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VKM Rapport CWD Fase 2 VKM Report 2017:9 CWD in Norway – a state of emergency for the future of cervids (Phase II) Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety Report from the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) 2017:9 CWD in Norway – a state of emergency for the future of cervids (Phase II) Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety 29.03.2017 ISBN: 978-82-8259-266-6 Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) Po 4404 Nydalen N – 0403 Oslo Norway Phone: +47 21 62 28 00 Email: [email protected] www.vkm.no www.english.vkm.no Suggested citation: VKM. (2017) CWD in Norway – a state of emergency for the future of cervids (Phase II). Opinion of the panel on Biological Hazards, ISBN: 978-82-8259-266-6, Oslo, Norway. VKM Report 2017:9 Title CWD in Norway – a state of emergency for the future of cervids (Phase II) Authors preparing the draft opinion Helge Hansen, Georg Kapperud, Atle Mysterud, Erling J. Solberg, Olav Strand, Michael Tranulis, Bjørnar Ytrehus, Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr (VKM), Danica Grahek-Ogden (VKM) Assessed and approved The opinion has been assessed and approved by Panel on Biological Hazards. Members of the panel are: Yngvild Wasteson (Chair), Karl Eckner, Georg Kapperud, Jørgen Lassen, Judith Narvhus, Truls Nesbakken, Lucy Robertson, Jan Thomas Rosnes, Olaug Taran Skjerdal, Eystein Skjerve, Line Vold Acknowledgments The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has appointed a working group consisting of both VKM members and external experts to answer the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority/Norwegian Environment Agency. Project leader from the VKM secretariat has been Maria Gulbrandsen Asmyhr. The members of the working group Georg Kapperud (Panel on Biological Hazards), Bjørnar Ytrehus (Panel on Microbial Ecology), Atle Mysterud (University of Oslo), Erling J. Solberg (NINA), Olav Strand (NINA) Helge Hansen (Fylkesmannen i Sør-Trøndelag) and Michael Tranulis (NMBU) are acknowledged for their valuable work on this opinion. The Panel on Biological Hazards are acknowledged for comments and views on this opinion. VKM would like to thank Eli K. Rueness (Panel on Alien Organisms and Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)), Roar Gudding (Panel on Animal Health and welfare), Eystein Skjerve (Panel on Biological Hazards) for their valuable comments on the report. VKM would also like to thanks Line Tau Strand (NMBU) for writing Appendix I and Lucy Robertson (Panel on Biological hazards) for valuable comments on content and language. Competence of VKM experts Persons working for VKM, either as appointed members of the Committee or as external experts, do this by virtue of their scientific expertise, not as representatives for their employers or third party interests. The Civil Services Act instructions on legal competence apply for all work prepared by VKM. VKM Report 2017:9 Table of Contents 1 Literature ..................................................................................................... 15 1.1 Relevance screening............................................................................................. 15 2 Introduction ................................................................................................. 16 2.1 Background ......................................................................................................... 16 2.2 Prion diseases...................................................................................................... 18 Transmission and species barrier ................................................................ 19 PRNP variation among deer and the question of silent carriers ...................... 20 Prion strains.............................................................................................. 23 2.3 What is currently known about CWD strains in Norway? .......................................... 25 3 Transmission and environmental factors ..................................................... 27 3.1 The role of environmental contamination and persistence........................................ 27 3.2 The influence of soil and bedrock on environmental persistence and disease pathogenesis ....................................................................................................... 29 3.3 Environmental processes that remove infective prions ............................................. 30 3.4 Spread by carnivores ............................................................................................ 31 3.5 The importance of salt licks and supplemental feeding ............................................ 32 4 Epidemiology of CWD in cervid populations ................................................. 34 4.1 Rise in CWD prevalence ........................................................................................ 34 4.2 Age and gender associations with infection ............................................................ 35 4.3 Density-dependent or frequency-dependent transmission? ...................................... 36 4.4 Predators, hunters, vehicles, and other modulators of CWD epidemiology ................. 40 5 The effects of CWD on population dynamics ................................................ 42 5.1 CWD, mortality and reproduction .......................................................................... 42 5.2 Variation in dynamic effect of CWD ....................................................................... 42 5.3 Species differences in effects of CWD .................................................................... 43 5.4 Assumed CWD dynamics in Norwegian cervids ....................................................... 44 5.5 The process and risk of spillover ........................................................................... 47 6 Wild cervid population development and surveillance in Norway ................ 49 6.1 General population development and performance of wild cervids in Norway ............ 49 6.2 Migration, dispersal, and the spatial scale of population units .................................. 50 6.3 Population development and performance of reindeer in the Nordfjella area ............. 51 6.4 Population development and performance of moose and deer in the Trøndelag region (Selbu and surrounding municipalities) .................................................................. 55 VKM Report 2017:9 7 Screening for CWD in cervids in 2016 and early 2017 ................................. 56 7.1 Results of the CWD screening in 2016 and early 2017 (to early March) ..................... 57 8 Semi-domesticated reindeer ........................................................................ 59 8.1 Management levels .............................................................................................. 59 8.2 Risk factors with regard to herding practices .......................................................... 60 8.3 Herding to control and limit disease ....................................................................... 60 9 Measures for prevention, control, and eradication of CWD .......................... 61 9.1 Prevention ........................................................................................................... 62 9.2 Control ................................................................................................................ 63 Removing the infectious agent ................................................................... 63 Containing the infectious agent .................................................................. 63 Removing infected animals ......................................................................... 64 Reducing animal density ............................................................................ 64 Selective targeting of males ....................................................................... 66 Environmental and managerial adjustments to minimise contact rates ........... 66 9.3 Eradication .......................................................................................................... 67 10 Strategies for management of CWD in Norway ............................................ 69 10.1 Strategies – options for management .................................................................... 69 Strategy 1a – No intervention in the case of classical CWD .......................... 70 Strategy 1b – No intervention in the case of atypical, less-contagious CWD .. 71 Strategy 2 – Eradicate CWD outbreaks in a confinable population by depopulation, fallowing, and restocking ................................................................. 72 Strategy 3 – Control CWD outbreak in a continuous population by spatially targeted harvest .................................................................................................. 73 10.2 Decision process - Strategies for surveillance.......................................................... 74 10.3 Management options for reindeer in Nordfjella and Filefjell ...................................... 76 Assessment of management strategies for Nordfjella zone 1 ....................... 76 Reindeer in Nordfjella zone 2 .................................................................... 77 Semi-domesticated reindeer in Filefjell ...................................................... 78 10.4 Management recommendations for moose in Selbu ................................................ 79 Assessment of management
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