"Gūr-E Doḵtar: Parsi Art Architecture Style in Dashtestan"

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"Gūr-e Doḵtar: Parsi Art architecture style in Dashtestan"

Hamed.Sharifian History teacher of Islamic Azad University / Majlesi branch. [email protected]

Abstract

Most of the art lovers and specialists of art history adore Parsi artist’s skills. Considerations of the history of architecture in "Parsi" style could instruct us towards the origin of this architectural style. The ancient "Dashtestan" region was residential from the old ages and considered as one of the bases of seafaring and cruising of "Achaemenian" government in "Pars sea" ( Persian Gulf ) in Acheamenian era. Parsi style architecture works are seen a lot in this region and "Gūr-e Doḵtar" is one of those examples there have been different views stated about this exclusive building. Some people regard this building as a tomb and some others consider it as temple. Although everybody agrees on relating this building to Achaemenian era, but there are no similar views and agreements about its precise age. Consideration of the architecture of this building shows that Dashtestan was the origin of Achaemenian civilization and studying this building that belongs to one of the ancestors of "Cyrus the great" (Cyrus the great ) makes us acquainted with the transient stage of the Art architecture of "Elamid" style to "Parsi" Art architecture style.

Key words: Art architecture, Parsi style, Achaemenians, Dashtestan, Gūr-e Doḵtar.

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Gūr-e Doḵtar: Parsi architecture 1 in Dashtestan

I. Introduction There are a lot of historical indications from Achaemenian era in Dashtestan region that include over 20 various buildings, namely "Sang-siah" (Black stone) palace, "Bardak-siah" (Black Barak) palace, "Charkhab" palace, "Tappeh-ee" (Hill) palace, "Shahouie" garden , "Maze-ee Shahriari" (Royal Maze-ee) palace, "Borg" (Tower) palace, "Mill" (Minaret) palace, and some others, but Gūr-e Doḵtar is the most prominent one among them. A question comes into mind by viewing Gūr-e Doḵtar that why Acheamenians have built a tomb like the tomb of Cyrus the great, in this place! Maybe the answer to this question refers to the origin of Acheamenians, since this region was the land of this dynasty and due to the following reasons, it could be realized that the original land of Acheamenians was in Dashtestan region. 1) The no of buildings in Dashtestan is more than the total of recognized buildings by Acheamenians in other regions including "Pasargadae" or "Parse" (Persepolis = Takht-e jamshid). 2) The type of architectural structures left in Dashtestan and especially in Gūr-e Doḵtar (by Acheamenians) are older than the Acheamenians recognized buildings in Pasargadae. 3) In contrast to the views of a lot of old researchers, regarding the immigration of "Aryans" and specially the Persians, there are stronger reasons and a new viewpoint about their non-immigrating status and there is an emphasis that Aryans are the oldest residents of Najd Iran and the Persians were the natives residing in "Fars", "KohKiloyeh-wa-Boyerahmhmad", "Boushehr" and the new region of "Khouzestan". 4) Sacracy of palam tree that is clearly observed in buildings and royal Acheamenians stamps, especially "Shah Daruis,s the great" stamp and it should be noted that there was no palam trees in Parse and Pasargadae regions, where the glory of Parsi architecture can be seen, while Dashtestan was the center of growing palm trees and producing dates. 5) Undoubtedly, if the Persian were in an immigrant tribe, the places that they lived in before should have been of great importance to them and at least a name of that place should be seen in their inscriptions. But it is only the name of Pars, written in the inscriptions that was important and sacred and maintained its prominence up to "Sassanid" era. Dashtestan was also a part of old "Pars Satrapy" (Pars State) and according to the structures of the Parsi architecture in Dashtestan, it could be believed that Acheamenians were the natives of these regions that moved to northern parts, in Pasargadae and Parse, when they gained more merits and authorities.

1. Chehelcheshmeh caves (author) 2. Royal stamp of Darius the great ("Baresi-haye- tarikhi" magazine)

1 In this research we have used the general principle of geographical & regional classification method by "Dr.Pirnia". Refer to: Parnia,M.K. 2008.

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I. Location of Dashtestan borough Dashtestan is situated in the east of Boushehr province, among "Giskan" heights and "Kazeroun", "Pars Sea" (Persian Gulf) and "Dalakky" river, and its population is "226,905". This borough is established by 6 central districts of "Borazjan, "Ab – Bakhsh", "Eram", "Boushkan", "Sa'adabad" and "Shabankareh" (Hajipour, 2001, 43). "Chehel-cheshmeh" caves with the history of more than some ten thousand years indicate that Dashtestan was a residing place in ancient times.2 This region maintained its importance during "Elamid" and then "Acheamenian" era, and existence of the famous city of "Ta-o-ce", Strabo writes: "A palace in Gabay (Isfahan) situated over the lands of pars and a palace constructed near sea shore, named Taoce" (Strabo, 2003, 318). Or "Ta-mu-kkan", in the inscription L-2 of Persepolis Fortification Tablet is written: "350 (BAR) grain, supplied by Missumanda, Turmirriyan workers (who) went across from Metezzis to Tamukkan, received as rations of the ninth month…", (Arfaee, 2008, 151) written in Acheamenian inscriptions, indicate the matter. Arfaee knows the place of Tanukkan in Nourabad and Mamasani (Arfaee, 2008) Cook regards Taoce as Charkhab Palace in Borazjan (Cook, 2005, 126-127); that was discovered by "Sarfaraz" in 1971 (Sarfaraz, & ct al. 2010, 46-50.); "H.M.Koch" regards Taoce as "Batlamius" Taoce (Geography, book 4th - item 4th) That is situated in Borazjan (Koch, 2008, 83-84); "P.Brian" considers Cyrus the great as the founder Taoce (Brian, 2008, 1580); Gh.H.Nezami recognizes Taoce as the Black Bardak (Bardak siah) Palace in the village of Doroud-gah in Borazjan, that Darius spent some time in it (Nezami, 2009, 3); Atabakzadeh identifies Tamukkan in Borazjan (Atabakzadeh, 1994, 54).

II. History mound of graves These types of graves are quite old in Iran. The first example of such graves is discovered in "Sialk" Hills in Kashan. Mainly the graves of aristocrats and wealthy people in Sialk were the "Pits" dug in the ground and when the dead body was put in one, than his belongings were put beside him and was covered by earth, such that the grave was bulged from the ground. Then stone slabs were put on it, in such a way that a projection could be observed (Girshman,R. 1964, 9-10).

3. projected graves of sialk (Girshman)

A projected roof belonging to Elamid era is situated in "Kha'rk" island that is considered among the oldest building of that era. The natives call this building as "Gūr-e Do Doḵtar" (or two girls Tomb). The architectural style of it belonged to common Elami styles in mountains. The main structure is done by stone. Elams farmers used to build their tombs with cresental roof, by brick and mud-bricks, as observed in the discoveries in "Dur-un-tash" in shush and "Tepp-ti-Ahar" tomb in "Haft-Tappeh" (Majidzadeh, 2007, 75 & Amiet, 2005, 56). But the graves in the mountain were built in projected and bulged shape (Sarfaraz & Taymouri, 2004, 41).

2 The author has seen the caves in March.2010 and prepared same photographs. Tunnels in mauti-storey layers within the mountain of soft and compact soil that all are dug by human beings and connected to each other. The cause caused the wonder of every viewer.

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4. "Gūr-e Do Doḵtar" (Two girls tomb - khark island - 5."Gūr-e Do Doḵtar" (Two girls tomb) - Khark island- (A.A. Sarfaraz) (A.A.sarFaraz)

6.Elamid Project (bulged) graven in mountain – (A.A Sarfaraz)

Some bulged style graves are on the slope of the mountain in "Siraf" that could be compared with projected graves of Acheamenian era (Girshman, 1967, 230). Even the roof of the tomb of "Darius the great", in "Naghsh-e Rostam", is in projected style (Sarfaraz, 2009, 47).

7.Siraf – (Author) 8. Siraf – (Author)

Some researchers believe that Gūr-e Doḵtar and Cyrus the great (Cyrus the great) tombs are originated from "Urartoy,s" civilization, especially from "Mosasir" temple (Mashkour, 1966, 45-46). Existence of projected graves in pre-Achaemenian civilizations are proved and construction of high buildings with platforms and stairways goes back to a very old age and we could observe am example of them in "Ziggurat" building in "Chogha-zanbil", in shush. It can

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therefore be realized that "Urartoids" have copied this style of architecture from the Iranians that were pioneers in this regard. Most probably the architects of Gūr-e Doḵtar and Cyrus the great tomb were Elams. In fact, it can be presumed that Elamis were the founders of Parsi style architecture and Gūr-e Doḵtar is considered the transient stage from Elami style to the Parsi style.

II. Gūr-e Doḵtar "Gūr-e Doḵtar3 is one of the historical places that are of great importance, architecturally. This building is located in "Posht-par" (= BOZPĀR) village, in between a green and narrow plain, named "Tang-e Eram" in Dashtestan borough and in a non-crowded place. "Shahbazi" describes it as "Simple and glorious" (Shahbazi, 2009, 47) Similar to the tomb of Cyrus the great, Gūr-e Doḵtar is situated in the middle of a flat valley and not far from the path between the surrounding hills and in comparison to the large dimensions of Cyrus tomb that is suddenly appears in front of one's eyes, Gūr-e Doḵtar is so. Small that is lost in the views. Due to the religious beliefs of the natives, this tomb is kept in a considerable way. One of the cities of "Sassanid" era that includes the remains of buildings from Achaemenians era situated near-by that vicinity and a building from the Sassanid era, named "Koushk-e Ardeshir" (Ardeshir Palace)" is located some hundred meters far from it (Stronach, 2002, 390).

9. Koushk-e Ardeshir- BOZPĀR village- 10. Koushk-e Ardeshir- BOZPĀR village- (Dashtestan tourism website) (Author)

11. Koushk-e Ardeshir- BOZPĀR village- 12. Koushk-e Ardeshir- BOZPĀR village- (Author) (Author)

3 Author in March & October 2010 has analyzed it closely.

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13. Koushk-e Ardeshir- BOZPĀR village-(Author) 14. Koushk-e Ardeshir- BOZPĀR village-(Author)

III. The building characteristics Gūr-e Doḵtar tomb is almost complete and includes a burial room with projected roof, built on a 3 Stage platform with the same dimensions, from cream color lime stones. With some degrees of inclination to the west, the entrance is facing the north. This building has no inscriptions and could only be considered from its architectural structure and oldness. The stone foundation of the building could be viewed at the lowest raw of the northern platforms. This building has 5.10 m length, and 4.40 m width and 4.45 m height. There are 3 stone platforms with the some altitudes of about 35 cm. The burial room has kept its original form and has the height of 3.40 m, length of 2.95 m and 2.30 m width. The thickness of the walls is 75 cm. The length of the internal area is 2.20 m and its width is 1.55 m. There is a circular pit in the stone floor that was apparently used for preparing wool colors, by the natives. The short sill has 67 cm of height and 89 cm of width. Since there are no holes on both sides of the sill, it should be said that probably the door was a largo stone slab to be fixed after closing the tomb (Stronach, 390), but Stronach did not consider the two holes on the top of the entrance door (Image 15) and the holes in the floor of the entrance (Image 17).They seem to be the places of hinges. Apart from the entrance, there are two niches in front of each other that are placed exactly under the projection level, on the latitudinal walls. These blind and simple windows are the reminders of existing examples above "Zendan-e Soleiman" (Soleiman" prison) and "Kaa'ba- Zartosht"(Zoroaster). "Vanden Berghe" believes that the niche above the entrance consisted of a separated burial stone slab (Vanden Berghe, 1968, 28). In any case, we do not have inscriptions regarding the structure of the building in Achaemenians era and imaging that the builders wanted to place two stone inscriptions in the northern and southern parts of the tomb is rather unlikely (Shahbazi, 1972, 54-56). The roof of Gūr-e Doḵtar is very interesting and comparable to Cyrus tomb. Especially the long arch shaped stone that is placed along the roof and indicates the longest stone of this building is quite considerable. The projected space of this building has the same sort of empty and irregular space application as in the roof of Cyrus tomb. The first researcher introducing this empty space as a grave was "Forsat–al Dowleh Shirazi" (Shirazi, 1983, 229). When on uprooting the wild fig tree grown on the roof of Cyrus tomb, the "Ali.Sami" master succeeded in seeing it, he identified it as the tomb of Cyrus the great and his wife, "Queen Kassandan" (Sami, 1996, 46 & Sami, 1971, 412). Shahbazi did not agree with this view regarding the hollow space and has stated that the style was only for making the weight of the roof of the tomb lighter (Shahbazi, 2000, 46 & Shahbazi, 1970 and 2009, 52-54) This arched stone of the roof that is hidden due to the long projected stones that is used as the basis for numerous smaller stones that make the outer corners of the two sloped roofs; it is

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possible to view the long metal rods that are used for holding the sloped roof stone slabs, on 4 different points (Stronach, 2002, 391). It can be presumed from the outer shape of this arched stone that the outer roof was at one time formed by 3 rows, the first row for connecting the perpendicular surface of the stone, the second row for its inclined part and the third row, which is placed on the flat upper surface. The viewed connections show the use of parched layers advance method. The walls of burial room have rough appearance and the straps between the first and second rows are oblique. The dimensions of stones are varied and they are not the same (Stronach, 2002, 391). Due to not having enough documents, the size and shapes of ruined rows could not define. Facets of individual stones are having high quality. This is particularly observed in points where the parched layers are maintained. The oblique and long lines due to stonemasonry tools are seen in different sunken points, on the stone joints, but there have been no signs of stonemasonry dents. The other important element in this building is widespread use of metal clamps. As compared to Cyrus tomb and other Acheamenian buildings, these clamps are quite well observed. And the hollows that have still maintained the form of clamps are seen in many place of the building (Shahbazi, 2009, 47 & Stronach, 2002, 391). By the effects of "Bonyad-e Pazhoheshi-e Parsa-Pasargadae" (Parsa-Pasargadae research foundation), Gūr-e Doḵtar was scientifically analyzed and restored from the years 2003 – 2004 (Rahsaz, 2007). "Richard Nelson Frye" is the first researcher, who recognized this building and visited "Sar-mashhad" in 1948, and wrote valuable articles about this region, but he could not visit Gūr-e Doḵtar (Vanden Berghe, 1989, 429-430). "Mohammad Taghi Mostafawi ", the then head of archeology organization went to Sar- mashhad to make a mold of an inscription, together with "Ali Sami" and "Walter Bruno Haning" in 1950, and noticed that such a building existed nearby, in BOZPĀR, but they did not succeeds in visiting this place.”It was notified in Sar-mashhad that a building named Gūr-e Doḵtar is existing in "2 Farsang"(10 km) of south-western of Sar-mashhad, in a mountains that resembled the tomb of Kourosh the great, Due to tiredness, going to the above mountained could not be done." (Refer to: Mostafawi, 1950, 38). "Vanden Berghe" published his first article about Gūr-e Doḵtar in 1960, together with some photos (Vanden Berghe, 1989, 429-430). Publishing this article caused Mostafavi to send "Fereydoun Tavalali", the special inspector of archeology organization to BOZPĀR, to provide a report (Mostafawi, 1964, 371-383). Vanden Berghe suggests that place was an example for Cyrus tomb, and belonged to one of his ancestors such as "Cha'eish-pesh"(Teispes) or Cyrus the first (grandfather of Cyrus the great) (Vanden Berghe, 1989, 429-430). In 1966, "Karl Nylander" could find a way to determine the approximate date of the building by analyzing the iron clamps used in "Parse" (Persepolis) and "Pasargadae", and by comparing the two of them. He found out the clamps in Gūr-e Doḵtar are of thin rectangular shape related to Acheamenian era (Nylander, 1966, 145). Based on this reasoning Nylandr and given the similarity of the building with Tomb of Cyrus Tomb, Shahbazi believes building of Gūr-e Doḵtar belongs to a person that had lived about 400 B.C. and this date was very much similar to the date that Cyrus the great lived, i.e. The "kourosh-e Javan" (young Cyrus) (Shahbazi, 1971) that his father was "Darius the 2nd " and his mother was "Parysatis" daughter of "Khashiyarsha" (Xerxes), and his brother was "Ardershir the 2nd", who wanted to imitate from Cyrus the great in every aspect (Shahbazi, 2000, 50). "D.Stronach" did not accept the stipulations regarding the explanation that this building is a copy of the tomb of Cyrus the great and believes that it belongs to a native aristocrat living in the end of Achaemenians era or even after that (Stronach, 2002, 391).

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Refusing the theory of Stronach, Shahbazi believes that after "Darius the great", the tombs were dug inside the mountain and "Cyrus-e Shir Del"4 (Shahbazi, 1971, 9) was the only one wanting to follow Cyrus the great in this respect and therefore such a tomb was considered suitable for him (Shahbazi, 2009, 50) It is to note that Vanden Beghe accepted Shahbazi,s idea (Vamden Berghe, 1989, 429-430). "Jafar Hamidi" considers that building to be the tomb of "Mandana"5 or the tomb of "Hutausa" 6(Hamidi, 2010, 188-189). But,"Bastani Parizi" presents an interesting idea. He believes about the tomb of Cyrus to be somewhat related to Religion and "Anahitta" temple and Cyrus the great is buried in Anahitta temple in Pasargadae (Azad, 2001, 116 & also Bastani Parizi, 2001, 190-191). Hence, some not very knew researchers have recognized Gūr-e Doḵtar to be Anahitta temple, as for Cyrus tomb (Yausofi, 2009, 11) 1) In a newer theory, "Ali.Akbar.Sarfaraz" identifies this building to be belonging to Cyrus the 1st. He had an Elami wife and was assigned to be the governor of this region by the "Elamid" dynasty. To follow the tradition of Elamis, he managed to build a tomb for himself in this region (Sarfaraz, 2009, 50-51).

IV. Conclusion Undoubtedly the tomb of Cyrus the great is in Pasargadae. If the body of "Kambujiyh", who died on the way to Egypt, was returned, his grave could be most presumably "Zendan-e soleiman" (Soleiman" prison) building in Pasargadae. "Bardiya", the younger son of Cyrus was assassinated covertly and so he could not have such a tomb, since the secrets of his death should not have been revealed by the time of the return of kambojiyh. The tombs of Darius the great up to Ardeshir the 3rd are near Parse (Persepolis) and in Naghsh-e Rostam. Darius the 3rd was also a fleeing king, who was killed in the east of the country and there is apparently not a tomb for him, suitable for a king. The theory of Jafar Hamidi could not be accepted, too. When the tombs of Cyrus and Dariush are in Pasargadae and Naghsh-e Rostam, there would be no reasons for the tombs of their mothers or wives to be so far away from, unless the ladies were so keen and interested in the land of their ancestors. Shahbazi,s theory is not acceptable, too, for the place to be the tomb of "Cyrus the lion heart", since due to the defeat of him from the new king (Ardeshir the 2nd) that looked at him as a tyrant, such a tomb for him is unlikely. The theory of Bastani Parizi could not also be accepted. It is not unlikely that this building was named as "Gūr-e Doḵtar" in Sassanid era, but the reason that the word "Doḵtar" (daughter) was used for this building is not clear. Most of the places having the word "Doḵtar" in their names, are somewhat related to Anahitta, but death (Gūr) has no relations with Anahitta, since Anahitta is the symbol of life and liveliness. One important thing is that permanent water should be near the temples related to Anahitta, but there are no rivers or fountains near this place and therefore it could not be related to Anahitta. Due to structural weakness in Gūr-e Doḵtar architecture, it seems that two assumptions should be accepted. First thing is that this building belongs to an era that Achaemenians had no considerable developments in architecture, but later Cyrus the great copied and took the idea of such a building for his own tomb. The second assumption is to accept that this building is a clumsy copy of the tomb of Cyrus the great, by one of the native governors, at the end of Achaemenians era, or after that, that could not afford the heavy costs of constructing such a place and hiring skilled architects. As stated, the first view is based on the assumption that the grave belonged to one of the ancestors of Cyrus the great.

4 Cyrus the lion heart = young 5 Mother of Cyrus the great, daughter of "Ish-to-igo" (Astyages), Refer to: Shahbazi, 1970 & 2010. 6 Daughter of Cyrus the great (Darius,s wife), Refer to: Shahbazi, 1971 & 2011.

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It could be believed and therefore the theory of Sarfaraz is somewhat justifiable. Finally, it should be said that the architecture of this building is similar to the Elamis style, that is the basis of Parsi architecture, but this view is not properly considered by "Mohammad Karim Pirnia" and his followers.

15. Gūr-e Doḵtar-befor restoration-(Vanden berghe) 16. Gūr-e Doḵtar-after restoration-(Author)

18. Gūr-e Doḵtar-after restoration-(Author) 17. Gūr-e Doḵtar-after restoration-(Author)

19. Gūr-e Doḵtar-Sliars-(Author) 20. Gūr-e Doḵtar-sill floor-(Author)

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21. Gūr-e Doḵtar-Place of metal clamps-(Author) 22 Gūr-e Doḵtar.-inside the room- (author)

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