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Snails' Population Dynamics and Their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011

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Snails' Population Dynamics and Their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim B.Sc (Honours) in Science (Zoology), University of Khartoum (2007) A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Medical Entomology and Vector Control Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases University of Gezira Main Supervisor: Dr. Bakri Yousif Mohammed Nour Co-Supervisor: Dr. Azzam Abdalaal Afifi July, 2012 1 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Supervision Committee: Supervisor Dr. Bakri Yousif Mohammed Nour ……………. Co-Supervisor Dr. Azzam Abd Alaal Afifi ……………. 2 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Examination committee: Name Position Signature Dr. Bakri Yousif Mohammed Nour Chairman ……………. Prof. Souad Mohamed Suliman External examiner ……………. Dr. Mohammed H.Zeinelabdin Hamza Internal Examiner ……………. Date of Examination: 17/7/2012 3 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 By Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Supervision committee: Main Supervisor: Dr. Bakri Yousif Nour …………………………. Co-Supervisor: Dr. Azzam Abd Alaal Afifi ………………………… Date of Examination……………. 4 DEDICATION To the soul of my grandfather To everyone who believed in me To everyone who was there when I was in need To everyone who supported, helped and stood beside me To all of you, my immense appreciation 5 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep gratitude to my main supervisor Dr. Bakri nour and Co-supervisor Dr. Azzam Afifi for their valuable advices and comments throughout this study. My immense gratitude is also due to prof. Samira Hamid Dean of BNNICD institute. I would like to thank all the Blue Nile Institute staff especially the Laboratory staff Safia Siddig, Amel Hassan, Mostafa Mohielden, Asia Elhag, Sally Widaa, Gasim Mostafa, Midhat Modather, Howida Amin . Thanks to University of Gezira staff Dr. Mona Elhag department of agricultural Engineering, for her infinite help, Dr. Hala Aloub Department of Crop Protection for helping in plant identification and the staff of the Soil Department for their help in PH measurements. My gratitude also extends to Ms. Nidal Ahmed department of Zoology, University of Khartoum for her huge help in snail and cercariae identification. My thanks due to Dr. Ehab Farah and Dr. Siddig Essa for their assist in statistical analysis. At last I want to thanks everyone I might forgot who helped me and encouraged me, to all of you, I extend my deep gratitude. 6 Snails' Population Dynamics and their Parasitic Infections with Trematode in Barakat Canal, Gezira Scheme 2011 Arwa Osman Yousif Ibrahim Msc in medical entomology and vector control (July 2012) Blue Nile Institute for communicable disease University of Gezira ABSTRACT Freshwater snails are the intermediate host for the most of trematode worms which are responsible for a number of disease conditions in humans and many other vertebrates. Across sectional study was conducted in Barakat canal (June- July 2011) to explore the present snail species and their relation with trematode infection, with observation on environmental factors affecting them. Three surveys at different environmental conditions were conducted, first after canal re-filling, the second after canal clearing and the third after vegetation re-grow. A total of 1540 freshwater snails were collected from the study site with overall species density Cleopatra builmoides (43%), Lymnaea natalensis (17.9%), Bulinus truncatus (14%), Biomphalaria pfeifferi (13%), Melanoides tuberculata (7%), Lanistus carinatus (5%), and Bulinus forskalii (0.1%). The overall density in the three surveys was (27%), (37%), and (36%) respectively. Snails were screened for trematode cercariae under artificial light, six of the seven species were shed different trematode cercariae with infection rate in the three surveys 15%, 52%, and 79% respectively. Six cercariae morphotypes were shed Longi-furcate apharengeate Monostome cercaria (LPM), three types of Xiphidiocercariae, Echinostomecercariae, Plurolophocercouscercariae, Longi-furcate pharengeate Distome cercaria LPD and two types of Furcocercouscercariae. A list of recommendations were made, since the planning of snail control reassures and evaluate their impact, knowledge of their ecology, population trends and dynamism are essential requirement towards understanding disease transmission and control. 7 دراسة على القواقع في ترعة بركات )مشروع الجزيرة( ومعدل اصابتها بالديدان المثقبة أروى عثمان يوسف إبراهيم أطروحه لنيل درجة الماجستير في الحشرت الطبية ومكافحة نواقل اﻻمراض)يوليو 2012( مهعد النيل اﻻزرق القومي لﻻمراض السارية جامعة الجزيرة الملخص تعتبر القواقع من اهم العوائل الوسيطة للديدان المفلطحة المسببة للكثير من اﻻمراض لﻻنسان و الفقاريات عامة, اجريت دراسة مقطعية في ترعة بركات في الفترة من يونيو- يوليو 2011 بهدف معرفة انواع القواقع الموجودة ودرجة اصابتها بالديدان المفلطحة مع دراسة العوامل البيئية المحيطة. اجريت ثﻻثة مسوحات فى ظروف مختلفة, المسح اﻻول تم بعد فتح الترعة , والثاني بعد تنظيف الترعه من الحشائش بينما اجري الثالث بعد نمو الحشائش المزالة. جمع حوالى 1540 قوقع لسبعة انواع مختلفة كليوباترا بوليمويدس )46%(, ليمنيا نتالينسيس )17.9%(, بولينس ترنكاتس )14%(, بايومفﻻريا بفيفيراي )13%(, ميﻻنويدس تيوبركيوﻻتا )7%(, ﻻنيستس كارينيتس )5%( وبولينس فورسكالي )0.1%(. بينما كانت الكثافة الكلية للقواقع في كل مسح 26%, 37% و36% على التوالي. لمعرفة و حساب معدل اصابة القواقع عرضت لمصدر ضوء لتحفيز خروج السركاريا, ستة من انواع القواقع اخرجت انواع مختلفة من السركاريا لونجيفوركات ا فارينجايات مونوستوم, ثﻻثة انواع زيفيديوسركاريا, ايكينوسركاريا, بلورولوفوسيركس, نوعين من الفركوسيركس و لونجيفوركات فارانجيات دايستوم سركاريا بمعدل اصابة كلي فى المسوحات الثﻻث 15%, 52% و79% على التوالي.هذه الدراسة قد تشكل اضافه مهمة للمعرفة الديدان المفلطحة في السودان وبمحاولة تعميمها فالمعلومات المتحصل عليها بهدف التخطيط السليم لمكافحة القواقع و معرفة العوامل المؤثرة عليها تؤدي لمكافحة الديدان المفلطحة بطريقة غير مباشرة. 8 LIST OF CONTENTS Contents Page DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv ABSTRACT v ARABIC ABSTRACT vi LIST OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF TABLES xiii LIST OF FIGURES xiv LIST OF PLATES xvi LIST OF APPENDIXES xvii CHAPTER ONE 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Justification of the study 3 1.3 General and specific objectives 3 1.4 Study design 3 CHAPTER TWO : LITERATURE REVIEW 4-29 CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS 30-33 CHAPTER FOUR : RESULT 34-64 CHAPTER FIVE DESCUSSION 65-75 RECOMMENDATIONS 76 REFRENCES 77- 100 APPENDEXES 101- 105 9 LIST OF TABLES Table (1):Animal schistosomes which can infect human accidentally 12 Table (2): The observed turbidity during the study period in Barakat 46 canal in the three surveys. Table (3): The observed velocity during the study period in Barakat 47 canal in the three surveys. Table (4): The observed Vegetation density during the study period 48 in Barakat canal in the three surveys. Table (5): the reported vegetation types in Barakat canal during the 49 study period Table (6): The natural infection rate of the collected snail species 52 with trematode cercariae in the three surveys (June-July 2011) Table (7): The Vivax LPM type and its specific infection rate to snail 54 species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (8): The Armate Xiphidiocercariae type and its specific 56 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (9): The undescribed Xiphidiocercariae type 1 and its specific 57 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (10): The Virgulate Xiphidiocercariae type and its specific 58 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (11):The Echinostome type and its specific infection rate to 59 snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (12): The Paraplurolophocercous type and its specific 60 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (13): The furcocercous cercariae type 3 and its specific 61 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Barakat canal Table (14): The Strigea LPD cercariae type and its specific infection 62 rate to snail species in the three surveys (June-July 2011) in Brakat canal Table (15): The furcocercouscercariae type 2 and its specific 63 infection rate to snail species in the three surveys 2011) . 10 LIST OF FIGUERS Figure (1): The overall percentage of snail species density in the three surveys 34 during June-July 2011 in Barakat canal Figure (2): Snail Species density in the three surveys in Barakat canal during 35 June-July 2011 Figure (3): The snail species density in survey (1) after canal opening in 40 Barakat canal (June-July 2011). Figure (4): The snail species density in survey (2) after vegetation clearing in 41 Barakat canal (June-July 2011). Figure (5): The snail species density in survey (3) after vegetation growth in 42 Barakat canal (June-July 2011) Figure (6): Average of water temperature in the three surveys conducted in 43 Barakat canal (June-July 2011). Figure (7): Average of water depth in the three surveys conducted in Barakat 44 area during June-July 2011 Figure (8): Average of water PH in the three surveys conducted in Barakat 45 canal (June-July 2011). Figure (9): The overall percentage of snail
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