Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2018, v. 5, No. 10, p. 443-460. ISSN 2358-2731 https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051021
Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium Link ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae: Oedogoniales) with emphasis on ecology from Hooghly, West Bengal
Nilu Halder
Department of Botany. Raja Peary Mohan College. Uttarpara-712258. Hooghly. West Bengal. India. Email: [email protected].
Abstract. The present paper includes detail taxonomic features of nine taxa of Oedogonium Link ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae: Received Oedogoniales) collected from Hooghly district, West Bengal, April 24, 2018 India. These taxa are Oedogonium bharuchae N.D. Kamat, Oedogonium cardiacum f. pulchellum Hirn, Oedogonium crispum Accepted July 9, 2018 var. pyriforme (Wittr. ex Hirn) A.K.M.N. Islam et P. Sarma, Oedogonium gunnii Wittr. ex Hirn, Oedogonium khannae f. minus Released Gonzalves et S.C. Jain, Oedogonium nanum Wittr. ex Hirn, August 31, 2018 Oedogonium pratense Trans., Oedogonium rivulare A. Br. ex Hirn and Oedogonium vaucheri A. Br. ex Hirn. All those taxa were Full Text Article found to grow epiphytically on the leaves and stems of submerged hydrophytes as filaments in quiet lentic freshwater bodies after the end of rainy season. Twelve limnological 3- - parameters like temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, NO3-N, PO4 , Cl , free CO2, TDS, total hardness and turbidity of algal habitats were analyzed and found conducive for their occurrence and growth up to maturity (formation of fertile structures). The result of limnological study also indicated that all these species preferred to grow alkaline pH, less turbid and hard water.
Studied limnological parameters recorded as water
temperature: 17.5°C-20°C, pH range from 7.1-7.6, high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration 6.4-7.2 mg.L-1, BOD values < 20.0 -1 0000-0002-9689-3952 mg.L , moderate COD values and lower nutrient levels with Nilu Halder - other parameters like Cl , free CO2, TDS, turbidity as 6.8-9.0 NTU and also hard nature of water ranged from 120-204 mg.L-1.
Keywords: Macrandrous Oedogonium; Taxonomy; Ecology; Hooghly; West Bengal.
Introduction done by marine algae (Munir et al., 2015). Thus, they are potential Algae have the efficiency to cryptogamic plant for significant decrease atmospheric CO2 level, pollution decreasing of green house gases which and responsible for reduction of more are recently considered as main culprits than 40% of the total global carbon for global warming and climate change. through its fixation by photosynthesis, Filamentous green algae in the although majority of carbon fixation order Oedogoniales of class
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Chlorophyceae constitute an important than broad and show polarity i.e apex is part of algal communities in freshwater normally broader than base, uninucleate habitats (Halder, 2015a). This order and bearing ring like apical caps distally includes only one family Oedogoniaceae iii) chloroplasts reticulate with several which contains three well known algal pyrenoids. It is abundantly noticed genera viz. Oedogonium Link ex Hirn, particularly in small water bodies Bulbochaete C. Ag. and Oedocladium (Pikosz and Messyasz, 2015) or standing Stahl. Nevertheless, their enormous aquatic ecosystems like ponds, jheels, morphological variations and the paddy fields, ditches, lakes and rarely difficulties to study some recorded on the wet soil. It is micromorphological features have occasionally observed as free floating complicated their taxonomic form on the upper surface of water, when identifications (Cambra and Aboal, fruiting structures develop. Size of the 1992). However, freshwater macroalgae vegetative cells, measurement of oogonia particularly the genus Oedogonium have and oospores, the decoration of the recently been targeted for production of oospore wall and the location, shape and algal biomass due to its high productivity size of the dwarf male filament rate and enrichment of bioactive organic (nannandrium) are considered as compounds (Tonetto et al., 2014) like important differentiating/specific eicosane, 1-nonadecene, tricosane, characteristics to identify species of this heneicosane, nona hexacontanoic acid, genus. Some species of Oedogonium are butylated hydroxytoluene, nonadecane, also pollution tolerant (Anand and 1-docosene and ca. 12.9% lipids (Adesalu Jitendra, 2006). Currently, over 450 et al., 2016). It is cosmopolitan in species have been documented distribution and a competitive dominator worldwide (Novis, 2003). Recently, the over other algal species and genera chloroplast genome analysis of this alga (Lawton et al., 2014). In vitro studies of exhibited a close alliance with the order selected solvent extracts of this genus Chaetophorales (Brouard et al., 2008). revealed that it has the capability to Many environmental factors like show antibacterial, antispasmodic effects light intensity, temperature, pH, host i.e. prevent cramp (spasm) of plant, depth of water bodies, nutrient gastrointestinal tract muscle due to status and other limnological parameters possessing -lactone bioactive affect the distribution, diversity and molecules (Pérez Gutiérrez et al., 2006) abundance of aquatic algal flora. Hence, and antifungalnovel (Snehalatha δ and Rao, study of maximum number of physico- 2015) property. Besides these, a species chemical properties of water in any of Oedogonium (O. globosum Nordst.) aquatic system is essential to know the showed moderate in vitro antioxidant pollution level, trophic status and for ability against the different solvent assessing water quality. Actually, various extracts and thus could be used as a chemical reactions/oxidation-reduction natural antioxidant (Seal et al., 2014). processes play an important role in Sometimes, unicellular to colonial minute governing most of the biochemical and epiphytic algae including diatoms are microbial activities and also maintaining found to grow on the upper surface of sustainability or congenial the filaments of this genus (Wehr et al., environmental condition in water. Any 2015). This green alga is also very way, if aquatic ecosystem or common and widespread in Indian sub- environment degrades, then continent (southern region of Asia). Few eutrophication and overall loss of important characteristics of this alga are: biodiversity result. i) it is filamentous, unbranched and looks The algal floristic study explores greenish in vegetative condition ii) cells biodiversity of species, genera etc. are rectangular or cylindrical, longer (Halder, 2016a) in a particular habitat,
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Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium 445
ecosystem or geographical region (Sinha water resources and thus, supports et al., 2016). Based on phenotypic growth of different types algae (Halder characters, the taxonomy and and Sinha, 2016). The algal specimens morphology of this genus were studied were collected from different ecological after 1950 by Gonzalves and Jain (1968), habitats including ponds, ditch, marshy Kamat (1974, 76), Asthekar and Kamat land and paddy field wetland located at (1978), Dhande and Jawale (2006), Patil different places (Chinsurah, et al., (2015), Jitendra and Anand (2016) Madhusudanpur, Somra Bazar, and Phadnis and Iyer (2016) from Guptipara, Khamargachi, Balarambati, Maharashtra; Singh (1938), Khanyan and Diara) of this district Venkataraman (1959), Pandey (1965), (Figure 1). Khan (1985), Habib and Pandey (1990) and Misra et al., (2002) from Uttar Microscopy Pradesh; Parukutty (1939) and Microscopic examination of the Lakshminarayan (1965) from Kamrup in nine species of the genus was carried out Assam; Gupta (1950) from Khajiar under Olympus microscope (Model- Champa area and Kamat (1968) from CH20i). Microphotographs were taken Simla in Himachal Pradesh; using Canon Power Shot A480 camera. Venkataraman and Natarajan (1960) The samples were preserved by 4% from Kerala; Gonzalves and Sonnad formalin and the voucher specimens (1961), Bharati and Pai (1972) from were deposited in the Departmental Karnataka; Bharadwaja (1963) from Herbarium of R. P. M. College, Uttarpara, Manipur; Goyal (l964), Kamat (1967) and Hooghly, West Bengal. Yadava and Bharadwaja (1979) from Rajasthan; Subba Raju (1986) form from Identification Andha Pradesh; Kamat (1962) and Patel It was carried out with the aid of (1990) from Gujarat; Saha (1985), monographs and scientific literatures Mahato (1999) and Mahato et al., (2006) (Prescott, 1962; Gonzalves and Jain, from Bihar as well as Mahato and Mahato 1968; Islam and Sarma, 1976; Gonzalves, (2000) from Jharkhand. So, a continuous 1981). progress in taxonomic research works on Oedogoniales has been noticed from Water analysis India. The temperature (°C) and pH of However, no information is freshwater were recorded at the available from Hooghly district in West collection sites with the help of mercury Bengal, India except a single report thermometers and portable pH meter. (Halder and Sinha, 2015). Thus, an The other limnological parameters such 3- - attempt has been made by the author to as DO, BOD, COD, NO3-N, PO4 , Cl , free explore floristic account of the genus CO2, TDS, TH and turbidity of water were with ecological information. estimated in the laboratory following the standard method (APHA, 2005). DO by Materials and methods Winkler method with Rideal-Stewart modification, 5-day BOD as well as COD Sample collection test by titrimetric method, nitrate- Hooghly district (20° 01’ 32”- nitrogen and phosphate were 23° 30’ 20” N and 80° 30’ 15”- determined by brucine method and 87° 30’ 20” E) of West Bengal (Halder, stannous chloride method using a UV-Vis 2017a) covers a total area of about spectrophotometer (CECIL CE 7200), 3,149 km2 and occupies different types of
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446 Halder
Cl- by argentometric method using same 180 °C was measured outlined in the spectrophotometer and free CO2 of water above standard method. Total hardness was measured following acid-base was determined by EDTA titration titrimetry using phenolphthalein as method. A nephelometer (model CL-52D) indicator. TDS i.e filterable residue was used to measure water turbidity. remains after evaporation and drying at
Figure 1. Algal sampling sites ( ) in Hooghly district, West Bengal, India.
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Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium 447
Table 1. Characteristics of sampling sites with algal species and collection time. Site Geographical Site Sampling sites Growing species Collection months code coordinates characteristics 1 Chinsurah A O. bharuchae 22°.88’ N, Agricultural October 88°.39’ E pond (post-monsoon) 2 Madhusudanpur B O. cardiacum f. 23°.01’ N, Ditch November pulchellum 88°.40’ E (winter) 3 Somra Bazar C O. crispum var. 23°.13’ N, Marshy land November pyriforme 88°.43’ E (winter) 4 Guptipara D O. gunnii 23°.20’ N, Fish pond October 88°.40’ E (post-monsoon) 5 Khamargachi E O. khannae f. 23°.06’ N, Field pond December (winter) minus 88°.43’ E 6 Balarambati F O. nanum 22°.81’ N, Field pond December (winter) 88°.21’ E 7 Khanyan G O. pratense 23°.04’ N, Paddy field September 88°.32’ E wetland (post-monsoon) 8 Diara H O. rivulare 22°.79’ N, Bathing pond December (winter) 88.26’ E 9. Diara H O. vaucheri 22°.79’ N, Same as site H December (winter) 88.26’ E
Results
Nine taxa of the genus were Bengal, India. The fertile specimens of recorded in this study and reported here this genus had been collected from last as new for Hooghly district in West week of September to December, 2016.
Systematic position
Class: Chlorophyceae Order: Oedogoniales Family: Oedogoniaceae (Fritsch, 1935) Genus: Oedogonium Link
Key to the species
1. Plant monooecious ...... 2 1’. Plant dioecious ...... 4 2. Oogonium poriferous ...... O. vaucheri 2’. Oogonium operculate ...... 3 3. Division of operculum superior ...... O.crispum var. pyriforme 3’. Division median ...... O. gunnii 4. Oogonium poriferous ...... 5 4’. Oogonium operculate ...... 6 5. Pore supramedian ...... O. cardiacum f. pulchellum 5’. Pore superior ...... O. rivulare 6. Division operculum superior ...... 7 6’. Division median ...... 8
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7. Vegetative cells larger (17.0-22.0 µm broad, 60.0-80.0 µm long); oogonium broadly oval or spherical-ellipsoid ...... O. bharuchae 7’. Vegetative cells smaller (6.0-10.0 µm broad, 15.0-33.0 µm long) and irregular in size; oogonium ovoid or ellipsoid ...... O. nanum 8. Oogonia in series up to 7 and smaller (19.5- and 17.5- long) ...... O. khannae f. minus 8’. Oogonium not in series and larger (42.021.0- μm44.0 broad µm broad and 42.023.0- μm44.0 µm long) ...... O. pretense
operculate and division is supreme but in 1. Oedogonium bharuchae N. D. the described specimen, vegetative cells Kamat in Rev. Algol. 6: 218, figs. 4-5, of female filament are slight broader, 1962; Gonzalves, Oedogoniales 242-43, short and has comparatively smaller fig. 9.122, 1981 (Plate 1. Fig. 1). oogonium than O. thanaense Gonzalves et Description: Plant macrandrous, Jain. This is probably the second time dioecious, filamentous, unbranched; record of this species from West Bengal. vegetative cell distinctly capitates; female filament 17.0-22.0 µm broad, 2. Oedogonium cardiacum f. 60.0-80.0 µm long; chloroplast reticulate pulchellum Hirn in Acta Soc. Sc. Fenn. 27: with pyrenoids; oogonium broadly 86, pl. 3, fig. 20, 1900; Vesiculifera ellipsoidal, oval or spherical-ellipsoidal, pulchella Hassall, 1845 (Plate 1. Fig. 2). 50.0-55.0 µm broad, 52.0-61.0 µm long; Description: Plant macrandrous, operculate, division supreme; oosopre heterothallic, filamentous and shape identical to oogonium and filling unbranched; light greenish; basal cell the oogonium; 48.0-52.0 µm broad, 50.0- elongates; female vegetative cell 58.0 µm long; spore wall brown, smooth cylindrical, 25.0- - and thick; antheridia 4-8, seriate; 16.0- 20.0 µm broad, 20.0-25.0 µm long; chloroplast parietal,36.0 μm reticulate broad and 54.0with spermatozoid single (absent in figure). several60.0 μm pyrenoids; long, terminal nucleus cell obtuse;one; : Attached on aquatic Habitat oogonium solitary, usually one, sub- weeds in agricultural pond located at cordiform-globose, 58.0- Chinsurah (Site-A). and 68.0- pore : 05.10.2016; Date of collection supramedian; oospore usually65.0 μm globose broad Collection number: NH Oedo. 02 and not filling72.0 μmthe long;oogonium, poriferous, 56.0 -60.0 : India: Known distribution - Gujarat (Kamat, 1962), West Bengal wall smooth; terminal cell apically (Sahoo, 2006). obtuse;μm broad division and 56.0 horizontal;60.0 μm long;antheridia spore : There are no Outside of India not found in this specimen. reports of distribution of this species in Habitat: It was found attached with abroad. stems on Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. in a : It’s look like Comment O. ditch at Madhusudanpur (Site-B). obtruncatum Wittr. ex Hirn regarding Date of collection: 07.11.2016; shape of oogonium and supreme position Collection number: NH Oedo. 04 of operculum but the present species is Known distribution: India: There is no macrandrous rather than nannandrous. report of this forma from this country. The above taxon seems to be somewhat Outside of India: Europe in Britain, similar to the Gonzalves et O. thanaense U.S.A. in Gallia (Hirn, 1900); Bangladesh Jain in few characters like both are (Islam, 1976). macrandrous, heterothallic, oogonium is
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Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium 449
Comment: This species can be cells (> 3.5-6.5 µm) and oogonium size (> resembled with O. vaucheri A. Br. ex Hirn 15.0-17.0 µm). In this specimen, the and O. sociale Wittr. ex Hirn regarding oogonium and oospore were found shape of oogonium; oospores not filling pyriform and antheridium mostly oogonium, poriferous nature of hypogynous. So, it differs from O. crispum oogonium and oospore wall smooth but var. pithophorae (Wittr. ex Hirn) Islam et it is different from those two species in Sarma and is treated as O. crispum var. respect of pore position and smaller pyriforme (Wittr. ex Hirn) Islam et Sarma. vegetative cell. This forma is probably Probably, the variety is first time report first time report from India. from India.
3 Oedogonium crispum var. 4. Oedogonium gunnii Wittr. ex pyriforme (Wittr. ex Hirn) A. K. M. N. Hirn; Wittr. in Nova Acta R. Soc. Sci. Islam et P. Sarma in Nov. Hedw. 27: 436, Upsal. Ser. 3, 9(3): 37, 1875; Hirn in Acta 1976; Oedogonium pyriforme Wittr. ex Soc. Sc. Fenn. 27: 298, pl. 23, fig. 119; Hirn, 1900 (Plate 1. Fig. 3). Prescott, Alg. Western Great Lakes Area Description: Plant macrandrous, 37 pl. 34, figs. 15, 16, 1962 (Plate 1. Fig. monoecious, filamentous, unbranched, 4). brownish-green, attached to substratum Description: Macrandrous, monoecious by basal holdfast cell; vegetative cell and filamentous; vegetative cell cylindric uninucleate, cylindrical/rectangular; or slightly capitellate, 6.0-8.5 µm broad, 16.5-17.5 µm broad and 25.5-50.5 µm 23.0-30.0 µm long; oogonium single, long; chloroplast reticulate with several depressed-globose; operculate; division pyrenoids; oogonium one, pyriform or median and narrow; 24.0-29.0 µm broad, pyriform-globose shaped, operculate, 20.0-29.0 µm long; oospore depressed- division superior, 34.0-38.0 µm broad globose; nearly filling the oogonia; and 36.0-40.0 µm long; oospore oospore wall smooth; 22.5-27.0 µm boad, brownish, shape same as oogonium, 17.0-23.0 µm long; antheridium 7.5-9.0 filling or not the oogonium; oospore µm broad, 4.0-11.0 µm long. 30.0-32.0 µm broad and 34.0-38.0 µm Habitat: Growing epiphytically on long; spore wall brown, smooth and aquatic grass in a fish pond at Guptipara thick; antheridium one to two, sub- (Site-D). epigynous, 12.0-16.0 µm broad and 5.0- Date of collection: 07.10.2016; 7.0 µm long. Collection number: NH Oedo-03 Habitat: It was found attached on Known distribution: India: West Bengal aquatic grass in a marshy land at Somra (Sahoo, 2006). Bazar (Site-C). Outside of India: Europe: Portugal Date of collection: 22.11.2016; (Cambra Sánchez et al., 1998), Spain Collection number: NH Oedo. 05 (Alvárez Cobelas and Gallardo, Known distribution: India: Previously, 1986, Cambra Sánchez et al., 1998); there is no report of this variety. North America: Great Lakes (Prescott, Outside of India: Bangladesh in Dhaka 1962); Australia: Tasmania (Dayet al., (Islam and Sarma, 1976). North America: 1995; Guiry and Guiry, 2018); and Asia: Great Lakes (Prescott, 1962); Australia: China, Bangladesh (Naz et al., 2007). Tasmania (Day et al., 1995; Guiry and Comment: The collected specimen looks Guiry, 2018). like O. minus Wittr. ex Hirn but differing Comment: It showed similarity with O. it due to absence of spiral punctuations oblongum Wittr. ex Hirn in respect of on wall although it possessing shape of oogonium as it is pyriform or depressed-globose oogonium and ob-ovoid but the present specimen oospore. Probably, the species is second showed few deviations from the former time report from India after Sahoo regarding larger breadth of vegetative
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(2006). He first time recorded O. gunnii ovoid to broadly ellipsoid; operculate, var. breviarticulatum Jao from India. opening superior, 18.0-25.0 µm broad, 27.0-33.0 µm long; oospore shape same 5. Oedogonium khannae f. minus as oogonium, brownish, filling oogonium; Gonzalves et S. C. Jain in phykos 7: 15, 21.0-23.0 µm broad, 28.0-31.0 µm long; 1968; Gonzalves, Oedogoniales 246, fig. spore wall smooth; antheridia not found. 9.127B, 1981 (Plate 2. Fig. 5). Habitat: It was epiphytic on floating Description: Plant macrandrous, hydrophyte Jussiaea repens L. in a field heterothallic, filamentous, unbranched; pond at Balarambati (Site-F). light greenish; vegetative cell more or Date of collection: 04.12.2016; less capitellate, 6.5-7.5 broad and Collection number: NH Oedo-06 20.0-27 basal cell depressed Known distribution: India: Gujarat, hemispherical; terminal μmcell apically Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh obtuse; .5o ogonia μm long, up to 4 and seriate, (Gupta, 2012); West Bengal (Sahoo, pyriform-globose, 19.5-21 broad 2006). and 17.5-23.0 m long; operculate, Out side of India: North America: Great division median; oospore.0 μmdepressed Lakes (Prescott, 1962); Asia: Iraq globose to slightlyμ broader and filling the (Maulood et al., 2013), Bangladesh in oogonium laterally, 13.0- Dhaka (Naz et al., 2007); Australia: and 12.2-13.0 long; spore wall Queensland (Phillips, 2002; Bostock and smooth and 3 layered, 14.0brownish μm broad and Holland, 2010) [Guiry and Guiry, 2018]. thick; antheridia notμm observed. Comment: This is the second time report Habitat: It was grown on species of from West Bengal. Nymphaea L. in a field pond at Khamargachi (Site-E). 7. Oedogonium pratense Trans. in Date of collection: 15.12.2016; Amer. J. Bot. 1(6): 297, pl. 29, figs. 9-1, Collection number: NH Oedo-07 1914; Prescott, Alg. Western Great Lakes Known distribution: India: Maharashtra Area 732, pl. 36, figs. 4, 5, 1962; (Gonzalves and Jain, 1968), West Bengal Gonzalves, Oedogoniales 345, 1981 (Mukherjee, 1986). (Plate 2. Fig. 7). Outside of India: Bangladesh in Rajshahi Description: Plant macrandrous, (Naz et al., 2009). dioecious and filamentous; vegetative Comment: The described specimen is cell cylindrical, 9.5-11.5 µm broad, 24.0- closely related in appearance with O. 34.0 µm long; oogonium solitary; globose tapeinosporum Wittr. ex Hirn but differs or subpyriform-globose; operculate; by having larger size of vegetative cells division median; 42.0-44.0 µm broad, and on the basis of other features like 42.0-44.0 µm long; oospore globose; not oogonium, oospore shape as well as quite filling the oogonium in this oospore wall layers. Probably, the forma specimen; wall smooth; 28.0-30.0 µm is second time report from West Bengal. broad, 28.0-30.0 µm long; antheridia 10.0-14.5 µm broad, 13.0-17.0 µm long. 6. Oedogonium nanum Wittr. ex Habitat: It was grown on a member of Hirn; Wittr. in Nova Acta R. Soc. Sci. Poaceae in paddy field wetland located at Upsal. Ser. 3, 9: 37, 1874; Hirn in Acta Khanyan (Site-G). Soc. Sci. Fenn. 27: 305, fig.174, 1900; Date of collection: 25.09.2016; Gonzalves in Oedogoniales 341, 1981 Collection number: NH Oedo-01 (Plate 2. Fig. 6). Known distribution: India: Jharkhand, Description: Plant macrandrous, Karnataka and Maharashtra (Gupta, dioecious, filamentous, slight greenish; 2012); West Bengal (Sahoo, 2006). vegetative cell often irregularly swollen; Out side of India: North America in 6.0-10.0 µm broad, 15.0-33.0 µm long; Great Lakes (Prescott, 1962). chloroplast reticulate; oogonium one,
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Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium 451
Comment: This dioecious species seems species also appears to different from O. to be O. pratense Trans., although it ellipsosporum R. N. Singh in much larger possesses relatively smaller oospore and dimensions of vegetative and not filling the oogonium completely in reproductive structures and oospores female filament unlike the type species. not filling oogonia as well as much Probably, the species is second time smaller than oogonia. Probably this report from West Bengal. species is second time report from West Bengal. 8. Oedogonium rivulare A. Br. ex Hirn; A. Br. in Ber. Köngl. Akad. Wiss. 9. Oedogonium vaucheri A. Br. ex Berlin 1855: 380, 1855; Hirn in Acta Soc. Hirn in Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 97: pl. 6, fig. Sci. Fenn. 97: pl. 44, fig. 27, 1900; 36, 1900; Tiffany, The Oedogoniaceae, Prescott, Alg. Western Great Lakes Area 76, pl. 15, figs. 150, 151, 1930; Gonzalves 23, pl. 32, figs. 5, 6, 1962; Conferva in Oedogoniales 187, fig. 9.56 A, 1981; rivularis L. 1753 (Plate 2. Fig. 8). Mrozinska, Chlorophyta VI. Description: Plant macrandrous, Oedogoniophyceae: Oedogoniales. In: dioecious; vegetative cell cylindrical, Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa 73, fig. 35.0-40.0 µm broad, 140.0-160.0 µm 51, 1985 (Plate 2. Fig. 9). long; oogonium solitary (in this Description: Plant macrandrous, specimen) or 3-7 in a series; obovoid- homothallic and filamentous; vegetative ellipsoid; opening by a superior pore; cell cylindrical, 20.0-25.0 µm broad, 30.0- 70.0-80.0 µm broad, 130.0-150.0 µm 35.0 µm long; oogonium single, obovoid long; oospore ellipsoid or sub-globose; to sub-obovoid-globose, 40.0-50.0 µm not filling oogonium and much smaller broad, 45.0-55.0 µm long, poriferous, than oogonium; mesosore wall thick and pore superior; oospore perfectly globose, smooth; 55.0-65.0 µm broad, 65.0-75.0 brown or slight blackish, 35.0-45.0 µm µm long; male filament cell 30.0-35.0 µm broad, 35.0-45.0 µm long, not filling the broad, 120.0-130.0 µm long; antheridium oogonium; spore wall thick, smooth; 21.0-26.0 µm broad, 14.0-25.0 µm long. antheridia up to 3, seriate, epigynous or Habitat: Attached to a submerged hypogynous, 17.0-20.0 µm broad, 6.0- aquatic angiospermic plant in bathing 14.0 µm long; spermatozoids two, pond at Diara (Site-H). division horizontal (not seen in figure). Date of collection: 26.12.2016; Habitat: Attached on aquatic weeds in Collection number: NH Oedo-08 bathing pond at Diara (Site-H). Known distribution: India: Andaman Date of collection: 26.12.2016; and Nicobar Islands, Punjab (Gupta, Collection number: NH Oedo-09 2012) and West Bengal (Sau and Gupta, Known distribution: India: Andhra 2005) Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Out side of India: Europe: Britain Maharashtra (Gupta, 2012) and West (Whitton et al., 2003; John et al., 2011), Bengal (Mukherjee, 1986; Kargupta and Portugal (Cambra Sánchez et al., 1998); Keshri, 2006; Sahoo, 2006). North America: Great Lakes (Prescott, Out side of India: Europe: Britain 1962); South America: Argentina (Tell, (Huxley and Pentecost, 2002; Whitton et 1985) [Guiry and Guiry, 2018]. al., 2003; John et al., 2011), Portugal Comment: This taxon seems to be (Alvárez Cobelas and Gallardo, 1986; somewhat similar to O. grande Kütz. ex Cambra Sánchez et al., 1998); North Hirn on account of oogonium shape, America: Great Lakes (Prescott, 1962); poriferous (having pores); pore superior Asia: Russia (Medvedeva and Nikulina, and spore wall smooth but it differs from 2014) and Bangladesh (Ahmed, 2008; the same in ellipsoid or oblong-ellipsoid Guiry and Guiry, 2018). oogonium, larger breadth of vegetative Comment: This species can be cell as well as size of oogonium. This resembled with O. intermedium Wittr.
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452 Halder
whose filament is much smaller than this pore superior but the present species is taxon. This species is also matched with different from other taxonomic O. fragile Wittr. in few characters like characteristics. Probably, this taxon is oogonium solitary; oospore is globose, fourth time report from West Bengal.
Plate 1. Figure 1. Oedogonium bharuchae Kamat. Figure 2. Oedogonium cardiacum f. pulchellum Hirn. Figure 3. Oedogonium crispum var. pyriforme (Wittr. ex Hirn) Islam et Sarma. Figure 4. Oedogonium gunnii Wittr. ex Hirn.
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Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium 453
Plate 2. Figure 5. Oedogonium khannae f. minus Gonzalves et Jain. Figure 6. Oedogonium nanum Wittr. ex Hirn. Figure 7. Oedogonium pratense Trans. Figure 8. Oedogonium rivulare Br. ex Hirn. Figure 9. Oedogonium vaucheri Br. ex Hirn.
Discussion natural stagnant water bodies (Pikosz and Messyasz, 2015) rather than in Many species of Oedogonium can running water (Naz et al., 2007). Similar be identified by taking measurements of observation has been noticed in this only filaments and oogonia. Oedogonium study. This algal genus was found has been observed most frequently in attached to the aquatic host plants
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(angiosperms) with the help of basal alkaline due to richness of algal flora and holdfasts throughout the vegetative and hardness of water. There had been found reproductive phages. The genus is a direct positive correlation between pH exclusively epiphytic and occasionally and total hardness while negative found to grow on other algae like correlation between two indicative Cladophora Kütz. and Pithophora Wittr. variables- pH and free CO2. Dissolved Present taxonomic study showed oxygen (DO), one of the most important the biodiversity of macrandrous species parameters to assess water quality, of this genus. All the fertile documented affects the survival, distribution, growth species had been collected after and physiology of aquatic organisms. In withdrawal of monsoon i.e. from post- this investigation, it was noted higher monsoon to winter (from last week of (6.4 mg.L-1 or above) in all the study sites September to December, 2016). In that indicated low pollution level and vegetative condition, filaments appeared high productivity rate. It was observed greenish but when achieved maturity high due to well wind action, abundance they became brownish mostly. of vegetation or accelerated In ecological study, assessment of photosynthetic activity by green plants water quality is considered as an and lower respiratory effects by essential criterion because the flourish as zooplanktons, fishes or other aquatic well as periodicity of algae in aquatic animals into those water bodies. BOD is ecosystem is basically dependent on the amount of dissolved oxygen required seasonal variations of physico-chemical by aerobic biological organisms like characteristics (water quality) and bacteria for breakdown of organic adaptive nature of algal species. The compounds (Halder, 2017b) and it is an result obtained from physico-chemical indicator parameter of pollution present analysis of all water samples is given in aquatic ecosystems. The BOD values below (Table 2). Water temperature is were found moderate in all the water considered as one of the most important bodies (sites A to H) which denoted factors of the aquatic environment and it presence of pollution. In this study, it affects directly the growth rate of algae was varied between 10.0 and 18.0 mg.L-1. (Halder, 2016b). It varies with changes of It also showed negative correlation with season, elevation and geographic DO content. COD represents oxygen location. During the experimental period, requirements to oxidize organic and maximum and minimum water inorganic matters in water sample and temperature were recorded at site G release CO2 and water. COD values are (20 °C) and site H (17.5 °C). In this work, always greater than BOD values. In all temperature was also showed a the sites, COD values also appear considerable negative correlation with moderate that reflects presence of DO. pH is a measure of the amount of free domestic sewages and decaying hydrogen ions present in water. materials or death flora/fauna in the Specifically, it is the negative logarithm algal habitats. This is also an indication of of the concentration of hydrogen ions. It water pollution. In this study, COD was indicates the acid base balance of the 2.5 to 3 times higher than BOD. It was water. A pH of greater 7.0 is considered ranged from 24.0-44.0 mg.L-1. Nutrients 3- to be alkaline. pH was noticed highest at (such as NO3-N and PO4 ) act as limiting site H (7.6) in December during winter factors for growth of algae and other and minimum at site G (7.1) in plants. Excessive concentrations of September (post-monsoon), 2016. The nutrients can produce algal bloom. pH range is quite similar with the However, nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) was previous result of water analysis (Sinha found low due to it’s fairly utilization by and Halder, 2014; Halder, 2016c). In algae and other hydrophytes (green addition to this, pH was found slight vegetation) during photosynthesis.
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3- Similarly, phosphate (PO4 ) was present slowly at bottom of water reservoirs. in very small quantity in water although Probably, for this reason TDS values it is important for the production of were observed low in amounts phytoplanktons and other algal forms. 500 mg.L-1). Total hardness (TH) is a They were ranged from 0.60-0.75 mg.L-1 chemical parameter of water that and 0.50-0.62 mg.L-1, respectively. In represents(≤ mainly the total site-G (paddy field wetland) both the concentration of divalent cations of nutrient contents were highest followed calcium and magnesium. Thus, hard by A (agricultural pond) that might be water contains a lot of dissolved due to contamination of fertilizer or minerals. On the basis of the degree of agricultural run-off in water. Chloride hardness as developed by the water (Cl-) is a common component of most quality association, all the studied water waters. The concentration of Cl- samples fall in the hard water category particularly, depends on water level. It which was ranged from 120.0-204.0 has been observed that when water level mg.L-1. There has been a close becomes decrease, then Cl- level is found relationship between pH and total to increase. In summer, therefore, its hardness. Hard water is usually with high concentration is observed normally high. pH content. Turbidity is the ability of In this investigation, this value was low water to transmit the light that restricts because water samples were collected light penetration due to presence of after monsoon that consequently made suspended clay particles, planktons or the dilutions of water samples several particular organic matters. This value of times. It was ranged from 5.5-6.5 mg.L-1. water was noted less (< 10.0 NTU) in all Free carbon dioxide (CO2) which is the study sites. It was varied from 6.8-9.0 evolved by the respiratory activities of NTU. aquatic animals and exists in water as It has been clearly observed from bicarbonate or carbonates is a highly this ecological study that water quality is soluble gas found in water. It was noted variable in different sites as well as over lowest in December during winter at the changes of months due to chemical, site- H (8.0 mg.L-1) due to less decaying physical and biological factors. In of organic matters. In most of the addition to that water samples could be limnological studies, it is observed higher classified as less turbid water. Thus, in in summer due to its reverse the above investigation only DO and total phenomenon. In this Table 2, free CO2 hardness were found higher and other has been found inversely proportional to parameters found within low to medium pH value. TDS is a measure of combined range. Depending upon the analysis of contents of organic and inorganic water, it could be concluded that all the substances present in water as aquatic habitats (sites A-H) were less suspended forms. It was found low in all polluted and mesotrophic in pollution the sites. It was ranged from 140.4-218.0 status. Therefore, this algal genus may be mg.L-1. Normally, this value is found used as an ecological indicator to depict greater in monsoon as the rain brings the pollution level and trophic status. soluble salts, silts, clay and suspensoids More or less similar trends were in water bodies. After withdrawal of revealed in other algological studies in monsoon they are become settled down Hooghly (Halder, 2015b; Halder, 2016d).
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Table 2. Physico-chemical characteristics of waters in the eight collection sites in Hooghly. Physico- Chemical Site-A Site-B Site-C Site-D Site-E Site-F Site-G Site-H features 1 Temp. (°C) 19.5±0.1 18.5±0.2 18.0±0.2 19.5±0.22 18.0±0.24 18.5±0.2 20.0±0.22 17.5±0.24 2 pH 7.2±0.05 7.3±0.05 7.3±0.04 7.2±0.05 7.4±0.05 7.4±0.05 7.1±0.05 7.6±0.05 3 DO (mg.L-1) 6.4±0.1 6.6±0.1 6.5±0.06 6.5±0.08 7.0±0.1 6.8±0.1 6.4±0.06 7.2±0.08 4 BOD (mg.L-1) 15±0.05 14.0±0.06 14.0±0.08 15.0±0.1 12.0±0.08 13.0±0.06 18.0±0.1 10.0±0.05 5 COD (mg.L-1) 36.0±0.5 35.0±0.5 34.0±1.1 38.0±0.8 30.0±0.6 32.0±1.1 44.0±0.5 24.0±1.1 6 NO3-N (mg.L-1) 0.70±0.05 0.62±0.05 0.65±0.06 0.65±0.05 0.60±0.05 0.62±0.05 0.75±0.05 0.67±0.05 7 PO43- mg.L-1 0.60±0.06 0.56±0.06 0.54±0.07 0.58±0.07 0.50±0.06 0.54±0.05 0.62±0.06 0.50±0.05 8 Cl- (mg.L-1) 6.2±0.05 6.0±0.1 6.0±0.05 5.8±0.05 6.0±0.05 6.0±0.05 5.5±0.05 6.5±0.05 9 Free CO2 (mg.L-1) 10.0±0.2 16.0±0.2 18.0±0.2 12.0±0.2 20.0±0.2 22.0±0.2 24.0±0.2 8.0±0.1 10 TDS (mg.L-1) 150.6±1.1 168.4±1.1 175.8±0.5 218.0±0.5 158.8±0.5 176.2±0.5 182.0±0.5 140.4±1.1 11 TH (mg.L-1) 128.0±1.1 132.0±1.1 138.0±1.1 124.0±1.1 148.0±1.1 152.0±1.1 120.0±1.1 204.0±1.1 12 Turb. (mg.L-1) 7.2±0.11 7.6±0.11 8.0±0.1 8.2±0.1 7.0±0.11 7.2±0.1 6.8±0.12 9.0±0.1 Values are Mean ± SEM; Temp. = Temperature, DO = Dissolved oxygen, BOD = Biological oxygen demand, COD = Chemical oxygen demand, NO3-N = Nitrate-nitrogen, PO43- = Phosphate, Cl- = Chloride, Free CO2 = Free Carbon-dioxide, TH = Total hardness as CaCO3, Turb. = Turbidity.
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Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2018, v. 5, No. 10, p. 443-460.