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Silesians in Texas and Upper Silesia: Anthropometric, Functional and Physical Activity Characteristics

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Silesians in Texas and Upper Silesia: Anthropometric, Functional and Physical Activity Characteristics Descendants of Silesian Migrants in Texas Krystyna Rożek-Piechura et al. Anthropological Review • Vol. 83(3), 261–277 (2020) Silesians in Texas and Upper Silesia: anthropometric, functional and physical activity characteristics Krystyna Rożek-Piechura1, Zofia Ignasiak2, Monika Kurzaj1, Teresa Sławinska2, Anna Skrzek1, Sławomir Kozieł3, Robert M Malina4 1Faculty of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wrocław, Poland 2Faculty of Physical Education, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, Poland 3Department of Anthropology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland 4Professor Emeritus, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA ABSTRACT: Anthropometric, functional and physical activity characteristics of contemporary adult descen- dants of Upper Silesian immigrants to Texas in the mid-19th century and current residents in Upper Sile- sia were compared. The sample included 45 residents in Central Texas, 25 women and 20 men, and 36 residents in rural Upper Silesia, 24 women and 12 men, 54-76 years of age. Variables included selected demographic characteristics, anthropometry, estimated body composition, several physiological indicators, strength and functional fitness, and physical activity. Sex-specific MANCOVA and Chi square were used for comparisons. Descendants of Silesian immigrants to Texas were taller, on average, while differences in other anthropometric variables were variable. All residents in Silesia and the majority of descendants of Silesian migrants to Texas were overweight or obese. Differences in hemodynamic and respiratory func- tions and responses to a 6-minute walk were inconsistent, while none of the fitness variables differed significantly between the samples. Although residents in Upper Silesia were significantly more physically active descendants of Silesians in Texas, >80% of the men and women in both samples scored below the criterion-reference standard for the maintenance of physical independence in the 6-minute walk. KEY WORDS: aging, functional fitness, physical activity, weight status, respiratory function Introduction Goldstein 1943; Lasker 1952, 1954; Lan- fear 2012). Early studies (Boas 1911, Studies of the physical characteristics of 1912) were focused on changes in the migrants have a long history in anthro- morphology of immigrants and descen- pology (Boas 1911, 1912; Shapiro 1939; dants in the United States as they adapt- Original Research Article Received: July 16, 2020; Revised: August 06, 2020; Accepted: August 06, 2020 DOI: 10.2478/anre-2020-0018 © 2020 Polish Anthropological Society 262 Krystyna Rożek-Piechura et al. ed their new environments. Other stud- Methods ies considered the representativeness of migrants relative to the population Background from which they had emigrated (Sha- piro 1939; Illsley et al. 1963); physical Poland did not politically exist at the differences between adults migrants and time of the migration of residents from sedentes (Hulse 1969; Goldstein 1943; Upper Silesia to Texas in the mid-19th Lasker 1952, 1954) and to a lesser extent century. Upper Silesia was in the sector in child migrants and sedentes (Scottish of Poland that was part of the Kingdom Council for Research in Education 1953; of Prussia. German and Czech migrants Malina et al. 1982); and the influence of from the Kingdom of Prussia preceded migration on population genetic struc- the Polish migrants in Central Texas in ture (Spuhler 1976; Little et al. 1989). the1840s, and Fr. Leopold Moczygemba, Following the genre of Boas (1910, who was of Silesian ancestry, was sent to 1912), Rosiński (1934a, 1934b, 1934c) minister to Bavarian Catholics in Cen- considered the descendants of Polish mi- tral Texas in the early 1950s. Given the grants in Texas in 1929 and 1930. The opportunities in the region at the time, initial migration of Poles from the region Fr. Moczygemba encouraged his relatives of Upper Silesia (part of the Kingdom and friends in Upper Silesia to migrate to of Prussia) to Central Texas occurred in Texas. The first wave of Polish migrants 1854 (Dworaczyk 1936) and a subse- arrived in Panna Maria, south of San quent migration from western Małopol- Antonio in Central Texas in December ska (western part of the Kingdom of 1854 (Dworaczyk 1934; Przygoda 1971; Austria) to region north of Houston, Brożek 1972; Baker 1975, 1979, 1982; Texas, occurred in the 1870s. Consis- Dawson et al. 2004). It was estimated tent with other studies of the period, the that the initial migration into the region study of Rosiński was largely typological included 65 families. Over the next two with a focus on craniofacial dimensions, years, three other migrations of Poles although height was measured. The from Upper Silesia followed, 16 families study compared the heights and cranio- in February 1855, 700 individuals in De- facial dimensions of migrants who were cember 1855, and 30 families at the end born in Silesia/Małopolska with those of 1856 (Przygoda 1971). The migrants of descendants of the migrants born in settled in the same region as the initial Texas. The latter were, on average, taller migrants and also other areas of central than migrants born in Silesia/Małopols- Texas and the region south of it. ka (Rosiński 1934a). The purpose of the present study is to Ethics compare the anthropometric, functional and physical activity characteristics, and The project was approved by the Senate indirectly the health status of adult de- Commission on Ethics in Scientific Re- scendants of Upper Silesian immigrants search at the University of Physical Edu- to Texas in the mid-19th century with cation in Wrocław on February 18, 2009. those current residents in Upper Silesia. All subjects provided written informed Both samples were surveyed in 2013 and consent, to participate in the study. 2014. Descendants of Silesian Migrants in Texas 263 Participants grants to Texas in the present study were recruited from families whose histories The study was conducted in 2013 and included ancestors who had migrated 2014 in two locations: the city of San from Silesia to Texas. Antonio and surrounding communities in the state of Texas, United States, and Procedures Strzelce Opolskie in Upper Silesia, Po- land. As noted, Polish migrants to Texas All subjects initially completed a ques- from Silesia in the mid-19th century ini- tionnaire which included date of birth, tially settled in Panna Maria, about 50 place of residence, education, indicators miles (80 km) south of the city of San of socio-economic status (SES), health Antonio. Subsequently and over time, status and use of alcohol and/or tobac- the early migrants and descendants co. Each participant was also interviewed moved to other communities in the re- about his/her health status. Other specif- gion. With the assistance of a local priest ic information was obtained by measure- of Polish ancestry, a sample of 45 indi- ment or questionnaire as noted below. viduals of Silesian origin were identified, 25 women and 20 men. To be included, Anthropometry and Body the individuals had to be fifth generation Composition descendants of the initial migrants to Texas from the territory of Upper Silesia Weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 in the 19th century. This was verified on kg using a unit that included an anthro- the basis of detailed interview with the pometer; standing height was measured descendants of the emigrants. The crite- to the nearest 0.1 cm with this unit rion required that they trace their origin (model 764, SECA, Hamburg, Germany). to marriages between women and men Waist and hip circumferences were mea- of Polish immigrants from Silesia, and sured to the nearest 0.1 cm over clothing in subsequent generations of marriag- (with firm pressure applied) at the level es between descendants of immigrants of the umbilicus and greater trochanters, from Silesia. Twelve individuals lived in respectively. The triceps, subscapular and San Antonio, 24 lived in seven towns abdominal skinfolds were measured to in the vicinity of Panna Maria (largely the nearest 1 mm using a Harpenden cal- to the north-northeast), and 9 lived in iper (Harpenden Skinfold Caliper Com- three towns east-southeast of San Anto- pany GMT). The body mass index (BMI, nio. The average age of the women was kg/m2), waist-hip ratio, and the sum of 68.3±4.8 years and that of the men was the three skinfolds were calculated. 69.0±3.7 years. Body composition was estimated us- The Silesian sample in Poland in- ing a near-infrared interactance with cluded 36 residents in Upper Silesia, 24 a Futrex analyzer (Flowscreen, Jaeger, women and 12 men, who lived in a rural Wuerzburg, Germany, version 1.3). Rel- area. The average age of the women was ative (%) and absolute (kg) fat mass, 63.1±4.4 years and that of the men was fat-free mass (FFM, kg) and total body 64.8±4.2 years. Silesian migrants to Tex- water (TBW, liters) were estimated. Rel- as in the mid-1850s were from this re- ative fatness and FFM were used in the gion, and the descendants of Silesian mi- analysis. 264 Krystyna Rożek-Piechura et al. Physiological Indicators Physical Activity Diastolic and systolic blood pressures Level of physical activity (PA) was esti- and heart rate were recorded using a mated with the short form of the Inter- M10-IT monitor (Omron, CITY, The national Physical Activity Questionnaire Netherlands). Blood pressures and (IPAQ). The IPAQ short form considers heart rate were measured at rest before PA over the past seven days and includes a six-minute walk, and at 1 and 5 min- seven questions asking for number of utes after the walk. The walking area was days spent in three PA formats (vigorous, a specially marked section of a corridor moderate and walking) and time spent marked for a walking distance of 30 me- (hours, minutes) in each format. The last ters. The subject walked at a self-select- question asked for time spent sitting on a ed pace and was informed of the distance weekday; unfortunately, many responses covered during the walk.
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