleh melalui kajian ini juga akan dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pelbagai pihak terutamanya agensi kerajaan seperti Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, Kementerian Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat, pihak psikologi dan kaunseling serta para akademik untuk membangunkan modul- modul rehabilitasi dan intervensi yang sesuai dan efektif bagi golongan banduan wanita dan juga untuk para wanita lain yang berisiko tinggi untuk melakukan jenayah.
Metodologi
Kajian ini telah menggunakan reka bentuk kaedah tunggal iaitu kaedah kualitatif yang menggunakan pendekatan fenomenologi transedental. Sampel kajian dipilih melalui persampelan bukan kebarangkalian iaitu persampelan bertujuan (purposive sampling) di mana banduan wanita yang menyertai kajian ini dipilih oleh pegawai penjara mengikut kesesuaian berdasarkan kriteria inklusi yang telah ditetapkan oleh penyelidik. Antara kriteria pemilihan inklusi yang ditetapkan oleh penyelidik ialah sampel hendaklah melebihi 21 tahun dan ke atas, warganegara Malaysia dan bukan merupakan tahanan reman. Sumber populasi sampel kajian adalah banduan wanita warganegara Malaysia dari dua buah penjara di Semenanjung Malaysia. Saiz sampel kajian ini telah ditentukan berdasarkan tahap ketepuan data yang disarankan oleh Glaser dan Strauss (1967) dalam Teori Ketepuan (Saturation Theory). Menurut Teori Ketepuan ini, tahap ketepuan data adalah satu tahap di mana tiada tema baru yang muncul ketika proses pengumpulan data kualitatif (Glesne & Peshkin, 1992). Dengan itu, data untuk kajian ini dikatakan tepu dengan penglibatan 21 banduan wanita sebagai informan kajian.
Temu bual mendalam secara bersemuka dan one-to-one bersama banduan wanita warganegara Malaysia menggunakan soalan terbuka (open- ended questions) telah digunakan dalam proses pengumpulan data kajian. Satu protokol temu bual yang mengandungi soalan-soalan terbuka ini telah 130 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
dibangunkan oleh para penyelidik sebagai panduan dalam mengumpul data kualitatif daripada informan kajian. Kesemua soalan yang dibangunkan telah disahkan kandungan oleh dua pakar bidang dan pemurniaan protokol dibuat berdsarkan penambahbaikkan yang disarankan oleh para pakar. Protokol temu bual ini mengandungi soalan-soalan yang bertujuan meneroka profil keluarga dan garis masa kehidupan banduan wanita di Malaysia. Soalan-soalan yang diajukan dalam protokol ini menjadi garis panduan asas kepada temu bual yang dijalankan dengan informan kajian. Pengumpulan data telah dijalankan di sebuah bilik khas dalam kawasan Penjara untuk memberikan suasana yang lebih kondusif kepada para informan untuk ditemubual.
Data yang dikumpulkan kemudiannya telah dianalisis menggunakan Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). IPA adalah sebuah analisis yang digunakan untuk meneroka secara mendalam bagaimana informan kajian memberikan makna terhadap sesuatu pengalaman yang telah dilalui (Ahmad Zainol et al., 2015), di mana di dalam kajian ini, pengalaman informan kajian telah dilihat menerusi hubungan kekeluargaan mereka dan garis masa kehidupan mereka. Data kualitatif ini telah dianalisis secara manual. Ketika proses analisis data dijalankan, tema dan subtema tertentu telah dikodkan. Selain itu, sebarang subtema baru yang muncul juga dikenal pasti.
Hasil Dapatan Kajian dan Perbincangan
Profil Keluarga
Profil keluarga merupakan sebuah set data yang menerangkan tentang latar belakang informan kajian, hubungan dengan keluarga mereka, pandangan peribadi terhadap keluarga mereka dan kewujudan perilaku jenayah oleh ahli keluarga. Berdasarkan analisis, lima tema telah dicungkil melalui temubual bersama informan kajian. Lima tema yang dicungkil adalah: (i) latar belakang keluarga yang baik, (ii) keluarga sebagai kepentingan dalam hidup, (iii) keluarga sebagai tempat meluahkan perasaan, (iv) penerimaan positif oleh ahli keluarga walaupun telah melakukan jenayah dan (v) ahli keluarga tiada rekod jenayah. Secara keseluruhannya, hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa keluarga mereka tidak memberikan pengaruh dalam menyumbang kepada perlakuan jenayah mereka
a) Latar Belakang Keluarga Yang Baik
Secara keseluruhan, informan kajian dilihat berasal daripada latar belakang keluarga yang baik, bahagia dan saling menyayangi. Hal ini dapat dilihat dalam hasil temu bual dengan informan ketiga yang memberikan pernyataan yang menyentuh hati tentang keluarga. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 131
Keluarga saya selalu bersatu hati. Selalu problem sharing. Kat sini, mereka selalu datang lawat 3 minggu sekali. Selalu 45 minit. Diorang pakai baju masa lawat ikut tema baju saya. Kalau baju saya hijau, mereka pakai hijau. Dulu merah, mereka pakai merah. (Informan ketiga)
Bagi informan kajian yang telah kehilangan ibu dan bapa, mereka tidak dilihat hidup dalam keadaan kurang kasih sayang. Ini kerana mereka masih lagi menerima kasih sayang yang cukup dari ahli keluarga lain seperti yang dinyatakan oleh informan ke-14 dan informan ke-20.
Mak dah tak ada, meninggal masa saya umur 15 tahun. Ayah tak tahu ke mana. Dah lima tahun tak jumpa ayah. Mak mertua saya dah meninggal. Sekarang ada kakak ipar dan keluarga belah suami saya. Keluarga ipar baik dengan saya. (Informan ke-14)
Sejak mak saya meninggal, saya dapat kasih sayang dari kakak saya. Dia jaga saya macam mak saya jaga. Kami bukan keluarga berada tapi apa yang saya nak, saya dapat. (Informan ke-20)
Selain keluarga kandung dan keluarga ipar, beberapa informan kajian juga telah membesar bersama keluarga tiri. Namun, ini tidak memberi perbezaan terhadap perasaan kasih sayang di antara ahli keluarga tiri dan informan kajian. Sebagai contoh seperti yang didapati daripada hasil temu bual dengan informan ke-19.
Mak saya ok tapi dia beri saya pada mak tiri sebab dia tak boleh bela saya seorang, ayah saya kerja di Singapore. Mak tiri saya, anak-anak dia lelaki sebab tu saya pun nampak macam lelaki sebab membesar dalam persekitaran tu. Mak tiri sangat sayangkan saya. (Informan ke- 19)
Mengikut hasil dapatan kajian ini, informan kajian mempunyai latar belakang keluarga yang baik, penyayang dan bahagia. Mereka membesar dengan kasih sayang yang cukup tidak kira daripada ibu bapa kandung, ibu bapa tiri, adik-beradik dan keluarga ipar. Hasil dapatan kajian ini adalah bertentangan dengan pendapat yang menyatakan perilaku jenayah oleh seseorang individu adalah dipengaruhi oleh latar belakang keluarga yang tidak bahagia atau renggang. Perbezaan antara hasil dapatan kajian ini dengan kebanyakan pendapat dapat dijelaskan dengan perbezaan generasi. Pendapat ini adalah lebih sesuai diutarakan kepada keluarga generasi masa kini berbanding dengan generasi sebelumnya.
132 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Kebanyakan informan kajian ini berada dalam lingkungan umur 30-an di mana mereka membesar dalam generasi yang mempunyai keluarga bahagia jika dibandingkan dengan generasi masa kini iaitu generasi Z. Namun walaupun mereka membesar dalam keluarga bahagia, kebanyakan mereka tidak bahagia dengan perkahwinan mereka dan seterusnya membentuk keluarga yang tidak bahagia kepada anak-anak mereka yang merupakan generasi masa kini.
Di samping itu, hasil dapatan kajian ini juga adalah berbeza dengan apa yang telah dinyatakan oleh Zaplin (2008). Menurut Zaplin (2008), kebanyakan wanita yang melakukan jenayah datang daripada keluarga yang tidak bahagia. Golongan wanita ini kurang mendapat kasih sayang dan penjagaan, kurang hubungan yang membina dan kurang sokongan yang positif (Zaplin, 2008). Perbezaan antara hasil dapatan kajian dan pernyataan oleh Zaplin (2008) dapat dijelaskan dengan perbezaan budaya.
Banyak kajian-kajian lepas merupakan kajian yang telah dijalankan di luar negara terutamanya negara barat. Masyarakat di negara barat adalah ‘individual culture’ yang lebih mengamalkan budaya ‘independent’ iaitu menggalakkan cara hidup berdikari manakala di negara Asia seperti Malaysia adalah sebaliknya. Seperti yang diketahui, masyarakat di Malaysia adalah ‘collective culture’ (Keshavrz & Baharudin, 2009). Justeru, mereka mempunyai hubungan keluarga yang lebih erat kerana budaya tempatan yang saling bergantung antara satu sama lain jika dibandingkan dengan negara barat.
Berasal daripada latar belakang keluarga yang baik, informan kajian turut menyatakan bahawa mereka mempunyai hubungan yang sangat baik dan rapat dengan ibu bapa mereka tanpa mengira sama ada mereka adalah ibu bapa kandung, tiri mahupun ibu bapa angkat. Mereka menggunakan perkataan seperti “sangat baik”, “sangat rapat” , “sangat bagus” untuk menerangkan tentang hubungan mereka dengan ibu bapa. Hubungan mereka yang begitu rapat ini juga membuatkan informan sudi berkongsi sebarang masalah dengan ibu bapa mereka dan mendapatkan nasihat mereka. Ini termasuklah dengan urusan pilihan pasangan hidup mereka. Atas sebab hubungan baik mereka dengan ibu bapa, mereka diberi kebebasan dan restu dalam memilih pasangan hidup mereka sendiri. Akan tetapi, kebanyakan daripada mereka tidak bahagia dengan pasangan hidup mereka, berasa menyesal dan ingin kembali ke pangkuan keluarga selepas berkahwin.
Bukan itu sahaja, hubungan yang baik dan rapat dengan ibu bapa menyebabkan informan tidak mahu menyusahkan mereka. Apabila ada di antara informan kajian yang telah terlibat dalam jenayah akibat daripada pengaruh luar, mereka sanggup meninggalkan rumah dan keluarga mereka. Perbuatan ini dilihat negatif di mata masyarakat namun apabila hal ini diterokai dengan lebih mendalam, informan kajian dilihat memilih untuk melarikan diri kerana MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 133
hubungan baik yang wujud dengan ibu bapa mereka. Dengan melarikan diri, mereka merasakan ia adalah keputusan yang baik kerana mereka tidak akan menyusahkan ibu bapa mereka seperti yang dinyatakan informan ke-15.
Saya kenal kawan-kawan ni sebab diorang jiran rumah saya. Saya pergi rumah diorang, tengok diorang ambil dadah, saya teringin. Dadah heroin. Tapi saya masa tu tak tahu tu dadah. Lepas tu saya lari ikut kawan pergi KL sebab saya tak nak family saya susah sebab saya hisap dadah. (Informan ke-15)
Namun pada hakikatnya, perbuatan ini telah menyebabkan mereka lebih terjerumus dalam kancah jenayah apabila tiada sokongan dan bantuan ibu bapa mereka. Hasil dapatan kajian ini sekali lagi adalah berbeza dengan Zaplin (2008) yang menyatakan wanita yang melakukan jenayah datang daripada keluarga yang tidak bahagia. Daripada hasil dapatan kajian ini, jelas menunjukkan bahawa informan kajian yang telah melakukan jenayah datang daripada keluarga yang baik dan bahagia. Sub-tema seterusnya yang dibentuk melalui temubual bersama banduan wanita adalah keluarga sebagai kepentingan dalam hidup.
b) Keluarga Sebagai Kepentingan Dalam Hidup
Dalam kehidupan seseorang individu, keluarga adalah orang pertama yang hadir dan kebiasaannya mereka telah membesar bersama-sama keluarga. Apabila berbicara mengenai keluarga, majoriti daripada keseluruhan informan kajian menyatakan keluarga sebagai sesuatu yang sangat penting dalam hidup mereka. Ini dapat dilihat dalam beberapa temu bual seperti dengan informan keenam.
Saya memang pentingkan keluarga, saya tak mahu berjauhan. Keluarga dengan suami saya. Keluarga dengan ibu dan ayah tiri saya. (Informan keenam)
Antara sebab informan kajian melihat keluarga sebagai sesuatu yang penting adalah kerana mereka berasa mereka tidak akan wujud di dunia ini tanpa ibu bapa. Mereka juga membesar dengan keluarga sejak dari kecil dan telah mengharungi susah dan senang bersama-sama. Informan ke-14 berpendapat ibu bapa adalah tiada ganti dan sekalipun wang diberi kepada mereka, ia tidak akan dapat membalas jasa mereka. Seperti hampir kesemua informan kajian yang lain, informan kesembilan dan informan ke-20 turut menyatakan keluarga adalah penting namun mereka mempunyai sebab tersendiri mengapa mereka tidak bersama keluarga.
Saya mementingkan keluarga, cuma kadang-kadang halangan dari suami. (Informan kesembilan) 134 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Keluarga penting. Tapi kalau sebagai anak, susahkan keluarga, baik pergi jauh. Sebab saya tak nak dengar cakap mereka. Mereka suruh saya sambung belajar, saya tak nak. (Informan ke-20)
Selepas mereka berkahwin, kebanyakan daripada mereka terpaksa berjauhan dengan keluarga kerana mengikuti pasangan mereka walaupun mereka menyedari kepentingan keluarga. Tiada apa yang dapat dilakukan kerana sebagai seorang wanita, mereka harus mengikut suami mereka. Begitu juga dengan beberapa informan kajian lain yang terpaksa meninggalkan keluarga apabila telah terjebak dengan jenayah akibat dari pengaruh luar. Walaupun mereka berpisah dengan keluarga, keluarga tetap adalah penting dalam hidup mereka.
Seperkara lagi, ada di antara informan kajian yang hanya menyedari kepentingan keluarga pada masa sekarang. Ini adalah kerana sebelum ini, mereka tidak begitu memikirkan tentang keluarga ketika membuat keputusan dalam hidup mereka seperti perkahwinan, pekerjaan atau pergaulan dengan orang di sekeliling seperti informan ke-13.
Bagi saya sekarang memang penting sebab saya dah tua. Dulu saya tak fikir tentang keluarga sebab saya enjoy dengan kawan-kawan. (Informan ke-13)
Berdasarkan subtema yang diutarakan diatas, adalah jelas bahawa keluarga dianggap sebagai penting dan signifikan dalam kehidupan mereka. Keluarga yang dimaksudkan disini adalah ibubapa, adik beradik dan ahli keluarga lain dimana informan ini dibesarkan. Subtema seterusnya yang dicungkil adalah keluarga sebagai tempat untuk para informan meluahkan perasaan mereka.
c) Keluarga sebagai Tempat Meluahkan Perasaan
Informan kajian memilih ahli keluarga sebagai individu bagi mereka meluahkan perasaan dan berkongsi masalah. Ahli keluarga yang dipilih adalah di antara ayah, ibu, atau adik-beradik. Ahli keluarga yang kebiasaannya dipilih adalah yang boleh mendengar, memahami dan memberi nasihat kepada mereka seperti yang dinyatakan oleh informan pertama dan informan ketiga.
Bapak. Sebab beri saya semangat. Masa sekolah menengah saya ada gaduh, bapak beri nasihat macam mana saya nak selesaikan masalah. (Informan pertama)
Kakak yang jaga anak saya. Kami 2 tahun beza. Dari sekolah sampai dah kahwin. Kami selalu contact. Sebab kakak jenis simple. Dia pandai simpan rahsia. Dia selalu bagi nasihat, open minded. Saya happy dengan dia. Dia sendiri ada problem tapi tak pentingkan diri dan boleh jaga saya. (Informan ketiga)
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Seorang informan kajian iaitu informan ke-14 pula memilih mak cik sebagai tempat mengadu kerana berpendapat bahawa mak cik adalah seorang yang lebih memahami informan ini.
Saya selalu mengadu dengan keluarga saya. Dengan mak cik saya yang first. Sebab dia lebih tahu dan memahami saya. (Informan ke-14)
Hasil dapatan ini disokong dengan dapatan lain dalam kajian ini yang menyatakan informan kajian mempunyai latar belakang keluarga yang penyayang serta mempunyai hubungan yang baik dan rapat dengan ibu bapa. Dengan adanya hubungan positif seperti ini, wujudnya perasaan percaya untuk meluahkan dan berkongsi perasaan dengan ahli keluarga. Tambahan lagi, keluarga adalah orang yang paling dekat dengan informan kajian dan mudah untuk dihubungi berbanding dengan orang lain di sekeliling. Sub-tema seterusnya adalah penerimaan positif walaupun informan telah melakukan jenayah.
d) Penerimaan Positif Walaupun Telah Melakukan Jenayah
Apabila memasuki institusi penjara, informan kajian terpaksa berpisah dengan orang tersayang terutama sekali keluarga mereka. Bukan itu sahaja, mereka juga terpaksa berdepan dengan hakikat kemungkinan mereka akan dibenci kerana telah didakwa bersalah atas perbuatan jenayah mereka. Melihat kepada penerimaan keluarga ke atas informan kajian selepas mereka disabitkan bersalah atas perbuatan jenayah mereka, kebanyakannya adalah penerimaan yang baik dan positif.
Pada mulanya, ketika informan kajian ditangkap dan disabitkan dengan kesalahan tertentu, agak sukar buat keluarga mereka untuk menerima kerana berasa terkejut, marah dan sedih. Namun selepas beberapa ketika dan sehingga kini, keluarga dapat menerima, redha dan malah memberi sokongan kepada informan. Ini dapat dibuktikan daripada hasil temu bual dengan informan keenam.
Suami saya terperanjat. Mak saya menangis, terjatuh dan hampir pengsan. Tapi mereka menerimanya. Suami saya kerja potong kayu je untuk buat perabot. Dia sanggup jual kereta demi nak bayar denda saya, RM5,000 tapi tiba-tiba diwajibkan saya masuk penjara. Sekarang suami saya sering datang lawat saya, sering tulis surat. (Informan keenam)
Bagi informan kajian yang sudah bergelar ibu dan mempunyai anak- anak, mereka juga diterima dengan baik dan diberi sokongan oleh anak-anak mereka. Hasil dapatan kajian ini turut selari dengan beberapa dapatan di bawah 136 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
tema profil keluarga ini di mana mereka mempunyai latar belakang keluarga yang baik dan selesa memilih keluarga sebagai tempat meluahkan perasaan. Justeru, walaupun informan kajian telah melakukan sesuatu kesalahan yang berat, hubungan yang positif dengan keluarga mereka menyebabkan mereka sentiasa diberi sokongan keluarga tidak kira apa yang berlaku. Tambahan lagi, hasil dapatan kajian ini selari dengan kajian La Vigne, Schollenberger dan Debus (2009) yang mendapati keluarga memberi sokongan dari segi emosi dan melibatkan diri secara positif dalam kehidupan mereka.
Akan tetapi, terdapat juga situasi di mana sebahagian daripada informan kajian tidak menghubungi dan memberitahu keluarga bahawa mereka dimasukkan ke institusi penjara. Menurut informan ke-10, informan ini enggan memberitahu keluarganya tentang hal tersebut.
Keluarga saya tak tahu. Saya tak nak beritahu diorang. Hanya jiran saya yang tahu. Jiran ada datang mahkamah nak tolong saya tapi masa tu dia tak bawak duit. Tak dapat jamin saya. (Informan ke-10)
Situasi ini hanya berlaku apabila informan kajian telah ditangkap oleh pihak berkuasa tanpa pengetahuan keluarga dan berada jauh daripada keluarga mereka. Bagi informan kajian ini, mereka tidak memberitahu keluarga bukan kerana mereka takut mendapat penerimaan yang negatif, tetapi mereka tidak mahu menyakitkan hati keluarga serta tidak mahu menyusahkan mereka. Faktor tidak pulang ke rumah untuk tempoh yang lama turut menjadi sebab mengapa keluarga tidak mengetahui tentang keberadaan informan kajian di institusi penjara. Mereka juga menganggap keluarga tidak akan mencari keberadaan mereka kerana sudah terlalu lama mereka meninggalkan keluarga seperti yang berlaku kepada informan ke-15 dan informan ke-20.
Sekarang semua tak tahu saya dekat sini sebab dah 9 tahun dah tak balik rumah mak bapak. (Informan ke-15)
Keluarga tak tahu saya masuk penjara. Kan saya pernah menghilang 5 tahun. Jadi kalau saya asyik hilang, mereka tak akan syak apa-apa. Dah biasa. (Informan ke-20)
Berdasarkan sub-tema dan perkongsian para informan diatas, adalah jelas bahawa kebanyakan ahli keluarga para informan memberikan sokongan kepada para banduan. Dalam erti kata lain, ahli keluarga para banduan menunjukkan penerimaan yang baik terhadap banduan wanita. Ini adalah penting untuk mengelakkan recidivisme dalam kalangan banduan wanita dimana kebarangkalian untuk para banduan mengulangi jenayah adalah kurang disebabkan oleh penerimaan positif oleh ahli keluarga banduan. Sub-tema seterusnya yang akan dibincangkan adalah ahli keluarga yang tiada rekod jenayah. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 137
e) Ahli Keluarga Tiada Rekod Jenayah
Apabila melihat kepada latar belakang keluarga informan kajian, hasil dapatan daripada temu bual telah menunjukkan kebanyakan ahli keluarga informan tidak mempunyai sebarang rekod jenayah walaupun informan kajian telah disabitkan atas kesalahan jenayah yang pernah mereka lakukan. Malah, informan kajian memberitahu mereka adalah orang pertama dalam keluarga yang telah melakukan jenayah sehingga dimasukkan ke institusi penjara. Mereka juga menyatakan bahawa disebabkan mereka adalah orang pertama, mereka merasakan mereka telah merosakkan imej baik keluarga seperti yang dinyatakan oleh informan ketiga.
Saya terasa macam saya merosakkan imej keluarga. Malu la kot. Rasa tak jujur. (Informan ketiga)
Informan ke-20 turut memberitahu keluarganya takut untuk ke balai polis dan tidak pernah menjejakkan kaki ke sana, apatah lagi melibatkan diri dalam perbuatan jenayah yang boleh membawa hukuman penjara.
Keluarga saya tak pernah. Mereka pergi balai polis pun takut. Lagi la penjara. (Informan ke-20)
Hasil dapatan ini adalah selari dengan latar belakang keluarga mereka yang baik dan penyayang. Hasil dapatan kajian ini turut dapat disokong oleh kajian Evans, Hollin dan Long (2013) yang mendapati bilangan ahli keluarga penjenayah yang mempunyai rekod jenayah adalah rendah. Ini turut selari dengan latar belakang jenayah informan kajian ini, di mana jenayah ini telah dilakukan sama ada bersama pasangan hidup atau rakan-rakan mereka. Tiada jenayah yang telah melibatkan ahli keluarga sebagai pelaku jenayah. Walau bagaimanapun, Rosseger et al. (2009) telah mendapati bilangan penjenayah yang mempunyai ahli keluarga dengan rekod jenayah adalah tinggi. Justeru, hasil dapatan kajian ini adalah bertentangan dengan dapatan Rosseger et al. (2009).
Profil Garis Masa Kehidupan
Perjalanan hidup informan kajian telah diterokai dari zaman kanak-kanak mereka sehingga mereka ditempatkan di institusi penjara. Garis masa kehidupan mereka mempunyai aspek penting seperti sejarah penderaan dan beberapa turning point lain yang telah menjadi titik permulaan dan boleh menjadi pencetus untuk mereka terlibat dalam jenayah. Berdasarkan hasil dapatan kajian ini, beberapa tema dicungkil berdasarkan profil garis masa kehidupan iaitu: (i) penderaan, (ii) kehilangan orang tersayang dan (iii) pengalaman pahit perkahwinan. 138 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
a) Penderaan
Kebanyakan informan kajian mempunyai sejarah penderaan fizikal di dalam hidup mereka dan ianya lebih menyedihkan apabila individu yang mendera adalah pasangan mereka sendiri. Kebiasaannya informan kajian didera kerana pasangan mempunyai wanita lain. Ini dapat dibuktikan berdasarkan temu bual bersama informan kelima dan informan ke-14.
Dera oleh bekas suami. 2 kali. Kena pukul sampai masuk hospital. Hidung saya patah, bleeding. Sebabnya, suami bawak perempuan balik rumah. (Informan kelima)
Kena dera dengan suami kedua saya. Dia pukul saya sebab tak ikut kehendak nafsu dia. Dia pukul sebab saya tak bagi dia keluar dengan awek dia. (Informan ke-14)
Penderaan yang dilakukan oleh pasangan adalah seperti memukul muka, menampar, menerajang dan menumbuk. Akibat sering didera oleh pasangan, informan kajian menganggap perbuatan mendera ini sebagai sesuatu perkara biasa seperti yang dinyatakan. Mereka telah lali dengan apa yang dilakukan ke atas mereka. Penderaan yang bermula daripada sekadar penderaan emosi sahaja juga akhirnya boleh membawa kepada penderaan fizikal seperti apa yang telah berlaku kepada informan ketiga.
Suami, sekadar penderaan emosi je. Dia kurung saya. Saya ada cabar dia supaya pukul saya tapi dia tak buat. Tapi masa pregnant 2 bulan anak pertama, saya pernah keguguran kerana suami tolak saya sampai jatuh disebabkan marah. (Informan ketiga)
Bagi informan kajian yang mempunyai pasangan yang menghisap dan menjual dadah, mereka akan dipukul apabila barang dadah tidak dibekalkan. Disebabkan berada di bawah pengaruh dadah, pasangan dilihat telah memukul informan kajian seperti yang berlaku kepada informan ke-15.
Kena dera dengan suami kedua saya. Dia pukul saya sebab barang tak dapat. Suami suruh saya pergi ambil barang, saya tak ambil sebab tak larat. Ada 2-3 kali dia pukul saya. Dia bawah pengaruh dadah masa tu. (Informan ke-15)
Selain oleh pasangan, terdapat informan kajian yang mempunyai sejarah didera oleh saudara mereka seperti pak cik mereka. Kedua-dua informan kelapan dan informan ke-12 menyatakan mereka tidak suka akan pak cik mereka kerana pernah menjadi mangsa penderaan mereka. Dalam hasil temu bual dengan MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 139
informan kelapan, informan pernah ditumbuk dan ditendang di muka, badan dan kaki kerana pak cik menuduh informan mengambil barang miliknya.
Saya tak suka paksu saya sebab dia tak suka saya. Saya tak tahu kenapa dia tak suka saya. Dia ada tendang, tumbuk saya dekat badan, kaki, muka sebab dia tuduh saya ambil barang dia. (Informan kelapan)
Dalam kenyataan informan ke-12, informan pernah dipukul teruk dengan paip PVC, paip getah, penyapu lidi dan mop ketika berumur dalam lingkungan 13-14 tahun sewaktu pak cik bergaduh dengan isterinya. Mak informan pernah cuba menghalang, namun turut dipukul oleh pak cik.
Saya pernah dipukul pakcik saya. Saya kena pukul teruk. Dengan paip pvc, paip getah, penyapu lidi, mop. Dia gaduh dengan isteri, saya yang kena. Mak saya ada cuba halang, pak cik saya pukul dia jugak. Waktu tu saya dalam tingkatan 1 atau 2. (Informan ke-12)
Bagi penderaan selain fizikal seperti penderaan seksual, informan kajian tidak menyebut tentang perkara tersebut walaupun ada pegawai penjara yang menyatakan sebahagian informan kajian ini pernah didera secara seksual. Ini adalah kemungkinan wujudnya perasaan malu untuk mereka bercerita tentang hal tersebut atau mereka cuba untuk menafikannya kerana ia terlalu pahit untuk diingati.
Bilangan informan kajian yang mempunyai sejarah penderaan fizikal yang tinggi menunjukkan bahawa sejarah penderaan tidak hanya terhad kepada informan kajian yang telah melakukan jenayah penderaan malah juga kepada informan kajian yang terlibat dengan jenis jenayah yang lain. Dalam erti kata lain, sejarah penderaan adalah pencetus kepada perlakuan jenayah tidak mengira jenayah yang berunsurkan kekerasan mahupun jenayah bukan kekerasan seperti jenayah komersial dan narkotik. Hasil dapatan kajian ini dapat disokong dengan kajian lepas oleh Green dan Kaplan (1994) yang mendapati bukan sahaja penjenayah wanita yang melakukan penderaan seksual pernah didera, malah penjenayah wanita yang melakukan jenayah lain dan bukan seksual juga pernah didera secara fizikal atau seksual.
Sejarah penderaan ini adalah faktor risiko yang membawa kepada perlakuan pelbagai jenis jenayah. Tambahan lagi, hasil dapatan kajian ini juga adalah selari dengan kajian lepas oleh Rosseger et al. (2009). Walaupun mereka mendapati bahawa penjenayah wanita pernah didera secara seksual berbanding fizikal, penjenayah wanita ini telah terlibat dalam jenayah ganas yang lain dan tidak hanya terhad pada jenayah penderaan.
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Melihat kepada hasil dapatan daripada kajian-kajian lepas yang telah dijalankan, hasil dapatan kajian ini dilihat adalah berbeza dari aspek pelaku dera kepada informan kajian. Kebanyakan informan kajian dalam kajian ini mula mengalami penderaan apabila memasuki alam perkahwinan kerana mereka didera oleh suami mereka sendiri. Akan tetapi, banyak kajian lepas seperti kajian oleh Hunter et al. (1993) dan Rosseger et al. (2009) yang mendapati penjenayah wanita telah didera ketika mereka masih kanak-kanak. Perbezaan ini dapat dijelaskan dengan latar belakang keluarga informan kajian ini yang baik dan penyayang. Oleh hal yang demikian, kebanyakan informan kajian ini tidak pernah mengalami penderaan pada zaman kanak-kanak mereka.
Hasil dapatan kajian ini juga dilihat berbeza dengan hasil dapatan kajian oleh Jenson, Potter dan Howard (2001) dan Martin et al. (2008) kerana informan kajian mereka pernah didera ketika zaman kanak-kanak atau remaja. Namun perbezaan ini adalah disebabkan kedua-dua kajian lepas ini telah dijalankan ke atas golongan juvana dan bukannya golongan wanita dewasa. Seperti yang telah dibincangkan di bawah profil keluarga, perbezaan generasi mempengaruhi faktor perilaku jenayah. Generasi kini lebih banyak mempunyai keluarga yang tidak harmoni berbanding generasi sebelumnya yang menyebabkan mereka terlibat dengan perlakuan jenayah sejak umur yang muda.
Walaupun dengan perbezaan ini, hasil dapatan kajian ini dapat menambah kepada kajian-kajian lepas tentang penderaan yang berlaku bukan sahaja pada zaman kanak-kanak tetapi juga dalam alam perkahwinan yang dapat membawa kepada perlakuan jenayah oleh golongan wanita. Ia juga dapat menambah kepada kajian-kajian lepas tentang sejarah penderaan yang kebanyakannya memberi fokus kepada penjenayah seksual wanita dan kurang memberi fokus kepada penjenayah wanita yang lain walhal penjenayah wanita lain juga mempunyai sejarah penderaan dalam hidup mereka.
Selain itu, informan kajian menganggap perbuatan mendera ini sebagai sesuatu perkara yang biasa kerana mereka telah lali dengan apa yang berlaku ke atas mereka. Disebabkan tanggapan seperti ini, informan kajian terus menerus merelakan suami melakukan penderaan ke atas mereka yang dapat mendatangkan kesan buruk kepada psikologi mereka. Ini disokong dengan kajian oleh Christopher, Lutz-Zois dan Reinhardt (2007) yang menyatakan penderaan pada masa lalu telah memberi kesan buruk kepada psikologi penjenayah wanita dan sejarah penderaan ini adalah penting dalam menjangka perbuatan jenayah mereka ke atas orang lain di masa hadapan. Hasil dapatan kajian ini turut selari dengan kajian Johnston (2015) yang mendapati majoriti penjenayah wanita mengalami penderaan yang sama berkali-kali (Johnston, 2015). Sub-tema kedua yang dibentuk dibawah tema profil garis masa kehidupan adalah kehilangan orang tersayang. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 141
b) Kehilangan Orang Tersayang
Zaman kanak-kanak dikatakan sebagai zaman terbaik dalam kehidupan informan kajian. Perasaan gembira dan seronok diungkapkan sewaktu mereka mengimbas kembali zaman kanak-kanak mereka. Ini adalah kerana pengalaman mereka dijaga dan diberi kasih sayang oleh ibu bapa mereka. Ia juga adalah selari dengan profil keluarga di mana informan kajian telah menyatakan keadaan keluarga mereka yang penyayang dan bahagia serta hubungan rapat dengan ibu bapa. Mereka mempunyai zaman kanak-kanak yang indah kerana ibu bapa adalah individu yang banyak mewarnai hidup mereka pada zaman tersebut. Selain itu, pengalaman bersama ibu bapa dan keluarga mereka dinyatakan sebagai pengalaman paling manis dalam hidup mereka. Sehubungan dengan itu, kehilangan orang tersayang terutamanya ibu bapa pasti memberikan impak yang besar dalam kehidupan informan kajian. Ini dapat dilihat apabila ada di antara mereka yang telah kehilangan ibu bapa kerana mereka meninggal dunia, masih menceritakan pengalaman bersama ibu bapa sebagai pengalaman paling manis dalam hidup seperti yang dinyatakan oleh informan ke-12.
Pengalaman paling manis saya dengan arwah mak. Mak suap saya, saya tidur kat riba mak. (Informan ke-12)
Ada juga di antara mereka yang tidak dapat menerima hakikat bahawa mereka telah kehilangan ibu bapa buat selamanya seperti yang dinyatakan oleh informan ke-14, informan ke-17 dan informan ke-19. Ini adalah turning point dalam kehidupan mereka yang dapat menjadi pencetus dan penyumbang kepada perlakuan jenayah.
Saya hisap dadah sebab tekanan. Ada masalah rumah tangga, masalah dengan suami. Mak saya dah meninggal. (Informan ke-14)
Pengalaman paling manis dengan arwah ayah. Ayah suka bawa jalan- jalan. Masa kecil ronda-ronda naik motor dengan ayah, pergi makan, pergi pekan, beli mainan. Saya tak boleh terima ayah dah tak ada sekarang. (Informan ke-17)
Saya hisap dadah sebab kemurungan. Lepas mak kandung saya meninggal. (Informan ke-19)
Akan tetapi, hasil dapatan kajian ini tidak selari dengan pernyataan oleh Zaplin (2008). Golongan wanita yang terlibat dalam jenayah tidak mempunyai zaman kanak-kanak yang riang (Zaplin, 2008). Walaupun dinyatakan bahawa ini tidak semestinya digeneralisasi kepada semua golongan wanita yang melakukan jenayah, ia adalah respon biasa yang diberikan oleh golongan ini apabila mereka ditanya tentang pengalaman hidup mereka (Zaplin, 2008). Justeru, zaman 142 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
kanak-kanak seperti ini telah menjadi penyumbang kepada golongan wanita untuk melakukan jenayah di mana ini adalah berbeza dengan hasil dapatan kajian ini kerana informan kajian mempunyai zaman kanak-kanak yang riang. Berdasarkan dapatan kajian ini pula, pencetus kepada perlakuan jenayah mereka adalah kehilangan orang tersayang seperti ibu bapa yang telah mewarnai zaman kanak-kanak mereka.
Seperti yang dapat dilihat, kehilangan orang tersayang menjadi pencetus kepada perlakuan jenayah oleh informan kajian. Selepas kehilangan orang tersayang, informan kajian berasa tertekan dan mempunyai emosi tidak stabil sehingga mereka terlibat dalam jenayah. Sebagai contoh, perlakuan jenayah narkotik atau dadah. Daripada mula menghisap dadah, mereka kemudiannya belajar untuk melakukan jenayah dengan menjual dan mengedarkan dadah. Sub-tema yang terakhir yang dicungkil dibawah profil garis masa kehidupan adalah pengalaman pahit perkahwinan dalam kalangan banduan wanita.
c) Pengalaman Pahit Perkahwinan
Seperti yang dilihat sebelumnya, keluarga sentiasa dinyatakan sebagai pengalaman paling manis dalam kehidupan informan kajian. Apabila menyentuh tentang pengalaman pahit, hasil dapatan kajian telah menunjukkan informan kajian menghubungkan pengalaman pahit dengan pengalaman perkahwinan mereka seperti yang dinyatakan oleh informan ke-20.
Kenangan dengan bekas suami sangat pahit. Masa bercinta, berkahwin, bercerai. (Informan ke-20)
Tambahan lagi, selain penderaan oleh pasangan seperti yang dinyatakan sebelumnya, informan kajian menyatakan pengalaman perkahwinan dianggap sebagai pengalaman pahit dalam hidup mereka kerana setelah berkahwin, mereka harus mengikut suami dan terpaksa berjauhan dengan keluarga. Selain itu, kebanyakan informan kajian juga bukan sahaja berjauhan dengan keluarga, malah jarang dibenarkan suami untuk pulang dan melihat keluarga. Mereka tidak dapat berjumpa dengan ibu bapa dan keluarga. Ini dapat disokong dengan latar belakang keluarga yang baik yang menyatakan informan kajian mempunyai hubungan yang baik dan rapat dengan ibu bapa mereka. Sehubungan dengan itu, apabila hubungan dengan ibu bapa menjadi terpisah, pastinya informan kajian berasa begitu sedih dan tertekan, seterusnya menyatakan kehidupan selepas berkahwin sebagai pengalaman pahit.
Ada juga sebahagian informan kajian melihat perkahwinan sebagai pengalaman pahit kerana suami telah meninggalkan mereka disebabkan mempunyai wanita lain. Ini dapat dilihat daripada hasil temu bual bersama informan keenam, informan ke-10 dan informan ke-20. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 143
Pahit masa saya kahwin dengan suami pertama, dia orang Kota Tinggi, dia malas. Suami saya curang dengan perempuan Indonesia. Suami saya tinggalkan saya, kahwin dengan perempuan tu. (Informan keenam)
Pahit masa suami saya tinggalkan saya sebab perempuan lain. (Informan ke-10)
Kenangan dengan bekas suami semua la pahit. Saya kenal suami saya dekat Singapore. Kami kahwin tapi kami tak sama taraf. Kan India ada banyak tarafkan. Saya dengan dia macam arang dengan emas. Kami kahwin pun sebab kahwin paksa. Dia cakap dia nak bunuh diri jadi saya kahwin dengan dia, tapi lepas tu dia yang curang, tinggalkan saya dengan perempuan lain. (Informan ke-20)
Hal ini juga menyumbang kepada tekanan kepada informan kajian. Tekanan kemudiannya telah membawa kepada perilaku jenayah seperti jenayah dadah dan jenayah yang lain. Ini dapat disokong dengan General Strain Theory yang telah dibentuk oleh Agnew (1992). Menurut teori ini, sumber tekanan seseorang individu adalah berpunca daripada kehilangan rangsangan positif seperti hubungan kekeluargaan yang bahagia dan kehadiran rangsangan negatif seperti penderaan (Agnew, 1992). Kedua-dua ini telah menyebabkan informan kajian menyatakan perkahwinan sebagai pengalaman pahit dalam hidup mereka. Sumber tekanan ini menghasilkan keadaan afektif negatif seperti kemarahan dan kekecewaan yang kemudiannya membawa kepada tingkah laku antisosial bagi mengurangkan emosi negatif tersebut seperti tingkah laku jenayah (Agnew, 1992).
Hasil dapatan kajian ini juga adalah selari dengan Chitkara (2001) yang menyatakan bahawa gangguan di dalam ikatan perkahwinan menyebabkan seseorang wanita berada di dalam keadaan kekecewaan dan bertindak secara langsung yang dapat membuatkan mereka terjebak dengan pelbagai jenis tingkah laku antisosial atau jenayah. Perkahwinan yang tidak bahagia dilihat menyumbang secara langsung kepada perlakuan jenayah oleh wanita (Chitkara, 2001). Seperti General Strain Theory, Chitkara (2001) turut menyatakan wanita yang melakukan jenayah dikaitkan dengan gangguan emosi mereka akibat daripada perkahwinan yang tidak bahagia dan perceraian.
Kesimpulan
Secara keseluruhannya, kajian ini telah mencapai objektifnya untuk meneroka profil keluarga dan garis masa kehidupan banduan wanita di Malaysia. Hasil dapatan kajian tentang profil keluarga banduan wanita telah menunjukkan mereka mempunyai latar belakang keluarga yang baik dan mempunyai hubungan yang baik dengan ibu bapa mereka. Mereka juga menyatakan keluarga sebagai 144 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
kepentingan dalam hidup mereka dan menjadikan ahli keluarga sebagai tempat untuk mereka meluahkan perasaan. Penerimaan keluarga terhadap mereka adalah positif walaupun mereka telah melakukan jenayah. Selain itu, mereka mempunyai ahli keluarga yang tidak mempunyai rekod jenayah.
Seterusnya, hasil dapatan kajian tentang garis kehidupan banduan wanita telah menunjukkan terdapat tiga turning point yang telah menjadi pencetus dan pengaruh bagi mereka untuk melakukan jenayah. Ketiga-tiga turning point ini adalah penderaan yang kebiasaannya dilakukan oleh pasangan hidup mereka, kehilangan orang tersayang seperti kehilangan ibu bapa dan pengalaman pahit ketika zaman perkahwinan.
Melalui kajian ini, dapatan yang dihasilkan dapat memberikan pemahaman yang lebih mendalam terhadap kedua-dua aspek iaitu keluarga dan garis masa kehidupan wanita yang telah melakukan jenayah. Ini bukan sahaja menambahkan data dan pengetahuan tentang golongan ini tetapi turut diharapkan dapat membantu agensi kerajaan seperti Jabatan Penjara Malaysia bagi merancang dan memperbaharui modul-modul rehabilitasi dan intervensi yang sesuai dan efektif serta lebih berfokus kepada aspek kekeluargaan dan garis masa kehidupan untuk banduan wanita di Malaysia. Tambahan lagi, dapatan ini boleh memberikan kesedaran dan menjadi panduan kepada para ibu bapa dalam mendidik anak mereka dan juga kepada para wanita lain supaya mereka tidak terjebak dengan sebarang tingkah laku jenayah di masa hadapan. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 145
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KLASIFIKASI KECERDASAN DALAM KALANGAN PESALAH JENAYAH DI PENJARA SELATAN SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA
Julina Salehuddin dan Siti Rahmah Awang Abstrak Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengenal pasti kecerdasan pelbagai pesalah jenayah mengikut jenis jenayah yang dilakukan di Penjara Prabebas, Dusun Dato’ Murad, Ayer Keroh, Melaka dan Penjara Kluang, Johor. Kajian ini juga bertujuan membangunkan model kompetensi dengan mengambil kira pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah demografi dan juga kecerdasan pelbagai yang akhirnya membentuk kumpulan kluster berdasarkan pemboleh ubah-pemboleh ubah yang signifikan. Kaedah persampelan rawak diaplikasikan dengan menggunakan ujian psikometrik Ujian Keupayaan dalam Pekerjaan (Ability Test in Employment – ATIEm) sebagai instrumen utama. Seramai 167 pesalah jenayah dipilih sebagai responden kajian. Dua jenis statistik diaplikasikan, iaitu statistik deskriptif dan statistik inferensi bagi menguji hipotesis-hipotesis kajian menggunakan kaedah Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah, ujian chi-square, ujian-t dan ujian Kruskal Wallis. Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah digunakan untuk membentuk kluster berdasarkan gabungan pembolehubah berkategori dan pemboleh ubah selanjar. Hasil kajian telah membentuk tiga kluster saling eksklusif dengan setiap satunya mempunyai ciri-ciri yang unik iaitu kluster kemahiran kreatif, kluster kemahiran personal/emosional dan kluster kemahiran ketangkasan/peka. Selain daripada itu, model kompetensi ATIEm untuk pesalah jenayah telah dibangunkan hasil daripada Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah yang diperolehi. Kata Kunci: Pesalah jenayah, Kecerdasan pelbagai, Analisis kluster dua langkah
Abstract This study is to determine the multiple intelligence of criminal offenders based on the types of their criminal offences at Penjara Pra Bebas, Dusun Dato’ Murad, Ayer Keroh, Melaka and Penjara Kluang, Johor. Besides that, this study also aims to develop a competency model that includes the demographic and multiple intelligence variables which eventually forms clusters based on the significant variables. A random sampling method was applied and a psychometric test namely, Ability Test in Employment (ATIEm) was used as the main instrument. A total of 167 criminal offenders were randomly chosen as respondents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to test the hypotheses of the study which are the Two Step Cluster Analysis, chi-square test, t-test and Kruskal Wallis test. Two Step Cluster Analysis was performed to form clusters with mixture of categorical and continuous variables. As a result, three mutually exclusive clusters were formed which are creative skills, personal/emotional skills and agility/sensitive skills clusters. The ATIEm competency model was developed based on the obtained results of the Two Steps Cluster Analysis. At the end of MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 149
this study, several suggestions were proposed to Malaysian Prison Department and to future researchers.
Keywords : Criminal Offenders, Multiple Intelligence, Two Step Cluster Analysis
Pengenalan
Sebagai sebuah negara yang membangun, sistem keadilan jenayah dilihat amat penting dalam memacu transformasi negara ke arah negara maju. Sistem ini bertujuan untuk menjaga keselamatan dan keharmonian masyarakat, mencegah dan mengurangkan jenayah, mengambil tindakan undang-undang terhadap penjenayah dan juga memulihkan pesalah supaya menjadi warganegara yang berguna dan produktif (Ibrahim, 1995). Peningkatan dalam jumlah banduan reman dan sabitan yang membanjiri penjara dari tahun ke tahun dilihat ada kaitannya dengan kadar residivisme banduan-banduan tersebut (Abu Jamil, 2007). Halangan utama bekas banduan ini mendapatkan pekerjaan adalah rekod jenayah yang dimiliki menyumbang kepada stigma negatif bakal majikan (Ibrahim & Kumar, 2009). Selain itu juga kurangnya pengalaman kerja dan reputasi buruk yang ada pada mereka turut menyumbang kepada kesukaran mendapatkan pekerjaan (Sampson & Laub, 1997; Bushway, 1998; Western, Kling & Weiman, 2001; Visher, Winterfield & Coggeshall, 2005). Persepsi negatif ini menyumbang kepada diskriminasi pasaran buruh dan turut mengehadkan peluang bekas banduan mendapatkan pekerjaan setelah mereka dibebaskan. Keadaan ini akan menyebabkan mereka terjebak semula dalam kancah jenayah. Akhirnya mereka merengkuk semula ke dalam penjara (Che Amat & Ahmad, 2013).
Peningkatan dalam indeks residivisme yang signifikan ini bukan sahaja memberi impak yang negatif kepada ketenteraman sosial malah turut membawa implikasi kepada pembangunan individu, hubungan interpersonal, penggubal dasar dan peruntukan ekonomi sesebuah negara (Hassan & Syed Ahmad, 2013). Dalam menangani penglibatan semula bekas banduan ke dalam kancah jenayah, sokongan semua pihak amatlah dituntut bagi membantu golongan tersebut dari segi mental dan fizikal untuk menghadapi cabaran apabila kembali ke dunia luar serta menjadi salah satu komponen dalam masyarakat (Hamin & Abu Hassan, 2012). Sebagai salah satu komponen dalam masyarakat, bekas banduan ini harus dibantu agar diterima semula selepas keluar dari tirai besi. Masyarakat harus memainkan peranan agar bekas banduan ini dapat menjalani kehidupan secara normal di samping mencegah mereka daripada terjebak semula dari melakukan jenayah (Ibrahim, Samah, Talib & Sabran, 2009). Oleh itu, masyarakat harus sedar bahawa bekas banduan juga mempunyai kebolehan dan kemahiran dalam bidang tertentu. Kebolehan atau kecerdasan ini boleh digilap seterusnya melengkapkan mereka dengan kemahiran untuk menghadapi pasaran buruh. 150 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Teori Kecerdasan Pelbagai yang diperkenalkan oleh Howard Gardner pada tahun 1983 menyatakan bahawa manusia mempunyai sembilan kecerdasan (intelligences) yang merangkumi pelbagai kebolehan, keupayaan, bakat atau kemahiran yang wujud secara semula jadi (Gardner, 1983). Sembilan jenis kecerdasan yang dikenal pasti adalah kecerdasan verbal/linguistik, logik/ matematik, visual/ruang, kinestetik, muzikal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalis dan spiritual. Kecerdasan Pelbagai merupakan satu set kemahiran yang membolehkan individu menyelesaikan masalah yang dihadapi dalam kehidupan sebenar. Keadaan ini juga merupakan potensi mencari atau mencipta masalah yang membolehkan individu mempunyai pengetahuan baru serta kebolehan membuat sesuatu atau menawarkan perkhidmatan yang bernilai dalam lingkungan sesuatu budaya (Gardner, 2004a; 2004b).
Kajian-kajian lepas menunjukkan Teori Kecerdasan Pelbagai boleh digunakan untuk mengenal pasti kemahiran, potensi dan bakat yang ada dalam diri seseorang individu secara semula jadi. Untuk itu, melalui kajian yang dijalankan, teori ini dilihat sebagai kayu pengukur atau petunjuk kepada potensi pesalah- pesalah jenayah ini dalam pasaran buruh apabila dibebaskan. Melalui kajian ini juga, kemahiran, potensi dan bakat yang dimiliki oleh pesalah jenayah juga dapat dikenal pasti melalui model yang dibentuk hasil daripada kaedah Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah yang dipilih sebagai asas penentuan kluster. Objektif bagi kajian ini adalah untuk membentuk kumpulan kluster kecerdasan berdasarkan persamaan dalam faktor-faktor demografi tertentu, jenis kesalahan dan ciri-ciri kecerdasan pelbagai menggunakan Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah (Two-Step Cluster Analysis) dan membina model kompetensi (ATIEm) berdasarkan kluster yang dibentuk melalui Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah. Bagi tujuan kajian ini, dua institusi penjara telah dipilih, iaitu Penjara Pra Bebas, Dusun Dato’ Murad yang terletak di Ayer Keroh, Melaka dan Penjara Kluang, Johor.
Metodologi Kajian
Kajian ini adalah merupakan satu kajian deskriptif secara tinjauan melalui pengagihan soal selidik berbentuk ujian psikometrik bagi mengklasifikasi kecerdasan yang ada pada diri seseorang pesalah jenayah di kedua-dua institusi penjara yang dipilih. Seramai 167 orang responden telah dipilih secara rawak dan meliputi banduan dalam kategori Fasa 1, 2 dan 3 dari Penjara Kluang, Johor serta Fasa 4 (pra- bebas) dari Penjara Pra Bebas Dusun Dato’ Murad, Ayer Keroh, Melaka. Responden ini merupakan banduan sabitan dan banduan jatuh hukum yang sedang menjalani hukuman dan perbicaraan atas pelbagai kes jenayah di negara ini. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 151
Instrumen utama dalam kajian ini adalah ujian keupayaan intelek dinamakan Ujian Keupayaan dalam Pekerjaan (Ability Test in Employment - ATIEm). ATIEm telah diubah suai hasil daripada penambahbaikan kajian terdahulu oleh Awang (2011), iaitu Ability Test in Epilepsy (ATIE©2008) berdasarkan kepada Teori Kecerdasan Pelbagai Gardner. Ujian ini bertujuan mengukur sembilan faktor kecerdasan pelbagai di kalangan pesalah jenayah, iaitu kecerdasan verbal/ logik/matematik, visual/ruang, kinestetik, muzikal, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalis dan spiritual. Ujian ini telah dibahagikan kepada sepuluh bahagian utama, iaitu profil demografi dan sembilan kecerdasan seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.
Jadual 1 : Pembahagian Soalan Mengikut Butiran
Bahagian Item Bilangan soalan
A Demografi 14
B1 Muzikal 11
B2 Kinestetik 10
B3 Logik/Matematik 10
B4 Visual/Ruang 10
B5 Verbal 10
B6 Interpersonal 10
B7 Intrapersonal 10
B8 Naturalis 10
B9 Spiritual 10 152 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Dari analisis yang dilakukan, responden dikelaskan mengikut tahap kecerdasan mengikut skor ujian mereka. Sekiranya mereka mendapat skor yang tinggi bagi seksyen muzikal, mereka dianggap sebagai mahir dalam bidang muzik. Responden yang mempunyai nilai skor yang tinggi bagi dua atau lebih kecerdasan berbeza, menunjukkan mereka mempunyai lebih daripada satu potensi kemahiran. Penentuan tahap kecerdasan responden adalah seperti Jadual 2 berikut :
Jadual 2 : Tahap Kecerdasan
Tahap Julat Skor Tahap Skor Kecerdasan 0.0 hingga 1.0 Tiada Tiada/Lemah 1.1 hingga 2.0 Sangat Rendah 2.1 hingga 3.0 Sederhana Sederhana 3.1 hingga 4.0 Tinggi Tinggi 4.1 hingga 5.0 Sangat Tinggi
Sumber: (Awang, 2011)
Pengklasifikasian dan Pengklusteran Kecerdasan
Analisis Kluster adalah teknik statistik yang digunakan untuk mengumpulkan individu atau objek ke dalam subkumpulan yang homogeneous dengan mengambil kira respons terhadap pemboleh ubah (Nurosis, 2005). Romesburg (2004) mengatakan analisis kluster adalah kaedah yang paling asas bagi menganggarkan persamaan dalam satu kumpulan tertentu. Objektif bagi kaedah ini adalah untuk mengumpulkan subjek mengikut kluster dan kajian ini dilakukan menurut profil kecerdasan serta penentu kebolehpasaran mereka pula dibuat berdasarkan klasifikasi kluster yang dikenal pasti.
Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah
Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah adalah kaedah yang digunakan untuk membentuk kumpulan kluster dengan menggabungkan pemboleh ubah berkategori (kualitatif) dan pemboleh ubah selanjar (kuantitatif) (Nurosis, 2005). Untuk itu, kaedah ini menggunakan pemboleh ubah kualitatif (jenis jenayah, bangsa, latarbelakang pendidikan dan status perkahwinan) dan pemboleh ubah kuantitatif (skor sembilan jenis kecerdasan dalam ATIEm dan umur). MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 153
i. Pengklusteran Automatik (Schwarz’s Bayesian Criterion (BIC))
Kaedah Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah meliputi kaedah pengklusteran automatik dengan menggunakan Shwarz’s Bayesian Criterion (BIC) untuk menentukan bilangan kluster yang sesuai mengikut set data (Nurosis, 2005). Kaedah pengiraan BIC adalah seperti berikut:
BIC = 2 x ln (likelihood) ln (N) x k
k adalah darjah kebebasan model yang mengambil kira susunan varian dan N adalah bilangan pemerhatian yang dibuat dalam membuat penilaian tersebut (Raftery, 1995). BIC dikira untuk setiap kluster yang berpotensi dan nilai yang paling kecil adalah model yang paling baik (Awang, 2008). Oleh itu, nilai BIC yang paling kecil menggambarkan bilangan kluster yang paling ideal dalam pembentukan kluster.
ii. Ukuran Jarak (Distance Measure) (Log-Likelihood Criterion)
Menurut Nurosis (2005), sekiranya sesuatu kajian itu terdiri daripada campuran pemboleh ubah berkategori dan pemboleh ubah selanjar, pengkaji hanya boleh menggunakan log-likelihood criterion. Jarak antara dua kluster bergantung kepada pengurangan dalam log-likehood apabila digabungkan dalam satu kluster. Bagi tujuan mengira log-likelihood, pembolehubah selanjar diandaikan mempunyai taburan normal, manakala bagi pembolehubah berkategori pula mempunyai taburan multinominal. Formula pengiraan fungsi log-likelihood adalah seperti berikut:
• L* adalah fungsi likelihood. • ln L* adalah fungsi log-likelihood. • f (y) adalah fungsi ketumpatan kebarangkalian bersyarat. • ln f (y) adalah log fungsi ketumpatan kebarangkalian bersyarat.
• yn adalah nilai siri masa pada masa n.
• yn, yn-1,... y1 adalah nilai siri berindeks pada masa n yang menurun.
• Ɵ1,Ɵ2,...Ɵk adalah parameter bagi model statistik.
iii. Khi Kuasa Dua
Ujian Khi Kuasa Dua digunakan sebagai ujian kebebasan untuk mengenal pasti sama ada dua atau lebih pemerhatian ke atas dua populasi adalah bebas antara satu 154 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
sama lain. Ujian ini juga digunakan sebagai ujian kesesuaian bagi menentukan sama ada taburan frekuensi yang dinilai bersesuaian dengan taburan frekuensi berdasarkan teori. Persamaan dalam mengira Khi Kuasa Dua adalah:
Nilai O adalah nilai frekuensi yang dicerap, manakala E adalah frekuensi yang dijangka. Dapatan yang diperolehi daripada ujian Khi Kuasa Dua bersama- sama darjah kebebasan digunakan bersama jadual Khi Kuasa Dua yang dikira untuk mendapatkan nilai-p. Nilai-p tersebut kemudiannya akan menentukan signifikannya ujian yang dilakukan (Pallant, 2010). Bagi setiap kluster, taburan yang dicerap dibandingkan dengan taburan yang dijangka. Nilai yang tinggi menunjukkan taburan bagi pemboleh ubah tidak sama dengan taburan keseluruhan. Garis nilai kritikal dibentuk setiap kluster tidak sama dengan kluster yang lain. Sekiranya nilai statistik tersebut lebih besar daripada nilai kritikal, ini menunjukkan bahawa pemboleh ubah berkenaan signifikan untuk membezakan kluster tersebut dengan kluster lain (Nurosis, 2005).
iv. Ujian-t Tidak Bersandar (Independent T-test)
Ujian T Tidak Bersandar menilai perbezaan antara min bagi dua kumpulan yang bebas. Nilai min bagi dua kumpulan berbeza akan menentukan bahawa kumpulan tersebut berbeza antara satu sama lain. Formula mengira nilai t sampel tidak bersandar seperti berikut:
• X1 adalah min bagi sampel pertama.
• X2 adalah min bagi sampel kedua. • S2 adalah varian bagi sampel. • Nombor subskrip (1 dan 2 di atas dan bawah bagi x dan s dalam formula) merujuk kepada sampel 1 dan sampel 2.
Analisis Data
Profil demografi dan kecerdasan responden seperti dalam Jadual 3 dan 4. Purata skor adalah antara 28.51 sehingga 36.75, nilai sisihan piawai pula antara 6.44 dan 9.43. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 155
Jadual 3: Profil Demografi Responden
Pembolehubah Kategori Kekerapan Peratus (%)
(n = 167) Jantina Lelaki 142 85.0 Perempuan 25 15.0 Bangsa Melayu 134 80.2 Cina 13 7.8 India 10 6.0 Lain-lain 10 6.0 Umur Minima 19 Maksima 60 Min 33.53 Sisihan Piawai 8.883 < 20 tahun 1 0.6 20 – 29 tahun 65 38.9 30 – 39 tahun 65 38.9 > 40 tahun 36 21.6 Status Bujang 91 54.5 Perkahwinan Berkahwin 55 32.9 Lain-lain 21 12.6 Taraf Sekolah Rendah 41 24.6 Pendidikan SRP / PMR 47 28.1 SPM/MCE 62 37.1 STPM 2 1.2 Diploma 9 5.4 Lain-lain 6 3.6 Jenis Jenayah Jenayah Kekerasan 47 28.1 Jenayah Harta 32 19.2 Benda Jenayah Komersil 6 3.6 Jenayah Narkotik 76 45.5 Lain-lain Jenayah 6 3.6 156 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Jadual 4: Analisis Deskriptif bagi Skor Sembilan Jenis Kecerdasan
Sisihan Kecerdasan n Minimum Maksimum Min Piawai 1. Muzikal 167 11.0 54.0 31.63 9.43 2. Kinestetik 167 9.0 50.0 32.35 7.73 3. Matematik / Logik 167 0.0 50.0 28.51 9.22 4. Visual / Ruang 167 0.0 48.0 31.03 8.22 5. Verbal / Linguistik 167 0.0 50.0 29.56 8.89 6. Interpersonal 167 0.0 50.0 33.01 7.61 7. Intrapersonal 167 15.0 50.0 34.29 6.44 8. Naturalis 167 13.0 50.0 34.57 8.77 9. Spiritual 167 0.0 50.0 36.75 9.03
Objektif 1: Membentuk kumpulan kluster kecerdasan berdasarkan persamaan faktor-faktor demografi tertentu, jenis kesalahan dan ciri-ciri kecerdasan pelbagai menggunakan Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah (Two- Step Cluster Analysis).
Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah digunakan untuk meletakkan responden dalam kluster tertentu berdasarkan jenis kecerdasan yang dimiliki dan ciri-ciri pesalah jenayah yang diperolehi daripada analisis sebelum ini. Kaedah ini menggunakan pembolehubah kualitatif (kategori jenayah, latar belakang pendidikan, jantina, bangsa dan status perkahwinan) dan pembolehubah kuantitatif (min skor sembilan jenis kecerdasan dalam ATIEm dan umur) dalam pembentukan kluster yang diperlukan.
Bilangan Kluster
Kluster ditentukan mengikut pengklusteran automatik di mana algoritma yang menentukan bilangan optimum kluster berdasarkan Schwarz Bayesian Criterion atau Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Jadual 5 menunjukkan kaedah statistik pengklusteran automatik menggunakan algoritma BIC. Daripada pengklusteran automatik BIC, bilangan kluster yang dicadangkan adalah (3). Bilangan kluster ini mengambil kira nisbah perubahan BIC (ratio of BIC changes) yang paling besar berbanding kluster lain. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 157
Jadual 5: Pengklusteran Automatik Schwarz’s Bayesian Criterion (BIC)
Schwarz’s Nisbah Nisbah Bilangan Perubahan Bayesian Perubahan Ukuran Kluster BICa Criterion (BIC) BICb Jarakc 1 2518.964 2 2466.446 -52.518 1.000 1.205 3 2447.195 -19.251 .367 1.331 4 2468.340 21.146 -.403 1.159 5 2506.262 37.921 -.722 1.104
a. Daripada bilangan kluster sebelumnya di dalam jadual. b. Relatif kepada perubahan kluster sebelumnya. c. Nombor kluster semasa dibahagikan bilangan kluster.
Responden dibahagikan kepada tiga kluster berbeza mengikut persamaan ciri-ciri demografi, jenis kesalahan jenayah dan kecerdasan yang dimiliki. Rajah 1 menunjukkan pembahagian kluster yang mewakili 167 orang responden dalam kajian ini. Analisis menggunakan kaedah pengklusteran dua langkah menunjukkan bilangan tertinggi responden adalah pada Kluster 2, iaitu seramai 59 orang (35.33%). Kluster 1 dan 3 masing-masing diwakili 54 orang responden (32.33%).
Rajah 1: Pembahagian Responden mengikut Kluster 158 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
i. Penentuan Komposisi Kluster
Seterusnya adalah mengenal pasti ciri-ciri persamaan yang ada pada setiap kluster dan pemboleh ubah yang penting bagi kluster tersebut. Daripada analisis kluster dua langkah, output yang diperolehi adalah pemboleh ubah berkategori yang penting bagi pembentukan setiap kluster. Terdapat dua paksi, aiaitu paksi –X dan paksi-Y. Paksi-X adalah statistik Khi Kuasa Dua dan di paksi Y adalah senarai pembolehubah berkategori, iaitu jenis jenayah, tahap pendidikan, jantina, bangsa dan status perkahwinan. Jika palang melebihi garisan had nilai kritikal, maka ini menunjukkan bahawa pemboleh ubah berkenaan adalah signifikan dalam membezakan satu kluster dengan kluster yang lain. Bagi pembolehubah selanjar (continous variables) pula, pembentukan kluster ditentukan dengan menggunakan plot statistik-t bagi min pemboleh ubah tersebut. Pada paksi-X adalah plot statistik-t dan pada paksi Y adalah pembolehubah berterusan. Dalam kajian ini, pemboleh ubah berterusan yang digunakan sebagai asas pembentukan kluster adalah min skor bagi setiap jenis kecerdasan dan juga umur.
Ciri-ciri penting yang membentuk Kluster 1 adalah kategori jenayah (jenis jenayah), tahap pendidikan, jantina, kecerdasan verbal/visual/ruang, naturalis dan logik/matematik. Ciri-ciri ini dilihat dalam Rajah 2 dan 3 di mana pemboleh ubah melebihi had nilai kritikal (critical value), Keadaan ini menunujukkan, responden dalam Kluster 1 mempunyai ciri-ciri kecerdasan yang sama dalam keempat-empat jenis kecerdasan.
Rajah 2: Rajah 3: Pembolehubah Berkategori Penting Pembolehubah Berterusan Penting bagi Pembentukan Kluster 1 bagi Pembentukan Kluster 1 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 159
Bagi Kluster 2, pembolehubah berkategori yang penting dalam pembentukan kluster adalah tahap pendidikan. Rajah 4 menunjukkan hanya pembolehubah ini sahaja yang mencapai had nilai kritikal. Rajah 5 menunjukkan responden dalam kluster ini mempunyai kesemua sembilan jenis kecerdasan. Ini dapat dilihat daripada rajah tersebut dengan semua jenis kecerdasan mencapai had nilai kritikal.
Rajah 4: Rajah 5: Pembolehubah Berterusan Pembolehubah Berkategori Penting Penting bagi Pembentukan bagi Pembentukan Kluster 2 Kluster 2
Rajah 6 mewakili Kluster 3 yang menunjukkan bahawa kategori jenayah dan juga tahap pendidikan menjadi pembolehubah yang signifikan bagi responden dalam kluster ini. Kedua-dua pembolehubah ini mencapai had nilai kritikal berbanding tiga pembolehubah yang lain. Daripada Rajah 7 boleh disimpulkan bahawa hanya kecerdasan kinestetik, naturalis dan juga spiritual sahaja yang signifikan dalam kluster ini.
Rajah 6: Rajah 7: Pemboleh ubah Berterusan Pemboleh ubah Berkategori Penting Penting bagi Pembentukan bagi Pembentukan Kluster 3 Kluster 3 160 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Pemboleh ubah dalam Kluster Setelah menentukan pembolehubah-pembolehubah penting yang membezakan satu kluster dengan kluster yang lain, langkah berikutnya adalah untuk mengkaji keanggotaan pembolehubah (variables membership) bagi setiap kluster dan memeriksa hubungan antara kluster. Jadual 6 menunjukkan ringkasan pembolehubah penting bagi setiap kluster yang membezakan setiap kluster antara satu sama lain. Pemboleh ubah ini adalah berdasarkan statistik Khi Kuasa Dua bagi pembolehubah berkategori dan statistik-t bagi pembolehubah selanjar.
Jadual 6: Ringkasan Pembolehubah Signifikan dari Chi-square dan Statistik-T
Kluster1 Kluster 2 Kluster 3
Pembolehubah (32.33%) (35.33%) (32.33%)
n=54 n=59 n=54 Data Berkategori (Categorical Data) Jenis jenayah Signifikan Tidak Signifikan Pendidikan Signifikan Signifikan Signifikan Jantina Signifikan Tidak Tidak Bangsa Tidak Tidak Tidak Status perkahwinan Tidak Tidak Tidak Data Selanjar (Continous Data) Verbal Signifikan Signifikan Tidak Visual / Ruang Signifikan Signifikan Tidak Naturalis Signifikan Signifikan Signifikan Logik / Matematik Signifikan Signifikan Tidak Interpersonal Tidak Signifikan Tidak Intrapersonal Tidak Signifikan Tidak Kinestetik Tidak Signifikan Signifikan Spiritual Tidak Signifikan Signifikan Muzikal Tidak Signifikan Tidak Umur Tidak Tidak Tidak Bilangan pembolehubah 7 10 5 signifikan (p<0.05) MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 161
ii. Ciri-ciri Kluster Setiap kluster mempunyai ciri-ciri yang eksklusif dan tidak mempunyai persamaan antara satu sama lain. Ujian Kruskal-Wallis dijalankan bagi memeriksa hubungan antara kluster di samping bertujuan membuktikan setiap kluster berbeza antara satu sama lain dan bersifat unik.
Jadual 7 menunjukkan ujian statistik Khi Kuasa Dua dan Kruskal-Wallis.
Ujian hipotesis nol (null) H0 mengatakan bahawa semua kluster mempunyai taburan yang sama. Daripada ujian yang dijalankan, hipotesis nol ditolak kerana nilai signifikan kurang daripada hipotesis nol (0.05). Oleh itu,
hipotesis kajian ini (Ha) diterima dan ketiga-tiga kluster adalah tidak sama serta bersifat unik.
Jadual 7: Ujian Statistik a,b
Muzik Kines- Logik Visual Verbal Inter Intra Natura- Spiritu- tetik lis al Chi 17.442 39.238 31.620 39.329 50.522 20.043 12.244 57.248 25.772 square
df 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Asym. .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .0001 .002 .0001 .0001 Sig. a. Ujian Kruskal-Wallis b. Kumpulan pembolehubah : Nombor Kluster Dua Langkah
Kluster 1
Tujuh pembolehubah signifikan yang membezakan Kluster ini berbanding kluster lain adalah kategori jenayah, tahap pendidikan, jantina dan empat jenis kecerdasan pelbagai iaitu kecerdasan verbal, kecerdasan visual/ruang, kecerdasan naturalis dan juga kecerdasan logik/matematik. Ciri-ciri jenis jenayah yang dilakukan oleh subjek yang berada dalam Kluster 1 adalah mereka yang terlibat dalam melakukan jenayah kekerasan seperti samun, rogol, mendatangkan kecederaan pada orang lain, ugutan jenayah, bunuh dan lain-lain. Subjek mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan peringkat menengah. Analisis yang dijalankan juga menunjukkan hanya subjek lelaki sahaja yang sesuai berada dalam kluster ini. 162 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Kluster 2
Terdapat sepuluh pembolehubah yang signifikan, iaitu tahap pendidikan dan sembilan jenis kecerdasan yang diuji dalam kajian ini. Kluster ini sesuai dengan responden yang mempunyai tahap pendidikan, sekurang-kurangnya peringkat sekolah rendah. Untuk berada dalam kluster ini, kecerdasan responden memadai pada tahap sederhana dalam kecerdasan verbal, visual/ruang, naturalis, logik/ matematik, kinestetik dan muzikal. Walau bagaimanapun pesalah jenayah mesti mempunyai keupayaan yang tinggi dalam kecerdasan interpersonal, intrapersonal dan juga spiritual untuk berada dalam kluster ini.
Kluster 3
Bagi Kluster 3 pula, lima pemboleh ubah yang signifikan bagi membezakannya dengan dua kluster lain ialah jenis jenayah, tahap pendidikan dan tiga jenis kecerdasan, iaitu kecerdasan naturalis, kinestetik dan spiritual. Kluster ini hanya sesuai bagi subjek yang mempunyai rekod kesalahan dalam penyalahgunaan dadah sahaja. Secara majoriti, subjek dalam kluster ini mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan sekolah menengah. Selain daripada itu, subjek juga harus memiliki keupayaan yang tinggi dalam kecerdasan naturalis, kinestetik dan juga kecerdasan spiritual.
Hasil daripada kajian ini, ciri-ciri kluster yang dibentuk didapati berbeza antara satu sama lain dan bersifat unik. Secara ringkasnya, Jadual 8 menunjukkan ciri-ciri setiap kluster yang dibentuk.
Jadual 8: Ringkasan Ciri-ciri setiap Kluster
Kluster 1 Kluster 2 Kluster 3
Jenayah kekerasan Kombinasi 5 jenis jenayah Jenayah narkotik Sekolah Menengah Sekolah Rendah Sekolah Menengah Lelaki Interpersonal Naturalis Verbal Intrapersonal Kinestetik Visual/ruang Spiritual Spiritual Naturalis Logik/matematik MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 163
Objektif 2 : Membina model kompetensi (ATIEm) berdasarkan kluster yang dibentuk melalui Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah
Berdasarkan hasil yang diperolehi daripada objektif pertama, tiga kumpulan (kluster) telah dibentuk hasil dari gabungan pembolehubah kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang signifikan mengikut kluster. Model Kompetensi ATIEm telah dibangunkan hasil daripada kluster yang dibentuk melalui kaedah Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah seperti Rajah 8. Pesalah-pesalah jenayah yang diuji dalam kajian ini dibahagikan kepada tiga kumpulan kemahiran yang dikenali sebagai Kluster Kemahiran Kreatif, Kemahiran Personal/Emosi dan juga Kemahiran Ketangkasan/Peka.
1) Kluster ‘Kemahiran Kreatif’ merangkumi empat domain kecerdasan, iaitu kecerdasan logik/matematik, visual/ruang, verbal dan juga naturalis. Mereka mempunyai keupayaan untuk memproses, menganalisis, menginterpretasi atau menaakul hasil persepsi mereka terhadap rangsangan yang diterima. Ciri-ciri subjek kluster ini adalah dari golongan lelaki dewasa muda yang berumur dalam lingkungan 20 – 29 tahun, berkelulusan pendidikan dari sekolah menengah serta melakukan kesalahan berkaitan jenayah kekerasan seperti bunuh, rogol, samun, mendatangkan kecederaan terhadap orang lain, ugutan jenayah dan lain- lain. Mereka mempunyai keupayaan berfikir secara abstrak dan konseptual serta menggunakan logik untuk membuat keputusan. Di sepanjang itu, subjek berupaya berfikir dalam bentuk tiga dimensi dan menvisualisasikan dengan tempat dalam realiti, peka terhadap alam sekeliling serta persekitaran dan mempunyai kemahiran menggunakan bahasa untuk memerangkap mangsa.
2) Kluster ‘Kemahiran Personal/Emosional’ merangkumi gabungan kemahiran personal dan juga spiritual. Banduan dalam kluster ini mempunyai kemahiran kognitif asas, iaitu kecerdasan logik/matematik, visual/ruang, verbal, kinestetik, muzikal dan naturalis pada tahap sederhana, tetapi mendapat skor yang tinggi dalam aspek personal (intrapersonal/intrapersonal) serta spiritual. Mereka mampu berkomunikasi dengan rakan sejenayahnya, membentuk pakatan dan memahami diri sendiri secara mendalam. Subjek juga memahami tentang kekuatan serta kelemahan diri sendiri dan mempunyai pemikiran yang reflektif dan mendalam. Ciri-ciri kluster ini adalah golongan dewasa muda (20-29 tahun) dan mempunyai rekod jenayah dalam mana-mana lima kategori jenayah yang dibincangkan. Sesuai dengan tahap kecerdasan yang sederhana dalam enam daripada sembilan jenis kecerdasan yang dimiliki, individu yang berada dalam kluster ini mempunyai latar belakang akademik peringkat sekolah rendah sahaja. 164 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
3) Kluster ‘Kemahiran Ketangkasan/Peka’ terdiri daripada pesalah jenayah yang mempunyai perwatakan yang lincah/tangkas dan reflektif. Mereka mempunyai tahap kecerdasan yang tinggi dalam domain kinestetik, naturalis dan juga spiritual. Mereka berupaya mengawal pergerakan badan dan mengendalikan objek dengan mahir, peka terhadap alam sekeliling serta bersikap reflektif dalam memahami persoalan kehidupannya. Kluster ini hanya sesuai untuk banduan yang mempunyai rekod kesalahan jenayah narkotik dan mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan tahap sekolah menengah serta berumur dalam lingkungan 30-39 tahun.
Dapatan kajian yang diperolehi dari analisis Kluster Dua Langkah diringkaskan dalam Jadual 9. Ketiga-tiga kluster menunjukkan komposisi yang hampir seimbang. Kluster 1 dan 3 masing-masing terdiri daripada 54 orang responden, manakala Kluster 2 seramai 59 orang subjek. Kluster 1 sesuai bagi banduan yang mempunyai rekod jenayah kekerasan, manakala Kluster 2 dan 3 sesuai bagi individu yang mempunyai latar belakang penyalahgunaan dadah.
Bagi kategori tahap pendidikan, Kluster 1 dan 3 masing-masing signifikan bagi banduan yang mempunyai latar belakang pendidikan peringkat sekolah menengah. Manakala Kluster 2 hanya sesuai bagi banduan yang berkelulusan sekolah rendah sahaja. Dari aspek jantina, Kluster 1 hanya sesuai bagi banduan lelaki sahaja. Namun begitu, bagi Kluster 2 dan 3 pula nisbah lelaki dan wanita agak sukar dibandingkan kerana jumlah yang tidak seimbang antara kedua-dua jantina tersebut memandangkan majoriti responden adalah lelaki. Ketiga-tiga kluster secara dominan terdiri banduan berbangsa Melayu kerana etnik tersebut mewakili jumlah majoriti dalam kajian ini.
Rajah 8: Model Kompetensi ATIEm untuk pesalah jenayah mengikut jenis jenayah dilakukan MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 165
Ketiga-tiga kluster dikuasai banduan yang bujang dengan peratusan antara 51.9% hingga 57.6% antara ketiga-tiga kluster tersebut. Dari aspek peringkat umur, bagi Kluster 1 dan 2, kebanyakan responden terdiri daripada banduan dalam peringkat umur 20 hingga 29 tahun. Namun begitu, bagi Kluster 3 pula banduan yang menguasai bilangan responden dalam kumpulan tersebut berumur antara 30 hingga 39 tahun. Dari aspek ciri-ciri kecerdasan, Kluster 1 merangkumi banduan yang mempunyai kemahiran yang tinggi dalam domain kecerdasan logik/matematik, visual/ruang, verbal/linguistik dan naturalis. Dari aspek inventori personaliti pula, individu yang terlibat dalam jenayah kekerasan bersikap lincah, kurang sikap belas, suka mendesak, agresif dan kurang bermasyarakat. Kecerdasan verbal/linguistik yang digunakan oleh pesalah jenayah untuk mempengaruhi mangsa mengikut cakap mereka, di samping bijak menggunakan bahasa untuk memberikan arahan kepada rakan sejenayah atau mangsa. Mereka juga mempunyai kemahiran visual/ruang kemampuan mentafsir ruang dalam bentuk tiga dimensi. Melalui kemahiran tersebut, mereka mampu meloloskan diri apabila berada dalam situasi dikejar penguatkuasa semasa serbuan dilakukan. Mereka juga peka terhadap alam sekililing dan tidak takut ketika menyembunyikan diri di dalam semak, hutan atau ladang-ladang kelapa sawit. Kecerdasan logik/matematik juga memberi mereka keupayaan untuk mereka berfikir secara abstrak dan konseptual dengan memahami sebab serta akibat sesuatu tindakan yang mereka ambil untuk melindungi perbuatan jenayah yang mereka lakukan.
Bagi Kluster 2 pula, subjek mempunyai tahap kemahiran yang tinggi dalam aspek personal dan juga spiritual. Kemahiran interpersonal membolehkan subjek berkomunikasi dengan rakan sejenayah ketika melakukan perbuatan jenayah. Mereka mampu mempengaruhi mangsa untuk melakukan perbuatan jenayah. Sebagai contoh, seorang pesalah jenayah yang terlibat dalam sindiket penipuan mampu mempengaruhi mangsanya untuk menyerahkan sejumlah wang sebagai balasan terhadap sesuatu perkara tanpa menyedari dirinya telah ditipu. Mereka juga mampu memikirkan jalan keluar atas sesuatu peristiwa jenayah yang mereka lakukan dengan menggunakan kemahiran spiritual dan mengikut cakap ketua sindiket jenayah yang telah dirancang. Melalui kecerdasan intrapersonal pula, mereka dapat mengenal pasti kekuatan dan kelemahan mangsanya serta bertindak balas terhadap kekuatan mahupun kelemahan mereka.
Kluster 3 pula mewakili subjek yang mendapat skor yang tinggi dalam domain kecerdasan kinestetik, spiritual dan naturalis. Inventori personaliti subjek dalam kluster ini mempunyai tahap pendidikan yang lemah, keyakinan diri yang rendah, stres dan emosi terganggu yang menyebabkan mereka terlibat dalam penyalahgunaan dadah. Daripada kajian yang dijalankan, mendapati pesalah jenayah narkotik peka terhadap alam sekeliling kerana mereka sering 166 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
menjadikan kawasan perumahan, lorong-lorong gelap, bawah-bawah tangga dan jambatan serta kawasan semak berhampiran sebagai lokasi sarang penagihan dadah (Berita Harian, 11/5/2015). Melalui kecerdasan naturalis, mereka mampu meloloskan diri daripada pihak penguatkuasa ketika serbuan walaupun pada waktu malam. Mereka gemar menjadikan kawasan semak, bawah jambatan, lorong-lorong gelap dan rumah-rumah kosong sebagai tempat menagih dadah supaya mudah melarikan diri ketika diserbu pihak berkuasa. Kecerdasan kinestetik membolehkan pesalah jenayah mahir menggunakan alat-alat membuat dadah dan senjata untuk mempertahankan diri. Selain itu juga mereka berupaya melarikan diri ketika serbuan dan taat kepada ketua.
Jadual 9: Ringkasan Ciri-ciri Responden dalam Setiap Kluster
Pembolehubah Kluster 1 Kluster 2 Kluster 3 32.33% 35.33% 32.33% n=54 n=59 n=54 Jenis Jenayah Kekerasan (57.4%) Kekerasan (27.1%) Narkotik Hartabenda (33.3%) Hartabenda (23.7%) (100.0%) Lain-lain (9.3%) Narkotik (37.3%) Lain-lain (11.9%) Tahap Rendah (3.7%) Rendah (55.9%) Rendah (11.1%) Pendidikan Menengah (79.6%) Menengah (33.9%) Menengah Tinggi (16.7%) Tinggi (10.2%) (88.9%)
Jantina Lelaki (100%) Lelaki (78.0%) Lelaki (77.8%) Perempuan (22.0%) Perempuan (22.2%) Bangsa Melayu (70.4%) Melayu (83.1%) Melayu (87.0%) Cina (7.4%) Cina (10.2%) Cina (5.6%) India (9.3%) India (3.4%) India (5.6%) Lain-lain (13.0%) Lain-lain (3.4%) Lain-lain (1.9%) Status Bujang (53.7%) Bujang (57.6%) Bujang (51.9%) Perkahwinan Kahwin (38.9%) Kahwin (33.9%) Kahwin (25.9%) Lain-lain (7.4%) Lain-lain (8.5%) Lain-lain (22.2%) MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 167
Kategori Umur 20–29 thn (50.0%) 20–29 thn (40.7%) < 20 thn (1.9%)
30–39 thn (31.5%) 30–39 thn (39.0%) 20–29 thn (25.9%) > 40 tahun (18.5%) > 40 tahun (20.3%) 30–39 thn (46.3%)
> 40 tahun (25.9%) Muzikal - - - Kinestetik - - Tinggi Visual/Ruang Tinggi - - Verbal Tinggi - - Logik/ Tinggi - - Matematik Interpersonal - Tinggi - Intrapersonal - Tinggi - Naturalis Tinggi - Tinggi Spiritual - Tinggi Tinggi
Kesimpulan
Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti profil kecerdasan pesalah jenayah berdasarkan ciri-ciri yang dibentuk melalui kaedah Analisis Kluster Dua Langkah. Setelah ciri-ciri ini dikenal pasti, agensi yang terlibat khususnya Jabatan Penjara Malaysia boleh merangka kurikulum atau pengisian aktiviti sesuai dengan kecenderungan yang dimiliki oleh pesalah jenayah semasa menjalani tempoh pemulihan agar bakat atau kelebihan yang dimiliki oleh individu tersebut boleh digilap. Usaha ini akan membantu bekas banduan meningkatkan kemahiran individu dan bersedia untuk menceburi alam pekerjaan apabila dibebaskan kelak. Kluster yang dibentuk adalah berdasarkan latar belakang demografi dan sembilan jenis kecerdasan pelbagai yang diperkenalkan oleh Howard Gardner, iaitu kecerdasan muzikal, kinestetik, logik/matematik, visual/ruang, verbal/linguistik, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalis dan spiritual. Ujian psikometrik ATIEm digunakan untuk mengukur tahap kecerdasan di kalangan pesalah jenayah. Pada akhir kajian, Model Kompetensi ATIEm dibentuk hasil daripada penyesuaian ciri-ciri yang dimiliki melalui kluster yang sedia ada. Secara ringkasnya, Model Kompetensi Pesalah Jenayah diringkaskan seperti di Rajah 9. 168 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Rajah 9: Ringkasan Model Kompetensi Pesalah Jenayah
Batasan kajian ini adalah saiz sampel yang kecil dan ketidakseimbangan gender dalam responden. Daripada jumlah 167 orang responden, hanya 25 orang sahaja pesalah jenayah wanita terlibat dalam kajian ini. Kajian ini mengenal pasti kecerdasan yang dimiliki oleh pesalah jenayah mengikut jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan dalam skop yang lebih luas (jenayah kekerasan, jenayah harta benda, jenayah narkotik, jenayah komersil dan kes-kes jenayah lain), responden dikelompokkan dalam kluster bukan atas kesalahan yang spesifik (jenayah bunuh, rogol, pecah rumah, curi kenderaan dan sebagainya).
Kajian ini memperkenalkan aplikasi Teori Kecerdasan Pelbagai Howard Gardner dari perspektif berbeza. Sebelum ini kajian bidang kecerdasan pelbagai ini lebih menumpukan aspek positif. Malah kajian-kajian sebelumnya banyak dilakukan dalam bidang pendidikan untuk mengukur potensi yang ada pada responden yang berstatus pelajar supaya bakat dan kebolehan mereka boleh digilap mengikut kecerdasan yang mereka miliki. Namun begitu, dalam kajian ini, kecerdasan yang dimiliki oleh pesalah jenayah didapati lebih cenderung ke arah negatif. Oleh itu, kelebihan dan kecerdasan mereka ini perlu digilap ke arah MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 169
yang positif supaya tidak dimanipulasikan untuk melakukan jenayah apabila dibebaskan dari penjara kelak.
Secara amnya, sumbangan utama kajian ini adalah membangunkan profil kecerdasan pesalah jenayah mengikut jenis kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh mereka dengan menggunakan instrumen ujian psikometrik (ATIEm) dan membina Model Kompetensi Pesalah Jenayah. Daripada hasil kajian, cadangan- cadangan berikut dikemukakan:
i. Membangunkan Inventori Personaliti Pesalah Jenayah
Inventori personaliti sedia ada dibangunkan oleh penyelidik barat seperti Model Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism (PEN) oleh Eysenck (Eysenck dan Gudjonsson, 1989) dan Model Lima Faktor (Five Factor Model - FFM) oleh Goldberg (1993) yang secara relatifnya berbeza budaya dengan masyarakat Malaysia. Kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa budaya sesebuah negara mempengaruhi persepsi, tingkah laku dan kepercayaan seseorang individu (Harrison dan Huntington, 2000; Hofstede, 2001; Kirkman, Lowe dan Gibson, 2006). Dengan membangunkan inventori personaliti pesalah jenayah mengikut jenis jenayah yang dilakukan akan memberi sumbangan besar kepada negara apabila inventori personaliti ini dibangunkan mengikut budaya masyarakat setempat dan lebih bermakna.
ii. Mengenal pasti Kecerdasan Pelbagai Pesalah Jenayah Mengikut Jenis Jenayah yang Dilakukan
Berdasarkan kajian ini, dicadangkan pihak Jabatan Penjara Malaysia membangunkan instrumen ujian psikometrik untuk mengenalpasti kecerdasan pelbagai yang dimiliki oleh pesalah jenayah agar kebolehan dan bakat mereka boleh digilap dan disesuaikan dengan inventori personaliti yang ada. Di samping itu juga, agensi ini juga perlulah memberikan latihan kemahiran yang sesuai mengikut kebolehan yang dimiliki oleh mereka.
iii. Meningkatkan Kemudahan-Kemudahan Pembelajaran
Kemudahan-kemudahan pembelajaran yang terkini dan bersesuaian perlu disediakan mengikut profil kecerdasan yang dimiliki oleh pesalah jenayah. Hasil temu bual bersama-sama responden, didapati tidak semua pesalah jenayah diberi peluang menjalani sessi pembelajaran kemahiran dan teknikal disebabkan bilangan mereka yang ramai serta peralatan yang terhad. Kemudahan alat 170 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
pembelajaran perlulah dilengkapkan agar pesalah jenayah ini dapat menggilap bakat mereka, seterusnya bersedia untuk pasaran kerja apabila dibebaskan kelak. Aspek ini juga penting dalam usaha menurunkan kadar residivis di Jabatan Penjara Malaysia.
iv. Menjalankan Kajian di Semua Agensi Penjara
Adalah dicadangkan agar pada masa hadapan ada pengkaji-pengkaji lain menjalankan kajian di penjara di seluruh Malaysia dengan mengambil kira semua jenis jenayah yang berlaku. Bilangan sampel perlu ditingkatkan agar hasil kajian ini dapat digeneralisasikan kepada semua pesalah jenayah.
v. Pemilihan dan Penggunaan Instrumen
Pemilihan dan penggunaan instrumen yang tepat dan bersesuaian dengan objektif serta tujuan kajian akan dapat menghasilkan dapatan kajian yang lebih tepat. Dalam kajian ini, instrumen yang telah digunakan adalah soal selidik. Oleh yang demikian, adalah dicadangkan supaya instrumen soal selidik yang digunakan dalam kajian ini diperbaiki dengan mengambil kira jenis-jenis jenayah secara spesifik dengan menggabungkan budaya Malaysia melalui penarapan nilai-nilai atau ciri-ciri Islam. Selain daripada itu, untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang lebih jelas dan sah, adalah dicadangkan agar pengkaji menggunakan instrumen temu bual berstruktur sebagai tambahan kepada soal selidik. Salah satu kelebihannya, ada maklumat yang diperolehi lebih tepat dan konsisten dapat digunakan serta boleh mengelak masalah responden mengisi borang soal selidik secara tidak serius dan meniru responden lain.
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Nurosis, M. J. (2005). SPSS 14.0 Statistical Procedures Companion. Upper Saddle River NJ : Prentice Hall. Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS Survival Manual : A step by step guide to data analysis using the SPSS program . New York : McGraw Hills Polis Diraja Malaysia, Perintah Tetap Ketua Polis Negara Bahagian D101 Polis Diraja Malaysia, Perintah Tetap Ketua Polis Negara Bahagian F101 Romesburg, C. (2004). Cluster Analysis for Reseacher. North Carolina : Lulu Press. Sampson, R. dan Laub, J. (1997). A Life-course Theory of Cumulative Disadvantage and the Stability of Delinquency. Advance in Criminology Theory. 7. 133 – 161. Visher, C. A., Winterfield, L. dan Coggeshall, M. B. (2005). Ex-offender Employment Programs and Recidivism : A Meta-analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology. 1. 295 – 315. Western, B., Kling, J. R. dan Weiman, D. (2001). The Labor Market Consequences of Incarceration. Crime and Delinquency. 47 (3). 410 – 427.
LAMAN SESAWANG Jabatan Penjara Malaysia, http://www.prison.gov.my Talib, I. A. (2015, Mei 11). 110 Kawasan Seluruh Negara Dikesan Sarang Penagih Dadah. BH Online. Retrieved from http://public.adk.gov. my/edrugsnews/upload/110%20kawasan%20seluruh%20Negara%20 dikesan%20sarang%20penagih%20dadah.pdf MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 173
PROFILES OF PAROLEES IN MALAYSIA: A DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Kausalya Devi, Fauziah Ibrahim, Wan Sharazad Wan Suleiman & Mohd Suhaimi Mohamad
Abstract Parole is a conditional release which allows a prisoner to serve part of the sentence of imprisonment in the community. In 2008, parole system was implemented in Malaysia to facilitate the returning of parolees into the society. However, little is known about the individuals who are serving the Parole Order. The objective of this study is to explore profiles of parolees in Malaysia. This study was conducted among 240 parolees throughout Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak using structured questionnaire. Results from this study provides an insight on the demographic profile, criminal involvement prior to incarceration and current situation during parole release of the respondents. Research findings shows that majority of the respondents were Malay, Muslim, age range between 31 to 40 years, highest education level at SPM/MCE/SPMV and still single. More than one third of the respondents were involved in drug and drug related offences with an imprisonment term of between one to two years. Most of them got involved in crime at the age between 21 to 30 years and have been active in crime for one to five years. While serving Parole Order, most of them hold temporary jobs with a monthly income less than RM1,000.00. Family were reported as fundamental source in providing assistance during job seeking and in providing accommodation. Based on the results, important issues and actions to be taken in ensuring better success in implementing the parole system are highlighted.
Keywords: Demographic profile, Parole, Criminal involvement, Parolee Abstrak Parol adalah pelepasan bersyarat yang membolehkan seseorang banduan menjalani sebahagian daripada hukuman pemenjaraan dalam masyarakat. Pada tahun 2008, sistem parol telah dilaksanakan di Malaysia untuk membantu Orang DiParol (ODP) yang kembali kepada masyarakat. Walau bagaimanapun, tidak banyak yang diketahui tentang individu yang sedang menjalani Perintah Parol. Objektif kajian ini adalah untuk meneroka profil ODP di Malaysia. Kajian ini dijalankan ke atas 240 ODP di seluruh Malaysia termasuk di Sabah dan Sarawak. Dapatan kajian memberi gambaran tentang profil demografik, maklumat tentang penglibatan jenayah sebelum pemenjaraan dan keadaan responden semasa menjalani Perintah Parol. Majoriti daripada responden terdiri daripada bangsa Melayu, Muslim, berumur antara 31 hingga 40 tahun, mempunyai SPM/MCE/SPMV sebagai tahap tertinggi pendidikan dan 174 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
masih bujang. Lebih satu pertiga daripada responden terlibat dengan dadah dan kesalahan berkaitan dengan dadah dengan tempoh hukuman antara satu hingga dua tahun. Kebanyakan mereka terlibat dengan jenayah ketika berumur antara 21 hingga 30 tahun dan aktif dalam kegiatan tersebut selama satu hingga lima tahun. Semasa menjalani Perintah Parol, kebanyakan daripada mereka mempunyai pekerjaan sambilan dengan pendapatan bulanan di bawah RM1,000.00. Keluarga dilaporkan sebagai sumber penting dalam menyediakan bantuan untuk mendapatkan pekerjaan dan dalam penyediaan tempat tinggal. Berdasarkan kepada dapatan kajian, isu-isu penting dan tindakan yang wajar diambil telah diberi penekanan agar kejayaan yang lebih baik dapat dicapai dalam pelaksanaan sistem parol. Katakunci: Profil demografik, Parol, Penglibatan jenayah, Orang DiParol
INTRODUCTION
Parole is a conditional release which allows a prisoner to serve any part of his/ her sentence of imprisonment in the community. In Malaysia, parole system has been implemented since 2008. The first batch of 64 inmates were released on Parole Order by the then Minister of Home Affairs, YB Dato’ Sri Syed Hamid Albar in Penjara Kluang on 28th July, 2008 (New Sunday Times, 2008). The release of inmates on Parole Order is as stipulated in Section 46A (c) of Prison Act which interprets parole as “the release of a prisoner to serve any part of his sentence of imprisonment outside prison pursuant to a Parole Order”. Inmates are released after fulfilling the eligibility criteria for parole release which are prisoners should be sentenced to a minimum period of one year, have served at least half of his/her term of imprisonment and after undergoing a rehabilitation programme approved by the Commissioner General of Prison (Prison Act, 1995).
During this period, the parolee is under the supervision of a district parole officer. He/she is obliged to comply to conditions stated in the Parole Order as instructed by the Parole Board and other additional conditions given by the parole officer. If the conditions are fulfilled, the parolee is released upon the expiry of the imprisonment term. However, when the parolee breaches any conditions, the parole officer will submit a report to the Parole Board. Upon receiving the report, decisions will be made by the board members if they find that the parolee had failed to comply any provisions of section 46K (Prison Act, 1995), or any conditions stated in the Parole Order. The board may i) impose further conditions, ii) vary the existing conditions, or iii) revoke the Parole Order. Once the Order is revoked, the parole officer must send the parolee to the nearest prison for immediate custody and take necessary actions. In addition, upon revocation of the Parole Order, the Commissioner General of Prison has the power to cancel all or any part of the remission which the parolee is entitled upon admission to the prison. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 175
Although the system has been implemented for almost a decade, little is known about the individuals who are directly involved in this system, namely the parolees. Without such information, supervision might not be effective. Interventions will only be superficial and most probably will not be relevant to the parolees.
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to explore the profile of parolees who were serving Parole Order in Malaysia. The specific objectives are:
i) To explore the demographic profile of parolees, ii) To investigate types of criminal involvement prior to imprisonment, and iii) To identify current situation during release on Parole Order.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The main purpose of implementing parole system in Malaysia is to provide opportunities for prisoners to be rehabilitated in the community after serving prison sentence as well as upon complying to conditions stipulated in the Prison Act 1995 (Memorandum Menteri Dalam Negeri, 2007). By doing so, it helps to reduce the risk of recidivating and to ensure successful reintegration into the society with the support and guidance of all members of the society. Besides that, the parole system also reduces operational costs of the prison, ease congestions in the prison and helps to a certain extend get rid of negative stigma against ex- prisoners (Malay Mail, 2016; The Borneo Post, 2018).
While serving Parole Order, parolees are closely monitored for compliance with parole conditions. In case of any detected violations of the conditions, the parole officer immediately takes action and if needed reports to the Parole Board for revocation of the Order (Rafizah & Zaiton, 2013). The failure to comply to parole conditions and ineffective parole supervisions contributes to crime and increases the size of the prison population. These occurrences will further complicate the task of reducing the number of peoples behind bars. In addition, it will put the public safety at risk and escalate expenditures on law enforcement (Mize, 2013).
Criminologists are in the opinion that most of the time criminals have difficulties in breaking the crime cycle. When this situation continues, the social ties and relationship with community becomes weak. According to Solomon, Gouris & Waul (2001), among challenges faced by ex-prisoners during their transitional period into the society is due to break in ties with family and members 176 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
of the society. Ironically, after many years of involvement in crime, building relationship with members of the society becomes difficult (Petersilia, 2003).
According to La Vigne, Davies, Palmer and Halberstadt (2008), there should be no prisoner who should leave prison without the support of any individuals, either be the family, peers or mentor who have the capacity in providing assistance and guidance upon release. However, research findings by Clear (2017) and Griffith, Dandurand and Murdoch (2014) emphasizes that most of the prisoners exhaust all kinds of relationship when they are being incarcerated.
Social support and family networking plays an important role in the reintegration process of ex-offender into the society (Naser & La Vigne, 2000; Mc Glynn, 2003; Visher & Courtney, 2007). Better social support and societal acceptance facilitates the reintegration process (Fountaine, Gilchrist-Scott, Denver and Rossman, 2012). These findings further endorse findings by Denney, Tewksbury and Jones (2014) that weak social support becomes a barrier for ex- offender to re-enter into the society
Research finding by Brannigan (2002) proves that when family ties are strong, the tendency for an individual to commit deviant bahaviour becomes lesser. Unfortunately, when parolees as well as ex-offenders are rejected by the society, there is a high tendency that they will return to crime (Rugh & Massey, 2010).
Thus, family support during period of release becomes a paramount factor in ensuring life free from crime. There are also evidences that supports statement that it is important to maintain and retain family ties which ensures strong positive influence to ex-offenders upon release (Klein, Bartholomew & Gilbert, 2002; Visher & Travis, 2003). Support received in the form of finance, accommodation and food helps in reducing anxiety among ex-offenders and parolees (Visher & Travis, 2003; Stephen, Harker, Guild, Paul & James 2005; Naser & Visher, 2006).
METHODOLOGY
This study uses descriptive approach to identify the profile of parolees and was conducted among a sample of 240 parolees serving Parole Order throughout Malaysia including Sabah and Sarawak. The inclusive criteria set for respondents in this study was i) parolees who had served the Parole Order for at least a month and above, and ii) currently working. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 177
Data collection was conducted at the State Parole Office and the respondents were assured anonymity and confidentiality. Quantitative method using structured questionnaire was used for the purpose of data collection. Data compiled were analysed using the SPSS version 19.0. Results are presented using descriptive statistics which includes percentages, tables, graphs and charts.
RESULTS
There are three main findings in this section. First, a demographic profile of the parolees involved in the study is presented, including their background. Second, the types of criminal involvement prior to imprisonment and third, current situation during release on Parole Order are identified.
Demographic Profile
Table 1 provides the demographic profile of 240 parolees. As shown in the table, the majority of respondents were Malay (70.8%) followed by other races (13.3%), Chinese (10.4%) while the remaining were Indians (5.4%). Corresponding with the race, majority of them are Muslims (82.5%), followed by Buddhist (9.6%), Hindu (5.4%) and Christians (2.5%).
The majority of the respondents are between the age of 31 to 40 years (42.5%), followed by 21 to 30 years (33.4%), 41 to 50 years (12.6%) , more than 50 years (9.6%) and below 21 years (2.1%). In examining the marital status, 49.2% were single while 32.9% were married. About 17.9% reported were widowers. About 28.7% respondent reported that they have completed SRP/ LCE/PMR as the highest level of education. The majority of them (41.7%) have completed SPM/MCE/SPMV. About 1.7% have completed STP/HSC/STPM. However, about 20.8% have only completed primary school and unfortunately about 1.3% have never been to school. Only 4.6% have completed tertiary level.
Table 1: Demographic Profile
Personal Detail n % Race Malay 170 70.8 Chinese 25 10.4 Indian 13 5.4 Others 32 13.3
Religion Muslim 198 82.5 Buddhist 23 9.6 Hindu 13 5.4 Christian 6 2.5 178 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Age Below 21 years 5 2.1 21 – 30 years 80 33.4 31 – 40 years 102 42.5 41 – 50 years 30 12.6 >50 years 23 9.6
Marital Status Single 118 49.2 Married 79 32.9 Widower 43 17.9
Educational Level LCE/SRP/PMR 69 28.7 SPM/MCE/SPMV 100 41.7 Primary School 50 20.8 No Schooling 3 1.3 STP/HSC/STPM 4 1.7 Tertiary 11 4.6 Certificate 3 1.3 Types of Criminal Involvement
As in Figure 1, among the 240 respondents in this study, the majority of them were involved in drug offences (50.4%), followed by drug and criminal offences (22.5%), others (16.7%), property offences (7.9%) and violence (2.5%) prior to incarceration. Due to the offences, 65.4% were sentenced to imprisonment for a length of one to two years followed by 17.1% for an imprisonment term of three to four years. About 10.4% of the respondents were sentenced for more than six years while 7.1% were sentenced for a period between five to six years (Figure 2). MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 179
Figure 1: Current Offences of Respondents
Figure 2: Length of Sentences of Respondents
Pertaining to age involved in crime, majority of the respondents were involved in crime at the age of 21 to 30 years (38.4%), followed by 31.3% below the age of 21 years. While 19.2% were between the age of 31 to 40 years, followed by 10.0% between the age of 41 to 50 years. Interestingly, there were about 1.3% of the respondents who got involved in criminal activities above the age of 50 years (Figure 3). 180 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL
Figure 3: Age Involvement in Crime of Respondents
Figure 4 further explains the length of involvement of respondents in their respective crime. A majority of them (36.7%) have been involved in crime for a period between one to five years, followed by involvement for more than 15 years (25.0%). Another 20.8% were involved for a period between six to nine years and about 17.5% were involved between 10 to 14 years.
Figure 4: Length of Involvement in Crime of Respondents
5.3 Current Situation During Release on Parole Order
While serving Parole Order, a majority of the respondents (66.7%) have been working on a temporary basis while 33.3% were having a permanent job. Due to the status of employment, it is obvious that there is a great influence on their monthly income. It was reported that majority of the respondents (62.9%) earn MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 181
a monthly income between RM501.00 to RM1000.00, followed by 19.2% of the respondents earn between RM1001.00 to RM2000.00. About 17.1% of the respondents earn less than RM500.00 a month while only 0.8% earn between RM2,001.00 to RM3,000.00 per month (Table 2).
Regarding to person who assisted in obtaining job during release on Parole Order, 50.0% gave credit to their family while 43.3% reported that they were assisted by their parole officer. In addition, 6.7% of the respondents agreed that it was their own effort in securing job while being released on parole.
From Table 2, it is fulfilling to note that family is being reported as the primary source in providing accommodation to parolees. About 87.1% lives with family, while 12.1% are living in half-way houses managed by the Prison Department. Only 0.8% live in facilities provided by their employers.
Table 2: Situation on Parole Release
n % Employment Status Permanent 80 33.3 Temporary 160 66.7
Monthly Income Assistance in getting job Family 120 50.0 Parole Officer 104 43.3 Self 16 6.7 Living with Family 209 87.1 Employer 2 0.8 Half-way house 29 12.1 t 182 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL DISCUSSION This section provides a detailed discussion of the key research findings on addressing the research objectives: i) To explore the demographic profile of parolees, ii) To investigate types of criminal involvement prior to imprisonment, and iii) To identify current situation during release on Parole Order. Demographic Profile of Parolees The demographic profile of the parolees will provide an insight of their demographic background. The majority of the respondents were Malays and Muslim. Results shows that most of the respondents were in the economically active population age group. The number of respondents increases as the age group increases and later reduces. Out of the 240 respondents, the majority of them indicated that they have completed SPM/MCE/SPVM as the highest level of education. Almost half of the respondents had only completed either primary school or LCE/SRP/PMR. According to Crews (2009), education as in relations to education influences the type of crime one gets involved. Those involved in organized and white-collar crime are people of higher levels of intellect. Whereas, lower levels of intellect are found among those involved in disorganized crime and blue-collar crime or street crimes. Types of Criminal Involvement From the study, it was reported that the majority of the respondents were involved in drug and drug related offences. The findings correlate with the statistics report from the Jabatan Penjara Malaysia (2016) that the majority of offenders incarcerated were involved in drug and drug related offences. In addition, according to Travis, Solomon and Waul (2001) involvement in drug addiction is the biggest challenge faced by returning prisoners upon release. This statement was also agreed by Caplan (2007) and Sabol, Couture and Harrison (2007) who indicated that the main reason for imprisonment were due to drug or drug related offences. Thus, it is important to engage these parolees into programmes related to drug abuse so that they will be able to free themselves from such addiction. According to Anderson and Schumacker (2010), when a parolee is free from drug abuse, he will be successful in reintegrating into the society. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 183 Current Situation During Release on Parole Order From the findings, the majority of the respondents live with their family during the release on Parole Order. Securing job was an important goal for the parolees as it is an important condition for parole release in Malaysia. It was overwhelming to note that the majority of them still gain assistance from their family in securing job. It is hoped that with family support and gainful employment, these respondents will abstain from crime. This obviously correlates with findings by Chapple and Hope (2003), Farall (2004), La Vigne, Visher and Castro (2004), La Vigne and Wolf (2004), Visher and Courtney (2006) and Shinkfield and Graffam (2009) that by strengthening family relationship helps in reducing criminal behavior and later to re-enter into the society. Nevertheless, it is important to take note on the employment status of the parolees. It was reported that more than half of the total respondents are on temporary basis job. These kind of jobs have direct influence on the amount of income drawn by the respondents. Majority of the respondents have an income of almost below the poverty level in Malaysia which is RM 930.00 for West Malaysia, RM1000.00 for Sabah and RM1200.00 for Sarawak. This situation is not healthy because it may cause them to face financial problems and with minimal or low level of education will trigger them to seek illegal means including committing crime. Employment plays an important factor in ensuring success during parole release (Schumacker, 2010). However, with less skill, with criminal record and the stringent recruiting procedures are the biggest challenges to ex-offenders seeking for employment (Holzer, Raphael & Stoll, 2002; Harlow, 2003; Holzer, Raphael & Stoll, 2004; Raphael, 2011). Besides, research findings reveal that jobs which offer high income contributes to the reduction in criminal activities (Berstein & Houston, 2000; Western & Pettit, 2000; Morenoff & Harding, 2011). CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The parole system provides an opportunity to prisoners who fulfill the eligibility criteria to continue their sentence in the community. Besides that, the system enables the parolee to execute their duties towards his/her family both socially and economically. Thus, it is important to equip prisoners with education and skills which will enable them to live a decent and law-abiding life one released from prison either through parole system or by release on Parole Order. Employment is an important component of the reentry process. In order to successfully reintegrate into the society, both during release on Parole Order and after release, it is crucial for a steady job status and income which will provide a 184 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL sense of structure and responsibility to parolees (Visher, Debus-Sherill, Yahner, 2008). Hence, it is crucial to encourage and ensure prisoners to participate in in-prison rehabilitation and skills training programmes that can increase the likelihood of better post-release employment. It is also vital for parole officers to be equipped with enough information on employment opportunities as they too become a major source to parolees who seek employment. Furthermore, this responsibility is also entrusted as the duty of the parole officer as stipulated in Section 46K (d) (e) of the Prison Act 1995 that the parole officer should arrange and agree employment as well as organize or direct rehabilitation programmes for parolees. Besides employment, family support is crucial in ensuring smooth reintegration into the society. Family unit is supposedly to play its role as the pillar of social control. Therefore, efforts need to be taken in organizing activities even while incarceration and follow through parole release to strengthen family ties. In addition, engagement with members of the society is also important to build and enhance trust which will facilitate the acceptance process once the parolees are released. Stakeholders and policy makers should also come on board in drafting relevant policies and ensuring enough resources are allocated towards implementations of such programmes or activities. In totality, suitable initiatives bolstered by clear policies and proper allocation of resources will ensure successful reintegration of parolees upon release. Hence, this move will definitely reduce further committal of crime among parolees which will not only uplift the well-being of parolees but also ensure a safe and peaceful country. Acknowledgements The author is grateful to Dr. Fauziah Ibrahim, Dr Wan Sharazad, Dr Mohd Suhaimi, parole officers and parolees for their guidance, support, cooperation and commitment throughout the research process. MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 185 REFERENCES Anderson, D.B. & Schumacker, R.E. (2010). Release Characteristics and Parole Success. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 17(1-2), pp 133-145. Bernstein, J. & Houston, E. (2000). 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Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 54(1), pp 3-16. 188 MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL NOTES FOR CONTRIBUTORS IN MALAYSIA CORRECTIONAL JOURNAL 1. Each article and manuscript submitted to the journal must be original by either an individual or a group of researchers; for example, prison officers, students, lecturers of colleges or universities, civil servants, or any government agencies or private organizations. 2. The research that are required for this journal can be in various fields either the research on prisons in relation to sociology, counseling, psychology, criminology, education, communication, correctional issues and many other topics. 3. The article should have not been submitted for publication in any other journals, magazines etc. 4. 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