DOCSLIB.ORG

Topical Photoprotection in Childhood and Adolescence Fotoproteção Tópica Na Infância E Na Adolescência

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Topical Photoprotection in Childhood and Adolescence Fotoproteção Tópica Na Infância E Na Adolescência 0021-7557/12/88-03/203 Jornal de Pediatria Copyright © by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria ARTIGO DE REVISÃO Topical photoprotection in childhood and adolescence Fotoproteção tópica na infância e na adolescência Paulo Ricardo Criado1, Juliana Nakano de Melo2, Zilda Najjar Prado de Oliveira3 Resumo Abstract Objetivo: A exposição à luz solar na infância ocorre, frequentemente, Objective: Exposure to sunlight in childhood is often more intense de forma mais intensa do que em muitos adultos. Dados da literatura than in adults. Literature data unequivocally show the association between comprovam de maneira inequívoca a associação desse comportamento this social behavior and the risk for developing malignant melanoma social com o risco de desenvolvimento do melanoma maligno e do câncer and non-melanoma skin cancer, even in adulthood. Furthermore, skin cutâneo não melanoma mesmo na vida adulta. Além disso, o fotoen- photoaging begins already in childhood through inadequate sun exposure. velhecimento cutâneo é semeado já na infância com a exposição solar This review aims to guide pediatricians on appropriate measures of topical inadequada. Esta revisão tem como objetivo orientar os pediatras nas photoprotection in children and adolescents, which will positively change medidas adequadas de fotoproteção tópica nas crianças e adolescentes, the future of these patients. o que irá alterar de maneira positiva o futuro desses pacientes. Sources: A review of the literature indexed in MEDLINE/PubMed Fontes dos dados: Realizou-se uma revisão da literatura indexa- between the years 1999 and 2012 on photoprotection in childhood da na base de dados MEDLINE/PubMed entre os anos de 1999 e 2012 was conducted. The most relevant review articles on photoprotection sobre fotoproteção na infância, selecionando-se como fonte os artigos in children and adolescents, photoprotection and vitamin D in neonatal de revisão mais relevantes, do ponto de vista de abrangência do tema phototherapy and impact on skin cancer, artificial tanning and skin cancer fotoproteção em crianças e adolescentes, fotoproteção e vitamina D, were selected as sources. fototerapia na neonatologia e impacto no câncer cutâneo, bronzeamento Summary of the findings: Children and adolescents should adopt artificial e câncer cutâneo. appropriate measures of photoprotection in order to decrease the risk Síntese dos dados: Crianças e adolescentes devem adotar medi- of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer. das adequadas de fotoproteção para diminuir o risco de câncer cutâneo Conclusions: There are published data that support the association melanoma e não melanoma. between sun exposure habits and safe use of topical sunscreens in Conclusões: Há dados na literatura que suportam a associação de children and adolescents on the one hand and a reduced occurrence of hábitos de exposição solar segura e uso de fotoprotetores tópicos em crian- skin cancer on the other. ças e adolescentes com a redução da ocorrência do câncer cutâneo. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88(3):203-10: Melanoma maligno, câncer J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88(3):203-10: Malignant melanoma, skin cutâneo, fotoproteção. cancer, photoprotection. Introdução O aumento na incidência do câncer cutâneo é decorrente uso de filtros solares3,5-8. As queimaduras solares resultam do comportamento pessoal de cada indivíduo em relação à em dano à pele que pode causar câncer cutâneo no futuro, proteção solar1-3. Um estudo recente francês demonstrou o que tem levado à adoção de medidas de saúde pública que 70% dos pediatras entrevistados gostariam de obter primárias focadas na prevenção de queimaduras solares e mais informações sobre quais fotoprotetores deveriam ser proteção à exposição solar7,9. 4 recomendados às crianças . Existem vários fatores que regem o dano solar na in- A efetiva proteção solar para crianças compreende a ado- fância, seus efeitos e as medidas de prevenção do câncer ção de várias medidas, entre as quais roupas adequadas e o cutâneo. 1. Doutor, Dermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP. Médico assistente, Divisão de Dermatologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP. 2. Doutora, Dermatologia, USP, São Paulo, SP. Médica assistente, Divisão de Dermatologia, Ambulatório de Dermatologia Pediátrica, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP. 3. Doutora. Professora, Faculdade de Medicina, USP, São Paulo, SP. Chefe, Ambulatório de Dermatologia Pediátrica, HC-FMUSP, São Paulo, SP. Não foram declarados conflitos de interesse associados à publicação deste artigo. Como citar este artigo: Criado PR, de Melo JN, de Oliveira ZN. Topical photoprotection in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2012;88(3):203-10. Artigo submetido em 10.02.12, aceito em 06.03.12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/JPED.2194 203 204 Jornal de Pediatria - Vol. 88, N° 3, 2012 Fotoproteção - Criado PR et al. Aspectos comportamentais - Modo de construção do tecido: o arranjo geométrico das A pedra angular do conceito que indica a fotoproteção na fibras e fios pode influenciar em como elas ficam justa- infância é o conhecimento de que a exposição solar excessiva, postas e determina o fator de cobertura do tecido. nessa faixa etária, é um fator particularmente significativo no - Peso por unidade de área: o maior peso do tecido por risco futuro de desenvolvimento do câncer da pele6. unidade de área também aumenta o fator de proteção. Há dois fatores básicos que determinam nível elevado de - Espessura do tecido: maior espessura determina aumento exposição solar na infância e sua relação com o câncer da do fator de proteção ultravioleta (UPF). pele: (I) ao contrário da maioria dos adultos em ambiente - Composição do tecido: alguns materiais naturalmente ab- urbano, as crianças despendem grande parte do seu tempo sorvem UVR mais intensamente em relação a outros. diário em ambientes externos e, assim, invariavelmente se - Cor: em geral, as cores escuras e as altas concentrações encontram expostas ao sol; (II) sabe-se que as queimadu- de corantes absorvem mais UVR. Cores escuras no mesmo ras solares na infância constituem um fator fundamental na tecido, como azul, vermelho e preto, absorvem mais a patogênese do melanoma maligno (MM). UVR do que as cores claras, como o branco, azul claro Alguns autores estimam que 25 a 50% da exposição solar ou bege. que uma pessoa recebe durante a sua vida é obtida antes - Aditivos adicionados ao tecido: produtos químicos, como dos 18-21 anos de idade6,10. os agentes branqueadores ópticos e redutores da UVR, Existe uma clara relação entre a exposição solar ao longo podem ser adicionados aos tecidos para aumentar a dos anos (acumulativa) e o desenvolvimento de carcinomas proteção. cutâneos – carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) e carcinoma - Tensão do tecido: quando o tecido é esticado, o seu UPF basocelular (CBC), denominados em conjunto como câncer pode ser reduzido. cutâneo não melanoma (CCNM) – e, ainda, uma acentuada relação entre queimadura solar intermitente e o desenvol- - Umidade no tecido: muitas roupas, quando umedecidas, vimento do MM. podem ter seu UPF reduzido, dependendo do tipo de tecido empregado e a quantidade de umidade absorvida Entre as várias medidas de proteção à radiação solar, o pelo mesmo. uso de filtros solares de uso tópico tem demonstrado prevenir o surgimento do CCNM6. Stern et al.11, ainda na década de - Desenho da roupa: dependendo da exposição da pele em 1980, demonstraram que a incidência do CCNM ao longo decotes ou mangas, a proteção é diretamente menor. da vida poderia ser reduzida em 78% com o uso de filtros - Condições de lavagem: muitas roupas, conforme são solares com fator de proteção solar (FPS) de número 15 ou lavadas, sofrem um encolhimento, com diminuição do maior durante os primeiros 18 anos de vida. espaçamento da trama do tecido, o que eleva o seu Outro fator que influencia o comportamento de uma UPF. proteção solar efetiva é a idade da criança12. Isso implica na sua capacidade em efetuar essa fotoproteção de forma A padronização utilizou o termo UPF para designar, então, 12 independente dos adultos . Por outro lado, especialmente im- a quantidade de proteção propiciada pelos tecidos e roupas portante é o quanto elas estão dispostas a realizar de forma além do FPS. Na Tabela 1, podemos observar o esquema de 12 consistente a proteção solar, por si próprias . Nas crianças classificação das roupas segundo a normativa dos Padrões pré-escolares e em idade de escolaridade primária, a foto- Australianos/Neozelandeses (AS/NZS) 4388. Posterior- proteção, em geral, é dependente do grau de conscientização mente, agências norte-americanas, inglesas e europeias dos pais, enquanto que, nos adolescentes, o envolvimento estabeleceram suas próprias determinações em relação a pessoal é determinante para o hábito da fotoproteção, e que essa questão13. esta atitude não seja classificada como indesejável pelo seu grupo de convívio12. São, portanto, importantes campanhas de proteção solar adequadas a cada faixa etária12. Aspectos relacionados à cor da pele Outra questão relevante às crianças é o uso de roupas A cor da pele tem grande influência na capacidade de como meio de realizar fotoproteção. Durante o verão de ocorrer eritema induzido pela UVR. Na dermatologia, a me- 1990/1991, na Austrália, o Cancer Council Victoria solicitou a lhor classificação em relação à capacidade de responder com determinação de proteção à radiação ultravioleta (UVR) ofe- eritema e bronzeamento é aquela proposta por Fitzpatrick, 14 recida por camisetas de uso típico no verão naquele país13. que classifica os indivíduos de acordo com seu fototipo (Tabela 2). Atualmente, no mercado do vestuário, há roupas que podem auxiliar na fotoproteção. Várias características deter- A incidência mais baixa de câncer cutâneo entre pessoas minam se uma roupa oferece uma boa fotoproteção13: negras é fundamentalmente resultante da fotoproteção propi- ciada pela abundante melanina epidérmica, a qual propicia um - Fator de cobertura ou densidade da trama: é definido como FPS natural de cerca de 13,4 nos indivíduos negros15,16. a porcentagem da superfície do tecido que é coberta pela fibra ou fio.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Technology Provides Cosmetically Elegant Photoprotection Zoe Diana Draelos, MD; Christian Oresajo; Margarita Yatskayer; Angelike Galdi; Isabelle Hansenne
    COSMETIC CONSULTATION New Technology Provides Cosmetically Elegant Photoprotection Zoe Diana Draelos, MD; Christian Oresajo; Margarita Yatskayer; Angelike Galdi; Isabelle Hansenne he primary preventable cause of photoaging is United States, as there is no official rating system for exposure to UVA radiation. This wavelength UVA photoprotection yet. T emitted by the sun is present year round in all Ecamsule absorbs UVA radiation in the range of 320 to latitudes. Currently, the majority of sun-protective prod- 360 nm, but its peak absorbance occurs at 345 nm. It is ucts provide excellent UVB protection with minimal UVA typically combined with other organic sunscreen ingredi- protection. Although UVB protection is important in ents, such as avobenzone and octocrylene. Avobenzone, order to prevent sun damage to the skin from occurring, which is a photounstable photoprotectant, becomes UVA protection is equally important. New developments photostable when combined with octocrylene. These in raw material science have led to the manufacture of ingredients yield a photostable broad-spectrum sunscreen novel ingredients able to provide unprecedented photo- combination. However, the active sunscreen agents are protection COSin the UVA spectrum. DERMonly part of the formulation. Also important in sunscreen One of the most significant developments in cutaneous is the construction of the vehicle to deliver the photo- UVA protection was the discovery of ecamsule (Figure 1), protectants in an aesthetically pleasing manner, enticing also known as Mexoryl SX. Mexoryl SX, which has patients to wear the product. Sunscreens fail to be effec- the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients tive if they remain in the bottle. name of terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid, is In order to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of a water soluble.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunscreen: the Burning Facts
    United States Air and Radiation EPA 430-F-06-013 Environmental Protection (6205J) September 2006 1EPA Agency Sun The Burning Facts Although the sun is necessary for life, too much sun exposure can lead to adverse health effects, including skin cancer. More than 1 million people in the United States are diagnosed with skin cancer each year, making it the most common form of cancer in the country, but screen: it is largely preventable through a broad sun protection program. It is estimated that 90 percent of non- melanoma skin cancers and 65 percent of melanoma skin cancers are associated with exposure to ultraviolet 1 (UV) radiation from the sun. By themselves, sunscreens might not be effective in pro­ tecting you from the most dangerous forms of skin can- cer. However, sunscreen use is an important part of your sun protection program. Used properly, certain sun­ screens help protect human skin from some of the sun’s damaging UV radiation. But according to recent surveys, most people are confused about the proper use and 2 effectiveness of sunscreens. The purpose of this fact sheet is to educate you about sunscreens and other important sun protection measures so that you can pro­ tect yourself from the sun’s damaging rays. 2Recycled/Recyclable—Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on 100% Postconsumer, Process Chlorine Free Recycled Paper How Does UV Radiation Affect My Skin? What Are the Risks? UVradiation, a known carcinogen, can have a number of harmful effects on the skin. The two types of UV radiation that can affect the skin—UVA and UVB—have both been linked to skin cancer and a weakening of the immune system.
    [Show full text]
  • Photoprotection: a Public Awareness
    Internet Journal of Medical Update, Vol 3, No. 1, Jan-Jun 2008 Letter to editor Photoprotection: a public awareness Dr. (Ms.) Meera Sridhar MD, DVD, DDV Consultant Dermatologist, Dubai, United Arab Emirates Sir, earth on a particular day and is a recognized part of the weather report in many countries. Excessive solar ultraviolet radiation exposure of the skin has been associated with several FACTORS AFFECTING THE AMOUNT skin disorders/diseases including premature OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONS aging of the skin and skin cancers. Avoiding REACHING THE EARTH’S SURFACE exposure to sun is the best method but AT A PARTICULAR TIME AND PLACE impractical. Public is informed through UV ARE DEPENDENT ON: Index of the amount of harmful ultraviolet rays 1. Time of the day: Two third of the total reaching the earth and choosing of the right UVR reaches the earth between 10 am and SPF (Sun Protection Factor) is the practical 2 pm of which 10 % is UVB and 90 % and effective approach for photoprotection. UVA. Increasing pollution levels (release of 2. Surface reflection: chlorofluoro carbon compounds) into the Snow and ice reflect 80 % of UVR atmosphere over the last 20 years has resulted Sand reflects 20 % of UVR in gradual depletion of the ozone layer which Most ground surfaces reflect < 10 % in turn has resulted in greater amounts of UV of UVR radiations of the sun reaching the earth’s Water reduces penetration of UVR by surface as also global warming. The sun rays 50 % have been broadly classified into 3 groups 3. Seasonal: Maximum radiation occurs based on the wavelength of the electro during summer and minimal in winter.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis and Evaluation of Octocrylene-Inspired Compounds for Uv-Filter Activity
    http://dx.doi.org/10.5935/0100-4042.20140160 Quim. Nova, Vol. 37, No. 6, 1004-1009, 2014 SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF OCTOCRYLENE-INSPIRED COMPOUNDS FOR UV-FILTER ACTIVITY Hudson C. Poloninia, Rosângela S. Lopesb, Adilson Beatrizb, Roberto S. Gomesb, Adriano O. Silvab, Ricardo V. de Limab, Gláucia. A. Nunesb, Marcos Antônio F. Brandãoa, Nádia R. B. Raposoa and Dênis P. de Limab,* aNúcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora – MG, Brasil bLaboratório de Síntese e Transformações de Moléculas Orgânicas, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Artigo do Sul, 79074-460 Campo Grande – MS, Brasil Recebido em 25/10/2013; aceito em 01/03/2014; publicado na web em 17/06/2014 Octocrylene (2-ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-2-propenoate) is present in several sunscreens and is known to work synergistically with UV filters. We prepared eight octocrylene-related compounds to test their photoprotective activities by measuring diffuse transmittance. The compounds had varied photoprotection profiles, with Sun Protection Factors (SPF) ranging from 1 to 5 and UVA Protection Factors (UVAPF) ranging from 1 to 8. Compounds 4, 5, and 7 showed the best protection against UVB sunrays, while compounds 5, 6, and 7 presented the best results for protection from UVA, so compound 7 had the most balanced protection overall. Results for compounds 4, 8, and 9 are reported for the first time in the literature. Keywords: sunscreens; octocrylene; photoprotective activity. INTRODUCTION be potential antitumor and antimicrobial agents.12 We designed and prepared our analogues of octocrylene using low-cost, easily accessible Currently, both scientists and cosmetic companies are interested starting materials.
    [Show full text]
  • Photoprotection
    Photoprotection Review Article Photoprotection Authors: ABSTRACT Gabriel Teixeira Gontijo1 2 Maria Cecília Carvalho Pugliesi Introduction: Incidence of skin cancer has increased signifi cantly in recent decades, Fernanda Mendes Araújo3 corresponding to a public health problem in many countries. Skin is the organ most affected 1Professor of Dermatology – by the deleterious effects of ultraviolet radiation and the association between sun exposure Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Preceptor of the and skin cancer is well-documented. Objective: To conduct a comprehensive review of the Dermatologic Surgery Department main photoprotection measures. Method: We conducted searches on MEDLINE from June at Hospital das Clinicas – 22 through August 18. Descriptive studies, review, and comparative studies were analyzed Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais together. Results: Eleven articles about a review of photoprotection, effects of ultraviolet 2Resident in Dermatology, UFMG radiation on the skin, prevalence of the use of sunscreens, and behavioral measures among 3 MD adults and adolescents were reported were selected. Conclusions: The use of broad-spectrum Correspondence to: sunscreens, besides simple behavioral measures, appears to have a major impact on prevention Gabriel Gontijo of skin cancer. Praça da Bandeira, nº 170, 4º andar Keywords: ultraviolet light, sunlight, ultraviolet fi lters, squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell Bairro Mangabeiras – Belo Horizonte – MG carcinoma, melanoma, vitamin D, stability of cosmetics. CEP: 30130-050 Tel:
    [Show full text]
  • The Latest on Skin Photoprotection
    Clinics in Dermatology (2008) 26, 614–626 The latest on skin photoprotection Salvador González, MDa,⁎, Manuel Fernández-Lorente, MDb, Yolanda Gilaberte-Calzada, MDc aDermatology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10022, USA bDermatology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain cDermatology Service, Hospital General San Jorge, 22003 Huesca, Spain Abstract UV radiation is the main etiological agent of most types of skin cancer and a key factor responsible for photoaging. Photoprotection is thus critical to avoid these undesired effects. Sunscreens rank among the best photoprotective measures. Sunscreens are the main components of lotions and creams used to prevent UV-induced damage or to ameliorate its harmful effects. There are 3 types of sunscreens: physical photon blockers, antioxidants, and stimulators of repairing mechanisms. This review summarizes current topics in the development of sunscreens, with special emphasis on substances of natural origin bearing photoscreening, antioxidant, or repairing properties. The characterization of different parameters to evaluate the effects of sunscreens, such as the sunscreen protection factor, is discussed. Finally, the effect of public awareness and public health campaigns are also reviewed. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Introduction photoprotective mechanisms based on inhibition of replica- tion, apoptosis, or cell death of the mutation carriers. Earth is constantly irradiated by light photons coming Photoprotection is an essential prophylactic and thera- from the sun; 56% are infrared light photons (wavelength, peutic element. The development of photoprotection has 780-5000 nm), 39% visible light (400-780 nm), and 5% UV been stimulated by a change in the behavioral habits of light (290-400 nm).
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Ultraviolet Filters and Sunscreen on Corals and Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography
    The Effects of Ultraviolet Filters and Sunscreen on Corals and Aquatic Ecosystems Bibliography Hope Shinn, Librarian, NOAA Central Library NCRL subject guide 2019-11 doi: 10.25923/hhrp-xq11 September 2019 U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research NOAA Central Library – Silver Spring, Maryland Table of Contents Background & Scope ................................................................................................................................. 3 Sources Reviewed ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Section I: Corals and UV Filters ................................................................................................................. 4 Section II: Endocrine Disruption/Toxicology of Coral Reef Associated Organisms ................................. 10 Section III: Environmental Fate and Life Cycle of UV Filters in Marine Environments ........................... 25 Section IV: Concentrations of UV Filters in Marine Environments ......................................................... 51 Section V: Laboratory Studies on the Toxicity and Endocrine Disruption Effects of UV Filters .............. 94 2 Background & Scope The NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) is in the process of evaluating research pertaining to coral reef health, especially as concerned with ultraviolet (UV) filters in sunscreen. To that end, the NOAA Central Library reviewed
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of Titanium Dioxide Particle Size on the Photostability of the Chemical UV-Filters Butyl Methoxy Dibenzoylmethane and Octocrylene in a Microemulsion
    Cosmetics 2014, 1, 128-139; doi:10.3390/cosmetics1020128 OPEN ACCESS cosmetics ISSN 2079-9284 www.mdpi.com/journal/cosmetics Article Influence of Titanium Dioxide Particle Size on the Photostability of the Chemical UV-Filters Butyl Methoxy Dibenzoylmethane and Octocrylene in a Microemulsion Jutta Kockler *, Michael Oelgemöller, Sherryl Robertson and Beverley D. Glass School of Pharmacy and Molecular Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville 4811, QLD, Australia; E-Mails: [email protected] (M.O.); [email protected] (S.R.); [email protected] (B.D.G.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-7-4781-3440; Fax: +61-7-4781-5356. Received: 8 May 2014; in revised form: 5 June 2014 / Accepted: 5 June 2014 / Published: 11 June 2014 Abstract: Sunscreen products often contain combinations of ultraviolet (UV)-filters in order to achieve broad spectrum protection from exposure to sunlight. The inclusion of both chemical and physical UV-filters in these products, however, increases the possibility for both photolytic and photocatalytic reactions to occur. This study investigated the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particle size on the photostability of the chemical UV-filters butyl methoxy dibenzoylmethane (BMDM) and octocrylene (OC) formulated in a microemulsion. The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) Guideline Q1B for photostability testing of new active substances and medicinal products was applied. BMDM and OC in the microemulsion were irradiated with simulated sunlight in the presence of nano- (<25 nm) and micro-TiO2 (~0.6 μm) and their concentrations determined using a validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.
    [Show full text]
  • New Vision in Photoprotection and Photorepair
    Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) (2019) 9:103–115 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13555-019-0282-5 REVIEW New Vision in Photoprotection and Photorepair Marie-Therese Leccia . Celeste Lebbe . Jean-Paul Claudel . Mridvika Narda . Nicole Basset-Seguin Received: November 21, 2018 / Published online: January 23, 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019 ABSTRACT important in limiting further DNA damage. Several published studies have demonstrated Chronic exposure to solar radiation is associated the protective effect that regular use of sun- with an increased incidence of skin cancer screen can have against the development of worldwide and more specifically with non-me- skin cancers. Newer options that aim to help lanoma skin cancers and actinic keratosis. At repair damaged DNA may have an important the cellular level DNA damage is the main event role in reducing the incidence of chronic sun following ultraviolet (UV) exposure. The kind of exposure-related photoaging and non-me- lesions produced depends on the wavelength lanoma skin cancers. Photolyase, which is cap- and the energy profile of the radiation, with able of repairing cyclobutane dimers formed as different photoproducts being formed as a a result of DNA irradiation, is one such novel result. Although endogenous DNA repair ingredient. In the first part of this paper we mechanisms are somewhat effective in repairing review the rationale for a combined treatment DNA, some DNA damage persists and can approach of photoprotection and photorepair accumulate with chronic exposure. UV protec- with photolyase. In the second part we evaluate tion strategies, such as sunscreen use, are several published clinical studies, which suggest a beneficial effect in preventing new skin Enhanced Digital Features To view enhanced digital lesions in photodamaged skin.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovations in Photoprotection Zoe Diana Draelos, MD
    CosmetiC Consultation Innovations in Photoprotection Zoe Diana Draelos, MD hotoprotection is important for all patients, yet com- prevention when sunscreen is used in combination with pliance is disappointingly low. Sometimes innova- other sun protection strategies. Sunscreen also can pre- Ptive tactics are needed to get patients to adopt good vent sun damage when the protective stratum corneum health practices. The biggest challenge in encouraging the has been injured, such as after shaving, hence the new use of photoprotection is the delay between initial sun addition of sunscreen to a variety of aftershave products. exposure and the onset of visible effects of photodamage. The concept of protection from the sun is emphasized For instance, many adolescents continually use natural on products with terms such as protective and shielding. and artificial means of photoexposure because they claim Regardless of the name given to these products, the ability they cannot see any problems with their skin, which to improve sunscreen use compliance by concomitantly certainly reflects the naivety of youth, but dermatologists improving skin texture and appearance is highly ben- need to be creative in their recommendations to encour- eficial for dermatologists. Most sun is received through age regular sun-avoidance behavior in patients of all ages. casual intermittent sun exposure, and these products can This article examines innovations in photoprotection that be excellent, but they are not designed to be used for can be used to encourage compliance in patients who photoprotection when skin is wet from water contact, fail to heedCOS traditional warnings. Creative photoprotec DERM- sweating, or high humidity. tion methods include sunscreen-containing moisturizers, Sunscreen-containing moisturizers provide moisture by facial powders, facial foundations, and hair conditioners.
    [Show full text]
  • Photoprotectionhotoprotection
    Review Article PPhotoprotectionhotoprotection RReenaeena Rai,Rai, C.C. RR.. SSrinivasrinivas Department of Dermatology, PSG Hospitals, Peelamedu, Coimbatore, India. AAddressddress foorr ccorrespondence:orrespondence Dr. C. R. Srinivas, Department of Dermatology, PSG Hospitals, Peelamedu, Coimbatore-641 004, Tamil Nadu, India. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The deleritious effect of ultraviolet radiation on humans has increased the need for photoprotection. Sunscreens are widely used as photo protective agents. They are divided into chemical sunscreens which absorb high-energy ultraviolet rays and physical blockers which reflect or scatter light. Effectiveness of sunscreens depends upon sun protection factor and its substantivity. Clothing is also important for sun protection and its effectiveness is measured by Ultraviolet Protection Factor. There are many other agents with photo protective properties, which range from antioxidants to plant extracts to DNA repair enzymes. Usage of wide brimmed hats and sunglasses, avoidance of solar exposure at times of peak intensity, use of cover-up garments and sunscreen lotions are effective for photo protection of the skin. Key Words: Photoprotection, Sunscreen, Ultraviolet .com). INTRINTRODUCTIONODUCTION ozone layer. UVA light penetrates the furthest into the skin and is involved in sun tanning, UVA tends to suppress the immune The need to protect from sunlight has been recognized since function and is implicated in premature ageing of the skin.[1] long. The ancient Greeks used olive oil as a type of sunscreen.medknow UVB rays are partially absorbed by the ozone layer and have but this was not very effective. In 1944 a pharmacist Benjamin a medium wavelength (290-320 nm). They do not penetrate Greene to save the soldiers from the sun’s harmful rays, the skin as far as the UVA rays do and are the primary cause used a sticky, red substance, which he called red(www vet pet (red of sunburn.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of the UV-Blocker Oxybenzone
    Brief Report The Effects of the UV-Blocker Oxybenzone (Benzophenone-3) on Planulae Swimming and Metamorphosis of the Scyphozoans Cassiopea xamachana and Cassiopea frondosa William K. Fitt 1,* and Dietrich K. Hofmann 2 1 Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA 2 Department of Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr-Universität, 44781 Bochum, Germany; [email protected] * Correspondence: fi[email protected] Received: 7 July 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 24 September 2020 Abstract: Benzophenones are UV-blockers found in most common sunscreens. The ability of Scyphozoan planula larvae of Cassiopea xamachana and C. frondosa to swim and complete metamorphosis in concentrations 0–228 µg/L benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone) was tested. Planulae of both species swam in erratic patterns, 25–30% slower, and experienced significant death (p < 0.05) in the highest concentrations of oxybenzone tested, whereas the larvae exhibited normal swimming patterns and no death in 2.28 µg/L oxybenzone. In addition, metamorphosis decreased 10–30% over ≤ 3 days for both species maintained in 228 µg/L oxybenzone. These effects do not involve symbiotic dinoflagellates, as planulae larvae of Cassiopea sp. are aposymbiotic. It is concluded that oxybenzone can have a detrimental impact on these jellyfish. Keywords: Cassiopea xamachana; C. frondosa; Scyphozoan; planulae; settlement; metamorphosis; oxybenzone 1. Introduction Benzophenones are organic compounds used in a variety of personal-care products for their abilities to absorb UV-B wavelengths coming from the sun. Oxybenzone avobenzone, octisalate, octocrylene, homosalate, and octinoxate are all used in conventional sunscreens and other topical, personal-care products to prevent damage from the sun’s UV rays.
    [Show full text]