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Gastropod-Borne Trematode Communities of Man-Made Reservoirs in Zimbabwe, with a Special Focus on Fasciola and Schistosoma Helminth Parasites

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Gastropod-Borne Trematode Communities of Man-Made Reservoirs in Zimbabwe, with a Special Focus on Fasciola and Schistosoma Helminth Parasites FACULTY OF SCIENCE Gastropod-borne trematode communities of man-made reservoirs in Zimbabwe, with a special focus on Fasciola and Schistosoma helminth parasites Ruben SCHOLS Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Filip Volckaert Thesis presented in KU Leuven, Leuven (BE) fulfilment of the requirements Co-supervisor and mentor: Dr. Tine Huyse for the degree of Master of Science Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren (BE) in Biology Co-supervisor: Prof. Dr. Maxwell Barson University of Zimbabwe, Harare (ZW) Academic year 2018-2019 © Copyright by KU Leuven Without written permission of the promotors and the authors it is forbidden to reproduce or adapt in any form or by any means any part of this publication. Requests for obtaining the right to reproduce or utilize parts of this publication should be addressed to KU Leuven, Faculteit Wetenschappen, Geel Huis, Kasteelpark Arenberg 11 bus 2100, 3001 Leuven (Heverlee), Telephone +32 16 32 14 01. A written permission of the promotor is also required to use the methods, products, schematics and programs described in this work for industrial or commercial use, and for submitting this publication in scientific contests. i ii Preface The thesis took almost a year from preparing the field trip to completing the writing process. Many people assisted me with the data collection and the writing process of this thesis. Without them this work would not have reached the present quality and each of them deserves a personal mention of gratitude here. First and foremost, I would like to thank Dr. Tine Huyse and prof. Filip Volckaert for providing me with the opportunity to work on this extremely interesting subject. I am very grateful for their substantial efforts in revising many initially rough versions and shaping it in a thesis of scientific quality. I particularly want to thank Tine for making the snail-group such a pleasant working environment and for being my harshest critic. Furthermore, I would like to thank my local supervisor, prof. Maxwell Barson, and fellow MSc student Kudzai Muzarabani together with the other students for assisting me on the many field work trips in Zimbabwe. These two, together with Aspire Mudavanhu and the entire Griffiths family made my stay in Zimbabwe an amazing trip that I will never forget. I want to especially thank Kazz Douie for making the lovely illustrations shown on the first page. I must thank VLIR-UOS for the financial support and the University of Zimbabwe and Royal Museum for Central Africa for hosting me. I am very grateful for the time and effort Kenny Meganck and Nathalie Smitz spent on guiding me. They endured many questions, provided additional scientific views and guided me throughout the everlasting lab work period in the RMCA. Furthermore, I wish to thank the assistance offered by Michiel Jorissen and Cyril Hammoud in analysing my data, Birgit Vanden Berghen for creating the beautiful maps indicating sampling locations, the experimental tips by Tim Maes, and the lab assistance offered by Jonathan Brecko, Bart Hellemans, Maria Papadaki, Mercy Ashepet and Alice Boudry. Without whom it would not have been possible to collect this vast amount of data. I also want to thank prof. Samson Mukaratirwa for providing interesting insights on gastropod distributions in Zimbabwe. I also want to express my gratitude towards Hans Carolus for providing me with valuable data and experiences, on which many of these new results are based. Finally, I want to thank my father, Dominique Schols, for doing a final quality check of this work. iii Abbreviations Full term Abbreviation Biomphalaria Bi. Bulinus B. Centre for Disease Control CDC cytochrome oxidase 1 gene COI Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Gastropod-Borne Trematode GBT Gel electrophoresis GE Helisoma H. Hippopotamus Hi. Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV Internal transcribed spacer ITS International Union for the Conservation of Nature IUCN Mitochondrial DNA mtDNA Neglected Tropical Disease NTD Polymerase chain reaction PCR Royal Museum for Central Africa RMCA University of Zimbabwe UZ World Health Organization WHO iv Index PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................ III ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. IV INDEX .................................................................................................................................................................... V SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... VII SAMENVATTING ........................................................................................................................................... VIII INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................. 1 1. ROLE OF FRESHWATER GASTROPODS IN DISEASE TRANSMISSION ................................................................ 1 2. GASTROPODA ............................................................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Diversity .................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2. Biology .................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Classification ........................................................................................................................................... 2 3. GASTROPOD - BORNE TREMATODES ........................................................................................................... 3 2.1. Lifecycles ................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.2. Classification ........................................................................................................................................... 5 4. SCHISTOSOMA .............................................................................................................................................. 6 5.1. Biology and Ecology ............................................................................................................................... 6 5.2. Hybridization ........................................................................................................................................... 9 5. FASCIOLA .................................................................................................................................................. 11 6. AMPHISTOMES .......................................................................................................................................... 13 7. INVASIVE GASTROPODS IN SOUTHERN AFRICA ......................................................................................... 15 8. THE EFFECT OF MAN-MADE LAKES ON TREMATODE EPIDEMIOLOGY ......................................................... 17 AIMS .................................................................................................................................................................... 19 MATERIALS AND METHODS........................................................................................................................ 19 1. ETHICAL STATEMENT AND RISK ASSESSMENT .......................................................................................... 19 2. SAMPLING ................................................................................................................................................ 20 2.1. Sampling locations ................................................................................................................................ 20 2.2. Sampling methodology .......................................................................................................................... 21 3. MOLECULAR ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................................ 24 3.1. Molecular identification of gastropod and trematode species .............................................................. 24 3.2. Multiplex PCR assays for detection of gastropod infection status ........................................................ 27 3.3. Haplotype and genotype mapping based on COI and ITS respectively ................................................. 28 3.4. Screening for hybrids ............................................................................................................................ 29 4. ANALYSIS OF GASTROPOD COMMUNITIES ................................................................................................. 29 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................................ 30 1. GASTROPOD AND TREMATODE DIVERSITY ................................................................................................ 30 v 1.1. Gastropod diversity ............................................................................................................................... 30 1.3. Trematode diversity
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