SOUTHERN OREGON
tr~~ THE MAGAZINE OF THE SOUTHERN OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY :::1 .!!!!. VOICI:S Historic HANLEY FARM 1053 HANLEY RoAD, BETWEEN CENTRAL PoiNT &JAcKsoNVILLE (541) 773-6536 • sohs.org
Friday, Saturday, & Sunday Special Theme Weekends include: through September 30 • NATIVE AMERICAN LIFEWAYS August 3, 4 and 5 11AM- 4PM Tom Smith will demonstrate flint knapping and tool making. SOU intern justine Ritchey will interpret an archaeology site with hands-on activities. Admission: $5 adults, • PIONEER LIFEWAYS $3 children 6-12 & seniors 65+, August 10, 11 and 12 children 5 & under and SOHS Soap making demonstrations. Dairy days on Saturday and Sunday with visiting ca!f and makin; butter. Enjoy wagon rides, talks with "pioneers" and ''travelers" of the Oregon and Applegate trails, members free and heritage craft demonstrations of blacksmithing, pottery, woodworking, and spinning. • 20TH CENTURY FARM LIFE t:'!.~ August 17, 18 and 19 Friday at 2 p.m.: "Food Preservation Methods through the Years," will look at old and new ways oj SOUTHERN ~~~~ HISTORICAL OREGON 1111 SOCIETY preserving home-grown bounty. Focus is the Hanley family, their interests, and their lives. Explore -SINCE 19-46 farm chores, rug hooking, and gardening. Guided garden tours. Special oral history collecting progra Friday and Saturday at 3 p.m., "Remembering the Hanleys." The Early Day Gas Engine & Tractl Association will visit the form on Saturday and Sunday. Arrive in style! • 19TH CENTURY FARM LIFE August 24, 25 and 26 jacksonville-Hanley Farm Friday at 2 p.m.:~ Celebration of Stories, "presents authors jane Kirkpatrick, Sharon Heisel, ant Bernice Curler exploring the power of stories in everyday lifo. A book signing willfollow their program. On Saturday and Sunday, wagon tours and horse-drawn farm equipment demonstration. TROLLEY by the Southern Oregon Draft Horse Association will take place. Saturday, the jacksonville Museun tickets sold at the History Store Quitters will provide an opportunity to try your hand at quilting! Sunday, a woodworking California & 3rd, Jacksonville demonstration will be ftatured. Games, gardening, andfarm chores. • REMEMBER: FRIDAYS AT 2 PM IS STORYTELLING TIME FOR AGES 3-6.
Hanley Farm is a Century Farm and is listed on the National Register and the Jackson County Register ifHistoric Places. Hanley Farm: owned & operated by the Southern Oregon Historical Society August 2001 Vol. 3, No.8
SOUTHERN OREGON HERITAGE TODAY SOUTHERN OREGON Editorial Guidelines eature articles average 3,000 to 4,000 (pre-edited) words. Other materials range from 500 to 1,000 words. Electronic Fsubmissions are accepted on 3-1/4-inch disks and should be accompanied by a hard-copygrintout. Cite all sources and construct 0 HERITAGJj~tf ~s dr~~;~n~fgi~ute:~:lfi~ati~nc~fgci:!dnf:~1.szte~J;c~i~~h~f professional, unscreened photographs and/or line art should accompany submission-black-and-white or color. The Southern Ore~on Historical Society reserves the ri~ht to use Society ima~es ~~th~~~: ~!~~~~~~g~d~:~~: ~ ~J:;h~n!h~:~b~:. lt~~~c~I~~ will be returned if accompanied by a self-addressed envelope stamped with sufficient postage. Authors should provide a bnef autobiogra_phical note at the end of manuscripts. The Southern Oregon Historical Soctety secures rights to full and final editing of all manuscripts, layout design, and one-time North American serial rights. Authors will be notified of acceptance ~;s~~;~;~if~: i~~~~ ;~bt!ca~az~.<'fo~~~~:;r;r,e;~~te;je~liai~ Tod:; takes great care with all submitted material, but is not responsible for damage or loss. Only ~hotocopies of irreplaceable origin3.1 historical FEATURE: ~;~~:dt:n :fo~~ submi~s~:~tt:~·la~~t~f ~~':~th~~danjj~i ~~~ necessarily re~t the viev,rpoints or opinions of Southern Oregon Heroes or Villains? HeritageToday or the Southern Oregon Historical Society. The 1873 Modoc War Crimes Trial by Doug Foster ...... ·...... 8 0 E P ,\ H T o\1 E ~ T S p.
SUNDAY DRIVING VOICES Logtown Cemetery p.2 by Evelyn Case SOHS NEWS & NOTES p.4 THINGS TO Do: ROOTED IN HISTORY Exhibits, program updates, Huckleberries and calendar by Donn Todt and Nan Hannon p.6 p.s MEMBERS & DONORS PIONEER BIOGRAPHY p. 15 Chester Corry: "Mr. Lithia Park'' by Molly Walker Kerr p. 16
ONTHECOVER This portrait of Captain Jack was taken shortly after the Modoc leader's capture in 1873 and an army barber had cut his hair short.
(:"!..":!, SOtiTifF.RN II~ICAI. Administrative Staff Collectio ns/Researc h Library Staff OllF.GQi ====ml SOCIETY -::-::- Brad Linder, EXECUTIVE DIRECI'OR Mary Ames Sherer, CURATOR OF COU.ECTIONS AND EXHIBITS Maureen Smith, FINANCE/OPERATIONS DIRECTOR Carol Harbison-Samuelson, UBRARY MANAGER/PHOTO ARCHIVIST Southern Oregon His tortcal Society Board of Trustees Amelia Chamberlain, PROGRAMS DIRECTOR William Alley, SENIOR HISTORIAN/RESEARCH MANAGER Nancy Hamlin, Mdford, PRESIDEN!" Dor.mn Gunderson, DEVELOPML'IT DIRECTOR Bill Miller, UBRARY ASSISTANT Hank Hart, Medford, FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT Darlene T umer, MARKETINGIPUBUC RELATIONS Robert Stevens,jachonville, SECOND VICE-PRESIDENI' Susan Cox-Smith, .MEMBERSHIP COORDINATOR Southern Oregon Heritage Today Yvonne Earnest, Medford, SECRETARY is published monthly by the Southern Oregon Historical Society. Judi Drais, Medford, TREASURER Magazine Staff 106 N. Central Ave., MedfOrd, OR 97501-5926. (541) 773-6536 Allen Alsing, Ashland Edward B. Jmgenson, Medford Cynthia Wicklund, COMMUNICATIONS COORDINATOR Bill Powell, GUEST EDITOR J. Robert Bills, Medford Judy H. Lozano, Butte Falls Copyright 200 I by Southern Oregon Historical Society, ISSN Dana L. Hedrick, DESIGNER/PHOTOGRAPHER Robert Cowling, Medford Marjorie Overland, Medford #1082-2003. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be 3 H. Walter Emori, M.b.,Jathcnville B.J. &ed,Jaekson Logtown Cemetery by Evelyn case ROM DOWNTOVVN jACKSONVILLE, A SIX-MILE DR1VE soon the mines played out and fire destroyed the southwest on Highway 238 will take you to a pioneer commercial buildings about 1885. Another fire in 1910 Fcemetery, all that is left of a once-bustling mining destroyed the last home, leaving only the rustic four-acre community that got its start nearly 150 years ago. The cemetery to mark the place.2 Logtown Cemetery lies on the east side of the highway on a In 1939 an association was formed to renew the neglected gentle, madrone-shaded slope looking west across a small site. Members of the first board of directors included Mrs. valley dotted with recent homes where Poormans Creek and Harry Whitney, Leonard McKee, John Black, and Mrs. Forest Creek (first known as Jackass Creek) join. Anna Jeffrey Lozier. Mrs. Ed Smith compiled records and It was a much busier place in the nineteenth century. markers were placed at all unidentified graves. Relying on Logtown, which may have been named for early settler volunteer labor and community generosity, they built a wire Francis Logg, grew up around the homestead of John and fence where once a rail fence stood, added a log archway Maryum McKee, who settled on a mining claim on over the gate, and drilled a well.3 Poormans Creek that they bought from Logg about 1853.1 Mter a survey was completed, the group discovered that Located on the pack trail between Jacksonville and Crescent only about half the cemetery was on the property of the City, the community became a supply point for miners, and original McKee homestead, then owned by Paul Pearce. The at one point boasted two blacksmith shops, a livery stable, other portion belonged to W .W. Bell. Both owners signed two meat markets, a general store, hotel, school, church, deeds over to the association and the name Logtown was three saloons, and two Chinese stores. In the 1860s, the adopted. An old sign at the graveyard called it the "Laurel population reached 65G-400 of those souls Chinese. But Grove Cemetery." But the oldest permit found was issued in 1918 under the name "Logtown Cemetery," so that name was chosen. 4 In 1958 the Applegate Garden Club planted cuttings of the famous "pioneer rose" also known as the "Jacksonville Rose," the "Logtown Rose," and "Maryum's Rose."S Then on September 27, 1959, the Jacksonville Garden Club dedicated a granite marker.6 James Dunlap was the first person laid to rest at Logtown, in 1862. Another of the souls resting there is the husband of Mrs. Roxy Ann Bowen (the stepmother of Maryum McKee). The Bowens and the McKees came to Southern Oregon by covered wagons pulled by teams of oxen in the year 1852.7 It is said that Roxy Ann Peak was named after her since she was the first "white" woman to settle there. She and Maryum McKee are also credited with bringing the yellow rose bush. When her husband died, he was buried in Logtown Cemetery, and she returned to Missouri to live with children from a previous marriage. Logtown Cemetery is the only physical evidence left of a once-thriving community. What the visitor may not realize is that beyond the graves of these ancestors, living not far from blossoms of the yellow rose, are many descendants. Like the rose, with its several names and the many cuttings it has yielded, so too have the pioneers' descendants been assimilated into the neighboring communities. The old names and places may have faded, but the roots are still the same. I Evelyn Case is a.freelance writer and a volunteer for the Southern Oregon Hist01·ical Society. E NDNOTES: 1. Marjorie O'Harra, "Maryum's Rose Blooms for Memorial Day," Medford Mail Tribune, 28 May 1978. 2. Ibid. 3. Medford Mail Tribune, 3 April1960; interview with John Black, 1 June 2001. 4. John Black interview. 5. Southern Oregon Heritage Today, Vol. 2, No.4, April2000, p. 16. 6. Southern Oregon Historical Society archives, Logtown photo file. 7. Marjorie O'Harra, Southern Oregon Short Trips in History (Jacksonville: Southern Oregon Historical Society, 1985), pp. 39-41. V 0 L . 3 , N 0 . 8 ROOTED IN HISTORY continued to wick hucklebernies, the size of the huckleb~ eamps declined witll the change to a market economy. But to~ay there are still those who rise above ecc;mornie considerations to glean l:llgh eom!try berries along the crest of the Southern Oregon Cascades .. !il0me r;ears ripe berries weight the Flants, while in other seasons a hi:llside yields onl~ a handful of fruit. Huckleberries depend in large part on bumblebee pollinati0n. Production plummeted in 198()), after megatons of ash from Mount $t. iliielens disrupted nearby bee populations. In Southern Oregon, cold sprin~ ami e0nsecutive dry years affect fruiting. Shade also decreases production. In the absenee o'f fire, conifers encroach on huckleberry shrubs, eventually suppressing them. Locally, the Forest Service has the challenging responsibility of curating this 11:es0uree so that people may continue the [0ID.gj tradition of gathering this wild fruit. [n September, as the last of the berries ripen, the huckleberry foliage turns the red-orange color of the sun setting in a ln''~!!l'd!Jern Oregon, huckleberry patches thrive in hazy western sky. Soon the fmt cold front open areas along the spine rfthe Cascades. Here, ITQlll t:lle North Pacific washes across the Ellie Powell picks berries in the cool mist rfa late Cascades, tlears the air, settles the dust on summer cloud scraping a mountain hillside neaP. mountain roads and marks the end of the the Rabbit Ears, north rfUnion Creek. Iiarvest tOJr another year. i Ethnobotanist Jj)onn L. Todt and anthropologist Nan Hannon ENDNOTES 1. Frederick Coville, Notes on the Plants used by the Klamath Indians of Oregon, (Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, 1897) pp. 89-103. 2. William B. Powell, particularly northwestern craft. A seCtion "Purple Harvest: o£; the bark was slipped fn;,m a tree. "The Huckleberry Fields and History;" Table cylinder of bark is sewed together; 0n the Rock Sentinel, slitted side and at one end, the bottom September/October, therefore being wedge-shaped. 1988, pp. 2-9. Huckleberries when placed in sum receptacles and properly covered lWith farge SOUTHERN OIREGON HERITA E TODAY 5 J T C \\' S & ~ 0 T E S SOUTHERN OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY!!!! Things To Do in August P R 0 G R A M S : (see listings below for complete descriptions) DATE & TIME LOCATION DESCRIPTION Craft of the Month Museum hours CHILDREN's MusEUM Toys to Remember; families; 50¢ Story Time Fri.,Aug.3,10, 17,24,31 2p.m. HANLEYFARM Farm Stories Living History Program Wed. - Sun., 1 - 5 p.m. BEEKMAN HousE Enter the year 1911; fee Jacksonville-Hanley Farm Trolley Fri., Sat., Sun., 11 a.m.- 4 p.m. 3RD & CALIFORNIA STREETS Guided tour; fee Hanley Farm Fri., Sat., Sun., 11 a.m.- 4 p.m. HANLEY FARM Activities, programs; fee Fri., August 17, 2 p.m. "Putting By: Food Preservation Methods through the Years" Fri., August 24, 2 p.m. "Celebration of Stories" Fort Rock Basin Region Sat., August 25, 7:30p.m. HISTORY CENTER Slide Show/Lecture; free PROGRAM DETAILS • 2 p.m. on Friday, August 17, "Putting By: Explore farm chores, gardening and rug Food Preservation through the Years," will hooking. Guided garden tours will be FOR TIMES AND LOCATIONS, SEE SCHEDULE ABOVE. look at old and new ways of preserving featured. Friday and Saturday at 3 p.m., jo jULY CRAFT OF THE MON1H home-grown bounty, and include living in a special oral history collecting program Toys to Remember history character Ann McCormick, a 1918 "Remembering the Hanleys." On Saturda: Home Demonstration Agent, and a modern and Sunday, the Early D ay Gas Engine & Add to your toy chest by creating an old day Master Food Preserver. Tractor Association will visit the farm. fashioned toy to take home. Choose from a • 2 p.m. on Friday, August 24, August 24, 25, 26-Enjoy learning about e: tumbling acrobat, buzzsaw, or optical toy. ''A Celebration of Stories," presents authors 19th century farm life. Saturday and Sund Jane Kirkpatrick, Sharon Heisel, and Bernice the Southern Oregon Draft Horse BEEKMAN HoUSE LiviNG HISTORY Curler exploring the power of stories in Association will demonstrate horse-drawn Step back in time to the year 1911 and enjoy everyday lives. A book signing will follow the farm equipment and provide wagon tours. a visit with costumed interpreters portraying program. Kirkpatrick will premiere the third On Saturday, the Jacksonville Museum Cornelius C. Beekman (Jacksonville's first in her "Kinship and Courage" series, a Qyilters will provide you with an opportu1 banker) and his family members. historic novel set in Jacksonville. to try quilting. On Sunday, a woodworkin: Admission: $3 for adults; $2 children and demonstration will be featured, along wid: seniors; ages five and under free; Society (Plan to arrive 15 minutes early as there is a farm chores, gardening, and games . members, free. limit of 20 participants for Friday programs.) Special Theme Weekends Include: SOCIETY SPONSORS FORT ROCK jACKSONVILLE-liANLEY FARM August 3, 4, 5-Explore Native American BASIN REGION PROGRAM TROLLEY RIDES lifeways through demonstrations, hands-on "10,000 Years of Cultural Change and The trolley will tour hourly-11 a.m. -4 activities, and games. Tom Smith will Stability in the Fort Rock Basin Region, p.m. -between Jacksonville and Hanley Farm demonstrate flint knapping and tool making. Central Oregon," a slide show-lecture by on Fridays, Saturdays, and Sundays through SOU intern, Justine Ritchey, will interpret an Dennis Jenkins, Ph.D., will be presented f September 30. Tickets: adults, $4; children archaeology site with hands-on activities. of charge at the History Center. Jenkins " six-twelve, $2; ages five and under, free. August 10, 11, 12-Explore pioneer lifeways explain-in an easily understood format-th Purchase of trolley ticket at History Store all weekend long. Soap making will be investigative methods and results employe provides $1 off Hanley Farm admission. featured. On Saturday and Sunday, join us by an archaeologist in the quest for for dairy days as we have a visiting calf and understanding how Native Americans HISTORIC liANLEY FARM EvENTs will make butter. Then enjoy wagon rides, adapted their lifestyles to survive in the ev Visit H anley Farm by way of the trolley and talks with "pioneers" and "travelers" of the changing, always unpredictable Fort Rock receive $1 off admission. All events are free Oregon and Applegate trails, and heritage Basin. Preregister by August 21. Program m with price of admission. craft demonstrations of blacksmithing, possible by funding from the Oregon Council for tho FRIDAYS are designed for young children and pottery, wo-odworking, and spinning. Humanities, an affiliate of the National Endowment adults. Each Friday at 2 p.m., a special story August 17, 18, 19-Focus will be on early the Humanities. hour for ages 3-6 will be held. 20th century farm life and the Hanley family. 6 VOL. 3 , NO . 8 SOUTHERN OREGON HISTORICAL SOCIETY SITES E X H I B I T S . (see listings below for complete descriptions) PHONE: (541) 773-6536 LOCATION MusEUM HOURS unless listed otherwise "What's Cookin'?" HISTORY CENTER Mon.- Fri., 9 a.m.- 5 p.m. FAX: (541) 776-7994 E-MAIL: [email protected] Century of Photography: 1856-1956 WEBSITE: sohs.org The History of Southern Oregon from A to Z HISTORY CENTER Miner, Baker, Furniture Maker jACKSONVILLE MUSEUM Wed.- Sat., 10 a.m.- 5 p.m. 106 N. Central, Medford Mon.- Fri., 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Native American Experience Sunday, noon - 5 p.m. Camp White Military Uniforms REsEARCH LIBRARY Pioneer Potters on the Rogue 106 N. Central, Medford Tnes.- Fri., 1 to 5 p.m. Hall ofjustice Ongoing 'hands on history' exhibits CHILDREN'S MUSEUM Wed.- Sat., 10 a.m.- 5 p.m. jACKSONVILLE MUSEUM & Sunday, noon - 5 p.m. CHILDREN'S MUSEUM 5th and C,Jacksonville Weaving Demonstrations/Sales 3RD STREET AlrriSANs' STUDIO Sat., 11 a.m.- 4 p.m. Wed. - Sat., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sun., noon to 5 p.m. HANLEY FARM EXHIBIT DETAILS 1053 Hanley Road Fri., Sat., & Sun., 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. FOR TIMES AND LOCATIONS, SEE SCHEDULE ABOVE. HANNAH POTTERY (541) 773-2675 "WHAT ' S COOKIN 'f" • .'n.L wo centunes · (}_],r Examples of pottery made over four decades ago C.C. BEEKMAN HOUSE American Foodways (through August 17) by the Hannah family. California & Laurelwood, Jacksonville People express many aspects of their culture Wed. - Sun., 1 to 5 p.m. OF jUSTICE through the foods they eat, as well as how they HALL C.C. BEEKMAN BANK prepare and serve foods. Portions of"What's History of this former Jackson County Courthouse. 3rd and California, Jacksonville Cookin'?" explore such topics as the impact of THIRD. STREET ARTISANS' STUDIO jACKSONVILLE HISTORY STORE immigration on food history, how technology has 3rd and California, Jacksonville changed the availability of food, food preparation Rogue Valley Handweavers, Far Out Fibers, and Wed. - Sun., 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. at home, the increase in dining out, and changing the Saturday Handweavers Guild will present an exhibit of their handwoven Expressions of the THIRD STREET ARTISANS' STUDIO images of what constitutes healthy eating. This 3rd and California, Jacksonville exhibit was produced by the Rogers Historical Rogue Valley at the Third St. Artisans' Studio in Sat., 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. Museum, Rogers, Arkansas, and supported in Jacksonville. Artisans were asked to weave items inspired by colors and posters representing Rogue U.S. HOTEL part by a grant from the Historical Resources and 3rd and California, Jacksonville Museums Services section of Arkansas State Valley venues. Members will also demonstrate Upstairs room available for rent. Parks in the Department of Parks and Tourism. traditional art forms of spinning and weaving. The exhibit runs through August 25. CATHOLIC RECTORY 4th and C streets, Jacksonville CENTURY OF PHOTOGRAPHY: 1856-1956 CHILDREN'S MUSEUM Everyone enjoys exploring the home and work Highlights the work of two area photographers, settings from the 1850s to the 1930s through Peter Britt and James Verne Shangle, with We invite YOU to "hands-on-history." cameras from the Society's collection. become a member! THE HISTORY OF SOUTHERN Your membership will support: preservation of Southern Oregon's rich OREGON FROM A TO Z heritage; Society exhibits and educational Do you know your ABC's of Southern Oregon ~~--- events; outreach to schools; workshops for history? Even local oldtimers might learn a thing A Century ofthe adults and children; living history or two from the History Center windows along programs; and tours and demonstrations Photographic Arts in at historic Hanley Farm. Sixth and Central as each letter of the alphabet Southern Oregon: tells a different story about the people, places, and Members receive Southern Oregon A Directory ofjackson County Photographers, Heritage Today, the Society's monthly events that have shaped the region we live in. magazine with newsletter, providing a 1856-1956 view into the past and keeping you up-to date on services provided by the Society. MINER, BAKER, FURNITURE MAKER $7.50 • SOHS Members Explores the development of the Rogue Valley For membership information, call Susan $8.95 • Non-members and the impact the industrial revolution had on Smith at 773-6536. Available at the SOUTHERN OREGON the settlement of Oregon. MEMBERSHIP CATEGORIES HISTORICAL SOCIETY RESEARCH LIBRARY Friend ...... $20 History Center, 106 N. Central Ave., Medford Family ...... $30 POLITICS OF CULTURE: Collecting the (541)773-6536 • sohs.org Patron ...... $60-$90 Native American Experience Curator or Business ...... $120-$200 Cultural history oflocal tribes and discussion of Director ...... $250-$500 contemporary collecting issues. Lifetime ...... $1,000 SOUTHERN OREGON HERIT A GE TODAY 7 FEATURE , t 'T'll e 1 8 7 3 M C) cl () (' w a r C r i rn e s 1~ ria I At the end of the Modoc Indian War in 1873, at Fort Klamath, Oregon, the U S. Army tried the defeated Modocs' leaders; this was the only time in our country's history that American Indians were triedfor committing war crimes. All the Modoc defendants were found guilty of war crimes for killing two members of a Peace Commission ''under a flag of truce." Captain jack, Schonchin]ohn and two other Modocs were hanged at Fort Klamath, and two other Modocs had their death sentences commuted to lift in prison. by Doug Foster WAS PROUD OF MY GREAT-GREAT-GRANDFATHER," '' said Lynn Schonchin, great-great-grandson of SchonchinJohn. "He fought the U.S. Cavalry for __his people. He and Captain]ack and the others laid down their lives for their land and for their freedom. They should be honored as patriots and heroes ... like George Washington. They are by Indian people."1 Ken Tanner, chief of the Coquille Tribe, said that as a boy in Coos Bay he grew up on stories of Captain Jack: "Both my mother and my father looked up to Captain]ack and the Modoc people as real heroes. Captain Jack had the courage to stand up against those who sought to take his homeland."2 Above, Kientpoos, or Captain jack, the Modoc chief, fought the U.S. Army to avoid being moved to a reservation. This documentary photo was taken after he surrendered and the army cut short his long hair. Oregon news reporter SA. Clarke observed that, on the day Captain jack surrendered, he "bore himselfwith dignity and sat there like a Roman hero." Below, Schon chin john was dubbed the "Daniel Webster of the Modocs'' by one contemporary journalist. The day before Schonchin john was scheduled to be executed by the government, he said: 'My heart tells me I should not die-that you do me a great wrong in taking my life. Utar is a terrible thing. All must suffer ... I cart now only say, let Schonchin die!" 8 VOL. 3, NO . 8 In 1873, though, the national and Modoc warriors in a lava-bed stronghold ignored? Was the verdict preordained? international press vilified the Modocs for held off up to 1,000 soldiers for five Were pleas for clemency duly considered? killing two peace commissioners: General months.8 Considering the number of The Modocs, ironically, were tried at Edward Richard Sprigg Canby and the Indians involved, it was the most cosdy Fort Klamath on the border of the Reverend Eleazar Thomas. Harper's JiVeekly American Indian war in terms of lives lost Klamath Indian Reservation, the denounced the Modocs as "wild beasts." and money spent.9 reservation they fought so hard to avoid. It The San Francisco Chronicle labeled Captain "There would have been no war crimes was an isolated post: thirty miles from the Jack a "red Judas." The Times of London trial," Schonchin said, "if the war had been nearest community, Linkville (now called the killings a "dastardly outrage." The fought to the end." The Modocs were Klamath Falls); 120 miles by year-around Philadelphia Public Ledger demanded an eye tried, he said, because of all the media wagon road from the county seat, for an eye. The Chicago papers, the Tribune attention and because of who they killed: Jacksonville. Every Modoc who had and the Inter-Ocean, demanded the Canby, the "Christian General," and a participated in the war-forty-five men, extermination of the Modocs. 3 missionary.lO Canby was the first U.S. forty-nine women and sixty-two children Local citizens were even more outraged. Army general to be killed during the - had been marched north under heavy A Yreka, California, newspaper labeled the western Indian wars.11 Although eclipsed guard to Fort Klamath. The Modoc leaders ki)ling of Canby as the "most dastardly in the public mind by the batde at Litde were locked in cells in the post guardhouse; assassination yet known in either ancient or Big Horn three years later, the 1872-1873 all the rest were confmed in a 100-by-50 modern history."4 Canby's death gripped Modoc War received extensive national foot stockade of upright pine logs, which people like no event since the assassination press coverage and was the only Indian left each Indian about thirty-two square of Lincoln. In Jacksonville, flags hung at campaign covered by a foreign journalist, feet to sleep, cook, and handle sewage.14 half-mast.5 Secretary of the Interior receiving periodic headlines in the SchonchinJohn and Captain Jack wore Columbus Delano, the architect of the Illustrated London N ews.12 leg irons, and each man's shackles were Peace Commission policy, was hanged in Whether one views Captain Jack and joined to the other's with a heavy metal effigy in Jacksonville and Yreka. 6 the other Modoc war leaders as heroes or chain. They had been bound together since Some local, contemporary travel villains, of course, depends in large part on Captain Jack surrendered and would brochures still label Captain Jack and one's background and perspective, on one's remain so until their deaths.15 Schonchin SchonchinJohn as "renegades" and views of the nature of war and "war John was a fortyish, dour-looking, square "savages." Lynn Schonchin, a retired crimes,"13 and·on one's moral beliefs about jawed man; in Modoc, schonchis means "big Chiloquin High School history teacher and the expansion of Western civilization into chin." Captain J ack.'s Modoc name, K.ientpoos, former chairman of the Klamath Tribes, what had been, for thousands of years, literally means "Having-the-Waterbrash'' says these brochures anger him. "I'm not exclusively Indian country. Still, it can be (pyrosis or heartburn). He was a fortyish, saying it was right to kill," he explains, but informative to closely consider how the youthful-looking man with a handsome, there was killing on both sides. "I don't army treated the Modocs after winning the open face and calm, intelligent eyes. Like know if I'd have the courage to do what my war: Why did the army try some Modoc the other Modocs, they were dressed in great-great-grandfather did: take on the war leaders and not others? What kind of cast-off dungarees or army pants, ragged whole U.S. Army, knowing he'd lose."7 trial were the Modocs given? What shirts and work shoes-the same clothes Indeed, it was a lopsided war: fifty evidence was considered, what was they'd worn during the war. 16 Fort Klamath, Oregon, where the Modoc leaders were triedfor war crimes, was built in 1863 on the fringe of a forested area in the lush Wood River Valley, situated along the edge of the Klamath Indian Reservation-the reservation Captain jack's bandfought to avoid. SO U TH E RN OREGO N HERIT AGE T O D A Y 9 The trial was held in the fort headquarters Although military commissions were riots of 1863 to commanding the Military building, where uniformed soldiers stood often composed of individuals with more Division ofWest Mississippi, which guard holding Springfield rifles topped of a stake in the outcome of the case than included the Gulf states and the with polished angular bayonets. The usually occurs in a civil trial, rarely were Southwest. At the time of his death, judges-a military commission of five U.S. members so personally involved in the Canby was not only the commanding Army officers in new dress uniforms- sat at events leading to the charges as were the officer of the Department of the a long, narrow table in the center of the members of this military commission. Four Columbia, but also acting head of the room. The prosecutor-an army officer of the five members of the commission had Military Division of the Pacific, responsible called the judge-advocate-sat at a table been directly involved in the Modoc War, for the entire West Coast army.21 across from the judges. Nearby sat the and so were asked to try Modoc prisoners On learning of Canby's death, General court reporter and two interpreters; because accused of killing their former commanding of the Army William Tecumseh Sherman most Modocs spoke so little English, officer; of these four, three had fought in advised his subordinates not to leave a everything had to be translated from battles against the Modocs, and thus had Modoc man, woman or child alive to boast English to ModocP been under attack by the very individuals of Canby's murder. He ordered Col. Alvan A month before the trial began, General on whom they now were asked to pass Gillem to launch an attack, advising, "You Jefferson Davis, Canby's successor as judgment. The trial began just a month will be fully justified in their utter commanding officer, said that a military after Captain Jack was captured and extermination."22 Mter Captain Jack was commission to try the Modocs "should" be hostilities had ceased. Passions were still captured, Sherman telegraphed General staffed by officers of high rank "who have inflamed.19 Alfred Meacham-one of the Davis as to the disposition of the Modoc no immediate connection with the Modoc wounded peace commissioners and the prisoners: "Some should be tried by Court difficulty" and that each Modoc would government's star witness at the Modocs' Martial and shot."23 probably get a separate trial and that the trial-criticized the composition of the The Modoc defendants were accused of process would take six months.18 In fact, military commission, since the members' war crimes for violating a flag of truce. Davis selected several officers who had "love for the memory of General Canby, Significantly, this was the only time that fought the Modocs to act as their judges; together with hatred for the Modoc chief, the United States tried American Indians all six Modocs were tried together; they disqualifY them for impartial hearing."20 for violating the laws of war.24 "War were not represented by counsel; and their The army was incensed that a small, ill consists largely of acts that would be collective trial took only four days. equipped band of Indians had killed an criminal if performed in time of peace," officer as popular and according to Professor Telford Taylor, the important as Canby. former army brigadier general who served Canby's Civil War as the lead military officer at the duties had ranged Nuremberg war crimes trials after World from restoring order War II. But "(s)uch conduct is not regarded in New York City as criminal if it takes place in the course of following the draft war, because the state of war lays a blanket Captain Jacks family lived in the cave in the center of the Modocs' Captain Jack's family, who stayed with him during the Modoc War and Lava Beds Stronghold, then a naturalfortification of jagged rock then surrendered with him:.from left, his young wife Lizzie, his sister outcroppings and crevices in the lava flow where Jack's band Mary, his four-year old daughter Rose, and his "Old Wife". After Captain withstood an army force nearly twenty times its size for five Jack was executed, his family, and all other surviving members of his months. This photo, showingfederal troops at rest, was taken band, were sent to live in the Indian Territory, now Oklahoma, where shortly after Jack's bandfled the Stronghold. Rose, his only child, died. 10 V 0 L 3, N 0. 8 Fort 1 Klamath I Klamath 51-.J Indian t Reservation K I I ) Upper --~ ""1....-,_ r Klamath Linkville (Klamath Falls) Lake Lower Brigadier General Edward Canby was killed by Klamath Captain jack while engaged in negotiations to end Lake the Modoc War; he was fifty-six when he died. 0 10 20 30 MILES ORIGINAL DRAWING BY PHvlliS BUCK of immunity over the warriors." A war crime is an act that "remains criminal even though committed in the course of war, because it lies outside the area of immunity prescribed by the laws of war."25 To justifY trying the Modocs for war crimes, U. S. Attorney General George Williams wrote that, ''All the laws and customs of civilized warfare may not be applicable to an armed conflict with the Indian tribes upon our western frontier; but the circumstances attending the assassination of Canby and Thomas are such as to make their murder as much a violation of the laws of savage as of civilized warfare, and the Indians concerned in it fully understood the baseness and treachery of their act."26 Modoc War historian Walter Palmberg disagreed with the attorney general's conclusion: since the peace commissioners had been amply warned of what could be expected and knew that a state of war existed, "what followed could be interpreted as not necessarily against the laws of war and certainly not as far as the Indians were concerned." Recounting the many massacres oflndians by soldiers during the western Indian wars, Palmberg wryly noted that "(o)bviously, laws of war, flags of truce, and suspensions of hostilities were only applicable at the army's discretion."27 The Modocs, like other Indians, traditionally fought with methods quite different from those of the Europeans and the Americans. In intertribal Indian wars almost all members of the enemy nation were legitimate targets of attack, and captives were rarely taken. These practices were largely a matter of necessity. Among other things, the Indians lacked prison camps in which to confine captives.28 One of the Modoc prisoners, Boston Charley, admitted that they hoped that by killing their leaders, "the other white men would give up and go home." It was not unnatural that the Modocs might believe this. In intertribal wars, once a tribe's leaders were killed the other warriors quit fighting.29 The commission, arguably, should at least have given A studio portrait ofAlfred Meacham, who had consideration to these differences in culture and military methods in arriving at its served as superintendent of Indian ajfairs for conclusion. Oregon before the Modoc War and who was the According to Telford, war is "(i)ntrinsically a desperate and violent business" that "is chairman of the Peace Commission during the not readily limitable in terms of the means to be used in its prosecution." Just as war. Although he was wounded andpartially otherwise law-abiding individuals will commit crimes to save their own lives, national scalped by Modocs on the day Canby was killed, governments will likewise break international rules and treaties, if necessary, for their Meacham continued to advocate for the rights of own preservation.30 Modocs and other Indians. SOUTHERN OREGON HERIT AGE TODAY 11 Captain Jack and his band were fighting for their preservation as a people in a David-and-Goliath war. Jack's warriors were outnumbered on the battlefield more than twenty to one. And this imbalance doesn't begin to reflect just how lopsided this "war" was. In 1870, the U.S. population numbered nearly 40 million, while the entire Modoc tribe numbered less than 400; the United States encompassed nearly 3 million square miles, while Captain Jack's band fought for the rights to a six-square-mile reservation on their ancestral homeland;31 and the U.S. Army numbered more than 37,000 active duty soldiers, while Jack's band had but 50 warriors.32 The most dramatic witness to appear at the Modoc war crimes trial was Alfred Meacham, the former Oregon Indian commissioner and head of the Peace Commission. The Modoc defendants were shocked to see Meacham enter the courtroom, since they'd left him for dead with the bodies of Canby and Thomas. Meacham testified that he'd been shot several times and knocked unconscious. At trial, his right hand was still useless, paralyzed by a pistol ball through the wrist, and his forehead was scarred by a long knife wound where a Modoc had tried to scalp him with a pocketknife-a difficult task as Meacham was bald.33 Since the Modocs had disfigured Meacham, one would expect, if anything, that he might be biased against them. In fact, Meacham later offered damaging evidence against Canby; according to Meacham, Canby was the first to violate the armistice. Unfortunately, this was not revealed at trial and was not publicized until nearly three years after the trial when Meacham wrote two lengthy books about the Modoc War.34 ! 80 The truce between the Modocs and the federal government-as negotiated by :E Meacham, the chairman of the Peace Commission-provided that "no hostile ~ .. HOOf\: A JIM . movements" were to be made by either side "during the existence of the armistice,"35 0 >- I l' t.: t· li fr that [,, lle r. 1 ~ r.n hilS thi t~ d3Y L'lkon tho Photographs of th<· a b SOUTHERN OREGON HERITAGE TODAY 13 on printed cards that read, "The Rope Lynn says. Cain's father, Peter, fought 33. Landrum, Guardhouse, Gallows, p. 10; Dillon, That Hung [sic] the Chief of the Modoc against the U.S. Cavalry, "so we put a Burnt-out Fires, pp. 218, 312. 34. Alfred B. Meacham, Wi-ne-ma and Her Indians, Captain Jack, Oct. 3rd 1873." He feathered staff in front of his grave."67 t People (Hartford, Conn.: American either gave them to friends or sold them; Publishing Co., 1876) p. 161. one card can still be seen at the Arizona Doug Foster, an Ashland writer and historian, 35. Ibid., at 44. State Museum in Tucson. published a lengthier and more detailed analysis of 36. Alfred B. Meacham, Wigwam and Warpath, or the Royal Chief in Chains (Boston: John P. When the bodies ofSchonchinJohn and the Modoc War Crimes Trial in the Fall of1999 edition ofthe Oregon Historical Qyarterly. D ale and Co., 1875) p. 423. Captain Jack were taken from the scaffold, 37. Meacham, Wi-ne-ma, p. 44. an army surgeon cut off their heads for ENDNOTES: 38. Meacham, Wigwam, p. 436; Wi-ne-ma, p. 44. 39. Murray, Modocs, pp. 163-164; Dillon, Burnt- shipment to Washington. While the San 1. Interviews with Lynn Schonchin in out Fires, pp. 206-207. Francisco Chronicle called this barbaric, the Chiloquin, Oregon, on 23 June 1994, and 9 40. Meacham, Wi-ne-ma, pp. 44-45. September and 10 October 1997. Army and Navy Journal defended it as a 41. Meacham, Wigwam, pp. 439,444. 2. Interview with Ken Tanner in Mount Shasta case of medical dissection for scientific 42. Meacham, Wi-ne-ma, p. 52. California, on 6 September 1997. ' 43. Meacham, Wigwam, pp. 449-450. craniology studies. For over a century, the 3. Richard Dillon, Burnt-out Fires-CalifOrnia's 44. 12 August 1873 letter to the secretary of war two men's skulls rested on shelves at the Modoc Indtan War (New Jersey: Prentice from Holt, judge-advocate general, in Hall, 1973), p. 246; Harper's Weekly, 3 May J. Army Medical Museum and later the H ouse Executive D ocument 122, 1st Session, 1873, p. 364. Smithsonian Institution before finally 43rd Congress, Official Copies of 4. Yreka j ournal, 16 April1873, p. 2. Correspondence Relative to the War with the being returned to the tribe in the 1990s.65 5. Keith Murray, The Modocs and their mzr Modoc Indians (U.S. Government Printing Lynn Schonchin is still concerned for his (Norman Okla.: University of Oklahoma Office, 1874), pp. 134, 195; Meacham, great-great-grandfather's spirit: cutting off Press, 1958), p. 203. 6. Dillon, Burnt-out Fires, p. 245. Wigwam, pp. 449-450. Schonchin John's head means that "his 45. Murray, Modocs, pp. 184, 190-191; H ouse 7. Schonchin interviews. spirit never rests." Executive Document 122, pp 173. 176. 8. Oregonian, 25 April1988. 46. 13 September 1873 letter to President Grant There should have been more understanding 9. Murray, Modocs, p. 81. from Benj'n Hallowell, in behalf of the and compassion for Captain Jack's band, 10. Schonchin interviews. Baltimore, Maryland, Indian Concern 11. Murray, Modocs, p. 196; Schonchin interviews. according to Lynn Schonchin, since they Committee of the Q,taker Church. House 12. Oregonian, 25 April1988. only wanted to live in freedom on their Document 122, p. 328. 13. See generally, Telford Taylor, Nuremberg and 47. 8 June1873 letter to the secretary of the own land. Before the war, Captain Jack's Vtetnam, an American Tragedy, (Chicago: interior from Mrs. Mary L. Benham. H ouse band even sought to file applications with Q,tadrangle Books, 1970). D ocument 122, p. 291. the government to take up a very small 14. Murray, Modocs, p. 280. 48. 18 July 1873 letter to President Grant from 15. Irwin Thompson, Modoc Wm-Its Military part of their ancestral homeland along Lost John Beeson. House Document 122, pp. HIStory and Topography, (Sacramento, Calif.: River, so that by improving the land and 315-316. Beeson, an Englishman and Argus Books, 1971), pp. 118, 124. naturalized American, lived in the Rogue paying taxes they could receive legal tide to 16. Murray, Modocs, pp. 147-148; Dillon, Burnt- River Valley near the present city ofTalent a three-mile plot that had a good fishery. out Fires, p. 57. seventeen years before, in 1856. When 17. Dillon, Burnt-out Fires, p. 312. But the Modocs were not allowed to Beeson championed Indian rights during the 18. Yreka journal, 14 June 1873. acquire tide to any of their ancestral lands Rogue River Indian Wars, he was threatened 19. Daily Oregonian, 12 July 1873; Francis by his neighbors and, in fear of being in this way because as Indians they were Landrum, Guardhouse, Gallows and Graves lynched, fled in the middle of the night, not then considered to be citizens of the (Klamath Falls: Klamath County Museum, abandoning his home, family and the West United States.66 1988) pp. 38-41. Coast. See John Beeson, A Plea for the Indians 20. Walter H. Palmberg, Copper Paladin-A Immigrants to America left Europe (Fairfield, Wash.: Ye Galleon Press 1982, a Modoc Tragedy, (Bryn Mawr, Pa.: Dorrance because they wanted freedom of religion reprint of the 1857 edition privately & Co., 1982), p. 151. published in New York), p. vii; Palmberg, and the chance to own their own land 21. Thompson, Modoc War, pp. 141-142, n.13; Copper Paladin, p. 158. Lynn Schonchin notes, but once here iliey Murray, Modocs, p. 319. 49. Yreka journal, 26 April1873. 22. Dillon, Burnt-out Fires, p. 247. treated the Indians just the way the kings 50. Colonel William Thompson, Reminiscences 23. 3 June 1873 telegraph to General Davis from and nobles had treated them in Europe. If ofa Pioneer, (San Francisco, private General Sherman, in Olaf Hagen, "Modoc he had been able to speak in behalf of War-Official Correspondence and printing, 1912) pp. 73, 80. 51. Murray, Modocs, pp. 26-27. Captain Jack's band, Lynn Schonchin D ocuments, 1865-1878," (Office of would have argued that "both sides made Archaeology and Historic Preservation, 52. Meacham, Wigwam, pp. 298-299. 53. Yreka journal, 7 May 1873. mistakes," so that the only way to have National Park Service, May 1942, typescript), a 1,780-page document available at the 54. Murray, Modocs, pp. 26-27. dealt objectively with the situation would 55. Thompson, Reminiscences, p. 82. Klamath County Museum, Klamath Falls, at 56. Jeff C. Riddle, The Indian Hist01y ofthe have been to "try everybody." p.l,054. Modoc War (Medford: Pine Cone Publishers There is a long military tradition in the 24. Carol Chomsky, "The United States-Dakota 1973, reprint of the 1908 book), p. 30; ' War Trials: A Study in Military Justice," 43 Schonchin family. Lynn's uncles, Jacky and Meacham, Wigwam, p. 298. Stanford Law Review 13 (1990) p. 74, n. 383 Ted, fought in World War II, one in the 57. Thompson, Modoc mzr, p. 5; Murray, Modocs, and p. 75. See also, Colonel William Normandy invasion. Lynn served in the Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents, (U.S. pp. 26-27. military, too. His great-grandfather, Peter Government Printing Office, 1920 reprint of 58. Murray, Modocs, pp. 21, 26-27. 59. Riddle, Indian History, p. 30. Schonchin, was the youngest Modoc to 1896 2nd edition) at p. 838, n. 98. 60. Murray, Modocs, p. 30. 25. Taylor, Nuremberg, pp. 19-20. fight in the Modoc War. When Lynn 61. Schonchin interviews. cleans the family graves at the Old 26. George H . Williams, U. S. attorney general, "The Modoc Indian Prisoners," 7 62. Landrum, Guardhouse, Gallows and Graves, p. 69. 63. Murray, Modocs, p. 297; Schonchin interviews. Schonchin Cemetery near Chiloquin, he June 1873, 14 OpinionsoftheAttorney 64. Schonchin interviews. takes special care of the grave of Cain Genera/249, p. 252-253. 27. Palmberg, Copper Paladin, p. 157. 65. Thompson, Modoc War, pp. 125-126; Dillon, Schonchin and the nearby grave of Cain's Burnt-out Fires, pp. 333-334; Murray, Modocs, 28. Chomsky, "Dakota War Trials," p. 88. father, Peter. Cain has a bronze military p. 304. 29. Murray, Modocs, pp. 177, 302. 66. 26 May 1873 letter to I. Steele from Elijah grave marker because he fought with the 30. Taylor, Nuremberg, p. 33. Steele, in Riddle, Indian Hist01y, pp. 278-279. U.S. Cavalry in Europe in World War I. 31. Historical Statistics ofthe United States, Vol. I, 67. Schonchin interviews. "We put an American flag by his grave," (U.S. D epartment of Commerce, 1975), p. 8. 32. Ibid., Vol. 2, p. 1,142. 14 Y 0 L 3 , N 0 . 8 M E .\1 B E R S & U <> ~ 0 H S FRIEND Mr. and Mrs. Otto Ewaldsen, Donors Luba Adams, Ashland Port Ludlow, WA Mary M. Badley, Medford Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. Gerber, Medford IN KIND Douglas County Library, Roseburg Mr. and Mrs. R.E. Gould, Medford Deli Down Cathy Goyoneche, jacksonville Mr. and Mrs. Phil Gustafson, jacksonville Chuck Head, Medford SPECIAL CONTRIBUTIONS Charlotte Knowles, Ashland Teresa Mettler, Portland Mr. and Mrs. Ludwell Sibley Don Laws, Ashland Mr. and Mrs. Georges St. Laurent Renewing Members Mr. and Mrs. C.A. Leahy, Medford Claude, Cindy, and Ian Taylor M~. and Mrs. Dale Lininger, Medford Mrs. Harriet M. Winton DIRECTOR Mr. and Mrs. Dan Maloney, Ashland Dr. and Mrs. H. Walter Emori, Lawrence L. Powell, Ashland MEMORIALS jacksonville Beulah B. 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Estep, Florence The Murrit Davis Family, Eagle Point Bette Gorden, St. Louis, MO *Indicates upgraded membership category or Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Dill, Medford monetary contribution in addition to Sandy Proebstel, Ashland Harriet J. Dorris, Medford membership dues for Society programs. S 0 U T H E R N 0 R EGON HERITAGE TODAY 15 IST0RICALLY, AsHLAND HAS BEEN A TOWN G>}' UNIQUE "We couldn't afford tractors," Corry later recalled. "We did it the visionaries with the ability to make things happen, people hard way-by hand."3 Chester Cc;my, the city's parks superintendent for . After a time, the Corrys moved into another house insiCle the thitty-drree year:s. "Without him," says CUFrent parks park. Their little daughter Janet took naps with a zoo fawn and basked' in the park's magical "tllesuperintendent l(i)O-aere Lithia Ken Mickelsen,Park would fili:il~~~~~~~~=~--·~~~ii~~~.:i~ii~ surroundings. Doris taught not be what it is today."J: school. The Corrys !Born in Columbia, North participated in community ~akota, in 1906, Co~ grew up and church activities, but en his father's ot:ange grove in their lives mainly centered Glendora, €:alifornia. In !1930, on the park and its needs. he gcyduated in lanascape The late councilman arcllltecture from ®regon David Kerr claimed, "The ~cultural College (now council voted to fund ©regCi>n State University) and in whatever Chet Corry needed 1.931, fie met and married Doris because he was a man of ~aidner, a young tea¢her. ffis integrity who did his landScaping positions at Mount homework. "4 :Wassen National Par:k, then Corry and the park Portland's Lambert Non-profit Org US POSTAGE PAID Permit No. 164 Medford, OR t:~~ SOUTHERN~~~~ HISTORICAL OREGON- 1111 SOCIETY 106 N. Ce ntral A ve. Medfo rd, Oregon 975 0 I -5926 SO U THERN OREGO N HERITAG E TODAY