DOCSLIB.ORG

Photoprotection: a Public Awareness

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Photoprotection: a Public Awareness Internet Journal of Medical Update, Vol 3, No. 1, Jan-Jun 2008 Letter to editor Photoprotection: a public awareness Dr. (Ms.) Meera Sridhar MD, DVD, DDV Consultant Dermatologist, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Sir, earth on a particular day and is a recognized part of the weather report in many countries. Excessive solar ultraviolet radiation exposure of the skin has been associated with several FACTORS AFFECTING THE AMOUNT skin disorders/diseases including premature OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS aging of the skin and skin cancers. Avoiding REACHING THE EARTH’S SURFACE exposure to sun is the best method but AT A PARTICULAR TIME AND PLACE impractical. Public is informed through UV ARE DEPENDENT ON: Index of the amount of harmful ultraviolet rays 1. Time of the day: Two third of the total reaching the earth and choosing of the right UVR reaches the earth between 10 am and SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is the practical 2 pm of which 10 % is UVB and 90 % and effective approach for photoprotection. UVA. Increasing pollution levels (release of 2. Surface reflection: chlorofluoro carbon compounds) into the Snow and ice reflect 80 % of UVR atmosphere over the last 20 years has resulted Sand reflects 20 % of UVR in gradual depletion of the ozone layer which Most ground surfaces reflect < 10 % in turn has resulted in greater amounts of UV of UVR radiations of the sun reaching the earth’s Water reduces penetration of UVR by surface as also global warming. The sun rays 50 % have been broadly classified into 3 groups 3. Seasonal: Maximum radiation occurs based on the wavelength of the electro during summer and minimal in winter. magnetic waves: Infra red (800 – 1700 nm), 4. Altitude: Every thousand meter above sea Visible light (400 – 800 nm) and Ultraviolet level increases UVR by 10%. (UV) rays (290 – 400 nm). The UV rays are 5. Latitude: Higher irradiance at the further classified as: Equator. 1. UVA (320 - 400 nm, long wave length, 6. Cloud coverage: Complete high cloud UVA1: 340 - 400 nm and UVA2: 320 - coverage reduces surface UVR by 50%. 340 nm) 1: It is responsible for immediate pigment darkening of preformed melanin. PROTECTION FROM SUN: It can cause severe phototoxity in the Sun protection is provided by the following: presence of drugs like psoralens, 1. Skin: The skin is naturally protected from doxycycline, sulfonamides, sulfonylureas the sun’s radiation by the thickness of the and chlorthiazides. epidermis, melanin, natural antioxidants, 2. UVB (290 - 320 nm, mid wave length): DNA repair mechanism, Urocanic acid It causes sunburn. It also stimulates and Fas ligand signaling. melanocytes to make new melanosomes 2. Clothes: The protection achieved by causing a tan. wearing clothes is called ‘Ultraviolet 3. UVC (200 - 290 nm): It is mainly Protection Factor’. Clothes with tighter absorbed by the ozone layer; what reaches weave, darker color, synthetic fibers2 and the earth has germicidal effect. loose fit provide greatest protection. Both UVA and UVB cause DNA damage by Polyester is the best UV absorber, whereas the generation of reactive free oxygen. Though cotton and rayon are the poorest. UVB is mainly responsible for photo ageing, 3. Broad rimmed Hats and Umbrellas . sun burn, carcinogenesis and cataract 4. Window Glass: It provides protection formation, UVA rays also play an additive role from UVB, with tinted glass giving some by production of photoproducts and additional protection from UVA as well. suppressing the immune system. 5. Eye Protection: Wrap around sun glasses Hence there is great need for public awareness that fit close and absorb upto 400 nm in of effect of UV radiations on the skin and the UVA, UVB and blue light range. need for photoprotection. The UV Index is a 6. Use of topical sunscreens: They are used program that informs the public about the to protect the skin from the ultraviolet amount of harmful ultraviolet rays reaching the radiations of the sun. They contain a variety of chemical (organic) and physical 57 Copyrighted © by Dr. Arun Kumar Agnihotri. All right reserved Downloaded from http://www.geocities.com/agnihotrimed Internet Journal of Medical Update, Vol 3, No. 1, Jan-Jun 2008 Letter to editor blockers each having differing protective MED on unprotected skin 4. An SPF of 15 range. Most of the chemical sunscreens gives 93% protection and SPF30 gives 97% are UVB blockers like: protection. Sunscreens offer mainly protection Para aminobenzoic acid (oldest against sunburn, the UVA protection provided sunscreen to be used, causes staining by chemical sunscreens being about 10% of of clothes) the UVB rating. The term substantivity refers Padimate O (ester derivative of to a product’s ability to remain effective under PABA & most potent UVB absorber): conditions of prolonged sweating, swimming PABA and its esters are more & exercise. So the patient should select a resistant to water & sweating sunscreen which has an SPF of 15 - 30, has a compared to others broad spectrum of protection against both Octyl Salicylate (octisalate) UVA and UVB radiations, is non-toxic, photo Octocrylene (used with avobenzone stable, water resistant, non staining, helps to improve overall stability) cosmetically acceptable and inexpensive. Phenyl benzimidazole sulfonic acid For ideal protection, the sunscreen should be (ensulizole-is water soluble and hence applied every morning till sunset or half hour less greasy) before sun exposure. It has to be reapplied Benzophenones (oxybenzone absorbs every 2 – 3 hours. Sun screens (even if water UVB and UVA2), anthranilates, resistant) have to be reapplied after half hour avobenzone and Bisethylhexyloxy to 1 hour of being in water. For the sunscreen phenol methoxy phenyl triazene to be effective, sufficient amount (0.5 mm (which gives photo stability to layer) has to be applied on all exposed areas avobenzone) are UVA blockers3. not protected by clothing including pinna and Newer sunscreen like Padimate O & neck. An average adult requires approximately Parsol 1789 (major absorption at 360 35 ml of the sunscreen. nm) provide good UVA absorption. Sunscreen lotions are easy to apply and are Chemical sunscreens can cause photo allergic non greasy. Products with higher SPF are or contact dermatitis. Patients allergic to usually oily. Silicone liquids added to these aminobenzoic acid should use sunscreens reduce the greasiness and increases water containing oxybenzone or cinoxate. resistance. For acne prone individuals, water Benzophenones can cause eye stinging. soluble oil free gel based sunscreen are Physical blockers or chemical free sunscreens preferred. Sticks containing lipid-soluble contain tiny particles which scatter and reflect sunscreens are useful for application over the UV rays and visible range. Coating these small areas like nose, ears and under eyes. particles with silicone helps to absorb free They are most water resistant. Aerosols and oxygen radicals (which may be formed as sprays are easy to use but there may be uneven some energy is absorbed) and is the basis of a distribution and skip areas. Also available are product called Z-cote. Zinc oxide, Titanium lipsticks containing sunscreens 5. Currently dioxide, kaolin and Iron Oxide are physical available sunscreens are not substantive to the sunscreens. They do not cause photo allergic hair which is better protected by use of hat, or contact dermatitis and hence can be used in scarf or umbrella. babies less than 6 months and people with Systemic sunscreens are oral agents that have sensitive skin. Disadvantage is that they may been tried, include PABA, indomethacin, be visible on application (which is being steroids, psoralens, retinol, antimalarials like overcome by use of ultra fine particles) and chloroquine & HCQS and antioxidants. They require repeated application as they are washed are mainly used when there is an underlying off by sweat and cannot be used for skin or systemic disease being caused or swimming. exacerbated by sunlight –e.g. lupus The regular use of sunscreens reduces sun erythematosus, PMLE, actinic keratoses, basal burns and incidents of non melanoma skin cell carinoma etc. cancers. Continuous use of sunscreen may alter Vitamin D synthesis, which can be REFERENCES: compensated by a normal diet. 1. Kenneth A Arndt, Jeffrey T S hsu, Manual of Dermatologic Therapeutics, 7th edition, HOW TO CHOOSE AND APPLY A Wolters Kluwer Health (India) Pvt Ltd, SUNSCREEN: 2007:212-20. SPF value of a sunscreen is the dose of UVR 2. Actinic Keratoses Net, When Sun required to produce one MED on protected Exposure Unavoidable, Think skin after application of the 2mg/cm2 of the Photoprotection - product to the UVR required to produce one 58 Copyrighted © by Dr. Arun Kumar Agnihotri. All right reserved Downloaded from http://www.geocities.com/agnihotrimed Internet Journal of Medical Update, Vol 3, No. 1, Jan-Jun 2008 Letter to editor http://www.skincarephysicians.com/actini 5. Stanely B Levy, Sunscreen and ckeratosesnet/photoprotection.html Photoprotection. emedicine 3. Rai R, Srinivas CR. Photoprotection, http://www.emedicine.com/derm/topic510 Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol .htm 2007;73;73-9. 4. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Dr. Meera Sridhar Medicine. 5th edition. New York: PO 325, Dubai, United Arab Emirates McGraw-Hill;1999:2742-63. Email: [email protected] 59 Copyrighted © by Dr. Arun Kumar Agnihotri. All right reserved Downloaded from http://www.geocities.com/agnihotrimed .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Technology Provides Cosmetically Elegant Photoprotection Zoe Diana Draelos, MD; Christian Oresajo; Margarita Yatskayer; Angelike Galdi; Isabelle Hansenne
    COSMETIC CONSULTATION New Technology Provides Cosmetically Elegant Photoprotection Zoe Diana Draelos, MD; Christian Oresajo; Margarita Yatskayer; Angelike Galdi; Isabelle Hansenne he primary preventable cause of photoaging is United States, as there is no official rating system for exposure to UVA radiation. This wavelength UVA photoprotection yet. T emitted by the sun is present year round in all Ecamsule absorbs UVA radiation in the range of 320 to latitudes. Currently, the majority of sun-protective prod- 360 nm, but its peak absorbance occurs at 345 nm. It is ucts provide excellent UVB protection with minimal UVA typically combined with other organic sunscreen ingredi- protection. Although UVB protection is important in ents, such as avobenzone and octocrylene. Avobenzone, order to prevent sun damage to the skin from occurring, which is a photounstable photoprotectant, becomes UVA protection is equally important. New developments photostable when combined with octocrylene. These in raw material science have led to the manufacture of ingredients yield a photostable broad-spectrum sunscreen novel ingredients able to provide unprecedented photo- combination. However, the active sunscreen agents are protection COSin the UVA spectrum. DERMonly part of the formulation. Also important in sunscreen One of the most significant developments in cutaneous is the construction of the vehicle to deliver the photo- UVA protection was the discovery of ecamsule (Figure 1), protectants in an aesthetically pleasing manner, enticing also known as Mexoryl SX. Mexoryl SX, which has patients to wear the product. Sunscreens fail to be effec- the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients tive if they remain in the bottle. name of terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid, is In order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a water soluble.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunscreen Faqs
    Sunscreen FAQs What type of sunscreen should I use? There are two main types of sunscreen ingredients: physical sun blockers and chemical sunscreens. Physical sunscreens prevent ultraviolet light from reaching your skin, and contain either zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Physical sunscreens protect against UVA and UVB damage. Physical sunscreens are preferred for patients with sensitive skin or children. Chemical sunscreens rely on an interaction between the sun and the chemical to protect your skin. Examples of such chemicals are avobenzone, octinoxate, homosalate, padimate O, and many others. Chemical sunscreens can protect against UVA, UVB, or both types of damage, depending on which ingredient is used. Read the label to ensure coverage for both UVA and UVB exposure. There are new ingredients being developed that take chemical sunscreens and stabilize them to prolong their activity (i.e., Helioplex, Mexoryl). Does the SPF really matter? In laboratory testing, there are minor differences between SPF 15 and SPF 30 or greater products. However, that data is based on using 1 oz. (30 gm.) of sunscreen for each full body application (the size of a shot glass). Most people use far less in real-life settings. For that reason, we recommend an SPF of at least 30. It is common to find good sunscreens with SPF ranging from 45-70. To maintain protection, reapply sunscreen every 1-3 hours, depending on sweating, water exposure, and sun intensity. Is sunscreen alone enough to protect my skin in the sun? In some cases, yes. However, if you are in the sun for longer periods on a regular basis (such as gardening, golfing, boating, sports), it may be better to add sun protective clothing or habits.
    [Show full text]
  • FDA Proposes Sunscreen Regulation Changes February 2019
    FDA Proposes Sunscreen Regulation Changes February 2019 The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates sunscreens to ensure they meet safety and eectiveness standards. To improve the quality, safety, and eectiveness of sunscreens, FDA issued a proposed rule that describes updated proposed requirements for sunscreens. Given the recognized public health benets of sunscreen use, Americans should continue to use broad spectrum sunscreen with SPF 15 or higher with other sun protective measures as this important rulemaking eort moves forward. Highlights of FDA’s Proposals Sunscreen active ingredient safety and eectiveness Two ingredients (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide) are proposed to be safe and eective for sunscreen use and two (aminobenzoic acid (PABA) and trolamine salicylate) are 1 proposed as not safe and eective for sunscreen use. FDA proposes that it needs more safety information for the remaining 12 sunscreen ingredients (cinoxate, dioxybenzone, ensulizole, homosalate, meradimate, octinoxate, octisalate, octocrylene, padimate O, sulisobenzone, oxybenzone, avobenzone). New proposed sun protection factor Sunscreen dosage forms (SPF) and broad spectrum Sunscreen sprays, oils, lotions, creams, gels, butters, pastes, ointments, and sticks are requirements 2 proposed as safe and eective. FDA 3 • Raise the maximum proposed labeled SPF proposes that it needs more data for from SPF 50+ to SPF 60+ sunscreen powders. • Require any sunscreen SPF 15 or higher to be broad spectrum • Require for all broad spectrum products SPF 15 and above, as SPF increases, broad spectrum protection increases New proposed label requirements • Include alphabetical listing of active ingredients on the front panel • Require sunscreens with SPF below 15 to include “See Skin Cancer/Skin Aging alert” on the front panel 4 • Require font and placement changes to ensure SPF, broad spectrum, and water resistance statements stand out Sunscreen-insect repellent combination 5 products proposed not safe and eective www.fda.gov.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunscreen Alternatives Sunscreen Alternatives
    Sunscreen Alternatives We all know that the sun can be damaging in many ways, but most sunscreens on the market have some questionable, if not dangerous, ingredients. Here are a few ways to play it safe in the sun without putting your health at risk. 1. Common Sense We all know it but often forget: Avoid midday (10 am-2 pm) sun as much as possible, stay in the shade when possible, wear sunglasses and sun hats, don’t stay out exposed for too long. 2. Cover Up! For short periods, especially early or late in the day, sunscreen may not be necessary. In fact, a little exposure every day is vital to keep our Vitamin D levels up! Instead cover the skin with lightweight, tightly woven clothing, and protect your face with a hat. Babies under 6 months especially need to be covered up, since they don’t yet have the protection of melanin. 3. Be a Label Reader Not all sunscreens are created equal. The “worst” chemicals to avoid include Oxybenzone and PABA/Padimate O. Some active ingredients that have been found less toxic include Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide. 4. CaliCaliforniafornia Baby This very eco-friendly company makes three of the top ten sunscreens on Environmental Working Group’s “Low Health Hazard/Low Sun Hazard/Most Effective” list: the SPF 30+ No Fragrance Sunblock Stick, the SPF 30+ Everyday Sunblock Stick, and the SPF 30+ Everyday Lotion. They are widely available and reasonably priced. 5. Homemade There are many recipes out there for DIY sunscreen. Here’s one to try: In a double boiler over medium heat, mix 2 ½ oz sesame oil, 1 ½ oz coconut oil, and 1 ½ oz beeswax.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex VI, Last Update: 02/08/2021
    File creation date: 03/10/2021 Annex VI, Last update: 22/09/2021 LIST OF UV FILTERS ALLOWED IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS Substance identification Conditions Wording of Reference Maximum conditions of Product Type, concentration Update date number Chemical name / INN / XAN Name of Common Ingredients Glossary CAS Number EC Number Other use and body parts in ready for use warnings preparation 2 N,N,N-Trimethyl-4-(2-oxoborn-3-ylidenemethyl CAMPHOR BENZALKONIUM 52793-97-2 258-190-8 6% 15/10/2010 ) anilinium methyl sulphate METHOSULFATE 3 Benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, HOMOSALATE 118-56-9 204-260-8 10% 02/08/2021 3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl ester / Homosalate 4 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone / BENZOPHENONE-3 131-57-7 205-031-5 6% Reg (EU) Not more than Contains 02/08/2021 Oxybenzone 2017/238 of 10 0,5 % to protect Benzophenone-3 February 2017- product (1) date of formulation application from September 2017 6 2-Phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulphonic acid and its PHENYLBENZIMIDAZOLE SULFONIC 27503-81-7 248-502-0 8%(as acid) 08/03/2011 potassium, sodium and triethanolamine salts / ACID Ensulizole 7 3,3'-(1,4-Phenylenedimethylene) bis TEREPHTHALYLIDENE DICAMPHOR 92761-26-7 / 410-960-6 / - 10%(as acid) 26/10/2010 (7,7-dimethyl-2-oxobicyclo-[2.2.1] SULFONIC ACID 90457-82-2 hept-1-ylmethanesulfonic acid) and its salts / Ecamsule 8 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl) BUTYL 70356-09-1 274-581-6 5% 15/10/2010 propane-1,3-dione / Avobenzone METHOXYDIBENZOYLMETHANE 9 alpha-(2-Oxoborn-3-ylidene)toluene-4-sulphoni BENZYLIDENE CAMPHOR SULFONIC 56039-58-8 - 6%(as acid)
    [Show full text]
  • Jan 19, 2009 Listing of Generic, Non
    http://www.medword.com/uspa.html Jan 19, 2009 Listing of generic, non-prescription, prescription, and OTC (over-the-counter) p harmaceuticals A-200 Gel Concentrate A-200 Shampoo Concentrate A-25 A-Cillin A-Fil A-Hydrocort A-methaPred A-Phedrin A-Spas S/L A Plus A.C. & C. A.P.L. A.R.M. Allergy Relief A.R.M. Maximum Strength Caplets A/B Otic A/Fish Oil A/T/S abacavir abarelix-depot-F abarelix-depot-M Abbokinase Abbokinase Open-Cath Abelcet Abenol Abitrate Absorbine Athletes Foot Absorbine Jock Itch Absorbine Jr. Antifungal AC acarbose Accolate Accupep HPF Accupril Accuretic Accutane Accutane Roche acebutolol Acel-Imune Acellular DTP Aceon Acet-2 Acet-3 Acet Codeine 30 Acet Codeine 60 Aceta Aceta Elixir Aceta Tablets acetaminophen acetaminophen-butalbital acetaminophen-caffeine acetaminophen-chlorpheniramine acetaminophen-codeine acetaminophen-dextromethorphan acetaminophen-diphenhydramine acetaminophen-hydrocodone acetaminophen-oxycodone acetaminophen-phenyltoloxamine acetaminophen-propoxyphene acetaminophen-propoxyphene hydrochloride acetaminophen-propoxyphene napsylate acetaminophen-pseudoephedrine acetazolam acetazolamide Acetest acetic acid Acetocot acetohexamide acetophenazine Acetoxyl 10 Gel Acetoxyl 2.5 Gel Acetoxyl 20 Gel Acetoxyl 5 Gel acetylsalicylic acid Achromycin Achromycin V aciclovir Acid Control Acid Phos Fluor Rinse Acilac Aciphex acitretin Aclophen Aclovate Acne-10 Lotion Acne-5 Lotion Acne-Aid Aqua Gel Acne-Aid Gel Acne-Aid Vanishing Cream Acne Aid 10 Cream Acne Lotion 10 Acne Prone Skin Sunscreen Acne Wash Acno Acnomel
    [Show full text]
  • Cutaneous Permeation and Penetration of Sunscreens: Formulation Strategies and in Vitro Methods
    cosmetics Review Cutaneous Permeation and Penetration of Sunscreens: Formulation Strategies and In Vitro Methods Silvia Tampucci * ID , Susi Burgalassi ID , Patrizia Chetoni ID and Daniela Monti ID Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (P.C.); [email protected] (D.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 1 November 2017; Accepted: 7 December 2017; Published: 25 December 2017 Abstract: Sunscreens are the most common products used for skin protection against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation. However, as frequent application is recommended, the use of large amount of sunscreens could reflect in possible systemic absorption and since these preparations are often applied on large skin areas, even low penetration rates can cause a significant amount of sunscreen to enter the body. An ideal sunscreen should have a high substantivity and should neither penetrate the viable epidermis, the dermis and the systemic circulation, nor in hair follicle. The research of methods to assess the degree of penetration of solar filters into the skin is nowadays even more important than in the past, due to the widespread use of nanomaterials and the new discoveries in cosmetic formulation technology. In the present paper, different in vitro studies, published in the last five years, have been reviewed, in order to focus the attention on the different methodological approaches employed to effectively assess the skin permeation and retention of sunscreens. Keywords: sunscreens; formulation; in vitro methods; cutaneous permeation; skin penetration 1. Introduction The detrimental effects of human exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation have been widely investigated and can be immediate, as in the case of sunburns, or long-term, causing, in most cases, the formation of oxidizing species responsible of photo-aging, immunosuppression and chronic effects such as photo carcinogenicity [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Sun Protection
    DRUG NEWS Recommending the Best Sun Protection Clinical Pearls: o Recommend a “broad-spectrum” sunscreen – one that covers UVB, UVA1, and UVA2. o Recommend SPF 30-50 o Advise on non-pharmacological sun protection methods o Emphasize proper sunscreen application technique o Emphasize skin protection when taking drugs known to cause photosensitivity. Familiarize yourself with known implicated drugs by referring to appendix 2. Background 1-4 The sun emits 3 types of ultraviolet (UV) radiation: UVC (100-290 nm), UVB (290-320 nm), and UVA (320 -400 nm). UVA rays can be further divided into the shorter UVA2 rays and the longer UVA1 rays. UVC rays, the shortest rays, are completely absorbed by the ozone layer, whereas UVB rays penetrate the epidermis and UVA rays, the longest rays, penetrate into the dermis. The main consequence of UVB irradiation is sunburn, but can also include immunosuppression and skin cancer. Consequences of UVA radiation include: phototoxicity (i.e. involvement in drug-induced sun sensitivity reactions), photo-aging, immunosuppression, and skin cancer. What is SPF? 2,5,6,7 It is easy to be misled by Sun Protection Factors (SPF). SPF is assessed through a standardized test by finding the ratio of the minimal dose of solar radiation that produces perceptible erythema (i.e., minimal erythema dose) on sunscreen-protected skin compared with unprotected skin. Sunburn is caused primarily by UVB rays (and shorter UVA2 rays), and thus SPF indicates mostly UVB protection. However, UVA protection is equally important since it is responsible for photo-aging and cancer. Therefore, it is important to look for the phrase “broad spectrum” when choosing a sunscreen as broad spectrum indicates both UVB and UVA protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 352.20
    Food and Drug Administration, HHS § 352.20 (c) Cinoxate up to 3 percent. than 2 to the finished product. The fin- (d) [Reserved] ished product must have a minimum (e) Dioxybenzone up to 3 percent. SPF of not less than the number of (f) Homosalate up to 15 percent. sunscreen active ingredients used in (g) [Reserved] the combination multiplied by 2. (h) Menthyl anthranilate up to 5 per- (2) Two or more sunscreen active in- cent. gredients identified in § 352.10(b), (c), (i) Octocrylene up to 10 percent. (e), (f), (i) through (l), (o), and (q) may (j) Octyl methoxycinnamate up to 7.5 be combined with each other in a single percent. product when used in the concentra- (k) Octyl salicylate up to 5 percent. tions established for each ingredient in (l) Oxybenzone up to 6 percent. § 352.10. The concentration of each ac- (m) Padimate O up to 8 percent. tive ingredient must be sufficient to (n) Phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic contribute a minimum SPF of not less acid up to 4 percent. than 2 to the finished product. The fin- (o) Sulisobenzone up to 10 percent. ished product must have a minimum (p) Titanium dioxide up to 25 percent. SPF of not less than the number of (q) Trolamine salicylate up to 12 per- sunscreen active ingredients used in cent. the combination multiplied by 2. (r) Zinc oxide up to 25 percent. (b) Combinations of sunscreen and skin [64 FR 27687, May 21, 1999] protectant active ingredients. Any single sunscreen active ingredient or any per- EFFECTIVE DATE NOTE: At 67 FR 41823, June mitted combination of sunscreen ac- 20, 2002, § 352.10 was amended by revising tive ingredients when used in the con- paragraphs (f) through (n), effective Sept.
    [Show full text]
  • Four Common Sunscreen Questions – Spring 2015
    Four common sunscreen questions – Spring 2015 Use this information SPF to help you advise 30 your customers about Use the Sun Protection System sunscreen use. 30 SP F 1. How do sunscreens filter the slip, slop, slap, and wrap sun’s rays? Sunscreens may contain physical or chemical Ethoxyethyl p-methoxycinnamate barriers to screen skin against the sun’s (cinoxate)) ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). While physical barriers reflect or scatter the UV rays, » Salicylates (Homomenthyl salicylate chemical barriers act by absorbing the UV (homosalate), Ethylhexyl salicylate (octyl radiation before it hits the skin. salicylate/octisalate), Trolamine salicylate General advice is to choose a sunscreen which » Avobenzone (butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane) is broad spectrum, which means it filters both UVA and UVB rays. Those who have sensitive » Ecamsule ((terephthalylidene dicamphor skin should choose a sunscreen labelled sulfonic acid; Mexoryl SX) hypoallergenic or low irritant. » Ensulizole ((phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic Typical chemical absorbers include: acid) » Aminobenzoic acid derivatives (Glyceryl » Bemotrizinol (Tinosorb S) PABA), Padimate O, Roxadimate) » Bisoctrizole (Tinosorb M) » (Dioxybenzone, Benzophenones Physical blockers are titanium dioxide and Oxybenzone, Sulisonbenzone) zinc oxide. When applied they leave a thick » Cinnamates (Octocrylene, Octyl opaque (white) layer on the skin. Microfine or methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), nanoparticles of both are transparent on the skin and reflect UV radiation. 2. Do babies’ need a special sunscreen? » Babies’ skin is very sensitive and can sunburn easily so keep them out of the sun. » Once a baby is moving use the sun protection system. » Patch test an untried sunscreen on the skin 24 hours before applying it widely to check that there is no reaction.
    [Show full text]
  • Associations Between Environmental Factors and Incidence of Cutaneous Melanoma
    Volkovova et al. Environmental Health 2012, 11(Suppl 1):S12 http://www.ehjournal.net/content/11/S1/S12 REVIEW Open Access Associations between environmental factors and incidence of cutaneous melanoma. Review Katarina Volkovova1*†, Dagmar Bilanicova1,2†, Alena Bartonova3†, Silvia Letašiová4, Maria Dusinska1,3† From HENVINET (Health and Environment Network) final conference Brussels, Belgium. 14 April 2010 - 15 April 2010 Abstract Background: Cutaneous melanoma is one of the most serious skin cancers. It is caused by neural crest-derived melanocytes - pigmented cells normally present in the epidermis and, sometimes, in the dermis. Methods: We performed a review of current knowledge on the risk factors of cutaneous melanoma. Relevant studies were identified using the PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, Scopus, Scholar Google and ISI Web of Knowledge databases. Results: Melanoma incurs a considerable public health burden owing to the worldwide dramatic rise in incidence since the mid-1960s. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is the predominant environmental risk factor. The role of geographical (latitude) and individual factors such as skin type, life style, vitamin D levels and antioxidant protection, sunburn, and exposure to other environmental factors possibly contributing to melanoma risk (such as cosmetics including sunscreen, photosensitising drugs, and exogenous hormones) are reviewed in this article. Recently, both rare high risk susceptibility genes and common polymorphic genes contributing to melanoma risk have been identified. Conclusions: Cutaneous melanoma is a complex cancer with heterogeneous aetiology that continues to increase in incidence. Introduction of new biomarkers may help to elucidate the mechanism of pathogenesis and individual susceptibility to the disease, and make both prevention and treatment more effective.
    [Show full text]
  • Health and Safety
    Health and Safety ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Is the Sun Coming Out? UVA rays constitute 90-95% of the ul- traviolet light reaching the earth. They Better Get the Sunscreen! have a relatively long wavelength (320- 400 nm) and are not absorbed by the ozone layer. UVA light penetrates the Do you know everything about sunscreen furthest into the skin and is involved that you need to know so you are using it in the initial stages of suntanning. effectively? Well, here are some common UVA tends to suppress the immune questions about sunscreen to help you function and is implicated in better protect your skin. premature aging of the skin. UVB rays are partially absorbed by the When should I use sunscreen? Sunscreens should be used every day if you are ozone layer and have a medium wave- going to be in the sun for more than 20 minutes. They can be applied under makeup. length (290-320 nm). They do not There are many cosmetic products available today that contain sunscreens for daily penetrate the skin as far as the UVA use because skin protection is the principle means of preventing premature aging and rays do and are the primary cause of skin cancer. Sunscreens used on a regular basis actually allow some repair of sunburn. They are also responsible for damaged skin. And don't reserve sunscreens just for sunny days! Use them when the most of the tissue damage which sun's reflective power is great, like after a snowfall or near the sand. Even on a cloudy results in wrinkles and aging of the day, 80 percent of the sun's ultraviolet light rays pass through the clouds.
    [Show full text]