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Algae of the James River Basin, Virginia I. Zygnemataceae and Oedogoniaceae Author(S): Bernard Woodson and G. W. Prescott Source

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Algae of the James River Basin, Virginia I. Zygnemataceae and Oedogoniaceae Author(S): Bernard Woodson and G. W. Prescott Source Algae of the James River Basin, Virginia I. Zygnemataceae and Oedogoniaceae Author(s): Bernard Woodson and G. W. Prescott Source: Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Apr., 1961), pp. 166- 175 Published by: Wiley on behalf of American Microscopical Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3223905 Accessed: 04-01-2016 20:08 UTC REFERENCES Linked references are available on JSTOR for this article: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3223905?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents You may need to log in to JSTOR to access the linked references. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. American Microscopical Society and Wiley are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 132.248.28.28 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 20:08:53 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ALGAE OF THE JAMES RIVER BASIN, VIRGINIA I. ZYGNEMATACEAE AND OEDOGONIACEAE BERNARD WOODSON AND G. W. PRESCOTT Virginia State College, Petersburg; Michigan State University, East Lansing This report is the first of several which we propose to make from studies of the algal flora of Virginia. The initial study, made in 1956, was a survey of the Chlorophyta of the James River Basin. Field work included the taking of limnological and ecological data, as well as year-around qualitative samplings of the algae at nearly 100 selected stations. The ecological and descriptive data which follow will acquaint the reader with the general topography of the area covered in the first investigation, as well as some idea of the nature of the soils drained by the James River. We lis,t and illustrate herein the identifiable species of the Zygnemataceae and Oedogoniaceae which are new records for the State of Virginia. INTRODUCTION The James River has its headwaters in the mountains of the Alleghanv Plateau in Craig, Alleghany, Bath, and Highland Counties of Virginia. It is formed by the confluence of the Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, traverses the state, and enters Chesapeake Bay through Hampton Roads. It is the, largest drainage basin in the state, including an area of 6,757 square miles west of Richmond. The principal tributaries of the James River west of the Blue Ridge Mountains are the Maury River from the north, and Craig and Catawba Creeks from the south. The river cuts through the Blue Ridge Mountains near Balcony Falls below Clifton Forge. East of the mountains the principal tributaries from the north above Richmond are the Pedlar, Buffalo, Rockfish, Hardware, and Rivanna Rivers; and from the south are the Slate and Willis Rivers. The Appomattox River from the south and the Chickahominy River from the north enter the James below the upper limits of tide-water. The James River passes through three areas of different geologic character. West of the Blue Ridge Mountains it drains an area of sand- stone, shale, and limestone formations. East of the mountains it enters an area of hard crystalline rock, whereas east of the fall zone it traverses the sands and clays of the coastal plain. The tributaries in each of these areas naturally determine, in part, the chemical nature of James River water. Many of the tributaries west of the Blue Ridge are sustained by large springs, which generally flow from or through limestone formations. Consequently, dissolved matter in the water consists mainly of the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. The principal tributaries to the James River above Buchanan are the Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers and Craig Creek. The principal mineral constituents are the bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. At Buchanan, the James River drains an area of 2,084 square miles. Reports by the State Conservation Department (1947-1948) on the 166 This content downloaded from 132.248.28.28 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 20:08:53 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JAMES RIVER ALGAE 167 condition of the James River drainage at this point show the dissolved mineral matter to be composed mainly of calcium, magnesium, bicar- nates, and sulfates. Waste materials enter the Jackson River between Falling Springs and its junction with the Cowpasture River, and the resultant pollution is attested by a slight increase in color and chloride-content of the James River at Buchanan, over that of the Jackson River at Falling Springs and the Cowpasture River near Clifton Forge. Between Buchanan and Bent Creek the principal tributaries to the James are the Pedlar and Maury Rivers. The mineral content of the water of the Maury River near Buena Vista is less concentrated than that of the James River at Buchanan, but contains more magnesium and is accordingly harder. Its effect on the James River is a decrease in the concentration of dissolved matter. The James River at Bent Creek has a drainage area of 3,671 square miles. The mineral content of the water at this point is less concentrated and hence softer than at Buchanan. This is mainly caused by the soft water of low mineralization which enters the river east of Craig Creek. The waters of all tributaries to the James River between the Bent Creek and Richmond stations are low in mineral-content and are soft. The Rockfish, Hardware, Slate, Rivanna, and Willis Rivers all drain an area of crystalline rocks. The Buffalo River, which joins the James below Bent Creek, has a high sulphate-content and is slightly acid at times because of industrial wastes that enter the stream above Norwood. The water is soft, however, and its total effect on the James River is the maintenance of an average sulphate-concentration in the water at Rich- mond at the same level as found at Bent Creek. The James River at Richmond drains an area of 6,757 square miles. The report made by the State Conservation Department (1947-1948) shows that the water of the James River at Richmond has much less concentration than at Bent Creek. The decrease in mineralization at this station is in accord with the tributary inflow indicated above. The Appomattox and Chickahominy Rivers, as previously mentioned, are the main tributaries of the James below Richmond, making their entrance below the upper limits of tide-water. The former rises in Appomattox County and flows into the James at City Point. Its course parallels that of the James River until it reaches the fall line, where it turns northeast. The Appomattox River has a drainage area above Farmville of 306 square miles and above Mattox of 745 square miles. It flows over areas of crystalline, siliceous rocks; therefore, the principal characteristics of the water are its siliceous nature, its high degree of dilution, and its softness. The quantities of dissolved substances and degree of hardness at the headwaters are similar in the lower reaches. The Chickahominy River has a drainage area of 249 square miles above Providence Forge. It rises in Hanover County, flows southeast, traversing the sands and clays of the Coastal Plain, and empties into the James River at During Point. The principal characteristics are its low mineral content and extreme softness. The water has considerable color, which is due partly to inflow from swamp areas. In Table I we list only the streams in which representatives of the Zygnemataceae and Oedogoniaceae occurred. The plate of illustrations depicts only the identified species; namely, those which were found in a reproductive state and which are new records for Virginia. This content downloaded from 132.248.28.28 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 20:08:53 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 168 BERNARD WOODSON AND G. W. PRESCOTT IP c 4I? z r a) /. Z .Il z *e - w a1- s r, 61w IP This content downloaded from 132.248.28.28 on Mon, 04 Jan 2016 20:08:53 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JAMES RIVER ALGAE 169 DESCRIPTION OF HABITATS Below are brief descriptions of the habitats at those stations repre- sented by the algal species listed herein. See Map. Station 6. Fine Creek. This is a slowly flowing stream with a sandy bottom. It is slightly acid (pH 6.8) with a very low CaCO3- and NO3- content. Spirogyra Cleveana and Oedogonium echinospermum occurred here. Station 7. Beaverdam Creek. A relatively slow, rocky stream. The pH is neutral to slightly basic (pH 7.1) and the CaCO3 and NO3 are low. This habitat contained the highest number of species of all stations examined, Spirogyra aplanospora, Sp. Cleveana, Sp. mirabilis, and Sp. semiornata. Station 13. Falling Creek. A relatively swift, rocky stream. The pH is neutral to slightly acid (pH 6.5), and the CaCO3- and NO3-contents are moderately low. Algal species found here are Spirogyra aplanospora and vegetative forms of Mougeotia spp. and Oedogoniumspp. Station 24. Chickahominy River. This is a slow stream with a sandy bottom. The NO3- and CaCO3-content are moderately low. Only vegetative forms of Mougeotia and Spirogyra were found here. Station 45. Rivanna River. A relatively swift, rocky stream. The pH is neutral to slightly acid (pH 7.0) and the CACO3 and NO3 are low. Spirogyra crassa is the only identifiable species although vegetative forms of Oedogoniumand Mougeotia occur.
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