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Tracing Ainu and Pre-Ainu Cultural Continuity Through Cladistic Analysis of Faunal Assemblages

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Tracing Ainu and Pre-Ainu Cultural Continuity Through Cladistic Analysis of Faunal Assemblages Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Fall 2017 Tracing Ainu and Pre-Ainu Cultural Continuity Through Cladistic Analysis of Faunal Assemblages Christopher Lowry Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Lowry, Christopher, "Tracing Ainu and Pre-Ainu Cultural Continuity Through Cladistic Analysis of Faunal Assemblages" (2017). All Master's Theses. 909. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/909 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TRACING AINU AND PRE-AINU CULTURAL CONTINUITY THROUGH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Resource Management ____________________________________ by Christopher James Lowry November 2017 i CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We hereby approve the thesis of Christopher James Lowry Candidate for the degree of Master of Science APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Steve Hackenberger, Committee Chair ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Karisa Terry ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Kathleen Barlow ______________ __________________________________________ Dean of Graduate Studies ii ABSTRACT TRACING AINU AND PRE-AINU CULTURAL CONTINUITY THROUGH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES by Christopher James Lowry November 2017 Cladistics (Hennig 1950, 1965, 1966), a method for establishing evolutionary relationships, is used to compare faunal assemblages from Jōmon (14,000-500 BC; 14,000–2700 cal. BP), Epi-Jōmon (3rd – 7th century; 2700-1500 cal. BP), Satsumon (7th century - 13th century AD; ca. 1500-800 cal. BP), and Ainu (13th century AD – present) period components (Habu et al. 2011; Matsumura 2006; Ōnishi 2014; Weber et al. 2013) from sites in Central Hokkaido, Japan using Generalized Frequency Coding methods (Smith & Gutberlet 2001). Associations of site components follow geographic rather than temporal trends, showing similarities in animal use across these time periods but differentiated between coastal lowland, inland lowland, and inland upland areas. Statistical analyses confirm the trends found in cladistic analysis. These findings suggest some level of cultural continuity across these time periods and important local environmental forces at work in shaping animal use. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee members Dr. Kathleen Barlow, Dr. Steve Hackenberger, and Dr. Karisa Terry for their support and involvement, without which this thesis could not have been completed. Dr. Terry gave crucial assistance in the writing process, and Drs. Barlow and Hackenberger had important insights into shaping the overall research path and in addressing important concerns. I would also like to thank Dr. Yuichi Nakazawa of Hokkaido University for his hosting my research, providing facilities to scan documents, helping me locate and obtain the reports from which the data used in this study originated, and helping steer the direction of this thesis. The Braden- Dodd Memorial Graduate Fellowship provided funds for data-gathering and the Central Washington University Graduate Assistantship funded a significan part of costs in pursuing a Master’s degree. I would like to thank Dr. John Bowen for his assistance with the statistical analysis. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Sadie, and my friends and family who provided support and encouragement throughout this process. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 1 Problem ................................................................................................... 1 Purpose .................................................................................................... 3 Significance ............................................................................................. 3 Thesis Organization ................................................................................ 4 II BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 6 Biophysical Context ................................................................................ 6 Physical Geography ............................................................................. 6 Climate ................................................................................................. 7 Flora ..................................................................................................... 9 Fauna .................................................................................................. 11 Cultural Context .................................................................................... 18 Jōmon ................................................................................................. 19 Epi-Jōmon .......................................................................................... 22 Satsumon ............................................................................................ 24 Ainu.................................................................................................... 26 Cultural Similarities ........................................................................... 29 Study Sites ............................................................................................. 30 III THEORY .................................................................................................... 33 Evolutionary Archaeology .................................................................... 33 IV METHODS ................................................................................................. 39 Data-gathering ....................................................................................... 39 Cladistic Analysis.................................................................................. 45 Gap Weighting and Generalized Frequency Coding ......................... 48 Gap Weighting ................................................................................ 49 Generalized Frequency Coding....................................................... 50 Cladograms ........................................................................................ 51 Robustness and Goodness-of-Fit: Bootstrapping, Permutation Tail Probability Tests, Consistency Index, Retention Index.............. 52 Statistical Analysis ................................................................................ 53 Chi-Square Analysis .......................................................................... 54 Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient ......................................... 55 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) Chapter Page V TRACING AINU AND PRE-AINU CULTURAL CONTINUITY THROUGH CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES57 Abstract ................................................................................................. 58 Introduction ........................................................................................... 59 Background ........................................................................................... 62 Biophysical Context ........................................................................... 62 Cultural Context ................................................................................. 72 Cultural Similarities ........................................................................ 76 Study Sites ......................................................................................... 77 Evolutionary Archaeology ................................................................. 79 Materials and Methods .......................................................................... 82 Cladistic Analysis .............................................................................. 83 Statistics ............................................................................................. 85 Results ................................................................................................... 86 Cladistic Analysis .............................................................................. 86 Statistical Analysis ............................................................................. 93 Chi-Square Analyses ....................................................................... 93 Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient Analysis ....................... 97 Discussion ........................................................................................... 101 Conclusions ......................................................................................... 107 References Cited ................................................................................. 109 REFERENCES CITED ............................................................................. 137 vi LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1 Distributions of Northeast Asian Cultures by Geographic Area (Sato et al. 2009) ..........................................................................................
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