International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 647–658, Article ID: IJCIET_09_10_068 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=10 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

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MEGAPOLIS PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Tatyana Sakulyeva PhD in Economics, Associate Professor, Department of forwarding Services Management, The State University of Management, 109542, Rjazanskij Prospekt, 99, ,

ABSTRACT The development of public transport is one of the the issue of the day, as it directly or indirectly affects the efficiency of the country's economy and the implementation of socio -economic functions. The system of urban passenger transport plays an important role in big cities life especially in solving the spectrum of issues related to the problems of providing comfortable, safe, high-quality transport services to all citizens. The article examines the problems and prospects of development of public transport in a megapolis based on the Moscow experience. After the detailed research, there will be provided the recommendations directed to solve transport problems in Moscow. Successful growth and development are impossible without improving the infrastructure and communications of urban passenger transport. Key words: public transport, transportation infrastructure, metro, bus, tram and trolleybus routes, suburban electric trains. Cite this Article: Tatyana Sakulyeva, Megapolis Public Transport System, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 9(10), 2018, pp. 647–658. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=10

1. INTRODUCTION It is impossible to imagine big cities without public transport system. The main role of public transport is to ensure the permanent urban development (Mageean & Nelson, 2003; Cullinane, 2002; Paget-Seekins & Tironi, 2016). Despite the growth number of private cars, urban passenger transport remains one of the important components of big cities infrastructure. Public transport ensures the territorial unity and integrity of cities, the availability of all components of the municipal service and facilities (Chen, 2018; Margarita, Evangelos & Aristotelis, 2017). Public transport is considered by professional experts as a particularly important logistic system that is relatively independent and self-improing. Now it is part of regional, national and international logistics and requires changes and innovations (Voronov, 2003; Voronov et al., 2002; Voronov & Voronov, 2015). The target of the development of the largest world transport systems is to increase the speed, availability and level of comfort of passenger transportation with the lowest expenditure of resources of transport enterprises providing service for local citizens and tourists. At the moment in the world there are 10 largest megacities: Los Angeles, Mexico

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City, New York, London, , Barcelona, Berlin, Tokyo, Singapore, Moscow. This article examines the current state, problems and development prospects of Moscow transportation system, as one of the largest megapolises in the world. Moscow is the capital of Russian Federation and the biggest city due to its population. More than twelve million people are living in Moscow and approximately seventeen million are living in Moscow agglomeration. Some districts are situated far away from the city center. For instance, the distance from the southern spot on circle road to the Kremlin is twenty kilometers, from the northern it is seventeen kilometers. All the movements of passengers in Moscow, as in any other large city, despite their seeming randomness, are obeyed certain regularities, the knowledge of which helps to plan the development of the public transport traffic and logistics system. The most important revealed regularities of movement affecting the work of Moscow passenger transport are related to the size of the city, the placement and removal of certain connection points, the probability of using transport, the choice of the route, etc. These factors affect mobility, as well as the basic space-time parameters of movement of the population.Moscow has been having spoke-ring pattern since ancient times. It is inconvenient for people living urban outskirts. In spite of one direct route to the city center, the lack of highways suitable for fast driving between neighboring areas is a problem. Besides that, with a large number of alternative routings and streets which are located near to the city center, the lack of inter- district communications on the outskirts causes traffic jams approaching on the city center and delays of public transport. A considerable experience has been accumulated in the development of transport systems of cities and the patterns of their development in the Russian practicePassengers who use metro encounter difficulties of spoke-ring pattern more than anyone. There are no round ways of metro on the outskirts, for instance, to get from the south to the southeast in Moscow, people need to go to the center on the circle line or use the . Lots of railroads obstruct road traffic in Moscow; there are not enough which can be used as busses routes. Lots of railroads obstruct road traffic in Moscow; there are not enough overpasses which can be used for busses routes. For instance, there is no transport connection between district and Tsaritsyno district, between Birylyovo - Vostochnoye and Birylyovo - Zapadnoe districts; the reason is the lack of bridge above the railroad. There are some old-constructed narrow driveways under or above railroads. For example, narrow following from to Kuryianovo, which was built in the middle of the 20th century under the Kursk direction of the , causes traffic jams in this direction and delays of interregional busses. A lot of modern wide overpasses have been built above railroads in recent times. For example the from Onejskaya street tо Korovinskoe highway has already been built and interregional busses routes № 284 and new № 857 have started working. The problem assumes massive proportions. Industrial zones located between the center and the outskirts also create problems in urban planning. For example, the industrial zone on the overloaded Volgogradsky Prospect severely restricts Yuzhnoportovaya street and prevents constructing of backup road. Thus, it is a priori condition that Moscow is not ideal for vehicular flows including adding new convenient routes for surface public transport. Traffic jams appears in Moscow regularly especially in the city center, inside the , and on the departing highways. Leninsky, Komsomolsky, Volgogradsky and Ryazansky avenues, Varshavskoye and Kashirskoye highways, Lipetskaya street and all the rings - the Third , Garden Ring and MKAD () are stucked in a traffic jams on a regular basis. The most horrendous traffic jams appear in the rush hours, from 8 to 10 am and from 17 to 20 pm. Significant deterioration of road conditions is observed during

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 648 [email protected] Megapolis Public Transport System snowfalls, rain and glazed frost which makes roads slippery. Many motorists choose public transport instead of driving their own cars because of road . Public transport in Moscow is an integral part of urban infrastructure and the live of the capital of Russia. 5.74 billion trips were made in 2015 (Results of the transport complex in 2015 and plans for 2016, 2015). Daily average amount of rides is 15.5 million. It is more than in in London (9.8), New York (7.5), Tokyo (9.9) and Singapore (6.7). The potential of transport system depends on its development

2. ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE METRO AND THEMOSCOW CENTRAL CIRCLE IN MOSCOW LIFE Underground electric railway is the main type of public transport in Moscow. Metro connects all the main districts. Its share in civil passenger traffic is 56%. The is the most stable and reliably type of Moscow's public transport. Moscow citizens cannot imagine their life without metro. The Moscow Metro consists of 206 stations and total system length is 346,6 kilometers (Official website of the Moscow metro, 2018). There are 5314 subway cars which are serviced by 17 depots. An average speed of trains is 41,24 km/h. Moscow Metro starts opening at 05:30 am and closes at 01.00 pm. In fact, working of trains starts earlier and ends later then at specified time. Sometimes scheduled operating time can be prolonged, for instance, metro in Moscow worked twenty-four hours a day during New Year night. Headways are around 2-3 minutes in daytime and about 4 minutes in the evening time. Headways are more frequent in rush hours and they are around 95-100 seconds. Most stations are shallow and they are equipped with small escalators or stairs. It takes passengers several minutes to get down to deep underground stations. Selective security screening of passengers and their bags was applied in 2015 in metro in Moscow to the extent permitted by applicable law. The passenger traffic is more than 50,000 passengers on more than half of the metro stations. The most overloaded station is Komsomolskaya; its passenger traffic is about 163,000 passengers. The number of passengers who pay for train tickets fully is 71,1% (Dorozhkin, 2016). There is also a partial payment for students (7,5%) (Official website of the Moscow metro, 2018). There are also benefit recipients who use special social cards for free rides in metro (21,4%). An average distance of rides is 14,61 km. The most popular type of train ticket is for 60 rides, which is used by more than 30% of passengers. 4.5 passengers per square is a normative load for the subway. 5 passengers per square meter at peak time and 3 in normal hours are the parameters of normative metro load in some sources and publications of the Soviet period. There are overloading subway cars in Moscow metro. All of them are located on the radial lines at the entrance to the Ring Line of the Metro and have a high load of passengers in the morning rush hour, from 5.5 to 6.5 or more passenger per square meter. 38,07% of passengers used this ticket in the year 2014. The Moscow Central Circle was opened for passengers on 10, September 2016 on the basis of Moscow Regional Railway. The traffic of electric trains includes the headways, which are about 5-10 minutes from early morning to late evening. Platforms of electric trains are located as close as possible to metro stations and suburban electric trains. stations were built near the stops of public transport. The Moscow Central Circle assumes a certain part of passengers from metro. The Moscow Central Circle consists of one ring line and 31 stations. There are 17 transfers to 11 metro lines in all, and 10 transfers to 9 radial lines. The MCC hours of operation are from 6 am to 1 am. Headways are around 10 minutes but they are half as great during rush hours (in the morning and evening on working days and from 13 to 18 on weekends). The plan to decline headways to 8 and 4 minutes is on the anvil. 30 million

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 649 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva passengers used The Moscow Central Circle during the autumn and December of 2016 year. The highest level of passenger traffic was recorded on December 21 and was amounted to 317.8 thousand passengers. An average passenger traffic is 260-270 thousand passengers per day. The Moscow Central Circle is fully adapted for the disabled people, cyclists and people with disabilities. All stations are equipped with station canopies along the full length of platforms. There are transport nodal points next to every station. Working of the Moscow Central Circle reduces the load on the Circle Line on 10-15%. The construction of the second ring line of Moscow metro was started some months ago. It is called as the "Third interchange Contour". It will include the Kahovskaya metro line. The opening of the first section is planned in 2018, the last one in 2021. The third ring will be far from the city center in the south and west of the city, while the Moscow Central Circle is near to the city center in these parts of city. The third line will be near to Ring Circle in the north and east of Moscow, while the MCC is far from center of Moscow in these destinations. The Third interchange Contour and the Small Ring of the Moscow Railway will substantially reduce the congestion of the radial subway lines close to the Ring Line. The construction of a new Kozhukhovskaya line of the Moscow Metro has been started, the opening is planned for 2019. It will extend from the new district of Nekrasovka through the new district of Kozhukhovo, the settled areas of , , Ryazansky to the new ring line of the metro and will prolong the Kalininskaya line to the station "Aviamotornaya". Kozhuhovskaya line will be able to relieve the overloaded southern part of Tagansko- line. As predicted, even with the expected increase of passenger traffic in collaboration with the result of these measures, there will be no portions of line in the underground with extra-high train loading in the morning rush hours (over 6.5 people per square meter of the subway cars), and there will be practically no overloaded periods (more than 4.5 people per square meter). New stations and metro lines are being actively built in Moscow. The metro comes to new areas and complements the transport infrastructure of the already formed areas of the city. However, the decrease in the passenger traffic of the overloaded railroad segments of the Moscow Metro is an extremely important problem. This measure will increase the comfort and safety of transportation, improve the physical and psychological state of Moscow citizens. Building new metro stations and the beginning of work of a city electric train is done to resolve this problem. Popularization and development of public transport is an integral process of transforming any modern metropolis into a city convenient for life (Vuchic, 2017). Research methods are based on general and special methods of cognition, on innovation activity research dialectics, on the empirical approach towards identifying the specific development features of national innovation systems, on the theory and practice analysis.

3. ADVANTAGES AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF THE MOVEMENT OF THE POPULATION BY RAIL AND THE MOSCOW CENTRAL CIRCLE Besides The Moscow Central Circle Moscow citizens use traditional commuter trains or suburban electric train to move from one place to another. One monorail works in Moscow. Headways are about 30 minutes; The monorail starts opening at 08:00 am and closes at 20:00 pm. Its scheduled operating time is known in advance and its headways are about 6 minutes in rush hours and 30 minutes at any other time. There is a day traffic interval which lasts 30 minutes. There also can be schedule changes sometimes. Commuter trains run on rails in radial directions started from railway stations. There are also some through routes between Kursky and Belorussky, Rizhsky railway stations and Belorussky, Savyolovsky directions. The Moscow railway transport nodal point has nine head passenger stations with city stations:

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Moscow-Passenger-Yaroslavskaya, Moscow-Passenger-Kurskaya, Moscow-Passenger- Kazanskaya, Moscow-Passenger-Kievskaya, Moscow-Passenger- Oktyabrskaya, Moscow- Passenger-Smolenskaya, Moscow- Passenger-Paveletskaya, Moscow-Butyrskaya, Moscow- Passenger-Rishskaya. People in Moscow who live in districts which are far from metro stations use suburban electric trains actively. These districts are , Ochakovo and Losinoostrovsky districts. Some commuter trains are popular as they connect Moscow districts, for example, between Vykhino and Kazansky railway station, between Butovo and Tekstilshchiki. Unfortunately, commuter trains have some disadvantages, for example, poor logistic system of transport nodal points, overage equipment and its dependence on the timetable and technological renovation (Vakulenko, Kurenkov & Dranchenko, 2016). The commencement of work of the Moscow Central Circle brings convenience for passengers of suburban electric trains (Kurenkov, Dranchenko & Volkova, 2016). It's not a secret that many passengers of commuter trains ride through Moscow by transit, for example, from the city of Odintsovo to Mytischi. A lot of passengers go to the railway on the metro or on surface transport with not a convenient route. Besides the railways do not always intersect with each other, the Moscow Central Circle stop points will have connection with the stop points of all directions of the suburban electric trains, except Kievskoye destination. As a result, many suburban passengers will save time without going down the metro. Also, the way to ride through the Moscow Central Circle will save money, because the price of a ticket for commuter trains from the Moscow region to the bordering platform with the circle road is cheaper than a ticket to railway station. There is another advantage. Hearing the word "train" about the Moscow Central Circle many people imagine the traditional comfort of suburban electric trains. However, there are differences in the work of the MCC, which distinguish MCC from ordinary trains in positive way. Firstly, there are no day or long breaks in the MCC's work. All repairs are carried out strictly at night. The maximum headway of traffic during the day does not exceed 10 minutes. On suburban railways, a daytime technological pause lasting 60-140 minutes is normal, as well as the absence of electric trains for 30 minutes because of passing long-distance trains. Secondly, the rolling stock of the Ring Railway is more comfortable for the passenger. For example, the lack of tambours, which will accelerate the landing and aesthetic comfort and a powerful air-conditions inside trains. Thirdly, canopies along the entire length of platforms and side walls are installed on railroad stops of the Moscow Central Circle. Unfortunately, on platforms of suburban electric trains the canopies protect the distance equal to the area of one subway car. There are small canopies on some platforms of Moscow railway nodal points while there is a lack of them on the others, for example, on the Kutuzovskaya, Grivno, and 66 km and on some platforms of Kurskoe direction. Fourthly, the MCC does not plan long-term restrictions of speed and long parking at stations, like suburban trains running in Moscow. For example, while riding on a suburban train between the Kurskaya and Belorusskaya stations along the Alekseevskaya connecting line, almost the whole route the electric train will go with a speed limit of 40 km/h, and the parking time at Kurskaya and Belorusskaya stations will be from 3 to 8 minutes. The beginning of working of the Moscow Central Circle started the city developed through the transport infrastructure. Besides popular feeling that economy is a stimulus of progress in infrastructure, the progress is stimulated and directed by the development of infrastructure. The area of Moscow - one of the world's financial centers and the capital of Russia - within the Moscow Ring Road is 877 square kilometers. At the same time in the city

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 651 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva there are "tidbits" for investors, and there are some not liquid territories. In such a metropolis as Moscow, the value of the area is strongly influenced by the developed infrastructure, especially the transport infrastructure.

4. AUTOMOBILE AND CITY ELECTRIC TRANSPORT IN MOSCOW It is impossible to imagine Moscow without busses plying between districts and metro stations. 7 million rides are made every day by passengers on surface public transport while in some other cities the number of rides is less, for example, in London - 5,9, in New York - 2,6, in Tokyo - 0,6, in Singapore - 3,8. 0.6 rides in Moscow, 0,7 rides in London, 0,3 rides in New York, 0, 1 rides in Tokyo, 0,7 rides in Singapore are done every day per capita. 860 units of rolling stocks are in Moscow per one million citizens. This index is 992 units in London, 674 in New-York, 108 in Tokyo, 804 in Singapore. There are 1459 public transport routes in Moscow according to the statistics of registry of intracity routes. 211 busses routes are serviced by quasi-public companies which work with assent of The Government of Moscow. There are also 51 tram routes and 64 trolleybus routes. Tram routes are arranged both in the center of Moscow on rails which are also used by trackless transport and in Moscow's outskirts on rails which are used only by trams. The second way of tram traffic is more effective. Such way of tram traffic is the most important in districts it works, for instance, in Strogino, Medvedkovo, Chertanovo districts. Trolleybus routes in Moscow are used mainly on outgoing highways from the city to outskirts. Almost all trolleybus lines in the center of Moscow, inside the Garden Ring were closed in 2016. A government company operating bus, trolleybus and tram networks "Mosgortrans" has approximately 6000 busses, 856 trams and 1305 trolleybuses working in Moscow. Business firms in Moscow have near 2000 busses working in Moscow. All busses in Moscow have been low-floor since 2016. The percentage of low-floor trams is 19%, of trolleybuses is 65%. All the tramline cars in Moscow are purchased with following characteristics: articulated and low-floor. 70 tramline cars have been purchased in recent years. It is planning to purchase 300 new tramline cars in 2018-2018 years from Tver town. All the others tramline cars are standard nowadays; its length is 14-15 meters. So tramline cars which works on routes № 1, № 21 and № 26 are joined two into one. Most of trolleybuses and 60% of buses in Moscow have a large passenger capacity. Trolleybuses and buses of extra-large capacity work on overloaded routes while buses of small and medium capacity work on unloaded routes. Modern rolling stock has been equipped with air conditioners since 2010 in metro, since 2011 in buses and electric trains, since 2013 in trolleybuses and since 2014 in trams. Buses, trolleybuses and trams work from early morning to late evening. Its hours of operation are from half past five in the morning until 01.00-02.00 during nighttime. Average headways are about 10 minutes and 5 minutes in rush hours. There are also social important routes for example between hospitals for certain category of passengers. Its headways are about 15-30 minutes. Headways become two times longer from 21 pm to 01 am. It is hard to find any working type of public transport after 20 pm in other cities in Russia in contrast to Moscow. There are also express-buses in Moscow with the numeration starts from 900, which miss most of stops. It is possible to use regular tickets for express buses. 11 night routes work in Moscow driving along the Garden Ring and from the center to various parts of the city. Using night busses is possible with regular tickets. Surface public transport, especially busses, hauls mainly in the direction to metro stations. The passenger traffic consists mostly of people, who need to reach the nearest metro station. This tendency appeared in the 90th years due to the shortage of buses and surplus of traffic jams. New express busses routes have been used in Moscow hauling from Moscow center to

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 652 [email protected] Megapolis Public Transport System the Moscow Automobile Ring Road since 2011. The number of these routes is still small. There are only 7 such routes. Besides the fact that busses on these routes are allowed to use special separate lines on roads, they stuck in jams. So these long-distance buses are not popular among passengers. A new system called "Magistral" has implemented in the center of Moscow since October, 7 2016. Within the compass of this system the number of public transport have been increased, all the headways have been reduced, halt stations have been added and old turns have been removed. The introduction of the “Magistral” system made it possible to reduce the average headways of traffic in the central part of Moscow from 16 to 8 minutes, increase the number of rolling stock by 40%, add 6 new separated lines in the center, including making the Kremlin ring two-way for bus traffic. New arterial routes were added in Moscow calling "M". Its headways are from 5 to 10 minutes. These routes were added due to "Magistral" system. These routes pass through «MPS Hospital" to Kravchenko Street called M1, through Semenovskaya metro station to Luzhniki stadium called M3, through Silicate Factory to metro station called M6. One more aim of this system is to develop surface public transport traffic among districts in Moscow, though metro is more preferable by passengers due to its stability and regularity. Actual information about surface public transport is displayed on special mobile applications "Yandex Transport" and "Yandex Maps". It helps passengers to decide what type of transport to choose. This technology is possible due to the transmission of information about the location of the rolling stocks using GLONASS system. One more important type of public transport in every megapolis is a taxi. 0.10 Billion routes were done using taxi in 2015. Tremendous changes have taken place in work of taxies. It has been caused by development of online service ordering a car, determining the route and calculating the price through the Internet. It was possible to call taxi only by phone before innovations in system. It has become move convenient to call a taxi in a special program and set a route for the driver. The number of passengers of official taxis has increased greatly due to its convenience and comfort. As the result, the price and waiting time were decreased. Passengers began to order a taxi through the program massively so the number of illegal taxies becoming smaller and smaller. Jitney was a popular type of public transport in Moscow previously. This type of transport appeared in 1993 and had massively filled the capital by the end of the twentieth century. Jitneys duplicated the most popular routes of surface transport. Special register of jitneys was introduced in Moscow in 2006. The target was to reduce the number of illegal jitneys and improve the level of rolling stock. The work of jitneys was practically ceased due to reformation of urban transport in 2016. Licenses for commercial carrier routes were concealed. It was replaced with 2000 new commercial buses which work under government control. It is possible to use regular tickets for these busses. Its rolling stock is qualitive. One more requirement to these buses is to stop only on official halt stations obligatory. Besides jitney routes from Moscow center to Moscow region which are used by intracity passengers there are insignificant number of illegal jitneys and taxies plying along certain routes in the city. Magnetic cards are used in Moscow to use public transport, except for taxies. Tickets for the Metro have become possible to use for passengers on surface transport since February 1, 2013. What is more, a single electronic wallet "Troika" which should be deposited with money is available to pay for using different types of transport. Money is gradually withdrew after every ride. There are tickets for 1,2,20,40 and 60 rides, as well as on 1,3,7,30,90 and 365 days. There are also tickets for surface transport for 60 rides or for 30 days. What is more, there is one more type of tickets for 90 minutes.

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Carrying out the analysis and evaluation of the work of public transport in Moscow, taking into account the international experience, we can say that transport management is needed to reduce traffic delays (Baldi et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2013; Pencheva et al., 2018).

5. THE COMPARISON OF MOSCOW TRANSPORT SYSTEM TO SINGAPORE'S ONE Let us compare two transport systems in huge megalopolises: Moscow and Singapore; considering the permanent changings in public transport systems that are directed to the increasing of speed and convenience of using public transport. Singapore public transport system was recognized as one of the best in the world due to its comfort and usability (Lam & Toan, 2006; Fang, 2016). Among all the types of urban transport it is possible to identify the metro, high-speed tram, monorail, buses, trolleybuses and a cable car, as well as water trams and rickshaws (Diao, 2018; Haque, Chin & Debnath, 2013). The main type as well as in Moscow is the metro. The underground system and the high- speed tram, often called the metro, allow you to get to any part off Singapore and even to Changi International Airport. Moscow metro is intensively expanding and comes to distant districts of Moscow. Moscow is a huge megapolis, that just begins to reach the modern level of quality of delivery of passengers. Metropolitan and railway within the city and with access to the suburban area, with same interchange points, provide a comfortable delivery of passengers, including the airports. Singapore is full of city busses lines. Using busses you can reach the remote corners of the country. Similarly, in Moscow, bus transportaton system target is to bring people to the metro. In Singapore, there are about 25,000 taxi cars. Taxi is a very popular and convenient type of transport in Singapore. Taxis are also becoming popular in Moscow, so paying for a taxi ride becomes more affordable. From exotic types of transport in two megapolises there is a ropeway that will allow you to admire the views of the city from above. Tourictic water transport is also inherent in two megapolises. Personal transport is also important to mention. The idea about paid entry to the center is seriously discussed in Moscow. The mechanism for implementing this project is not clear. Here we can turn to the experience of one of the world's largest megapolises - Singapore, where there are not only toll roads, parking lots, but also expensive licenses for the right to own a private car. And the roads in Singapore are not just paid. There is an entire interactive system that raises prices for busy roads during rush hours. It means that the driver has a choice - go after work home at 6 pm and pay ten dollars for it, or drink soft drinks with friends in a bar and at 8 pm in an empty city to get home for just two dollars. Singapore's transport policy "pushes" users of the transport system from the status of car owners and invite their attention to public transport, constantly increasing its comfort, availability and average speed. Moscow is also striving to do it. The initiation of entrance fees to a certain busy area of the city at a certain time unloads the road network at peak times and, accordingly, increases the average speed of the flow, including helping to make public transport more popular and turn it into an alternative mode of transportation.

6. DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS In addition to the active construction of the metro among all the development prospects of passenger transport in Moscow it is necessary to note significant changes in surface transport work. A more efficient system of high-speed highways is being formed on the outskirts of Moscow than the previously planned Fourth Ring Road. It will consist of the North-Western, North-Eastern chords and Southern Rokade (detour road), which are in the active construction

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 654 [email protected] Megapolis Public Transport System stage, and the South-Eastern chord. The decision about the stages and timing should be made at the end of the summer. The city authorities finally abandoned the idea of building the Fourth Ring Road in 2013. This decision was due to the complexity as the road had to go through densely built-up areas and the extremely high cost of project- about 1 trillion rubles. Instead of building the 4th Ring it was decided to form a system of high-speed highways that would solve similar problems, which include the North-Western and Northeast chords, as well as the South Rokade, which are in the active construction stage. According to experts' calculations the traffic will decrease by 15% in some streets in the central part of the city. If we draw an analogy to the transport system of the Republic of Singapore, then it must be said that it is mainly its with the chords allows passengers to quickly get to any corner of the city. These highways of the city of Moscow will allow one to quickly reach its diametrically opposite part of the city. It is necessary not only to build roads but also to use the railroads more rationally. There are many railroads inside Moscow. Almost all the radial directions are connected by lines but they are not used for passenger commuter traffic. The Moscow authorities together with and the Ministry of Transport are planning to build routes for suburban trains through the center of Moscow. These routes will be constructed on the basis of the existing railways; they will be only partially reconstructed. According to the , Sergei Sobyanin, the radial directions of the Moscow Railway should be combined into one track. New passenger rail routes act as an analogue of the high-speed tram transportation system in Singapore. There is a city water taxi system in Singapore which makes only five stops. The route is not long, but you can admire the scenery of the city and enjoy the gentle breeze. In the perspective of the next few years, the development of water transport in Moscow is planned not only as a tourist, but also as a public one, having regard to the long period of navigation on the Moscow River. Dealing with this problem Moscow bases on the international experience of Lisbon (Stefanescu & de Sousa Tavares, 2013). All this will allow passengers to enjoy the advantages of public transport more - to get more quickly and comfortably. The transport system of Moscow is being transformed at an accelerated pace and adopt the best experience from the already established system of public transport of Singapore. In recent years, domestic and foreign scientists have been intensively exploring the issues of systemic development of urban transport, taking into account the passenger traffic and the specific features of the spatial difference (Sharov, Levashev & Mikhailov, 2014; Schöbel, 2012; Singhania & Marinov, 2017).

7. CONCLUSIONS Thus, the system of public transport in Moscow can be characterized as developed. In comparison with other cities in Russia, Moscow transport is distinguished by a large number of low-floor rolling stock with air condition system. Moscow transport works into the night. Moscow transport system consists of extensive network of routes that takes into account the interests of different social groups of passengers. Moscow metro is a savior for Moscow citizens in intracity routes due to its small headways and the advantage of covering almost all areas inside Moscow. The Moscow Central Circle, which is the 14th metro line, and the suburban electric trains, which are used by Moscow citizens who live far from the city center, help stable, regular and fast metro system. The transport system of Moscow is a huge complex of systems, structures, parts connected with each other, and also working a treat every day. In addition to digital and computer technologies that ensure an interrupted work of transport in Moscow, thousands of people work every day to maintain the transport component of the main metropolis of Russia.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 655 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva

Summing up the results of the 2017 year about the work of Moscow transport it is possible to say with certainty about serious positive structural changes. For instance, the optimum relationship among motorists, pedestrians and people who use public transport was reached in the end of 2017 . However, the ever growing number of the population of Moscow makes it increasingly necessary to find new ways to solve transport problems. That is why two-thirds of Moscow's budget was directed to the construction of new roads and metro stations. An important aspect of the development of city's transport infrastructure is its security. The Moscow authorities are trying to respond as quickly as possible to any unlawful acts and actions, providing additional measures of control and supervision of public transport. More than 80% of buses in Moscow are equipped with video surveillance system. The GLONASS satellite system is used absolutely on all the rolling stocks in Moscow . Moscow has a modern complex of public transport, which continues to develop. However, there are some problems at the same time. It is necessary to solve them targeting at planning of development ways and a substantial improvement in the quality of its work, resulting from the speed of delivery, underway time and comfortable conditions. The solution of the problems of building and development of the transport infrastructure of Moscow requires consideration of a large number of factors connected with the indicators of the city's technical development, the growth of the needs of enterprises and the population, and resource opportunities. In summary, it is possible to offer the following recommendations for solving the transport problems in Moscow: 1. In order to increase the speed of urban passenger transport, it is necessary to add separated lanes for public transport, as well as to strengthen the functioning of the lanes using photo and video-control; 2. To reduce the transport headways, it is necessary to optimize the route network, taking into account road congestion at rush hours. 3. It is necessary to increase the number of night routes in Moscow for the convenience of passengers 4. It is important to pay attention to the Moscow metro, since it is an integral part of the urban passenger transport: • - it is necessary to increase the frequency of trains in rush hours in order to increase passenger turnover. • - it is essential to improve accessibility for people with disabilities everywhere in metro stations; • - it is necessary to increase the number of subway cars with air conditioning for the most comfortable staying inside while using the metro. • - It is also necessary to tighten security of the metro in and near the stations to prevent terrorist acts. 5. Taking into account the long period of navigation on the Moscow River, it is required to develop water public transport. In assessing the prospects of further development of public transport, it is necessary to observe a balance between the interests of consumers/passengers, who need a certain level of quality, and transport enterprises that are interested in reducing their costs. Effective management of the urban passenger transport system should be focused on reducing the impact of negative factors of the system, taking into account the interests of enterprises, while improving the quality of transport services provided.

http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 656 [email protected] Megapolis Public Transport System

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http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 657 [email protected] Tatyana Sakulyeva

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