Muelleria 37: 85-99 Published online in advance of the print edition, Wednesday 24 April The journeys and botanical collections of Edward Macarthur Bowman (1826–1872) A.R. Bean Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Mt Coot-tha Road, Toowong, Queensland 4066, Australia; e-mail: [email protected] Introduction Abstract Edward Macarthur Bowman (1826–1872) was an important and talented A detailed study of the plant specimens Australian plant collector, yet very little has been written about him. His of Edward Macarthur Bowman is presented, including notes on their plant collections, particularly those from central-eastern Queensland, quality, numbering and labelling. were made very soon after the first European settlement, and hence This is followed by a chronology many of the species he gathered were new to science. of Bowman’s collecting activities, Bowman was one of the many plant collectors who regularly sent including maps depicting the routes specimens to Ferdinand Mueller in Melbourne. Mueller considered he took on his major journeys. Samples of his handwriting and specimen Bowman to be “one of my most generous and observant amateur labels are included, and a discussion collectors” (Bean 2018). of the importance of his specimen The only published data about Bowman’s collecting activities was collections is given. An annotated list provided by Blake (1955), who gave a useful summary of his collecting of his Queensland collecting localities region in Queensland and mentioned many of his collecting localities. is included. This paper documents his collecting activities in central and western Keywords: National Herbarium of N.S.W., and gives details of his travels and plant collecting in Queensland. Victoria, maps, handwriting, specimen Maps are provided showing the routes taken on his 1863 expedition to collections Burdekin River, the 1864 expedition to Cape River and Flinders River, and his journey to Clermont and Broadsound in 1871; other maps show the locations visited when he was based at Neerkol Creek in 1866–67 and Gainsford/Herberts Creek in 1869–71. Images of his handwriting and specimen labels are provided, his specimen labelling peculiarities are discussed, and his plant collection activities are analysed. A gazetteer of his Queensland collecting localities (Appendix 1) includes the estimated © Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria 2019 ISSN: 0077-1813 (print) · ISSN: 2204-2032 (online) Bean latitude and longitude and precision level for each General comments on E.M. Bowman locality, the number of gatherings made there, the specimens year(s) and sometimes the month that the locality was visited, and miscellaneous notes. a) Size and quality No correspondence between Mueller and Bowman Bowman’s collections are always fertile and without can now be found, and it was very likely destroyed in mould. His collections from New South Wales and the the 1930s (Short 1990). This reconstruction of Bowman’s early ones from Queensland (1859 to 1865), typically journeys and botanical itinerary is based largely on a comprise small branchlets or seed heads, without roots, painstaking process of sorting and resorting of digital rarely more than 15 cm long, but often with several specimen records provided by the National Herbarium of pieces attached to a sheet. From 1865 to 1870 (when Victoria (MEL). Hypotheses were formed and sometimes his collections were made as day trips or on relatively later dashed by new external pieces of evidence, until short excursions), his specimens are more substantial, finally a viable chronology was established. The search and the grasses and sedges often include the whole for E.M. Bowman specimens in the world’s herbaria plant including roots and rhizomes. His specimens from was assisted by Australia’s Virtual Herbarium (AVH 1871–72 revert to being often quite small, rarely more 2018) and several online herbarium catalogues. E-mail than 15 cm (Fig 3e). correspondence with the curators of several herbaria was also undertaken. b) Numbering The present author has recently published a It is evident from examining the specimen records biographical paper on Edward Bowman (Bean 2018). from Bowman’s Burdekin River trip and Flinders River trip, that he assigned his numbers chronologically. Herbaria holding Bowman specimens This is because the numbers increase according to MEL – this is the primary location, with 2510 separately the sequence of localities along his route. However, it catalogued specimens, but these comprising about is equally evident that he did not assign the numbers 2000 gatherings as he collected each specimen, as there are numerous K – unknown number, probably more than 100. For specimens that appear to be out of sequence. He many of the Bowman citations in Flora Australiensis, probably assigned numbers when time allowed, for there is no specimen known from MEL; for Volume 3 instance when he was encamped for a few days, or even alone, there are at least 12 citations of his specimens (in a few instances) after the journey was over. It seems that do not have a corresponding MEL specimen. that when he was collecting around Rockhampton, he BRI – 37 specimens often did not number his collections at all. NSW – 26 specimens Chronological numbering was not universally adopted by plant collectors of the time. For example, P – 7 specimens; 4 Acacia (sent to P by Thozet, 2 are not James Drummond of Western Australia would make at MEL), 1 Pluchea, 1 Solanum, 1 Cyathea. a large collection set of hundreds of specimens, then CANB – 4 specimens arrange them by family and genus, and then assign L – 3 specimens (Cassia brewsteri from Clermont; Tragus numbers accordingly (Bean 1997). But in the case of australianus from Neerkol Ck; Ancistrachne uncinulata both Bowman and Drummond, a new trip meant a new from Herberts Ck) set of numbers, which, over the years, resulted in any US – 3 specimens known; 2 grass types (Digitaria orbata given number being re-used several times. Bowman’s and Panicum inaequale) and Acacia excelsa. collecting activities have here been divided into nine DNA – 2 specimens time periods, and within some of these time periods, PERTH – 2 specimens two (or three) ‘collection sets’ are assumed, because G – 1 specimen (type of Neoroepera buxifolia) Bowman has duplicated his specimen numbers. This W – 1 specimen (type of Setaria inaequalis). suggests that two (or three) separate numbered sets MO – 1 specimen (Tapeinosperma pseudojambosa). of plant specimens were assembled. Applying this 86 Vol 37 The journeys and botanical collections of E.M. Bowman logic, 13 collection sets (one from N.S.W. and 12 from It is extremely rare that Bowman included the exact Queensland) are enumerated here. date of collection on his labels; only three such labels have been located. Sometimes he wrote the month c) Labelling and year, and sometimes the year only, but the great Bowman’s field labels varied over time, and it is majority of his labels are undated. sometimes possible to determine the year of collection from the type of label he used. I believe that Bowman d) Handwriting placed a label with every gathering he sent to Mueller, Bowman’s handwriting is quite distinctive, with the except for the period 1868 to 1870. In many cases, cursive script steeply forward sloping, and with complete Bowman’s original label has been lost, either because it but narrow loops for his y, g, f, and a long horizontal fell out in transit or after arrival in Melbourne, or was not crossing of the t’s. The letters are evenly spaced, and the retained by Mueller. The small size of Bowman’s labels lines of script are parallel (Fig. 1). As a result, his writing is meant that they were much more likely to go astray than readily legible and easily deciphered, in contrast to that of those used by (for example) Dallachy or O’Shanesy. The many of his correspondents. His initial loop of the upper tiny labels he used in 1862 did not include a locality, but case M and N is much higher than the subsequent loops, he must have told Mueller where the collections were so that for plant labels where he wrote, for example, “No made in the accompanying letters. In subsequent years, 47” (Fig. 2a), this is easily misinterpreted as “2047”. His his labels usually included a traceable locality, often the formation of the number “8” is very distinctive, with the name of a creek or river. final stroke downwards on the right, often closing the Bowman sometimes wrote notes about the specimens loop (Fig. 2b); the number “3” is similarly distinctive, as it he collected, especially flower colour. Other notes were often lacks the middle stroke (Fig. 2b). often about its horticultural potential or the use or potential use for that species. For example, a specimen Chronology of Bowman’s collections of the Burdekin plum (Pleiogynium timorense) included the note “This is a large and handsome tree. The fruit is A. The New South Wales collections eatable and by no means bad”; for Schefflera actinophylla In 1859, Bowman began collecting plant specimens, he commented: “One of the handsomest trees in the sending them to Ferdinand Mueller in Melbourne, district well worthy of a place in every garden”. Bowman who even then was very well known. His 1859 never invented names for species he thought were new, specimens were labelled as being either from “Dubbo” but he did sometimes point out to Mueller differences or the “Lower Macquarie”. Based on the known natural that he observed; for Solanum erianthum, he wrote “This distribution of the plant species that Bowman collected Solanum has white flowers and in that seems to differ from the “Lower Macquarie” (AVH 2018), they were very from S. verbascifolium [now S. mauritianum] which I have likely collected close to the town of Dubbo.