THE PREMISE and PROMISE of INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGY Author(S): Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, T
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THE PREMISE AND PROMISE OF INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGY Author(s): Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, T. J. Ferguson, Dorothy Lippert, Randall H. McGuire, George P. Nicholas, Joe E. Watkins and Larry J. Zimmerman Source: American Antiquity, Vol. 75, No. 2 (April 2010), pp. 228-238 Published by: Cambridge University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25766193 Accessed: 07-11-2017 12:14 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25766193?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Cambridge University Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to American Antiquity This content downloaded from 143.107.46.104 on Tue, 07 Nov 2017 12:14:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms THE PREMISE AND PROMISE OF INDIGENOUS ARCHAEOLOGY Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh, T. J. Ferguson, Dorothy Lippert, Randall H. McGuire, George R Nicholas, Joe E. Watkins, and Larry J. Zimmerman Researchers have increasingly promoted an emerging paradigm of Indigenous archaeology, which includes an array of practices conducted by, for, and with Indigenous communities to challenge the discipline's intellectual breadth and politi cal economy. McGhee (2008) argues that Indigenous archaeology is not viable because it depends upon the essentialist concept of "Aboriginalism." In this reply, we correct McGhee's description of Indigenous Archaeology and demonstrate why Indigenous rights are not founded on essentialist imaginings. Rather, the legacies of colonialism, sociopolitical con text of scientific inquiry, and insights of traditional knowledge provide a strong foundation for collaborative and community based archaeology projects that include Indigenous peoples. En respuesta tanto a la herencia intelectual de la disciplina arqueologica como a la economia pohtica de su praxis, diversos investigadores han promovido de manera creciente la implementacion de un paradigma de Arqueologia Indigena que se car acteriza por un despliegue de practicas conducidas por, para, y con las comunidades indigenas. En contraste, McGhee (2008) sostiene que la Arqueologia Indigena no resulta ser una propuesta viable pues depende del concepto esencialista de "Abo riginalidad." En la presente replica, los autores se abocan a corregir la descripcion presentada por McGhee sobre aquello que constituye una Arqueologia Indigena, demostrando a la par el porque los derechos indigenas que la caracterizan no estdn fundamentados en imaginarios esencialistas. Poral contrario, sostienen, los legados del colonialismo, el contexto socio-politico de la investigacion cientifca, asicomo el valor reflexivo del conocimiento tradicional, constituyen bases solidas para el desar rollo de una arqueologia colaborativa, arraigada en proyectos comunitarios que incluyan a las poblaciones indigenas. As Indigenous archaeology is still an pies and his willingness to consider multivocal inchoate project, Robert McGhee's (2008) methodologies that include traditional knowledge article is a welcome opportunity to engage reflect our shared concern for marginalized com in an open dialogue about the potential and pitfalls munities. of this emerging paradigm. Despite our serious dis Although there is much to argue with, and about, agreement with McGhee's logic and our strong in McGhee's article, three central questions deserve rejection of his conclusions, there is plainly com a considered response: What is Indigenous archae mon ground for discussion. McGhee (2008:580) is ology? What does inclusion and essentialism mean right to be concerned whether an Indigenous form for archaeology? And why do Indigenous com of Orientalism is developing (Said 1978), and with munities have special rights to heritage? In con the potential negative impacts of unfettered essen tradiction of McGhee's (2008:579) claim that 'Very tialism in archaeology. Also, McGhee's (2008:580, little effort has been expended... in examining the 590-591,595) acknowledgment that archaeologists intellectual viability or the social and cultural desir should work in partnership with Indigenous peo ability" of Indigenous archaeology, our answers to Chip Colwell-Chanthaphonh Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, CO 80205 T. J. Ferguson University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85745 Dorothy Lippert National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20013 Randall H. McGuire Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000 George P. Nicholas Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6 Joe E. Watkins University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 Larry J. Zimmerman Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5410 American Antiquity 75(2), 2010, pp. 228-238 Copyright ?2010 by the Society for American Archaeology 228 This content downloaded from 143.107.46.104 on Tue, 07 Nov 2017 12:14:23 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms FORUM 229 these questions are a clear rejoinder that show many "indigenous archaeology," an "archaeology done scholars are thoughtfully working to define this with, for, and by Indigenous people" (Nicholas and new approach. Andrews 1997b:3). Joe Watkins (2000) published Indigenous Archaeology, but significantly, this book was less a manifesto and more a dissertation Conceiving Indigenous Archaeology on the history of science, with the aim of contex McGhee's article is replete with strawman argu tualizing the legal, political, and social milieu in ments, as he never deeply engages with Indigenous which archaeology unfolds. As such, Watkins' ini archaeology's multifaceted development or its var tial formulations are not seamlessly reflected in ied definitions and practices. McGhee misconstrues later work, which has begun to explicitly frame Indigenous archaeology, misrepresenting it as one Indigenous archaeology as an effort to challenge cohesive program?a single agenda and set of val the discipline's colonialist underpinnings (e.g., Ata ues. While Vine Deloria, Jr.'s writings have inspired lay 2006a; Smith and Wobst 2005). A variety of thinking about archaeology's relationship with models have developed that point to what these Indian country (Biolsi and Zimmerman 1997; see kinds of archaeology mean in practice, including McGhee 2008:581,591), in fact, what we are now tribal, collaborative, and covenantal archaeologies calling Indigenous archaeology has traveled a long (Preucel and Cipolla 2008). Since Indigenous and uneasy path that goes far beyond Deloria's cri archaeology is not one idea, process, or product, tiques (Watkins 2003). As early as 1900, with but rather a broad approach that can be applied in Arthur C. Parker, Native Americans have attempted a range of ways?from tribal programs to CRM to pursue archaeology professionally (Thomas projects to academic field schools?it is perhaps 2000a), but it was not until a handful of Native better conceived of in the plural, Indigenous American tribes, First Nations, and Inuit commu Archaeologies (Atalay 2008:29; Silliman 2008a:2). nities began launching their own heritage programs Indigenous archaeology, in name, is thus a lit in the 1970s that Indigenous peoples were able to tle more than a decade old, although it is rooted in begin at last pursuing scientific research on their many years of thinking and work; it is fundamen own terms (Anyon et al. 2000; Klesert 1992; Row tally about an array of archaeological practices ley 2002). In the United States, legislation?such undertaken by, for, and with Indigenous commu as the 1990 Native American Graves Protection nities in ways that challenge the discipline's his and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) and the 1992 torical political economy and expand its intellectual amendments to the 1966 National Historic Preser breadth. This paradigm includes numerous prac vation Act (NHPA), which established Tribal His tices and approaches (Table 1), even as a relatively toric Preservation Offices?further empowered comprehensive definition is now available: tribes to control archaeological processes and Indigenous archaeology is an expression of objects and have a voice in historic preservation archaeological theory and practice in which the (Ferguson 2000; Killion 2008; Stapp and Burney discipline intersects with Indigenous values, 2002). The florescence of the broader public knowledge, practices, ethics, and sensibilities, archaeology movement provided additional intel and through collaborative and community lectual and methodological insights into originated or -directed projects, and related community-based participation (Marshall 2002; critical perspectives. Indigenous archaeology Shackel and Chambers 2004). In the post seeks to make archaeology more representa NAGPRA era, archaeologists and Indigenous peo tive of, relevant for, and responsible to Indige ples began to work together regularly and more nous communities. It is also about redressing Indigenous peoples have become professional real and perceived inequalities in the practice archaeologists even though they remain a fraction