Appendix: List of Some Scienti fi c and English Vernacular Names

Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) Acacia spp. (acacia) Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worm) Acanthopleura granulata (West Indian fuzzy chiton) Acarina (mite, tick) Acer spp. (maple) Acrocladium cuspidatum (bryophyte, moss; now known as Calliergonella cuspidata ) Actinopterygii (ray- fi nned fi sh) Aedes aegypti (mosquito, vector for yellow fever) Aedes africanus (mosquito, vector for yellow fever) Aegopinella spp. (terrestrial gastropod) Agavaceae (agave, lechuguilla, yucca) Agave lechuguilla (agave, lechuguilla) Agave sisalana (sisal hemp) Aglenus brunneus () Agnatha (hag fi sh, lamprey) Alces alces (elk [Europe]; moose [N. America]) Alligatoridae (alligator) Allium cepa (onion) Alnus spp. (alder) Amanita caesarea ( , Caesar’s mushroom) Amanita muscaria ( fl y agaric) Amaranthaceae (pigweed) Amaranthus spp. (amaranth, pigweed) Amphibia (amphibian, salamander, frog) Amoeba spp. (protist) Ananas comosus (pineapple) Ancylostoma duodenale (nematode, hookworm) Anisus spp. (aquatic gastropod) Annelida (segmented worm, earthworm, leech)

E.J. Reitz and M. Shackley, Environmental Archaeology, Manuals in Archaeological 483 Method, Theory and Technique, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3339-2 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 484 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Anomura (hermit crab) Anopheles spp. (mosquito, vector for malaria) Antheraea spp. (silkmoth, wild) Anthocerotophyta (hornwort) Anthozoa (sea anemone, coral) Antilocapra americana (pronghorn antelope) Apiaceae [Umbelliferae] (carrot, parsley) Apis mellifera (honey bee) Apium spp. (celery) Aquila adalberti (Spanish Imperial eagle) Arachis hypogaea (peanut) Arachnida (spider, tick, mite, scorpion) Araneae (spider) Arbutus spp. (madrone) Arcanobacterium pyogenes (bacterium) Archaea (prokaryote domain) Arecaceae (palm) Aridius bifasciatus (mould beetle) Arthropoda (centipede, millipede, , crustacean, spider) Artiodactyla (ungulate, , pig, moose) Ascaris lumbricoides (nematode, roundworm, maw worm) Ascomycota (fungus, sac fungus, truf fl e) granulata (terrestrial gastropod) Aspergillus fl avus (fungus) Aspergillus oryzae (fungus) Aspergillus parasiticus (fungus) Astacidea (cray fi sh) Asteraceae [Compositae] (sun fl ower, aster) Asteroidea (sea star) Athyrium fi lix-femina (common ladyfern) Atteva spp. (ailanthus webworm) Avena sativa (common oat) Avena sterilis (animated oat) Aves (bird) Axis axis (axis deer, chital) Bacillus anthracis (bacterium, anthrax) Bacillus licheniformis (bacterial source of a -amylase enzyme) Bacteria (prokaryote domain, bacterium) Balanus spp. (barnacle) Basidiomycota (club fungus, rust, smut, shelf fungus) Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (chytrid fungus) Belemnitella (extinct cephalopod) Beta vulgaris (beet, chard) Betula spp. (birch) Bison bison (buffalo) Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names 485

Bivalvia (pelecypod, clam) Blattaria (cockroach) Boletus edulis (mushroom, penny bun) Bombyx mori (silkmoth, domestic) Bordetella pertussis (bacterium, whooping cough, pertussis) Boonea impressa (impressed odostome) Borrelia burgdorferi (bacterium, Lyme disease) Bos primigenius (aurochs, wild cattle) Bos taurus (cattle, domestic) Bosmina spp. (water fl ea) Bovidae (cattle family) nigrescens () Brachiopoda (lamp shell) Brachythecium rutabulum (bryophyte, brachythecium moss) Branchiopoda (water fl eas) Brachyura (“true” crab) Brassicaceae [Cruciferae] (mustard) Bromeliaceae (bromeliad) Brucella abortus (bacterium, brucellosis) Bryophyta (moss) Bryophytes (nonvascular plant, liverwort, hornwort, moss) Bryozoa (colonial , bryozoa) Busycon carica (knobbed whelk) Cactaceae (cactus) Caenorhabditis elegans (soil nematode) Calathea allouia (llerén) Calluna vulgaris (ling, heather) Calvatia utriformis (puffball) Camellia japonica (camellia) Cancer magister (Dungeness crab) Canis familiaris (dog, domestic) Canis lupus (gray wolf) Canis [lupus] domesticus (or C. l. familiaris; alternate names for domestic dog) Canna spp. (canna lily) Canna [ edulis ] indica (achira, Indian shot) Cannabis sativa (hemp) Cantharellus cibarius (Basidiomycota fungus, chanterelle) Capillaria spp. (nematode, roundworm) Capra hircus (goat) Capra ibex (ibex) Capreolus capreolus (roe deer) Capreolinae (deer subfamily, moose, brocket deer, caribou, white-tailed deer) Capsicum spp. (cayenne pepper) Carassius auratus (gold fi sh) Carnivora (carnivore, dog, bear, cat, walrus) 486 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Carpinus spp. (hornbeam) Carya spp. (hickory, pecan) Carychium minimum (terrestrial gastropod) Carychium tridentatum (terrestrial gastropod) Castor canadensis (beaver) Cavia aperea (guinea pig, wild) Cavia porcellus (guinea pig, domestic) Centaurea spp. (knapweed) Cephalochordata (lancelet) Cephalopoda (octopus, squid) Cercophora spp. (Ascomycota fungus) Cervidae (deer) (deer subfamily, elk, wapiti, , fallow deer) Cervus spp. (elk, wapiti, red deer) Cervus elaphus (red deer [Europe]; elk, wapiti [N. America]) Cestoda (tapeworm) Cetacea (whale, dolphin, porpoise) Chaetomium spp. (Ascomycota fungus) Chelicerata (horseshoe crab, spider, tick, mite) Chenopodium spp. (chenopod, goosefoot) Chenopodium quinoa ssp. milleanum (quinoa, goosefoot) Chilopoda (centipede) Chironomidae (midge, chironomid) Chlamydia trachomatis (bacterium, chlamydia) Chloridoideae (subfamily of grasses) Chlorophyta (green algae) Chlorostoma spp. (sea snail) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fi sh, shark, ray) Chordata (lancelet, tunicate, vertebrate) Chytridiomycota (chytrid fungus) Cicer judaicum (chickpea) Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon) Cirripedia (barnacle) Citrullus spp. (citron melon, watermelon) Cladium spp. (sawgrass) Cladocera (water fl ea) Claviceps purpurea (Ascomycota fungus, ergot of rye) Clinocardium nuttallii (cockle) Clitellata (earthworm, leech) Clostridium botulinum (bacterium, botulism) Clostridium isatidis (indigo-reducing bacterium) Clostridium tetani (bacterium, tetanus) Cnidaria (sea anemone, corals, jellies) Cochlicopa lubrica (terrestrial gastropod) Cocos nucifera (coconut palm) Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names 487

Coenobita clypeatus (hermit crab) Coleoptera (beetle) Colocasia esculenta (taro, coco yam) Compositae [Asteraceae] (sun fl ower, aster) Coniochaeta spp. (Ascomycota fungus) Consolida spp. (knight’s-spur) Copepoda (copepod) Corchorus spp. (jute) Corylus spp. (hazelnut) Corynebacteria (bacterium, diphtheria) Craniata ( with a cranium) Crassostrea virginica (eastern oyster) Cruciferae [Brassicaceae] (mustard) Crustacea (water fl ea, ostracod, copepod, barnacle, crab) Cryptosporidium parvum (protozoa) Ctenophora (comb jelly, sea walnut) Cucurbita spp. (gourd/squash) Cupressaceae (cypress) Cymbella sp. (diatom) granatina (limpet) Cyperaceae (sedge) Cyperus papyrus (papyrus) Cyprinidae (carp, minnow) Cypriniformes (minnow) Cyprinus spp. (carp) Cythereis [Rehacythereis] luermannae luermannae (ostracod) Dactylopius coccus (cochineal) Dama spp. (fallow deer) Damalinia bovis (biting louse) Daphnia spp. (water fl ea) Dasylirion spp. (sotol) Daucus carota (carrot, Queen Anne’s lace) Decapoda (shrimp, crab, lobster) Diodontidae (porcupine fi sh) Dioscorea esculenta (yam) Diphyllobothrium latum ( fi sh tapeworm) Diplopoda (millipede) Diptera ( fl y, mosquito) Dryopteris spp. (woodfern) Dugong dugon (dugong) Echinochloa esculenta (barnyard or Japanese millet) Echinococcus granulosus (tapeworm, hydatid disease) Echinodermata (sea star, brittle star, sea urchin) Echinoidea (sand dollar, sea urchin) Echinus spp. (sea urchin) 488 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Eipthemia sp. (diatom) Elephantidae (elephant) Engraulidae (anchovy) Entamoeba [ Escherichia ] coli (bacterium in human digestive system) Entamoeba histolytica (protist, amoebic dysentery) Entognatha (springtail) Enterobius vermicularis (nematode, human pinworm) Equidae (equid) Equus asinus (donkey, domestic) Equus caballus (horse, domestic) Equus ferus (horse, wild) Equus zebra (zebra) Ericaceae (heather) Ericales (a dicotyledon plant order) Eriophorum spp. (cottongrass) Euconulus spp. (terrestrial gastropod) Euglena spp. (protist) Eukarya (eukaryote domain, multicellular organisms) Euphausiacea (krill) Euphorbiaceae (spurge, rubber tree, manioc, castorbean) Fabaceae [Leguminosae] (legume, pulse, algarrobo) Fagus spp. (beech) Fasciola hepatica (liver fl uke) Felidae (cat) Felis catus (cat, domestic) Felis chaus (jungle cat) Felis silvestris (wild cat) Ficus carica ( fi g) Filarioidea (nematode, fi larial worm) Fissurellidae (limpet) Fistulina hepatica (beefsteak fungus) Fomes fomentarius (bracket fungus) Fragaria spp. (strawberry) Fraxinus spp. (ash) Fungi (rust, smut, chytrid, mushroom) Fungi Imperfecti (informal group of fungi) Gadiformes (cod fi sh, hake) Gadus morhua (cod) Galliformes (gallinaceous bird) Gallus gallus (chicken) (univalve mollusc, snail) Gazella gazella (gazelle) Gecarcinidae (land crab) Giardia duodenalis (protist) Giardia intestinalis (also known as G. lamblia ; protist, diarrhea) Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names 489

Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree) Gladiolus spp. (gladiolus) Glossina spp. (tsetse fl y, vector for sleeping sickness) Glycine max (soybean) Gossypium spp. (cotton) Gnathostomata (shark, bony fi sh, tetrapod) Gomphonema truncatum (diatom) Gomphonema gracile (diatom) Gramineae [Poaceae] (grass) Grus grus (crane) Gymnosperms (“naked” seed-bearing plants) Haemagogus spp. (mosquito, vector for yellow fever) Haematoxylon campechianum (logwood) Haemophilus pneumoniae (bacterium, pneumonia) Haliotididae (abalone) Haliotis midae (abalone) Hedera helix (English ivy) Helianthus annuus (sun fl ower) Helicobacter pylori (bacterium, chronic peptic ulcers) Heliconia spp. (parakeet fl ower) Hemiptera (true bug) Hemithiris spp. (brachiopod) Hepaticophyta (liverwort) Herpes spp. (virus, shingles, chicken pox) Heterohelix reussi (foraminifera) Hexapoda (springtail, insect) Hirudinida (leech) Homo sapiens sapiens (anatomically modern human) Hordeum bulbosum (bulbous barley) Hordeum marinum (seaside barley) Hordeum pusillum (little barley) Hordeum spontaneum (barley, wild) Hordeum vulgare (barley, domestic) Hordeum vulgare ssp. nudum (naked barley) Hylocomium splendens (bryophyte, moss) Hymenoptera (ant, bee, wasp) Hydrozoa (Portuguese man-of-war, hydra, some corals) Ilex spp. (holly) Insecta (louse, beetle, ant, butter fl y, fl ea) Ipomoea batatas (sweet potato) Isatis tinctoria (dyer’s woad) Isopoda (pill bug, wood louse) Iva annua (sumpweed, marsh elder) Jubaea chilensis (Chilean coco palm) Juglans spp. (walnut) 490 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Juncaceae (rush) Kalanchöe spp. (life plant, bryophyllum) Karenia brevis (dino fl agellate, marine toxin) Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd) Lagostomus maximus (viscacha) Lagurus ovatus (harestail grass ) Lama glama (llama) Lama guanicoe (guanaco) Laminariales (sea kelp) Laminaria spp. (brown algae, Japanese kombu) Lactuceae (Cichorieae; lettuce, chicory, salsify, dandelion) Larix spp. (larch, tamarack) Leguminosae [Fabaceae] (legume, pulse, algarrobo) Lens esculenta (lentil) Lens [ esculenta ] culinaris (lentil) Lens odemensis (lentil, wild) Lens orientalis (lentil, wild) Lenticulina rotula (foraminifera) Leporidae (rabbit, hare) Lepidoptera (butter fl y, moth) Lepisosteidae (gar fi sh) Liguli fl orae (Compositae [Asteraceae], sow thistle) Liliaceae (lily) Limacidae (terrestrial gastropod) Linum usitatissimum (common fl ax, linseed) Lithodidae (stone crab, king crab) Lithospermum of fi cinale (common gromwell, stoneseed) Lumbricidae (earthworm) Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) Lycoperdales (puffball) Lycopodium spp. (club moss) Lymnaea spp. (terrestrial gastropod) Lynx pardinus (Iberian lynx) Macoma nasuta (bent-nosed clam) Magnolia grandi fl ora (magnolia) Magnoliophyta ( fl owering vascular plants) Malacostraca (shrimp, lobster, crab) Malus spp. (apple) Malus sylvestris (crab apple) Mammalia (artiodactyl, carnivore, primate, etc.) Manihot esculenta (manioc, cassava, yuca) Manilkara zapota (sapodilla) Marantaceae (arrowroot) Maxillopoda (barnacle, copepod) Mazama spp. (brocket deer) Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names 491

Medicago sativa (alfalfa) Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) Melosira varians (diatom) Menippe mercenaria (Florida stone crab) Mercenaria campechiensis (southern quahog) Mercenaria mercenaria (northern quahog) Meridion sp. (diatom) Merostomata (horseshoe crab) Mesodesma donacium (surf clam) Mimosa cf. aculeaticarpa var. biuncifera (catclaw mimosa) Mnium undulatum (bryophyte, moss) (chiton, gastropod, bivalve, squid, octopus) Moniliformis clarki (thorny-headed worm) Monogenea (monogenea fl uke) Murex [ Hexaplex ] trunculus (banded dye-murex) Muridae (rodent, mice, rat) Musa spp. (banana, plantain) Musa textilis (manila hemp, abaca) Musca domestica (house fl y) Mycobacterium bovis (bacterium, tuberculosis) Mycobacterium leprae (bacterium, leprosy, Hansen’s disease) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacterium, tuberculosis) Myrica spp. (sweetgale, bayberry) Myriophyllum spp. (watermilfoil) Myriapoda (centipede, millipede) Myrtus spp. (myrtle) Mysticeti (baleen whale) Mytilidae (mussel) Mytilus californianus (California mussel) Myxinidae (hag fi sh) Myxogastrida (slime mold) Nautilus spp. (chambered nautilus) Navicula decussis (diatom) Necator americanus (nematode, hookworm) Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacterium, gonorrhea) Nematoda (roundworm, threadworm, pinworm, hookworm) Nemertea (ribbon worm) Nesovitrea hammonis (terrestrial gastropod) Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) Nitzschia sp. (diatom) Nymphaeaceae (water lily) Odocoileus virginianus (white-tailed deer) Olea europaea (olive) Oligochaeta (segmented worm, earthworm) Oliva bulbosa (swollen olive) 492 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Oomycota (water mold) Opisthobranchia (sea slug) Opuntia spp. (cholla cactus [cylindro], prickly pear [platy]) Orchidaceae (orchid) Oribatida (oribatid mite) Ornithorhynchus anatinus (duck-billed platypus) Orthoptera (grasshopper) Oryctolagus cuniculus (European rabbit) Oryza sativa (rice) Osteichthyes (bony fi sh) Ostraciidae (box fi sh) Ostracoda (ostracod, seed shrimp) Ostreidae (oyster) Ostrya spp. (hophornbeam) Ovis aries (sheep) Pachyrhizus tuberosus (jicama, ajipo) Palinura (spiny lobster) Pan spp. (chimpanzee) Panicum miliaceum (broomcorn millet, common millet)

Panicoideae (predominantly C4 grasses) Panthera leo (lion) Paracentrotus lividus (purple sea urchin) Paramecium spp. (protist) Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) Pectinidae (scallop) Pediculus humanus capitus (head louse) Pediculus humanus humanus (upper body louse) Pelecypoda (bivalve, clam, oyster) Penaeus spp. (shrimp) Penicillium spp. (fungus) Penicillium camemberti (fungus) Penicillium roqueforti (fungus) Pennisetum glaucum (pearl millet) Perciformes (perciform fi shes) Petromyzontidae (lamprey) Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean, kidney bean) Philosamia spp. (silkmoth, wild) Phoenicopterus ruber (greater fl amingo) Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) Phoronida (tube-dwelling worm, phoronid, horseshoe worm) Phragmites spp. (reed) Phthiraptera (louse) Phytophthora infestans (protist, late-blight in potatoes) Picea spp. (spruce) Pinnipedia (seal, sea lion, walrus) Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names 493

Pinnularia sp. (diatom) Pinus spp. (pine) Pinus aristata (bristlecone pine) Piper nigrum (black pepper) Pisces (shark, ray, bony fi sh) Pistacia spp. (pistache) Pisum sativum (garden pea) Plantago spp. (plantain) Plasmodium falciparum (protist, malaria) Platanus spp. (sycamore) Platyhelminthes ( fl atworm, tapeworm, fl uke, trematode) Pleuronectiformes ( fl at fi sh) Pleurozium schreberi (bryophyte, Schreber’s big red stem moss) Poaceae [Gramineae] (grass) Pollicipes pollicipes (leaf, goose, or goose neck barnacle) Polychaeta (segmented marine worm) Polygonum aviculare (knotweed) Polyplacophora (chiton) Polypodium spp. (polypody fern) Pomatias elegans (terrestrial snail)

Pooideae (predominately C3 grasses) Populus spp. (aspen, poplar, cottonwood) Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen) Porifera (sponge) Porosphaera [ Coscinopora ] globularis (fossil sponge) Porphyra spp. (red algae, Japanese nori) Portunidae (swimming crab) Praebulimina sp. (foraminifera) Praebulimina reussi (foraminifera) Procyon lotor (raccoon) Prosopis spp. (mesquite, algarrobo) Protist (eukaryote) Protozoa (protist) Prowazekii typhus (rickettsiae, epidemic typhus) Prunus spp. (almond, plum, peach, cherry, apricot) Pseudophoxinus spp. (carp) Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fi r) Pteridium spp. (bracken fern) Pteridophytes (seedless vascular plant, club moss, fern) Pteropus spp. (fruit bat, fl ying fox) Pthirus pubis (pubic louse) Puccinia graminis (black stem rust of wheat) (, slug) Punctum spp. (terrestrial gastropod) Pyrus communis (pear) 494 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Quercus spp. (oak) Rangifer tarandus (caribou, reindeer) Rattus exulans (Paci fi c rat) Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) Rattus rattus (black rat) Reduviidae (assassin bug) Rhea spp. (rhea) Reptilia (turtle, lizard, snake) Rhinovirus (virus, colds) Rhizopoda (testate amoeba) Rhizopus stolonifer (black bread mold) Rhododendron spp. (rhododendron, azalea) Rhopalodia sp. (diatom) Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus (bryophyte, square goose neck moss) Ricinus communis (castorbean) Rickettsia spp. (bacterium, typhus) RNA Enterovirus (virus, poliomyelitis) RNA Flavivirus (virus, yellow fever) RNA Morbillivirus (virus, rinderpest, distemper, measles) RNA Paramyxoviruses (virus, mumps) RNA Rhabdovirus (virus, rabies) Rosa spp. (rose) Rotifera (rotifer) Rubia tinctorum (dyer’s madder) Rubivirus sp. (virus, rubella) Rubus fruticosus (blackberry) Rubus idaeus (raspberry) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (fungus, yeast) Saccharum of fi cinarum (sugarcane) Salix spp. (willow) Salmonella typhi (bacterium, typhoid fever) Sarcodina (protist, amoeba, radiolarian, foraminifera) Saxidomus giganteus (butter clam) Scarabaeidae (dung beetle) Scaphopoda (tusk shell) Schistosoma spp. ( fl uke, bilharzia, schistosomiasis) Sciaena spp. (drum) Sciaenidae (drum, fi sh) Scorpiones (scorpion) Scutellastra granularis (limpet) Scyphozoa (jelly fi sh, sea wasp, sea nettle) Secale cereale (cereal rye) Selaginella spp. (spike moss) Semibalanus cariosus (thatched barnacle) Sepioida (cuttle fi sh) Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names 495

Serpentes (snake) Setaria italica ssp. italica (foxtail millet) Shigella dysenteriae (bacterium, dysentery) Siphonaptera ( fl ea) Sirenia (siren, manatee, dugong) Solanum [ Lycopersicon ] lycopersicum (tomato) Solanum tuberosum (white potato) Sorghum bicolor (sorghum) Sphaeroceridae (dung fl y) Sphagnum spp. (peat moss) Sporormiella spp. (Ascomycota fungus) Staphylococcus aureus (bacterium, osteomyelitis) Staphylococcus epidermis (bacterium on human skin) Stomoxys calcitrans (stable fl y) Streptococcus spp. (bacteria, strep throat) Stronglocentrotus fransiscanus (red sea urchin) Strongyloides stercoralis (nematode, wireworm) Struthio camelus (ostrich) (land snail) Succineidae (terrestrial gastropod) Suidae (pig, peccary) Surirella sp. (diatom) Sus domesticus (pig, domestic) Sus scrofa (pig, wild) Synedra ulna (diatom) Tachyglossidae (echidna) Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) Tamarix aphylla (tamarisk) Tetrapoda (amphibian, reptile, bird, ) Thoracochaeta zosterae (dung fl y) Thuidium tamariscinum (bryophyte, tamarisk thuidium moss) Tilia spp. (basswood) Tinca tinca (tench) Toxoplasmosis gondii (protist, toxoplasmosis) Tracheobionta (vascular plant) Trematoda ( fl uke, trematode) Treponema pallidum (bacterium, syphilis, yaws, pinta) Triatoma spp. (kissing bug, vector for Chagas’ disease) Trichia hispida (terrestrial gastropod) Trichinella spiralis (nematode, roundworm, trichina worm, trichinosis) Tricholoma spp. (mushroom) Trichomonas vaginalis (protist, trichomoniasis) Trichoptera (caddis fl y) Trichuris trichiura (nematode, whipworm) 496 Appendix: List of Some Scientific and English Vernacular Names

Trifolium spp. (clover) Trilobitomorpha (trilobite) Triticum aestivum (common wheat, free-threshing bread wheat) Triticum boeoticum ssp. thauodar (two-grained einkorn, wild) Triticum dicoccon (or dicoccum ; emmer wheat, domestic) Triticum durum (free-threshing durum or hard wheat, domestic) Triticum monococcum (einkorn) Trypanosoma brucei (protist, sleeping sickness) Trypanosoma cruzi (protist, Chagas’ disease) Tsuga spp. (hemlock) Tuber melanosporum (truf fl e) Turbellaria ( fl atworm, helminth, planarian) Ulmus spp. (elm) Umbelliferae [Apiaceae] (carrot, parsley) Urochordata (tunicate, sea squirt) Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ursus spelaeus (European cave bear) Ustilago maydis (maize smut) Vanilla planifolia (vanilla) Vallonia costata (terrestrial gastropod) Vallonia excentrica (terrestrial gastropod) Vallonia pulchella (terrestrial gastropod) Variola virus (virus, smallpox) Vertebrata (animals that protect the spinal cord with bone) Vertigo pygmaea (crested vertigo) Vibrio cholerae (bacterium, cholera) Vicia faba (broad bean, horse bean) Vitis vinifera (grape, domestic) Vitrea spp. (terrestrial gastropod) Xenopsylla cheopis (common fl ea, vector for plague) Yersinia pestis (bacterium, plague, Black Death) Yucca spp. (yucca, century plant) Zea mays (maize, corn) Zingiber of fi cinale (ginger) Zonitoides nitidus (terrestrial gastropod) Zygomycota (zygote fungus) Index

A Allochthonous , 41 Abiotic , 7 circumjacent , 41 Abiotic transformation , 52–57 local , 41–42 anoxic condition , 56 regional 42 base status , 52–53 Allogamous , 269 chemical weathering , 54 Allogenic , 127 mineralization , 54–55 Allopolyploid , 222 oxic condition , 56 Alum tawing , 400 oxidizing environment , 56 Amanita , 105, 182, 183 physical weathering , 55–56 Ambient inhalable reservoir (AIR) , 425, 426 reducing environment , 56 American Association of Museums (AAM) , Abscissa (x) axis , 277 478 Abscission line or scar , 205 Amino acid , 117 Absolute accumulation rate , 97 Amoeba , 166–167 Acanthocephala , 304–305, 317 testate , 166–167 Accessory structure , 202 Anaerobic decomposer , 56 Accumulation rate , 97 Anal plate , 347 Acritarch , 167 Analogy Actinopterygii , 385 analogous structure , 115 Aeolian/eolian deposit , 126, 128, 135 ecological , 17–18 loess , 135 ethnographic , 21 saltation , 135 Anatomical planes of reference , 244 Aerobic decomposers , 56 cross or transverse section (TS) , 244, 245 Agar , 173 radial longitudinal section (RLS) , 244 Aggradation , 127 tangential longitudinal section (TLS) , Agnatha , 384–385 244, 245 Alces alces , 456 Anatomy , 103 Algae , 128–129, 163, 165–166, 170, 264, 294, Anemophilous , 269 428 . See also Diatom Angiosperm , 193, 194, 199 brown algae , 166 pollen , 269 golden algae , 166 Animalia , 116, 118 human use of , 185 Annelida , 303, 305, 308, 319–320 Aliquot , 276 classifi cation , 303 Allele , 439 Hirudinida , 308 dominant , 439–440 Oligochaeta , 308 recessive , 439 Polychaeta , 308 Allen’s rule , 111 scolecodonts , 308

E.J. Reitz and M. Shackley, Environmental Archaeology, Manuals in Archaeological 497 Method, Theory and Technique, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-3339-2, © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 498 Index

Anther , 197, 199 DNA , 112, 117, 440 Anthropogenic , 5 electrophoresis , 438 Anthropological archaeology , 19 gamete , 193, 440 Anthropological theory , 6–7 gene , 439 cultural ecology , 7 genome , 117, 439 environmental determinism , 7 genotype , 63 environmental possibilism , 7 haplogroup , 440 historical ecology , 7 haploid cell , 440 human ecology , 7 haplotype , 439 interpretive studies , 7 locus , 439 post–processual studies , 7 microsatellite , 440 Antibody , 438–439 minisatellite , 440 antigen , 173 mtDNA , 441 antisera , 438 nDNA , 117 Anterior notch , 351 nucleic acid , 439 Antler , 389, 394 nucleotide base , 439 , in gastropods , 351 nucleotide sequence , 440 Apex phenotype , 63 of bryophytes , 194 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , 440, 442 of gastropods , 351 ribosome , 442 of leaves , 239 RNA , 113, 442 Aquatic deposits , 128, 135–136 sex chromosome , 440 alluvial , 126, 135 simple sequence repeat (SSR) , 440 alluvium , 135 simple tandem repeat (STR) , 440 coastal , 135 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) , eustatic change , 135–136 440 fl uviatile , 135 somatic cell , 440 high energy , 136 tetraploid , 226 isostatic changes , 136 triploid organism , 441 lacustrine , 135 unrooted tree , 442 lagoonal , 135 Archaeogeology , 19 low energy , 136 Archaeological geology , 19 spring , 135 Archaeometry , 19 tidal , 135 Archaeopedology , 19 Aquatic pollen (AqP) , 280 Archaeosedimentology/sediment , 19, 126 Aragonite , 136, 347, 352–353, 360–361, Archaeozoology , 20 395–396 Archaeplastida , 116, 163, 166 Araneae , 310 Archives , 4, 32, 75–76, 87, 149, 326, 338–339, Anthrosol , 137 370, 442, 457 . See also Curation Arboreal pollen (AP) , 276, 279 Area-counting , 150 Archaea , 115–117, 161–164 Aristotle’s lantern , 353–355 anaerobe , 164 Arthropoda , 305, 308–317, 321–324, halophile , 164 334–337 . See also Invertebrate methanogen , 164 Arachnida , 310 thermophile , 164 biramous , 309 Archaeobotany , 19 Blattaria , 316, 317 Archaeogenetics , 173, 185–186, 472 Chelicerata , 310 aDNA , 441 Chironomidae , 329 allozyme , 438 chrysalis , 309 autopolyploid , 441 classifi cation , 302–304 autosome , 440 Coleoptera , 317, 330, 332, 336 chromosome , 439 Hemiptera , 332, 336 defi nition , 441 Myriapoda , 317 degree of relatedness , 442, 443 Oribatida , 335 diploid , 440 Orthoptera , 316, 317 Index 499

phyllopodia , 310 Biocoenosis , 44 ramus , 310 Biofi lm , 178 stenopodia , 310 Biogeography , 2, 22 uniramous , 310 Biolith/biogenic silica , 284 Artifact , 5–6 Biomarker , 173 Ascaris lumbricoides , 333, 337, 339 Biome , 16–17 Ascomycota , 166, 172 Biomechanical stress ascocarp , 172 in plants , 236–237 ascus , 172 in vertebrates , 402–404 Assemblage types , 42–43, 49 Biomolecule , 437–439, 445–448 . See also death , 42 specifi c molecule or compound deposited , 42 Biostratinomy , 44 life , 52 Biotic , 7 sample , 52 Biotic transformation , 52, 57–59 Astericus , 396 aerobic decomposer , 56 Attitudes, ideology, ritual, and symbolism , anaerobic decomposer , 56 28–29, 51 bioturbation , 44, 59 Autochthonous , 41 Biozone , 283 Autogamous , 269 Birefringence , 293 Autogenic , 137 Bivalvia , 348, 352, 353 . See also Invertebrate Autopolyploid , 222 episodic growth , 356 Autotroph , 8, 10–11 hinge , 352 Avena , 285, 288 lunule , 352 Axenic , 173 muscle scar , 352, 353 Axis, in plants , 198 pallial line , 352, 353 Axopodia , 166 teeth , 352, 353 umbo , 352, 353 Bone , 387, 394 . See also Bone mineral B cancellous , 390, 392 Bacillus , 164, 165 compact , 390 Bacteria , 11, 116–118, 162, 165, 171, cortex , 392 174–176, 264 cortical , 390 gram positive/gram negative, 162 medullary , 394 nitrogen recycling , 176 spongy , 390 pathogenic , 174–175 trabeculae , 390 peptidoglycan , 162 trabecular , 390 Rickettsiae , 162 Bone mineral , 52–54, 386, 405, 434, 445 shapes , 164, 165 carbonate hydroxylapatite , 52–53 , 109, 117, 163 dahllite , 386 Baculum , 394 hydroxyapatite , 52 Balk/baulk , 79, 80 ratio to organic constituents , 389 Barb , 399 stable isotopes in , 430 barbicel , 399 Bos , 387, 390, 393, 394, 413, 454, 456 barbule , 399 Bottleneck , 222, 413, 440, 457 Bark , 235 Boulder clay , 136 Basal angiosperm , 193, 198 Brachiopoda , 306–307 Base status (pH) , 52, 151–152 Bract , 200–201 , 169 Bran , 202 Basidiomycota , 164, 169 Browser , 435 basidia , 169 Bryophytes , 194, 225 illustration , 168 hornwort , 195 Bauplan , 110 liverwort , 195 Benthic , 17 moss , 195 Bergmann’s Rule , 111 taxonomy , 193 Bioarchaeology , 20 Bryozoa , 306–307 500 Index

Bublet , 251–252 chalk , 136 Bulb , 251–252 dolomite , 136 Bulbil , 251–252 limestone , 136 Bulk marble , 136 density , 149 Carbonate hydroxylapatite , 52–53, 386 sample , 87, 89 Carpel , 202 Burial Carrion beetle , 325 cemetery , 62, 255 Cartilage , 384–385 horse , 185 Castration , 393 ossuary , 78 Catholic , 15 primary , 48 Cellular slime molds , 166 secondary , 48 Cellulose , 166 Byre , 33, 58 in protists , 166, 177 in plants , 193, 232, 437 Cementum , 387, 389, 390 C Center of domestication , 28, 220–221, 473 Calamus , 396 Centrum , 391 Calcic , 136 Cephalic plate , 347 Calcifi ed , 384 Cephalochordata , 384, 385 Calcite , 136, 153, 166, 180, 291, 308, 315, Cephalon , 311 347, 352–353, 360–361, 396, 397 Cephalopoda , 352–353 Calcium carbonate , 346, 347 Cephalothorax Calcium oxalate crystal , 292–297 in crustaceans , 311 Calcium oxalate phytolith , 292 . See also in spiders and mites , 310 Phytolith Cereal , 205 Callus , 351 Chaff , 202 Calyx , 199 Chalk , 136 Cambium, cork and vascular , 235 Charcoal , 232, 291 Canis familiaris , 301, 387, 391, 426, 443–444, Chemical fl otation , 86 454–457 Chironomid , 295 Caponization , 393 Chitin , 118, 172–173, 275, 315, 437 Capra , 454 in animals , 302 Capsid, in viruses , 162 in foraminifera , 180 Capsule in fungi , 167, 169, 182 in angiosperms , 205 in invertebrates , 307–309, 313, 315–319, in bryophytes , 194 321 in prokaryotes , 164 in organisms , 118–119 Carapace , 394 in stomach contents and feces , 294 Carbohydrate , 10, 60, 117, 235, 437 mineralized , 302–304 cellulose , 166 Chiton , 349, 350 chitin , 118, 347 Chloridoid , 290 glucose , 293, 437 Chondrichthyes , 385, 386 glycogen , 118 Chordata , 113, 302, 318, 384–383 glycoprotein , 438 Chromalveolata , 116, 163, 165–166 in cartilage , 384 Chronology , 32–33 in hydroxyapatite , 429 Chytridiomycota , 164, 167 starch , 118, 293 Cilia , 164

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) , 219 Cingulum , 178 Carbon isotope , 219, 289, 427–429, 431, Cladistics , 114–115 448–451, 454–457 clade , 114–115 Carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio , 151 cladogenesis , 115 Carbonates/calcareous , 136 cladogram , 114 aragonite , 136 Cladode , 223–224 calcite , 136 Clast , 151 Index 501

Clastic sediment , 127–129 in gymnosperms , 197–198 bedding , 129 in wood , 236 composition , 129 Conidium , 167 depositional environment , 128, 134–137 Context , 3 grain size , 129–133 Coppicing , 255 texture , 129 Coprolite. See Feces Cleistogamous , 271 Core, in otoliths , 396 Cline , 110 Cork , 235 Cnidaria , 303, 304 Cork, cambium , 235 Coccolith , 166 Corm , 251 Coccus , 164 Corn , 104 . See also Zea mays Collagen , 386, 454 Corolla , 200 postmortem changes in , 429 Cortex ratio to inorganic constituents , 389 in hair , 398 Collenchyma cell , 238 in plants , 233, 239 Colluvial sediment , 126 Cortical area (CA) , 390 colluvium , 136 Cotyledon , 196, 198 Colporate , 268 Craniata , 384, 385 Columella , 351 Crustacea , 308, 311, 318, 321, 325, 327, Columnar layer , 397–398 328, 340, 361, 363 . See also Community ecology , 11, 14–16 Invertebrate appendages , 309 autotrophs , 8, 10–11 Branchiopoda , 311, 312 background , 15 Cirripedia , 313–315, 324, 327, 328 catholic , 15 Copepoda , 314–316 chemoautotroph , 10 ephippium , 312 commensal , 15 Malacostraca , 311–313 diversity , 14 Maxillopoda , 313, 314 equitability , 14 Ostracoda , 315–316 eurytopic , 15 Crystal sand , 292 habitat , 14, 469 Ctenophora , 305 herbivory , 15 Cucurbita , 286 heterotroph , 10 Cuisine , 25–26 limnological , 14 Culm , 200 mixotroph , 118 Cultosol , 142 mutualistic , 15 Cultural ecology , 7 niche , 14, 469 Cultural fi lter , 5 oceanographic , 14 Cultural site formation process , 44–46, omnivore , 10 471–472 parasitism , 15, 118 A-A process , 45 photoautotroph , 10 Archaeological context (A) , 45 predation , 15 A-S process , 45 principle of competitive exclusion , 15 c-transform , 45 richness , 14 de facto refuse , 45 stenotopic , 15 n-transform , 45 symbiont , 15 primary refuse , 45 symbiosis , 15 S-A process , 45 synanthropic , 15 secondary refuse , 45 Comparison ratio , 215 S-S process , 45 Compass , 353, 355 systemic context (S) , 44–45 Composition , 129 Culture Compression , 237 mixed , 173 Concentration index , 215 tissue , 173 Conchin/conchiolin , 347 Cup, in fungus , 168 Cone Cupressaceae , 218 502 Index

Curation , 44, 69, 86, 92–98, 119, 120, 146, diatomaceous earth , 179 148, 211, 214, 241, 273, 324, 365, 446, pinnate , 179 478 Dicotyledon , 193, 198, 206 Cuticle Diet , 25–26 in egg shell , 398 Dinocyst , 177 in plants , 193 Dinofl agellate , 163, 166, 177 mineralized , 302–304 Dinosporin , 177 Cuticula , 347 Diplococcus , 164, 165 Cutin , 193 Diptera , 295 Cuttlebone , 352 Disease , 170–172, 185, 306, 331–334, Cyst , 304 337–339 acute , 172 chronic , 172 D endemic , 172 Dahllite , 386 epidemic , 172 Data, primary and secondary , 30 Disseminules , 197 Dating conventions , 32–33 Diversity , 12, 14–15, 26, 214, 218, 277, 368, Daub , 60 371, 409 Degradation , 127 DNA , 112, 117 Dehiscent , 202 archaeological DNA (aDNA) , 441 Dendroarchaeology , 253, 258 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) , 441 dendrochronology , 253 nuclear DNA (nDNA, nuDNA) , 117 dendroclimatology , 253, 254 Domestication , 28, 472–473 fl oating sequences , 255 animal , 411–415, 417–418, 454 master sequences , 254–255 domesticate , 222 Density ratio , 215 plant , 219–223, 225–226 Dental calculus , 174 Down , 399 Denticle Drupelet , 206 dermal denticle , 385 Druse , 292 in gastropods , 351 Dung , 153, 157 in vertebrates , 389 Dye , 248, 379 Depositional environments , 128, 134–137 . See also Specifi c environment Dermal tissue system , 232, 235–237 E annulus/annual ring , 237 Echinococcus granulosus , 306 bark , 235 Echinodermata , 348, 349, 353–356 cambium , 235 Aristotle’s lantern , 353, 355 epidermis , 235 Ecofact , 5–6 episodic growth , 236 Ecological group , 22, 334–337 . See also heartwood , 236 Indicator group lumen , 236 Ecology , 8–18 periderm , 235 abiotic/biotic phenomena , 7–8 rays , 235 biomass , 10 sapwood , 236 biome , 16–17 secondary growth , 235–236 community ecology (see Community Dentine , 387, 390, 391 ecology) Detrended canonical correspondence analysis decomposer , 10 (DCCA) , 331 defi nition , 8 Deuterostomes , 305 ecological group , 22 Diachronic interpretation , 6 ecosystem , 8–11 Diagenesis , 44 ecotype , 111 Diaphysis , 392–393 energy effi ciency , 8–10 Diatom , 177–179 food chain , 11 centric , 178–179 food pyramid , 11 Index 503

landscape , 16 Endopod , 311 nutrients , 11 Endoskeleton , 302 phytoplankton , 11 Endosperm , 196, 198 population ecology (see Population Endospore , 162 ecology) Endotherm , 111, 114 primary consumer , 10 Entamoeba , 166–167 primary producer , 8–10 Entomophilous , 270 productivity , 10 Environment, defi ned , 8 resilient ecosystem , 8 Environmental archaeology resistant ecosystem , 8 archives , 477–478 saprophyte , 10 concensus hypotheses , 479–480 secondary consumer , 10 conservation , 58, 62–63, 475–476 tertiary consumer , 10 defi nition , 1–2, 6 trophic level , 8 disciplines , 18–21, 173 zooplankton , 11 environmental change/stasis , 23–24, Economic models , 26 . See also 470–471 Palaeoeconomic studies environmental determinism , 7 exchange systems , 24, 184–185, 224, 296, environmental possibilism , 7 376–377 goals , 22–23 Ecosystem , 1 heritage management , 475–477 Ectoderm , 302 human ecology , 7 Ectoprocts , 307 human-environmental interactions , 24–29, Edentate , 388 471–473 Egg shell , 396–398 landscapes , 16 Elements and minerals , 152 materials and methods , 29–30, 473–475 analysis , 434–437 palaeoeconomic studies , 2 (see also atomic mass , 424 Palaeoeconomic studies atomic number , 424 palaeoenvironmental studies , 2 (see also barium , 436 Palaeoenvironmental studies) carbon , 425–430 proxy , 3 carbonate , 136 research design , 71 copper , 437 sampling , 70 deuterium , 425 scientifi c method , 71 hematite , 145 Environmental change/stasis , 23–24, 470–471 . hydrogen , 425 See also Palaeoenvironmental studies iron , 437 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay lead , 436–437 (ELISA) , 439 major element , 434 Epibiont , 362 oxygen , 431–434 Epicarp , 202 nitrogen , 429–430 Epidermis phosphate/phosphorus , 152 in plants , 193, 235 strontium , 434–436 in vertebrates , 400 sulfur , 437 Epipedon , 142 symbol , 12 Epiphysis tooth enamel , 436 in echinoderms , 353, 355, 356 trace element , 434 in vertebrates , 386–387 zinc , 436 Epiphyte , 170 Embryophytic , 167 Epistome , 317 Enamel , 387, 389, 390 Epitheca , 178 hypoplasia , 403 Epivalve , 178 Endemic , 111 Equifi nality , 41 Endocarp , 202 Equitability , 14, 26, 218, 277, 370, 371, 409 Endodermis , 400 Ethics , 96, 414–415 Endolymph , 396 Ethnoarchaeology , 21, 60–61 504 Index

Ethnobotany , 19 metrical stratigraphy , 81–82 Ethnography , 20–21 natural stratigraphy , 81–82 Ethnohistory , 21 noninvasive reconnaissance , 74 Ethnology , 20 off-site testing , 91–92 Eudicot , 193, 198 profi le , 82 Eukaryote , 113, 115–118, 163 remote sensing , 74 Eurytopic species , 15 sealed/closed context , 75 Evaporite , 136 section drawing , 82 Evolution , 20, 61, 103, 105, 109, 111–116, shovel test , 74 162, 198, 439–444, 479 simple random approach , 78 reticulate , 115 site , 72–74 Excavata , 116, 163, 165 square/grid square , 75 Exocarp , 202 stratifi ed random strategy, 78 Exoskeleton , 302 subsurface testing program , 74 mineralized , 302–304 systematic reconnaissance survey , 73 Experimental archaeology , 21, 60–61 transect , 74 External auditory exostosis , 455 three-dimensional context , 76 Extinction cross , 293, 294 unit placement/sampling strategy , 76 Eye, in tubers , 250 walking/fi eld walking/walk-over survey , 74 zone , 81–82 Filament , 197, 199 F Filoplume , 399 Fabric , 129, 151 Filter feeder , 352 Feasting , 51 First-order change , 42 . See also Site formation Feather , 398–399 process contour feather , 398–399 Fissure, in egg shell , 398 vane , 399 Flagella , 164 Fecal spherulites , 153 Floret , 200–201 Feces , 25, 30, 52, 63, 77, 87, 176, 182, Flower , 198–200 223–224, 248, 253, 264, 270, 287, 292, Fluvial transport , 56 294, 308, 319, 322, 328, 337–338, 425, Follicle , 398 438 Food web , 11 Feral , 220 Foramen , 181 Fern , 193, 194, 196 Foraminifera (foram) , 163, 166, 180–181 Festucoid , 286 Fossil/subfossil , 55 Fiber , 238–239, 248–250 Founder effect , 186 bast , 248 Fragmentation/preservation index (F/P index) , cross-marking , 249 247 fi ber cell , 238 Fruit , 197, 202–206 leaf , 248 accessory , 202, 203 stem , 248–250 achene , 202, 203 strand , 248 acorn , 203 Field methods , 72–89 . See also Recovery aggregate , 203 technique berry , 203 artifi cial stratigraphy , 81–82 bur , 203 balk/baulk , 79–80 capsule , 203, 205 box/box grid/box excavation , 75, 79 caryopsis , 203, 205 contiguous unit , 79–80 drupe , 203, 205 datum point , 76, 77 drupelet , 204, 206 excavation unit , 75 follicle , 203 grid/grid lines , 74–75 hesperidium , 204 individual/isolated unit , 79–80 hip , 203, 205 invasive testing , 74 legume , 205 level , 81–82 loment , 203 Index 505

mericarp , 203 Grain (caryopsis) , 205 multiple , 204 chaff , 202 nut , 204–205 hulled , 201–202 nutlet , 204 naked , 201–202 pepo , 204, 205 Grain size , 130–133 pod , 205 clay , 132–133 pome , 204, 205 clay loam , 133 pulse , 205 grain size scales , 132 samara , 203, 204 loam , 133 schizocarp , 203, 204 particle size ternary plots , 130, 131 utricle , 203 phi values , 130, 133 Fruiticulture , 295 sand , 130–133 Fruiting body , 167–168, 182 sandy loam , 133 Frustule , 178 silt , 132–133 Function , 3 silt loam , 132–133 Fundamental/ground tissue system , 232, Grazer , 435 237–239 Ground tissue system. See Fundamental tissue collenchyma cell , 238 system cortex , 239 Growth fi ber cell , 238 arrest line , 403 parenchyma cell , 237 determinate , 302, 391 pith , 239 episodic, in animals , 355–360 sclereid , 238–239 episodic, in molluscs and echinoderms , sclerenchyma cell , 238 345, 355–360, 370 vascular bundle , 239 episodic, in plants , 191, 236–237, 247, Fungus , 118, 163, 164, 181–184 253–255 edible fungi , 169, 182 episodic, in teeth , 383, 401 imperfecti , 170 episodic, in vertebrates , 390, 395–396, tinder fungus , 183 401–402 Funicle , 196 herbaceous , 206 Fustule , 178 increments , 236–237, 357–359 indeterminate , 234, 391–392 interrupted , 402–403 G non-seasonal, in wood , 237 Gastrolith primary, in wood , 234 in birds , 400 rates , 383 in Crustacea , 312 remodeling, in vertebrates , 394 Gastropoda (Univalve) , 318, 347–351 secondary, in wood , 234 Genetic drift , 222, 440 stages, in , 307 Geoarchaeology , 19 woody , 206 Geochemistry , 19 Gymnosperm , 193, 194 Geology , 19 pollen , 268–269 Geomorphological context , 125, 126 Gyttja , 278 Geomorphology , 19 Geophysics , 19 Germ , 202 H Gill (lamellae), in fungus , 168, 169 Habitat , 14, 239, 470 Glacial till , 136 heliophilous , 256 Global Positioning System (GPS) , 74 hydrophytic , 239 Glucose , 293, 437 mesophytic , 239 Glume , 200–202 riparian , 255–256 Glycogen , 118, 437 xerophytic , 239, 247 Glycoprotein , 173 Hair, primary and secondary , 398 Gnathostomata , 385 Heartwood , 236 506 Index

Hemipyramid , 353 haltere , 317 Heritable trait , 3 mesothorax , 316–317 Heritage management , 58, 62–63, 475–477 metathorax , 316–317 Hide , 394 . See also Skin notum , 316 Hilum , 198 pleurite , 316 Hinge , 352 proboscis , 317 Historical ecology , 7 pronotum , 316 Holocene , 1, 4, 220 prosoma , 310 Homo sapiens , 55, 302, 433 prothorax , 316–317 Homologous structure , 115 sternite , 317 Homonym , 107 sternum , 316 Honey , 296, 428 tergite , 317 honeybee , 316, 318 Insolation , 55 Hordeum , 288 Integrated Taxonomic Information System Horizon (ITIS) website , 104 eluvial , 138 Integument , 196 illuvial , 138–139 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature Horn , 394, 400 (ICBN) , 107 Host , 15, 169–176, 306, 319, 331–334, International Code of Zoological 337–339 Nomenclature (ICZN) , 107 defi nitive , 171 International Commission on Zoological intermediate , 171, 304 Nomenclature (ICZN) , 457 primary , 171, 306 International Council of Museums (ICOM) , Huitlacoche , 169 478 Human biology , 414–415 Interstadial period , 151 Human-environmental interactions , 24–29, Invertebrate , 302 153, 256, 471–472 abdomen , 310, 312–313, 316 Humifi cation , 128 antennae , 311, 316 humifi cation determination , 184 antennule , 311 Humus , 53, 137 appendage , 309, 310 Husbandry technique , 29, 63, 153, 452 article/podite , 308 Husk , 205 cephalon , 311 Hybrid , 107 cephalothorax , 310–312 hybrid vigor , 112 chelicera , 310 polyploidy hybridization , 115 cheliped , 312–313, 321 Hydrological phenomena , 2 clypeus , 317 Hydroxyapatite , 52–53, 386 dactyl , 312–313 Hyphae , 167–170, 182, 183 ecdysis , 309 Hypotheca , 178 endopod , 309, 311 Hystrichosphaerid , 167 exopod , 309, 311 instar , 309 labium , 310, 317 I labrum , 317 Indehiscent , 202 larvae , 304 Indicator , 334–337, 371 mandible , 310, 317 group , 22 maxilla , 310, 317 package , 22 maxilliped , 311 taxon , 22 maxillule , 311 Indigo , 248 mineralization , 304 Indurated , 181 opisthosoma , 310 Infl orescence , 198 palm , 313 Insect , 316–317 . See also Invertebrate pedicel , 310 clypeus , 317 pedipalp , 310 elytron , 317 pereopod , 311, 312 epistome/frons , 317 pleon , 21 Index 507

pleopod , 311 Landform , 125 propodus , 309, 312–313 Lapilla , 396 prosoma , 310 Law of Superposition , 49 protopod , 311 Lead , 452–453 rostrum , 311–313 Leaf , 239–240 sclerite , 305 apex , 239 sclerotization , 309 awn , 200 spicule , 305 axillary bud , 240 spinneret , 310 base , 239 sternite , 317 blade , 239, 240 telson , 310, 312–313 cotyledon , 196 tergite , 317 dicotyledon , 198, 239 thorax , 311, 317 guard cell , 239 uropod , 312–313 leaf base , 239, 248 Isopollen line , 280–283 monocotyledon , 198, 239 Isotope , 424–434, 448, 451–457 node , 239 Ambient Inhalable Reservoir (AIR) , 425, 426 stipule , 240 CAM pathway , 429 venation , 239

C3 pathway , 219, 427–429 Learned patterns of behavior , 3

C 4 pathway , 219, 427–429 Leather , 400 . See also Skin delta ( d ) , 426 Legume/pulse , 205 dietary applications , 425–431 Lemma , 200–201 fractionation , 224–225 Lenticel , 193, 237 in apatite , 424 Lichen , 170, 184 in collagen , 430 Life zone , 16, 17 in dentine , 430 Lignin , 193, 238, 284 in enamel , 432 Limestone , 136 in keratin , 430–431 Line-counting , 150 in phytoliths , 284 Linum usitatissimum , 217, 238, 249 Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) , 425 Lipids , 437–439, 448 per mil, per mille (‰) , 426 fatty acid , 438 photosynthetic pathway , 428 lipoprotein , 438 stable , 424, 448 saturated fat , 438 Standard Mean Ocean Water (SMOW) , unsaturated fat , 438 431–432 Lithic/lithic debitage , 73 terrestrial and marine food chains , 430 Lithostratigraphy , 277–278 unstable , 424 Loss on ignition (LOI) , 151 Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) , 425 Lumbricus terrestris , 308, 320 Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water Lumen , 236 (VSMOW) , 431–432

M K Macrobotanical , 192 Keratin , 390 Maltese cross , 293 keratinized structures , 398–400 Mammillary stable isotopes in , 430–431 cone , 397–398 Kubiena tin , 147 layer , 396–398 Mandible in invertebrates , 310, 321–322 L in , 404 Lamellae Marantaceae , 292 in fungi , 169 Marble , 134 in molluscs , 347 Mass movement , 136 in starch grains , 294 Mass wasting , 136 Lancelets , 384 Materials and methods , 29–30, 473–475 508 Index

Maxilla Mutual climatic range (MCR) , 331–332 in invertebrates , 310 Mycelia , 167, 168 in mammals , 38 Mycorrhizae , 168 Maxillopoda , 313, 314 Myxinidae , 385 Medulla, in hair , 398 Medullary area (MA) , 390 N bone , 394 Nacreous layer , 347 cavity , 392 Naive , 176 Membrane facet , 398 Nannolith , 166 Menu , 25 Nature conservation , 58, 62–63, 475–477 Meristem Neandertal , 97–99 in bryophytes , 194 Nematoda , 305, 307–308, 319 in vascular plants , 234 Nemertea , 306–307 Mesocarp , 202 Neural arch , 391 Mesoderm, embryonic , 302 Niche , 14, 469 Mesodermis, in skin , 400 Nitrogen fi xation , 164 Metamorphosis , 304 Nitrogen isotope , 425, 430–432, 449, Microbiome , 161 451–453, 456 Microbotanical , 192 Nomenclature. See also Taxonomy Micromorphology , 151 botanical , 106, 117 Micronutrient , 11 zoological , 106, 113, 114 Microorganism , 161, 163 . See also Specifi c Non-anthropogenic , 5 organism Non-arboreal pollen (NAP) , 280 Micropyle , 196 Non-vascular plant , 192, 194, 195 Microsporangia , 264 Nopale , 223 Migration , 185–186, 452–453 . See also Notochord , 384–385 Residential patterns Nucleic acid , 439–442 Minimum number of animal units (MAU) , 409 nucleotide base , 439 Minimum number of elements (MNE) , 409 Number of identifi ed specimens (NISP) , 90 Minimum number of individuals (MNI) , 328 Nutrition , 11, 25–26 Mire , 184 Mixotroph , 118 Moder , 53, 138 O Mold , 170 Odocoileus virginianus , 426 Mollusca , 305, 317–318, 346, 348, 373–376 . Oil See also Invertebrate linseed , 219 episodic/periodic growth , 355–358 neatsfoot , 400 foot , 317 Olea , 282 , 317, 347 Operculum, in gastropods , 351 measurements , 366–368, 373–374 Ordinate (y) axis , 277 pallium , 317, 347 Organic carbon (OC) , 151 taxonomy , 303–305, 348 Organic molecule , 437–444 . See also visceral mass , 317 Archaeogenetics Monera , 116–117 amino acid , 117 Monocotyledon , 198, 206, 218 carbohydrate , 437 Monophyletic taxon , 114 lipid , 437–438 Monosulcate , 268 protein , 438–439 Mor , 53, 138 Organic sediment , 128–129 Morphology , 103 Ornament , 98–99, 376–377 Morphometric data , 212 Orthoptera , 309 Mortality curves , 14 Ossicle , 353 Mull , 53, 138 Ossifi ed , 386 Mummy , 172, 295, 325 Osteoarchaeology , 20 bog body , 57, 325 Otolin , 396 Index 509

Otolith/otoconia , 358, 389, 395–396 roundness , 134 Ovary , 195, 197 sphericity , 134 Ovis , 429, 454 texture , 134 Ovule , 195, 197, 199 Particle sorting , 133–134 Ovum , 195, 197 poorly sorted , 133 Oxygen isotope , 119, 431–434, 452 well sorted , 133 in molluscs , 431 Particle size , 149–150 . See also Grain size in otoliths , 358, 383 Pathogen , 117, 167 in teeth , 433–434 Peat , 53, 56–57, 128–129 . See also Wetland Oxygen to carbon ratio (O:C) , 153 fen peat , 56–57, 129 Oxidation potential (Eh) , 54 Ped , 143 Pedicel in arthropods , 310 P in plants , 199, 200 Packing , 129 in vertebrates , 394 Palaeoeconomic studies , 2, 24–29, 153, Pedogenesis , 137 183–186, 208, 215, 220, 223–226, 248, Pedology , 19 256–257, 295–296, 301, 340, 373–378, Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB) , 425 383, 414, 448–457, 471–474 Peer review , 96 Palaeoenvironmental studies , 2, 23–24, 97, Pelagic , 17 153, 184, 225–226, 255–257, 295–296, Peptidoglycan , 162 334–335, 375, 415–418, 448, 450–451, Percentage , 215 454–457, 470–471 Perianth , 199 Palaeoethnobotany , 19–20 Pericarp , 202 Palaeofeces , 52 . See also Feces Periderm , 235 Palea , 200–201 Periostracum , 347 Paleobotanist , 20 Permanent cell , 234 Paleosol , 137–138, 144–145 Petal , 199 Palisade layer Petiole , 239–240 in egg shell , 396–397 Petromyzontidae , 385 in molluscs , 347 Phalanx , 399 Pallial line , 352 Phenotype , 63 Palynology , 20 Phloem , 232–235 Panicle , 200 Phoronida , 306–307 Panicoid , 289 Phylogenetic tree , 110, 442–444 Panicoideae , 450 branch point/node , 442 Pappus , 199 median-joining haplotype , 444 Papyrus , 250 monophyletic group , 444 Parasitism , 170–172, 331–333 neighbor-joining tree , 442–443 defi nitive host , 171 polyphyletic group , 444 ectoparasite , 170 rooted , 442 endoparasite , 170 sister taxa , 442 facultative parasite , 171 unrooted , 442 intermediate host , 171 Physiology , 103, 110 mesoparasite , 171 Phytogeography , 22 obligate parasite , 171 Phytolith , 153, 156, 284–292, 296, 448, 450 parasite , 15 biolith/biogenic silica , 284 primary host , 171 chloridoid , 289 pseudoparasite , 22 defi nition , 20 vector , 171 festucoid , 289 Parch , 50 morphology , 288, 292 Parenchyma cell , 237, 246–247 International Code of Phytolith Parent material , 127 Nomenclature (ICPN) , 288 Particle shape/morphology , 133–134 panicoid , 289 form , 134 short-cell phytolith , 288 510 Index

Phytolith (cont.) Polled , 394 silica body , 288 Pollen , 20, 193 vegetation regime , 289 accumulation rate , 276 Photosynthesis , 10 aperature , 267–268 Phytoplankton , 11 axis of symmetry , 266 Pileus , 168, 169 colporate , 268 Pisces , 385 colpus , 267 Pistil , 202 concentration , 276 Pith , 233 dispersal , 264, 265, 269–272 Plaggen , 142 ektexine , 267 Plantae , 118, 223–226, 255–258, 295–297 . endexine , 267 See also Bryophytes equatorial axis , 266 attributes , 214 exine , 267 classifi cation , 117, 118, 192–194 furrow , 267 concentration values , 215, 217 intine , 266–267 deciduous , 239 lateral view , 266 dermal tissue system , 232 monad , 265 domestication , 219–223 monosulcate , 268 embryophytic , 167 morphology , 265, 268 evergreen , 239 polar axis , 266 fern , 194, 225 porate , 268 fi ber , 248–249 pore , 267 fi re regime , 231 proximal pole , 266 fl owers , 198–202, 264–265 sulcus , 268 food value , 218–219 sum , 280 frequency score , 218 tectum , 268 fruit , 202–206 tetrad , 265 fundamental or ground tissue system , 232 tricolpate , 268 gametophytic generation , 193 zonate , 268 genetics , 222, 226 Pollen diagram , 276–283 growth , 153, 191 composite/summary , 280 hardwood , 239 Local Pollen Assemblage Zone , 283 non-vascular , 192 pollen sum , 280 pollen , 193 resolved , 280 quantifi cation , 214–215 summary , 280 root , 252–253 Pollination , 196, 269–272 seed , 195–196, 207 anemophilous , 269 seedless vascular , 194 cleistogamous , 269 softwood , 239 entomophilous , 270 spore , 193 hydrophilous , 270–271 sporophytic generation , 193 microphyle , 196 vascular tissue system , 192, 232 pollen rain , 270 wood , 232, 241–242 pollen tube , 197 wood charcoal , 232, 242–243 pollination scar , 196 Plastron , 394 zoophilous , 270 Platyhelminthes , 303, 305–306, 319, 333 Polymorphic/polytypic Cestoda , 306 in minerals , 136 Monogenea , 306 in organisms , 110, 440 (see also Trematoda , 306 Archaeogenetics) Turbellaria , 306 Polyplacophora , 346, 347, 349 Pleistocene , 18 Polyploidy , 115, 222 Plumule , 198 Pooideae , 450 Point-counting , 150 Population ecology , 11–14 Pollarding , 255 carrying capacity , 11 Index 511

defi nition , 11 Radula , 347, 349, 353 density dependent , 13–14 cuticula , 347 density independent , 13–14 Raphe , 179 dispersal patterns , 13 Raphide , 292 edge vs. middle range species , 11, 12 Ratio , 215 mortality , 13–14 Ray , 234–235, 237, 246–247 mortality, curve , 14 heterogeneous , 246–247 natality , 13–14 homogeneous , 246–247 population density , 13 multiseriate , 246–247 r -selection and K -selection , 14 uniseriate , 246–247 survivorship curve , 13–14 Receptacle , 199, 206 Porate , 268 Reciprocity , 50–51 Pore, in egg shell , 397 Recovery technique , 83 Porifera , 303–305 augering/coring , 88 Post hole , 82–83 back-dirt , 84 Precipitate , 128, 136 bulk sample , 87 Prey-ranking system , 474 chemical fl otation , 86 Prismatic layer column sample , 86–87 in egg shell , 397–398 composite sample , 87 in molluscs , 347 fi ne-screening , 85 Progradation , 375 fl otation , 85–86 Prokaryote , 115–117, 162–164 . See also formal sample randomization , 84 Specifi c organism heavy fraction , 85 Propagule , 171, 197 in situ sample , 87 Protein , 438–439 light fraction , 85 allozyme , 438 pinch sample , 87 amino acid , 117, 438 point sample , 87 enzyme , 438 pollen sample , 88 isoenzyme , 438 sample assemblage , 83–84 isozyme , 438 sample number and size , 89–91 lipoprotein , 438 sample type , 86 sclerotin , 319 sampling , 70 Provenience, provenance , 75 scatter sample , 87 Proxy , 3 screen size , 84–87 Pseudocarp , 206 screening/sieving method , 84 Pseudopodia , 164 soil sample , 88, 124 Pulp , 390 spot sample , 89 Pupa , 225 water separation , 85 Puparia , 225 water screening/sieving , 84 whole earth sample , 87 Redistribution , 51 Q Reference collection , 119–121 Quern , 288 comparative collection , 119 Quill , 399 voucher ( see Voucher) Regolith , 136 Relative accumulation rate , 97 R Reproduction , 118 Raceme , 200 asexual , 118 Rachilla , 200–201 sexual , 118 Rachis Research design , 71 in feathers , 398–399 Residential pattern , 5, 26, 223–224, 226, 452 in plants , 200 Resource management , 25, 62, 415–416, Radicle , 196, 198 475–477 Radiolaria , 166 Rhizaria , 116, 163, 166 512 Index

Rhizome , 251 depositional environment , 134–137 Ribbon-counting , 150 depositional sequence , 126 Richness , 14, 218, 277, 371, 409 structure/bedding , 134–137 Riffl e box , 148 texture , 129 Ring, in fungus , 168 Sedimentology , 19 Roe , 337 Seed , 195–202, 207 Root, in plants , 250–253 Seed, coat/testa , 196, 198 charred , 252 Seedless vascular plants , 194, 196 edible , 253 Sepal , 198–199 eyes , 250 Septa , 169 fi brous , 251 Sessile , 118 rootlet , 250 Seta , 194 stem , 251, 252 Setaria italica , 451 tap , 250–251 Sexual dimorphism , 110, 394 true , 250–251 Shell mound/midden , 97, 346 tuberous , 250–251 Sherd/potsherd , 73 Root, in vertebrate teeth , 390 Sieve element , 233 Rotifera , 306–307 Silcrete , 136 Rotula , 353, 355, 356 Silica body , 288 Ruderal , 17 Siliceous , 136 Silk in fabric , 310, 316 S in plants , 202 Sagitta , 396 Silviculture , 253, 256 Sambaquis , 360 Siphonal canal , 351 Sampling strategy , 89, 93, 148–149, 211, 276, Site , 72–74 325, 363, 406–408, 477 Adaïma , 255 Sap/sapwood , 236 Altamira Cave , 161 Subsampling , 148 Ancón , 454 Scales Atar Haroa , 153, 156–157 Ctenii , 389 Ballywillin Crannog , 329 ctenoid scale , 389–390 Balma Guilanyà , 448 cycloid scale , 389 Blombos Cave , 362 dermal denticle , 389 Calleva Atrebatum , 184–185 ganoid scale , 389 Çatalhöyük , 454 placoid , 389 Chevdar , 209 Scaphopoda , 348, 353 Colha , 421 Scat , 63 Crete , 377 Scientifi c method , 70–71, 417–418 Dabangai Bone Mound , 415–416 Sclereid , 238–239 Derryville Bog , 184 Sclerenchyma cell , 238–239 Downlands , 185 Scorpiones , 309, 310 Dukes of Burgundy , 296 Scree , 136–137 Dzudzuana , 249 Secale , 284, 285 Easter Island (Rapa Nui) , 416–417 Secondary product , 27 EITa-25 , 376–377 Section drawing , 82 El Shincal Inka , 297 Sedentism , 479 Elkab , 255 Sediment , 126–137 Fitz Hugh Sound , 337–339 carbonaceous/organic sediment , 128–129 Florida Everglades , 475 ( see also Wetland) Gasquinoy , 216 chemical sediment/precipitate , 127–128 Goyet Cave , 443 classifi cation , 127–128, 130–132 Great Barrow , 181 clastic sediment , 127–128 Hierakonpolis , 417–418 defi nition , 126, 127 Hinds Cave , 223–224 Index 513

Itchen Stoke Mill , 373 Vindolanda , 183–184, 225 Jinluojia , 290, 291 Wallingford Castle , 315 Kasteelberg , 434 Weier II , 336–337 Kazanluk , 208–209 Xinjiang , 209 Kent , 334–335 York , 176, 322–325, 334–335 Khuzhir-Nuge XIV cemetery , 62 Site formation process , 41, 43, 153, Kings Bay , 84–85, 339 334–335 . See also Taphonomy Komboloi , 224 abiotic transformation (see Abiotic Kommos , 377 transformation) Knossos , 377 biotic transformation (see Biotic Kuk Swamp , 296 transformation) Lake Almalou region , 282, 295–296 fi rst-order change , 42 Lake Constance , 217, 226 off-site process , 61 Lake Shelby , 278 stratigraphic formation , 48–49 Lascaux Cave , 161 Site types , 46–48 Lejre Experimental Centre , aeolian , 126 448, 449 alluvial , 126 Machu Picchu , 432–433, 452 bog , 48 Miles Brewton House , 77, 81, 90 burial , 48 Montainville , 283 cave , 126 Monte Verde II , 185 colluvial , 126 Mozambique , 294 extraction , 47, 50 Mussel Shelter , 447 lacustrine , 126 Nairn (Scotland) , 153–155 littoral , 126 Negev Highlands , 153–154 monumental , 47–48 Netarts Sandspit Village , 330, 340 multi-component/period , 49 Nukdo shell midden , 451–453 occupational , 47–48 Ø87 , 451 open-air , 48 Old Croghan Man , 57 processing , 47, 50 Oldeboorn , 334–335 residential , 47–48, 50 Oxford , 448 single-component/occupation , 49 Pacifi c Northwest coast , 97, 375–376 Skin , 400–401 . See also Hide, Leather Palaikastro , 377 cured , 400 Phillipi , 279 grain pattern , 400–401 Punta Gorda Rockshelter , 376 tanned , 400 Quebrada de los Burros , 358, 431 Smut , 164 Sagalassos , 435–436 in maize , 169 San Lorenzo a Greve , 224–225 Soil , 126, 130–132, 137–145 Santa Cruz , 338 anthrosol , 137 Seamer Carr , 456 biogenic , 138 Somapura Mahavihara , 448, 450 cementation/induration , 144 Star Carr , 183, 455–456 coherence , 144 Sumhuram , 376–377 consistency , 144 Tel Dor , 287 contemporary , 138 Tell Fara , 150 defi nition , 137 Teotihuacan , 218, 245, 256–257 diagnostic/master soil horizons , Tierra del Fuego , 338–339 138–142 Tikal , 256–258 horizontal zone , 138 Tohono O’odham , 63–64 massive , 144 Trou des Nutons , 443 oxidized , 145 Tyre , 375 plasticity , 144 Upper Swabia , 226 profi le , 127, 138 Uppsala , 328, 330–332 single-grained , 143 Viables Farm , 185 surfi cial , 137 514 Index

Soil color , 143–144 Status and social hierarchy , 27, 296, 377, 454 chroma , 143 Stem root , 250–253 diagenetic , 142 bulb , 251–252 gleying/gleization , 142 bublet , 251–252 hue intensity , 143 bulbil , 251–252 value , 143 corm , 251–252 primary , 142 decumbent , 252 Soil horizons prostrate , 252 albic , 142 rhizome , 251–252 conformable/unconformable boundary , scape , 252 139–140 Stem root , 250–253 diagnostic horizons , 138–141 stolon , 251–252 diagnostic/master soil horizons , 138–140 tuber , 251–252 eluvial , 138 Stenotopic species , 15 facies , 139–140 Steroid , 294 illuvial , 138–139 Stigma , 197, 199, 202 laminae/pans , 140 , 168, 169 nomenclature , 139–141 Stolon , 251 O, A, E, B, C, and R horizons , 138–140 Stomach contents and feces , 294 orders , 142 Stomata , 193 plaggen , 142 Stratigraphy , 48–49, 80–82 podzolization , 139 horizontal stratifi cation , 49 profi le , 127, 138 metrical stratigraphy , 81 subhorizon , 139 natural stratigraphy , 81 subordinate distinctions , 139, 141 stratigraphic profi le , 82 Solifl uxion , 136 sterile stratum , 49 Sorus , 194, 196 Stratum , 48–49, 80–81, 146 Species scape , 105 Streptococcus , 164, 165 Sphagnum , 194, 269, 335 Strontium isotopic ratio , 425, 434–436, 452, Spike/spikelet , 200 454–455 Spirilla , 164, 165 Structure Spirochete , 164, 165 in phenomena , 3 Sporangium , 194 in sediments , 129, 134 Spore , 20 . See also Fungus, Pollen in soils , 143–144 ascospore , 169 Style , 197, 199, 202 basidospore , 169 Stylet , 27 conidium , 167 Subsampling , 148 dispersal , 167, 269–272 Subsistence strategy , 25–29, 471–473 . See exospore , 267 also Palaeoeconomic studies fungal , 167, 168, 181–182 Sus domesticus , 304, 305, 391, 403 sporosphore , 167 zoospore , 167 in echinoderms , 356 zygospore , 168 in egg shell , 398 Sporopollenin , 117–118 in gastropods , 351 Sporophyll , 194 Symbionts , 15 Sporosphore , 167 Symmetry , 304–305 Squamatic layer , 397 anterior , 304, 305 Stadial/interstadial period , 151 asymmetrical , 304 Stamen , 197, 199, 201, 202 axial , 305 Standard mean ocean water (SMOW) , 431 bilateral , 114 Staphylococcus , 164, 165 buccal , 390 Starch , 293–294, 296, 297 caudal , 305 interference cross , 283, 293 cranial , 305 lamellae , 294 dextral , 351 Index 515

distal , 305 trivial/specifi c epithet , 107 dorsal , 304, 305 variety , 111 lateral , 305, 307 vernacular/common names , 104 lingual , 390 website , 104 medial , 304, 305 Teeth , 60, 110, 174, 250, 390, 433 plantar , 305 crown , 390 posterior , 304, 305 eruption sequence , 388–389 proximal , 305 hinge teeth , 352, 353 radially symmetrical , 304 in bivalves , 352, 353 sinistral , 351 in crustaceans , 314 ventral , 304, 305 in echinoderms , 353 volar , 305 in gastropods , 347, 349, 351 Synanthropic organism , 15 in scaphopods , 353 Synchronic , 6 in vertebrates , 386–389, 391, 404 Synonym , 107 root , 390 Synonymy , 108 stable isotopes in , 433–434 Systematist , 106 Tension , 237 Tephra , 56 Terminus post quem (TPQ) , 140 T Terrestrial deposits , 128, 136–137 Tabby , 362 boulder clay , 136 Taboo , 29 colluvium , 129, 136 Taphonomy , 20, 44 glacial till , 136–137 Taxocene , 373 mass movement/wasting , 126, 136 Taxonomy , 106, 109, 115–116, 118 precipitate , 136 abbreviations , 109 regolith , 136 binomen , 107 scree , 132–137 breed , 112 slopewash deposit , 136 cultivar , 112, 222 solifl uxion , 126, 136 deme , 111 Tesserae , 184 ecotype , 111 Test, agglutinated, in foraminifera , 181 examples , 115, 118 Test, pit , 79 family , 113 Tetrapod , 385–386 folk , 104 Thallus , 184 form , 111 Thanatocoenosis , 44 , 107 Thecae , 177 hierarchy , 109–110 Time-averaging , 46 higher category , 110, 112–114 Tools , 5, 30, 253, 263, 287, 291, 294, 362, hybrid , 107, 112, 115 442, 447 infraspecifi c category , 110–112 Topography , 17 morph , 111 Torsion , 347 organizations , 107 Total arboreal pollen (TAP) , 275 patronyms , 108 Total land pollen (TLP) , 275 phylogeny , 106 Total organic carbon (OC) , 151 race , 111 Total pollen (TP) , 275 ranks and name endings , 106, 109, Total tree pollen (TTP) , 275 163–164 Tracheid , 232–233 scientifi c nomenclature , 107 Trackway , 324 species , 107, 110 Trephination , 404 subfamily , 113 Trichome , 250 subspecies , 111 Triticum , 213, 288 Systema Naturae , 107–108 Tuber , 251 taxon , 103 Tubercle , 353 trinomen , 107 Tuna , 29 516 Index

U semi-ring porous , 246 Ubiquity , 26, 214, 215, 218 Vienna PDB (VPDB) , 425 percentage presence , 215 Vienna standard mean ocean water (VSMOW) , 431 in feathers , 399 Virus , 116, 162, 173–174 in gastropods , 351 genome , 162 Uniformitarianism , 3 Vitis , 224, 282 Unikonta , 116, 163, 166 Volcanic/pyroclastic deposits , 126, 128, 134 Urochordata , 384, 385 Voucher , 119–120, 210, 277, 478

V W Valve Wattle , 241 brachial , 307 Wetland discoidal , 351 blanket/raised bog , 128 dorsoventral , 307 humifi cation , 128 epivalve , 178 minerotrophic bog , 128 hypovalve , 178 ombrotrophic bog , 128 in bivalves , 352 palustrine , 128 in diatoms , 178 peat , 128–129 in gastropods , 349–351 swamp , 129 in molluscs , 347–351 Woad , 248 lateral , 307 Wolff’s Law , 402 pedicle , 307 Wood , 232–237, 241–242 spiral , 351 defi nition , 232 , 351 ecological and functional aspects , 231 Vascular plant , 193–194 hardwood , 239 Vascular tissue system , 232–234 reaction wood , 237 meristem , 234 softwood , 239 permanent cell , 234 Wood charcoal , 232, 242–243 pit , 233, 234 pore , 233, 234 primary and secondary growth , 234 X ray , 234 Xylem , 232–235 study section , 233, 234 vascular bundle , 239 Vector , 169–176, 304, 306, 331–334, 337–339 Y Vegetable , 207 Yeast , 170 Vegetation, primary and secondary , 256 Vegetative reproduction , 206–207 Velvet , 394 Z Vertebrata , 302, 384–386 Zea mays , 24, 63, 198, 218, 257, age at death , 392–393 278, 292 bird skeleton , 386, 388 kernel , 201 bone structure , 390, 392 silk , 202 mammal skeleton , 305 Zooarchaeology , 20 growth habit , 383, 401, 402 Zoogeography , 22 spinal cord , 391 Zoonosis , 171 turtle skeleton , 386, 389 Zooplankton , 11 Vessel element , 232–234 Zygomycota , 164, 167–169 diffuse-porous , 246 Zygosporangia , 168 ring-porous , 246 Zygote , 168