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Taxonomic Diversity of Macrandrous Species of Oedogonium Link Ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae: Oedogoniales) with Emphasis on Ecology from Hooghly, West Bengal

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Taxonomic Diversity of Macrandrous Species of Oedogonium Link Ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae: Oedogoniales) with Emphasis on Ecology from Hooghly, West Bengal Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2018, v. 5, No. 10, p. 443-460. ISSN 2358-2731 https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051021 Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium Link ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae: Oedogoniales) with emphasis on ecology from Hooghly, West Bengal Nilu Halder Department of Botany. Raja Peary Mohan College. Uttarpara-712258. Hooghly. West Bengal. India. Email: [email protected]. Abstract. The present paper includes detail taxonomic features of nine taxa of Oedogonium Link ex Hirn (Chlorophyceae: Received Oedogoniales) collected from Hooghly district, West Bengal, April 24, 2018 India. These taxa are Oedogonium bharuchae N.D. Kamat, Oedogonium cardiacum f. pulchellum Hirn, Oedogonium crispum Accepted July 9, 2018 var. pyriforme (Wittr. ex Hirn) A.K.M.N. Islam et P. Sarma, Oedogonium gunnii Wittr. ex Hirn, Oedogonium khannae f. minus Released Gonzalves et S.C. Jain, Oedogonium nanum Wittr. ex Hirn, August 31, 2018 Oedogonium pratense Trans., Oedogonium rivulare A. Br. ex Hirn and Oedogonium vaucheri A. Br. ex Hirn. All those taxa were Full Text Article found to grow epiphytically on the leaves and stems of submerged hydrophytes as filaments in quiet lentic freshwater bodies after the end of rainy season. Twelve limnological 3- - parameters like temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, NO3-N, PO4 , Cl , free CO2, TDS, total hardness and turbidity of algal habitats were analyzed and found conducive for their occurrence and growth up to maturity (formation of fertile structures). The result of limnological study also indicated that all these species preferred to grow alkaline pH, less turbid and hard water. Studied limnological parameters recorded as water temperature: 17.5°C-20°C, pH range from 7.1-7.6, high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration 6.4-7.2 mg.L-1, BOD values < 20.0 -1 0000-0002-9689-3952 mg.L , moderate COD values and lower nutrient levels with Nilu Halder - other parameters like Cl , free CO2, TDS, turbidity as 6.8-9.0 NTU and also hard nature of water ranged from 120-204 mg.L-1. Keywords: Macrandrous Oedogonium; Taxonomy; Ecology; Hooghly; West Bengal. Introduction done by marine algae (Munir et al., 2015). Thus, they are potential Algae have the efficiency to cryptogamic plant for significant decrease atmospheric CO2 level, pollution decreasing of green house gases which and responsible for reduction of more are recently considered as main culprits than 40% of the total global carbon for global warming and climate change. through its fixation by photosynthesis, Filamentous green algae in the although majority of carbon fixation order Oedogoniales of class ISSN 2358-2731/BJBS-2018-0027/5/10/21/443 Braz. J. Biol. Sci. http://revista.rebibio.net 444 Halder Chlorophyceae constitute an important than broad and show polarity i.e apex is part of algal communities in freshwater normally broader than base, uninucleate habitats (Halder, 2015a). This order and bearing ring like apical caps distally includes only one family Oedogoniaceae iii) chloroplasts reticulate with several which contains three well known algal pyrenoids. It is abundantly noticed genera viz. Oedogonium Link ex Hirn, particularly in small water bodies Bulbochaete C. Ag. and Oedocladium (Pikosz and Messyasz, 2015) or standing Stahl. Nevertheless, their enormous aquatic ecosystems like ponds, jheels, morphological variations and the paddy fields, ditches, lakes and rarely difficulties to study some recorded on the wet soil. It is micromorphological features have occasionally observed as free floating complicated their taxonomic form on the upper surface of water, when identifications (Cambra and Aboal, fruiting structures develop. Size of the 1992). However, freshwater macroalgae vegetative cells, measurement of oogonia particularly the genus Oedogonium have and oospores, the decoration of the recently been targeted for production of oospore wall and the location, shape and algal biomass due to its high productivity size of the dwarf male filament rate and enrichment of bioactive organic (nannandrium) are considered as compounds (Tonetto et al., 2014) like important differentiating/specific eicosane, 1-nonadecene, tricosane, characteristics to identify species of this heneicosane, nona hexacontanoic acid, genus. Some species of Oedogonium are butylated hydroxytoluene, nonadecane, also pollution tolerant (Anand and 1-docosene and ca. 12.9% lipids (Adesalu Jitendra, 2006). Currently, over 450 et al., 2016). It is cosmopolitan in species have been documented distribution and a competitive dominator worldwide (Novis, 2003). Recently, the over other algal species and genera chloroplast genome analysis of this alga (Lawton et al., 2014). In vitro studies of exhibited a close alliance with the order selected solvent extracts of this genus Chaetophorales (Brouard et al., 2008). revealed that it has the capability to Many environmental factors like show antibacterial, antispasmodic effects light intensity, temperature, pH, host i.e. prevent cramp (spasm) of plant, depth of water bodies, nutrient gastrointestinal tract muscle due to status and other limnological parameters possessing -lactone bioactive affect the distribution, diversity and molecules (Pérez Gutiérrez et al., 2006) abundance of aquatic algal flora. Hence, and antifungalnovel (Snehalatha δ and Rao, study of maximum number of physico- 2015) property. Besides these, a species chemical properties of water in any of Oedogonium (O. globosum Nordst.) aquatic system is essential to know the showed moderate in vitro antioxidant pollution level, trophic status and for ability against the different solvent assessing water quality. Actually, various extracts and thus could be used as a chemical reactions/oxidation-reduction natural antioxidant (Seal et al., 2014). processes play an important role in Sometimes, unicellular to colonial minute governing most of the biochemical and epiphytic algae including diatoms are microbial activities and also maintaining found to grow on the upper surface of sustainability or congenial the filaments of this genus (Wehr et al., environmental condition in water. Any 2015). This green alga is also very way, if aquatic ecosystem or common and widespread in Indian sub- environment degrades, then continent (southern region of Asia). Few eutrophication and overall loss of important characteristics of this alga are: biodiversity result. i) it is filamentous, unbranched and looks The algal floristic study explores greenish in vegetative condition ii) cells biodiversity of species, genera etc. are rectangular or cylindrical, longer (Halder, 2016a) in a particular habitat, Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2018, v. 5, No. 10, p. 443-460. Taxonomic diversity of macrandrous species of Oedogonium 445 ecosystem or geographical region (Sinha water resources and thus, supports et al., 2016). Based on phenotypic growth of different types algae (Halder characters, the taxonomy and and Sinha, 2016). The algal specimens morphology of this genus were studied were collected from different ecological after 1950 by Gonzalves and Jain (1968), habitats including ponds, ditch, marshy Kamat (1974, 76), Asthekar and Kamat land and paddy field wetland located at (1978), Dhande and Jawale (2006), Patil different places (Chinsurah, et al., (2015), Jitendra and Anand (2016) Madhusudanpur, Somra Bazar, and Phadnis and Iyer (2016) from Guptipara, Khamargachi, Balarambati, Maharashtra; Singh (1938), Khanyan and Diara) of this district Venkataraman (1959), Pandey (1965), (Figure 1). Khan (1985), Habib and Pandey (1990) and Misra et al., (2002) from Uttar Microscopy Pradesh; Parukutty (1939) and Microscopic examination of the Lakshminarayan (1965) from Kamrup in nine species of the genus was carried out Assam; Gupta (1950) from Khajiar under Olympus microscope (Model- Champa area and Kamat (1968) from CH20i). Microphotographs were taken Simla in Himachal Pradesh; using Canon Power Shot A480 camera. Venkataraman and Natarajan (1960) The samples were preserved by 4% from Kerala; Gonzalves and Sonnad formalin and the voucher specimens (1961), Bharati and Pai (1972) from were deposited in the Departmental Karnataka; Bharadwaja (1963) from Herbarium of R. P. M. College, Uttarpara, Manipur; Goyal (l964), Kamat (1967) and Hooghly, West Bengal. Yadava and Bharadwaja (1979) from Rajasthan; Subba Raju (1986) form from Identification Andha Pradesh; Kamat (1962) and Patel It was carried out with the aid of (1990) from Gujarat; Saha (1985), monographs and scientific literatures Mahato (1999) and Mahato et al., (2006) (Prescott, 1962; Gonzalves and Jain, from Bihar as well as Mahato and Mahato 1968; Islam and Sarma, 1976; Gonzalves, (2000) from Jharkhand. So, a continuous 1981). progress in taxonomic research works on Oedogoniales has been noticed from Water analysis India. The temperature (°C) and pH of However, no information is freshwater were recorded at the available from Hooghly district in West collection sites with the help of mercury Bengal, India except a single report thermometers and portable pH meter. (Halder and Sinha, 2015). Thus, an The other limnological parameters such 3- - attempt has been made by the author to as DO, BOD, COD, NO3-N, PO4 , Cl , free explore floristic account of the genus CO2, TDS, TH and turbidity of water were with ecological information. estimated in the laboratory following the standard method (APHA, 2005). DO by Materials and methods Winkler method with Rideal-Stewart modification, 5-day BOD as well as COD Sample collection test by titrimetric method, nitrate- Hooghly district
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