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The Psychological Search for a Science of Religion (1896-1937)

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The Psychological Search for a Science of Religion (1896-1937) Theorizing experience: the psychological search for a science of religion (1896-1937) Matei George Iagher University College London PhD History of Medicine 2016 1 DECLARATION I, Matei George Iagher, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signed:.................................................................................................................... Date:........................................................................................................................ 2 ABSTRACT This dissertation examines the central projects for a psychology of religion put forward in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It argues that the proponents of this sub- discipline were attempting to set up a new science of religion, one which they thought was radically different from the science(s) of religion(s) that had been created in the second half of the nineteenth century by thinkers such as Max Müller, C.P.Tiele, E.B. Tylor, or Albert Réville. The novelty of the psychology of religion was thought to reside in its identification of a primarily affective and pre-intellectual religious experience as the essence of religion and in the development of tools (e.g. questionnaires) and concepts (e.g. conversion, mysticism) with which to probe that experience. After a period of efflorescence in the first two decades of the twentieth century, the psychology of religion began declining in the 1930s. I argue that this decline was, in part, the result of an inability to maintain the theoretical integrity of the psychology of religion's topic of study, such that the discipline either became dissolved into general psychology or it became a private theology in its own right. Chapter 1 outlines the ways in which the sciences of religion were constructed by the aforementioned nineteenth century theorists, looking in particular at several Gifford lectures and at a number of prominent French historians of religions. Chapter 2 reconstructs the debates around the concept of conversion and its relation to the notion of feeling, examining the texts of American psychologists such as William James, E.D. Starbuck, or James H. Leuba. Chapter 3 examines the formation of the notion of 'mysticism' in the French-speaking psychology of religion, by looking, primarily, at the works of Théodore Flournoy, Henri Delacroix, Théodule Ribot, and Pierre Janet. Chapter 4 examines C.G. Jung's psychology of religion. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Sonu Shamdasani, my primary supervisor, whose intellectual generosity and unwavering support have been a sustaining force during the past four years. I could not have asked for a better mentor. I would also like to thank Graham Richards, my second supervisor, whose bibliographic genius and exhaustive knowledge about the history of religious psychology have provided me with a rich fountain for my own research. I am grateful to my colleagues at the UCL Centre for the History of Psychological Disciplines, who provided many useful and stimulating comments in discussions over the years: Gaia Domenici, Sarah Marks, Emma Sutton, Corina Doboș, Arthur Eaton, Dee McQuillian, Martin Liebscher, Sarah Chaney and Chris Wagner. I would also like to especially thank Andreas Sommer, the master of spectres, who has shared his rich knowledge of the history of psychical research with me over many a late night discussion. I am also grateful to Robert Priest, who provided me with a host of useful suggestions and comments. I also want to thank Noemí Pizarosso, for first alerting me to the existence of Henri Delacroix's archive at the Sorbonne, during our meeting at the Cheiron conference in Montreal in 2012. I am grateful to my friend Andrei Poamă, who shared his extensive expertise on French culture and linguistics with me, as well as his critical acumen. Many other friends have extended their support in various ways over the years: Alina Anca, George Vârban, Cezar Cherciu, Radu Răileanu, Gruia Bădescu, Ben Medeiros, Alina Marinescu, Ilinca Šeda, Radu Umbreș, Cătalina Tesar, Magda Crăciun, Ioan Manolescu, Liviu Știrbăț, Sorana Toma, Claudia Toia, Cristina Bogdan and Ștefana Drăgan. I thank all of them. I am grateful to the UCL Graduate School for generously funding my research during the first three years and to the Leibniz Institute for European History in Mainz, which offered me a generous stipend and a place to work during the final eight months of writing. I thank my friends and colleagues in Mainz, who offered their advice while I was there: David and Cristina Olzysnski, Gabriele von Roedern, Austin Glatthorn and Anna Rothfuss. Finally, I thank my parents for their continuous love and for their support in all of my endeavours. I could not have done this without you. 4 ABBREVIATIONS CW: The Collected Works of C.G. Jung, edited by Sir Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, Gerhard Adler; William McGuire, executive editor; trans. R.F.C. Hull. Princeton, Bollingen Series 20: Princeton University Press, 1953-1983, 21 vols. RB: Jung, C.G., The Red Book Liber Novus: A Reader's Edition, edited and with an introduction by Sonu Shamdasani. Trans by Mark Kyburz, John Peck, and Sonu Shamdasani. London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2009. FJL: The Freud/Jung Letters: The Correspondence between Sigmund Freud and C.G. Jung edited by William McGuire, trans. Ralph Manheim and R.F.C. Hull. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1974. TSL: Jung, C.G. Psychology of the Unconscious: A Study of the Transformations and Symbolisms of the Libido, A Contribution to the History of the Evolution of Thought. trans. Beatrice M. Hinkle. New York: Moffat, Yard and Co., 1916. MP: Protocols of the interviews conducted by Aniela Jaffé with Jung for Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Library of Congress, Washington, DC ZP: Protocols of the meetings of the Zofingia Society, Staatsarchiv, Basel. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION...................................................................................................................... 2 ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... 4 ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ 6 LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 1: PSYCHOLOGY AND THE SCIENCE(S) OF RELIGION(S)................. 29 1.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 29 1.2 THE GIFFORD LECTURES ................................................................................................. 31 1.2.1 Max Müller.............................................................................................................. 33 1.2.2 ANDREW LANG ............................................................................................................ 56 1.2.3 EDWARD CAIRD ........................................................................................................... 64 1.2.4 CORNELIS PETRUS TIELE.............................................................................................. 66 1.3 THE FRENCH SCHOOL ..................................................................................................... 72 1.3.1 Ernest Renan ........................................................................................................... 72 1.3.2 Émile Burnouf ......................................................................................................... 75 1.3.3 Albert Réville and the fifth section .......................................................................... 79 1.3.4 Auguste Sabatier ..................................................................................................... 83 1.3.5 Léon Marillier ......................................................................................................... 85 1.4 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 2: AFFAIRS OF THE HEART: CONVERSION AND FEELINGS ............ 93 2.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................ 93 2.2 JAMES HENRY LEUBA ..................................................................................................... 95 2.3 EDWIN DILLER STARBUCK ............................................................................................ 105 2.4 WILLIAM JAMES ............................................................................................................ 113 2.5 THE INTIMATE SENSES .................................................................................................. 119 2.6 THE DIFFICULT CONSENSUS .......................................................................................... 124 2.7 JAMES BISSETT PRATT .................................................................................................
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