João Jackson Bezerra Vianna KOWAI E OS NASCIDOS

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João Jackson Bezerra Vianna KOWAI E OS NASCIDOS João Jackson Bezerra Vianna KOWAI E OS NASCIDOS: A MITOPOESE DO PARENTESCO BANIWA Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Antropologia Social Orientador: Prof. Dr. José Antonio Kelly Luciani Florianópolis 2017 João Jackson Bezerra Vianna KOWAI E OS NASCIDOS: A MITOPOESE DO PARENTESCO BANIWA Esta Tese foi julgada adequada para obtenção do Título de “Doutor” e aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social Florianópolis, 29 de setembro de 2017. ________________________ Prof.ª Dr.ª Vânia Zikan Cardoso Coordenadora do Curso Banca Examinadora: ________________________ Prof. Dr. José Antonio Kelly Luciani Orientador Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof. Dr. Oscar Calavia Saez Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina ________________________ Prof. Dr. Geraldo Luciano Andrello Universidade Federal de São Carlos ________________________ Prof. Dr. Eduardo Batalha Viveiros De Castro Museu Nacional/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Para Júlio e Maria AGRADECIMENTOS A pesquisa etnográfica não se realiza sem muitos débitos e minha tentativa aqui de elencar as pessoas que contribuíram direta ou indiretamente para a realização deste trabalho certamente falhará. Os meus primeiros agradecimentos são aos Baniwa, motivo principal desta tese. Sou grato a eles de diversas maneiras, entre elas, por terem me recebido em suas casas, comunidades, dividindo comigo comida, conversas, tempo e vida. Agradeço, em especial, a Júlio Cardoso e Maria Hernandes, a quem dedico a tese, aos seus filhos, em especial Juvêncio (Dzoodzo) e sua esposa Cléo, e a Ilda e seu esposo Afonso Fontes, por terem me acolhido de maneira tão generosa. Um agradecimento especial para o grande André Fernando que, de uma maneira importante, acompanhou toda a pesquisa, e também, Mário Vargas, Alberto Lourenço, Gabriel Silva, Jacinto Silva, Marcelo, Miguel, Clemente, Moisés, Paulo, Cândido Lopes, Alfredo, Abílio, Armindo, Ray Benjamim, Custódio, Isaías, Neide e Andrezinho. Agradeço à Fundação CAPES, que me concedeu bolsa de estudos desde março de 2013, e ao INCT Brasil Plural sob processo 57.3716/2008-0 por te financiado a minha pesquisa de campo para doutorado. A Federação da Organizações Indígenas do Rio Negro (FOIRN) e a Organização Indígena da Bacia do Içana (OIBI) por terem autorizado minha entrada em Terra Indígena e, mais de uma vez, terem me oferecido carona para subir o rio Içana na companhia de suas lideranças, André Fernando e Isaías Fontes. A professora Jean Langdon por ter sido quem primeiro me estimulou a concorrer a seleção de doutorado para o PPGAS/UFSC quando participou como arguidora na minha banca de mestrado, desde então colocando-se generosamente à disposição para interlocução. Os professores Geraldo Andrello, Márnio Teixeira e Oscar Calavia Saéz, por terem participado das duas bancas de qualificação, cujos apontamentos tentei aproveitar ao máximo, e os professores Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, Geraldo Andrello e Oscar Calavia Saéz que aceitaram participar da banca de defesa de tese. Os meus primeiros orientadores, o professor Ari Ott, por ter me inspirado a seguir a antropologia e as pesquisas com povos indígenas na Amazônia e a professora Luiza Garnelo, por ter me convidado para conhecer São Gabriel da Cachoeira e o rio Içana. Do mesmo modo agradeço a Sully Sampaio e Laise Diniz por terem me apresentado aos Baniwa e Ana Lúcia Pontes por ter sido sempre uma boa companheira de viagem. Renato e Nina, Maurício, Kike e Sofia, por em São Gabriel da Cachoeira me hospedaram generosamente em suas casas. Laura, Abenamar e Carol, Alexis, Kike e Sofia por receberam a mim e minha esposa em suas casas em Florianópolis e por serem sempre as melhores companhias. Agradeço também a Marcos Matos, Camila Bylaardt e Irene, bem como, Ana Ramo, Douglas Campelo, Marina Monteiro e Miguel por serem tão bons amigos. Meus amigos e colegas etnólogos que pesquisam no Alto Rio Negro, Milena Estorniolo, Melissa Oliveira, Renato Martelli, Samir de Angelo, Aline Iubel, Thiago Oliveira, Bruno Marques foram muito importantes pela interlocução que me proporcionaram. Agradeço também o professor Robin Wright, com quem troquei e-mails e que estava sempre disposto a uma conversa sobre os Baniwa. Os meus amigos e colegas antropólogos do PPGAS/UFSC foram igualmente importantes, Douglas Campelo, Simone Frigo, Patrícia Martins, Maria Fernanda, Rafael Knaben, Ana Cichowicz, Pedro Silveira, Ana Ramo, Diógenes Cariaga, Maurice Tomioka, Hanna Limulja, Ana Machado, Lorena França, André Bakker, Letícia Grala, Ana Horstmann, Bianca Oliveira, Kaio Hoffmann, Arthur Maccdonal, Gabriela Prado e Marcos Matos. Este último, em especial, por ter me dado de presente o nome da tese. Outros tantos amigos antropólogos foram também importantes, como Alejandro Fujigaki, Íris Araújo, Karen Shiratori, Oiara Bonilla, Bruno Guimarães, Pedro Vieira, Ellen Gusa, Manuella Sousa, Estevão Fernandes e Felipe Vander Velden. Agradeço também aos servidores técnicos da secretaria do PPGAS e do Departamento de Antropologia, João, José e Janaína, bem como do IBP, em especial, Sulane Almeida. Meu orientador José Kelly por ter métodos precisos de orientação, pelo trabalho e pensamento que sempre foram uma inspiração e por sua amizade genuína. Meus pais, Júlia e Jackson, e meus irmãos, Paulo e Alice, sem os quais nada disso seria possível. Agradeço também aos meus irmãos Adriana, Flávio e Alexandre por de longe acompanharem meu trabalho. Os meus parentes por afinidade foram muito importantes, agradeço a Olivia, Marcos e Guilherme. Minha esposa, Nicole, por me dar coisas lindas que eu não poderia imaginar. Ela acompanhou todo o trabalho que envolveu a tese, tendo me visitado em São Gabriel da Cachoeira, e depois, lendo as suas páginas, revisando o seu texto, sem me deixar esmorecer nos meses de redação. Muito deste trabalho é dela também. RESUMO Este trabalho é uma etnografia das pessoas e dos clãs baniwa que vivem no rio Aiari, afluente do rio Içana. O sistema clânico na bacia do Içana onde estão concentradas as muitas comunidades baniwa é o seu horizonte etnográfico mais imediato, o qual se estende ao sistema social do Alto Rio Negro no Noroeste Amazônico. Esta etnografia tem como intuito descrever o modo como o mito formula o parentesco e como também, em sentido inverso, o mito se torna objeto do parentesco. Para tanto, perseguirei o problema da afinidade para os Baniwa enquanto um fundo virtual de alteridade que é, defenderei, a fonte para a criação e recriação das diferenças produzidas por meio de seus clãs. Para tanto, analisarei o mito de Kowai, o Jurupari baniwa, e o modo como ele formula a afinidade, desdobrando aspectos importantes para a socialidade baniwa atual; bem como descreverei as relações entre os clãs baniwa em escalas locais e supralocais, suas classificações e reclassificações; as transformações dos humanos vivos em mortos não humanos no post mortem como modo de definir o que é um clã; por fim, abordarei as relações baniwa com os brancos, em especial, os patrões e os antropólogos, perscrutando transformações nas relações baniwa com a alteridade. Em comum, estas diferentes demonstrações etnográficas revelam uma dinâmica entre planos distintos (relações egocentradas e sociocentradas, parentesco uterino e agnático) que serão compreendidos não somente como sendo opostos e/ou complementares, mas em relação de obviação. Isso significa que estes planos são considerados como coexistentes, mas não podem ser evidentes ao mesmo tempo, mas alternativamente salientes, ou seja, negam-se mutuamente sem, por isso, se anularem. Palavras-chaves: Baniwa. Noroeste Amazônico. Mito. Parentesco. ABSTRACT This work is an ethnography of Baniwa people and clans living on the Aiari river, a tributary of the Içana river. The clan system in the Içana hidrographic basin, where many Baniwa communities are concentrated, is its immediatest ethnographic horizon, extending to the social system of the Upper Rio Negro in the Northwest Amazon. The purpose of this ethnography is to describe how myth formulates kinship, and how, conversely, myth becomes the object of kinship. To do this, I will pursue the problem of affinity as a virtual background of otherness for the Baniwa, which is, I will argue, the source for creating and re-creating the differences produced through their clans. I will analyze the myth of Kowai, the baniwa Jurupari, and the way it formulates affinity, unfolding important aspects to current sociality; I will also describe the relations between the baniwa clans at local and supralocal scales, their classifications and reclassifications; the transformations of living humans into non-human dead in the post-mortem as a way of defining what a clan is. Finally, I will approach relations the Baniwa have with whites, especially comenrcial bosses and anthropologists, looking for changes in the way the Baniwa sustain relations with otherness. These different ethnographic demonstrations reveal a common dynamic between distinct plains (egocentric and sociocentric relationships, uterine and agnate kinship) that will be understood, not only as opposite and / or complementary, but also of mutual obviation. This means that these plains are considered to be coexistent, but they can not be evident at the same time, they must be alternately slaient: that is, they deny each other without canceling each other out. Keywords: Baniwa. Northwest Amazon. Myth. Kinship. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura
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