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Snails' Population Dynamics and Their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011

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Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim B.Sc (Honours) in Science (Zoology), University of Khartoum (2007) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Medical Entomology and Vector Control Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases University of Gezira Main Supervisor: Dr. Bakri Yousif Mohammed Nour Co-Supervisor: Dr. Azzam Abdalaal Afifi July, 2012 1 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Supervision Committee: Supervisor Dr. Bakri Yousif Mohammed Nour ……………. Co-Supervisor Dr. Azzam Abd Alaal Afifi ……………. 2 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Examination committee: Name Position Signature Dr. Bakri Yousif Mohammed Nour Chairman ……………. Prof. Souad Mohamed Suliman External examiner ……………. Dr. Mohammed H.Zeinelabdin Hamza Internal Examiner ……………. Date of Examination: 17/7/2012 3 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Supervision committee: Main Supervisor: Dr. Bakri Yousif Nour …………………………. Co-Supervisor: Dr. Azzam Abd Alaal Afifi ………………………… Date of Examination……………. 4 DEDICATION To the soul of my grandfather To everyone who believed in me To everyone who was there when I was in need To everyone who supported, helped and stood beside me To all of you, my immense appreciation 5 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to my main supervisor Dr. Bakri nour and Co-supervisor Dr. Azzam Afifi for their valuable advices and comments throughout this study. My immense gratitude is also due to prof. Samira Hamid Dean of BNNICD institute. I would like to thank all the Blue Nile Institute staff especially the Laboratory staff Safia Siddig, Amel Hassan, Mostafa Mohielden, Asia Elhag, Sally Widaa, Gasim Mostafa, Midhat Modather, Howida Amin . Thanks to University of Gezira staff Dr. Mona Elhag department of agricultural Engineering, for her infinite help, Dr. Hala Aloub Department of Crop Protection for helping in plant identification and the staff of the Soil Department for their help in PH measurements. My gratitude also extends to Ms. Nidal Ahmed department of Zoology, University of Khartoum for her huge help in snail and cercariae identification. My thanks due to Dr. Ehab Farah and Dr. Siddig Essa for their assist in statistical analysis. At last I want to thanks everyone I might forgot who helped me and encouraged me, to all of you, I extend my deep gratitude. 6 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Msc in medical entomology and vector control (July 2012) Blue Nile Institute for communicable disease University of Gezira ABSTRACT Freshwater snails are the intermediate host for the most of trematode worms which are responsible for a number of disease conditions in humans and many other vertebrates. Across sectional study was conducted in Barakat canal (June- July 2011) to explore the present snail species and their relation with trematode infection, with observation on environmental factors affecting them. Three surveys at different environmental conditions were conducted, first after canal re-filling, the second after canal clearing and the third after vegetation re-grow. A total of 1540 freshwater snails were collected from the study site with overall species density Cleopatra builmoides (43%), Lymnaea natalensis (17.9%), Bulinus truncatus (14%), Biomphalaria pfeifferi (13%), Melanoides tuberculata (7%), Lanistus carinatus (5%), and Bulinus forskalii (0.1%). The overall density in the three surveys was (27%), (37%), and (36%) respectively. Snails were screened for trematode cercariae under artificial light, six of the seven species were shed different trematode cercariae with infection rate in the three surveys 15%, 52%, and 79% respectively. Six cercariae morphotypes were shed Longi-furcate apharengeate Monostome cercaria (LPM), three types of Xiphidiocercariae, Echinostomecercariae, Plurolophocercouscercariae, Longi-furcate pharengeate Distome cercaria LPD and two types of Furcocercouscercariae. A list of recommendations were made, since the planning of snail control reassures and evaluate their impact, knowledge of their ecology, population trends and dynamism are essential requirement towards understanding disease transmission and control. 7 دراسة على القواقع في ترعة بركات )مشروع الجزيرة( ومعدل اصابتها بالديدان المثقبة أروى عثمان يوسف إبراهيم أطروحه لنيل درجة الماجستير في الحشرت الطبية ومكافحة نواقل اﻻمراض)يوليو 2012( مهعد النيل اﻻزرق القومي لﻻمراض السارية جامعة الجزيرة الملخص تعتبر القواقع من اهم العوائل الوسيطة للديدان المفلطحة المسببة للكثير من اﻻمراض لﻻنسان و الفقاريات عامة, اجريت دراسة مقطعية في ترعة بركات في الفترة من يونيو- يوليو 2011 بهدف معرفة انواع القواقع الموجودة ودرجة اصابتها بالديدان المفلطحة مع دراسة العوامل البيئية المحيطة. اجريت ثﻻثة مسوحات فى ظروف مختلفة, المسح اﻻول تم بعد فتح الترعة , والثاني بعد تنظيف الترعه من الحشائش بينما اجري الثالث بعد نمو الحشائش المزالة. جمع حوالى 1540 قوقع لسبعة انواع مختلفة كليوباترا بوليمويدس )46%(, ليمنيا نتالينسيس )17.9%(, بولينس ترنكاتس )14%(, بايومفﻻريا بفيفيراي )13%(, ميﻻنويدس تيوبركيوﻻتا )7%(, ﻻنيستس كارينيتس )5%( وبولينس فورسكالي )0.1%(. بينما كانت الكثافة الكلية للقواقع في كل مسح 26%, 37% و36% على التوالي. لمعرفة و حساب معدل اصابة القواقع عرضت لمصدر ضوء لتحفيز خروج السركاريا, ستة من انواع القواقع اخرجت انواع مختلفة من السركاريا لونجيفوركات ا فارينجايات مونوستوم, ثﻻثة انواع زيفيديوسركاريا, ايكينوسركاريا, بلورولوفوسيركس, نوعين من الفركوسيركس و لونجيفوركات فارانجيات دايستوم سركاريا بمعدل اصابة كلي فى المسوحات الثﻻث 15%, 52% و79% على التوالي.هذه الدراسة قد تشكل اضافه مهمة للمعرفة الديدان المفلطحة في السودان وبمحاولة تعميمها فالمعلومات المتحصل عليها بهدف التخطيط السليم لمكافحة القواقع و معرفة العوامل المؤثرة عليها تؤدي لمكافحة الديدان المفلطحة بطريقة غير مباشرة. 8 LIST OF CONTENTS Contents Page DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ARABIC ABSTRACT vi LIST OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF PLATES xvi LIST OF APPENDIXES xvii CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Justification of the study 3 1.3 General and specific objectives 3 1.4 Study design 3 CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW 4-29 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 30-33 CHAPTER FOUR : RESULT 34-64 CHAPTER FIVE DESCUSSION 65-75 RECOMMENDATIONS 76 REFRENCES 77- 100 APPENDEXES 101- 105 9 LIST OF TABLES Table (1):Animal schistosomes which can infect human accidentally 12 Table (2): The observed turbidity during the study period in Barakat 46 canal in the three surveys. Table (3): The observed velocity during the study period in Barakat 47 canal in the three surveys. Table (4): The observed Vegetation density during the study period 48 in Barakat canal in the three surveys. Table (5): the reported vegetation types in Barakat canal during the 49 study period Table (6): The natural infection rate of the collected snail species 52 with trematode cercariae in the three surveys (June-July 2011) Table (7): The Vivax LPM type and its specific infection rate to snail 54 species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (8): The Armate Xiphidiocercariae type and its specific 56 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (9): The undescribed Xiphidiocercariae type 1 and its specific 57 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (10): The Virgulate Xiphidiocercariae type and its specific 58 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (11):The Echinostome type and its specific infection rate to 59 snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (12): The Paraplurolophocercous type and its specific 60 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (13): The furcocercous cercariae type 3 and its specific 61 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (14): The Strigea LPD cercariae type and its specific infection 62 rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Brakat canal Table (15): The furcocercouscercariae type 2 and its specific 63 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys 2011) . 10 LIST OF FIGUERS Figure (1): The overall percentage of snail species density in the three surveys 34 during June-July 2011 in Barakat canal Figure (2): Snail Species density in the three surveys in Barakat canal during 35 June-July 2011 Figure (3): The snail species density in survey (1) after canal opening in 40 Barakat canal (June-July 2011). Figure (4): The snail species density in survey (2) after vegetation clearing in 41 Barakat canal (June-July 2011). Figure (5): The snail species density in survey (3) after vegetation growth in 42 Barakat canal (June-July 2011) Figure (6): Average of water temperature in the three surveys conducted in 43 Barakat canal (June-July 2011). Figure (7): Average of water depth in the three surveys conducted in Barakat 44 area during June-July 2011 Figure (8): Average of water PH in the three surveys conducted in Barakat 45 canal (June-July 2011). Figure (9): The overall percentage of snail
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  • The SSU Rrna Secondary Structures of the Plagiorchiida Species (Digenea), T Its Applications in Systematics and Evolutionary Inferences ⁎ A.N

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    Infection, Genetics and Evolution 78 (2020) 104042 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Infection, Genetics and Evolution journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/meegid Research paper The SSU rRNA secondary structures of the Plagiorchiida species (Digenea), T its applications in systematics and evolutionary inferences ⁎ A.N. Voronova, G.N. Chelomina Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity FEB RAS, 7 Russia, 100-letiya Street, 159, Vladivostok 690022,Russia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) is widely used phylogenetic marker in broad groups of organisms Trematoda and its secondary structure increasingly attracts the attention of researchers as supplementary tool in sequence 18S rRNA alignment and advanced phylogenetic studies. Its comparative analysis provides a great contribution to evolu- RNA secondary structure tionary biology, allowing find out how the SSU rRNA secondary structure originated, developed and evolved. Molecular evolution Herein, we provide the first data on the putative SSU rRNA secondary structures of the Plagiorchiida species.The Taxonomy structures were found to be quite conserved across broad range of species studied, well compatible with those of others eukaryotic SSU rRNA and possessed some peculiarities: cross-shaped structure of the ES6b, additional shortened ES6c2 helix, and elongated ES6a helix and h39 + ES9 region. The secondary structures of variable regions ES3 and ES7 appeared to be tissue-specific while ES6 and ES9 were specific at a family level allowing considering them as promising markers for digenean systematics. Their uniqueness more depends on the length than on the nucleotide diversity of primary sequences which evolutionary rates well differ. The findings have important implications for understanding rRNA evolution, developing molecular taxonomy and systematics of Plagiorchiida as well as for constructing new anthelmintic drugs.
  • (Philophthalamus Palpebrarum ) Transmitted by Melanoides Tuberculata Snail and Its Experi

    (Philophthalamus Palpebrarum ) Transmitted by Melanoides Tuberculata Snail and Its Experi

    Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology & Fisheries Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. ISSN 1110 – 6131 Vol. 24(2): 147 – 162 (2020) www.ejabf.journals.ekb.eg First Egyptian record of the eye fluke (Philophthalamus palpebrarum) transmitted by Melanoides tuberculata snail and its experimental life cycle Magda Ayoub; Asmaa Abdel-Motleb* and Menerva Tadros Department of Environmental Researches and Medical Malacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Imbaba, Egypt * Corresponding author: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The present study has been recorded, for the first time, cercariae Received: Jan. 21, 2020 of Philophthalamus palpebrarum (Trematoda: Philophthalmidae occurring Accepted: March 23, 2020 in the birds-eye) emerged from naturally infected Melanoides Online: March 27, 2020 tuberculata snails collected from Giza Governorate, Egypt, and succeeded _______________ to complete its life cycle experimentally. The adult worm was extracted from the conjunctival sac of the chicken eyes after 35-40 days post Keywords: experimental infection by pipetting 10-15 excysted metacercariae into each Melanoides tuberculata, eye orbit of (1-3 days old chicks). The worms were identified Philophthalmus palpebrarum, Eyefluke, as Philophthalamus palpebrarum based on the morphological characteristics Life cycle and the comparison with the previous descriptions in the literature. They . were small, the body length, 5.48 mm (4.6 - 6.1) and its width 1.60 mm (1.32 - 1.9) and the surface of the body is smooth and lacks spination. The morphological characteristics of the developmental stages, from cercariae to adults, of this eye fluke, were described. It can be concluded that this eye fluke was described as Philophathalamus palpebrarum and the Melanoides tuberculata snails emphasized as its intermediate host in natural and experimental infection for the first time in Egypt.
  • THE STATUS and DISTRIBUTION of Freshwater Biodiversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands Hotspot

    THE STATUS and DISTRIBUTION of Freshwater Biodiversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Islands Hotspot

    THE THE STATUs aNd dISTRIBUtION OF STAT U Freshwater biodIversIty in MadagasCar s a N aNd the INdIaN OCeaN IslaNds hOtspOt d d I STR Edited by Laura Máiz-Tomé, Catherine Sayer and William Darwall IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme IBU t ION OF F OF ION RESHWATER N ds a BIO I N d I ar ar VERS d C N I TY IN IN sla Madagas I N C ar a ar N ea d the I the d d the I the d C N N d Madagas a O I a N O C ea N I sla N IUCN h ds Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland O Switzerland tsp Tel: + 41 22 999 0000 Fax: + 41 22 999 0015 O www.iucn.org/redlist t the IUCN red list of threatened speciestM www.iucnredlist.org THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF freshwater biodiversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands hotspot Edited by Laura Máiz-Tomé, Catherine Sayer and William Darwall IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, or other participating organisations. This publication has been made possible by funding from The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Published by: IUCN Cambridge, UK in collaboration with IUCN Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2018 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.