International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 647–658, Article ID: IJCIET_09_10_068 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 ©IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed MEGAPOLIS PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM Tatyana Sakulyeva PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of forwarding Services Management, The State University of Management, 109542, Rjazanskij Prospekt, 99, Moscow, Russia ABSTRACT The development of public transport is one of the the issue of the day, as it directly or indirectly affects the efficiency of the country's economy and the implementation of socio -economic functions. The system of urban passenger transport plays an important role in big cities life especially in solving the spectrum of issues related to the problems of providing comfortable, safe, high-quality transport services to all citizens. The article examines the problems and prospects of development of public transport in a megapolis based on the Moscow experience. After the detailed research, there will be provided the recommendations directed to solve transport problems in Moscow. Successful growth and development are impossible without improving the infrastructure and communications of urban passenger transport. Key words: public transport, transportation infrastructure, metro, bus, tram and trolleybus routes, suburban electric trains. Cite this Article: Tatyana Sakulyeva, Megapolis Public Transport System, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(10), 2018, pp. 647–658. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=10 1. INTRODUCTION It is impossible to imagine big cities without public transport system. The main role of public transport is to ensure the permanent urban development (Mageean & Nelson, 2003; Cullinane, 2002; Paget-Seekins & Tironi, 2016). Despite the growth number of private cars, urban passenger transport remains one of the important components of big cities infrastructure. Public transport ensures the territorial unity and integrity of cities, the availability of all components of the municipal service and facilities (Chen, 2018; Margarita, Evangelos & Aristotelis, 2017). Public transport is considered by professional experts as a particularly important logistic system that is relatively independent and self-improing. Now it is part of regional, national and international logistics and requires changes and innovations (Voronov, 2003; Voronov et al., 2002; Voronov & Voronov, 2015). The target of the development of the largest world transport systems is to increase the speed, availability and level of comfort of passenger transportation with the lowest expenditure of resources of transport enterprises providing service for local citizens and tourists. At the moment in the world there are 10 largest megacities: Los Angeles, Mexico http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 647 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva City, New York, London, Paris, Barcelona, Berlin, Tokyo, Singapore, Moscow. This article examines the current state, problems and development prospects of Moscow transportation system, as one of the largest megapolises in the world. Moscow is the capital of Russian Federation and the biggest city due to its population. More than twelve million people are living in Moscow and approximately seventeen million are living in Moscow agglomeration. Some districts are situated far away from the city center. For instance, the distance from the southern spot on circle road to the Kremlin is twenty kilometers, from the northern it is seventeen kilometers. All the movements of passengers in Moscow, as in any other large city, despite their seeming randomness, are obeyed certain regularities, the knowledge of which helps to plan the development of the public transport traffic and logistics system. The most important revealed regularities of movement affecting the work of Moscow passenger transport are related to the size of the city, the placement and removal of certain connection points, the probability of using transport, the choice of the route, etc. These factors affect mobility, as well as the basic space-time parameters of movement of the population.Moscow has been having spoke-ring pattern since ancient times. It is inconvenient for people living urban outskirts. In spite of one direct route to the city center, the lack of highways suitable for fast driving between neighboring areas is a problem. Besides that, with a large number of alternative routings and streets which are located near to the city center, the lack of inter- district communications on the outskirts causes traffic jams approaching on the city center and delays of public transport. A considerable experience has been accumulated in the development of transport systems of cities and the patterns of their development in the Russian practicePassengers who use metro encounter difficulties of spoke-ring pattern more than anyone. There are no round ways of metro on the outskirts, for instance, to get from the south to the southeast in Moscow, people need to go to the center on the circle line or use the Moscow Central Circle. Lots of railroads obstruct road traffic in Moscow; there are not enough overpasses which can be used as busses routes. Lots of railroads obstruct road traffic in Moscow; there are not enough overpasses which can be used for busses routes. For instance, there is no transport connection between Chertanovo district and Tsaritsyno district, between Birylyovo - Vostochnoye and Birylyovo - Zapadnoe districts; the reason is the lack of bridge above the railroad. There are some old-constructed narrow driveways under or above railroads. For example, narrow tunnel following from Maryino to Kuryianovo, which was built in the middle of the 20th century under the Kursk direction of the Moscow railway, causes traffic jams in this direction and delays of interregional busses. A lot of modern wide overpasses have been built above railroads in recent times. For example the overpass from Onejskaya street tо Korovinskoe highway has already been built and interregional busses routes № 284 and new № 857 have started working. The problem assumes massive proportions. Industrial zones located between the center and the outskirts also create problems in urban planning. For example, the industrial zone on the overloaded Volgogradsky Prospect severely restricts Yuzhnoportovaya street and prevents constructing of backup road. Thus, it is a priori condition that Moscow is not ideal for vehicular flows including adding new convenient routes for surface public transport. Traffic jams appears in Moscow regularly especially in the city center, inside the Garden Ring, and on the departing highways. Leninsky, Komsomolsky, Volgogradsky and Ryazansky avenues, Varshavskoye and Kashirskoye highways, Lipetskaya street and all the rings - the Third Ring Road, Garden Ring and MKAD (Moscow Ring Road) are stucked in a traffic jams on a regular basis. The most horrendous traffic jams appear in the rush hours, from 8 to 10 am and from 17 to 20 pm. Significant deterioration of road conditions is observed during http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 648 [email protected] Megapolis Public Transport System snowfalls, rain and glazed frost which makes roads slippery. Many motorists choose public transport instead of driving their own cars because of road traffic congestion. Public transport in Moscow is an integral part of urban infrastructure and the live of the capital of Russia. 5.74 billion trips were made in 2015 (Results of the transport complex in 2015 and plans for 2016, 2015). Daily average amount of rides is 15.5 million. It is more than in in London (9.8), New York (7.5), Tokyo (9.9) and Singapore (6.7). The potential of transport system depends on its development 2. ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE METRO AND THEMOSCOW CENTRAL CIRCLE IN MOSCOW LIFE Underground electric railway is the main type of public transport in Moscow. Metro connects all the main districts. Its share in civil passenger traffic is 56%. The Moscow Metro is the most stable and reliably type of Moscow's public transport. Moscow citizens cannot imagine their life without metro. The Moscow Metro consists of 206 stations and total system length is 346,6 kilometers (Official website of the Moscow metro, 2018). There are 5314 subway cars which are serviced by 17 depots. An average speed of trains is 41,24 km/h. Moscow Metro starts opening at 05:30 am and closes at 01.00 pm. In fact, working of trains starts earlier and ends later then at specified time. Sometimes scheduled operating time can be prolonged, for instance, metro in Moscow worked twenty-four hours a day during New Year night. Headways are around 2-3 minutes in daytime and about 4 minutes in the evening time. Headways are more frequent in rush hours and they are around 95-100 seconds. Most stations are shallow and they are equipped with small escalators or stairs. It takes passengers several minutes to get down to deep underground stations. Selective security screening of passengers and their bags was applied in 2015 in metro in Moscow to the extent permitted by applicable law. The passenger traffic is more than 50,000 passengers on more than half of the metro stations. The most overloaded station is Komsomolskaya; its passenger traffic is about 163,000 passengers. The number of passengers who pay for train tickets fully is 71,1% (Dorozhkin, 2016). There is also a partial payment for students (7,5%) (Official website of the Moscow metro, 2018). There are also benefit recipients who use special social cards for free rides in metro (21,4%). An average distance of rides is 14,61 km. The most popular type of train ticket is for 60 rides, which is used by more than 30% of passengers. 4.5 passengers per square is a normative load for the subway. 5 passengers per square meter at peak time and 3 in normal hours are the parameters of normative metro load in some sources and publications of the Soviet period. There are overloading subway cars in Moscow metro.